Geological Landscape
Trefil
K.N. Page (Geodiversity and Landscape Specialist) in conjunction with L.Cherns (University of Cardiff) at the change detection stage of the monitoring process and with input from the local planning authority (2012-2013).
This record has been updated following monitoring work as more up to date information is available
NE-SW upland, rounded ridge and scarp slope of SE-dipping Dinantian (Lower Carboniferous) Dowlais Limestone... Cut by NW-SE Sirhowy Fault and upper Sirhowy valley... Valley slopes drained by tributaries... Cover of boulder clay on lower valley sides, also head, peat; alluvium in valley floor... Large quarries on E side of Trefil... Karstic cave systems in limestone to N on Trefil Moor...
Stratigraphic formation(s). Superficial deposits. Structural features. Active processes. Past processes
Active upland river or stream channel system. upland karst. Mineral workings. Other
luvial. ?Karst (probable underground drainage systems).
Landslip (ancient). Slope. Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit
Maintain natural systems and ensure that RIGS are safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping and that other features of particular geological or geomorphological significance in the area are not lost/damaged due to development, etc.
Conserve as existing - quarries create rock exposures of geological importance... Ensureing long-term availability of such sections is a key management aim... Maintain natural systems and ensure that RIGS are safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping and that other features of particular geological or geomorphological significance in the area are not lost/damaged due to development, etc.
Boundaries correspond to margins of limestone outcrop and UA boundary...
Carboniferous Dowlais Limestone stratigraphy- key exposures; karstic features... RIGS site (Mynydd Llangynidr (RIGSID 572, part): Caves and karst)....
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 232 Abergavenny, S&D, 1990; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet OL13 Brecon Beacons National Park, Eastern Region; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency... Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Barclay, W...J..., 1989... Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part II, the country
South Wales RIGS survey (2013); LANDMAP monitoring project (2012-2013).
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry...

Geological Landscape
Dros y Llyn
K.N. Page (Geodiversity and Landscape Specialist) in conjunction with L.Cherns (University of Cardiff) at the change detection stage of the monitoring process and with input from the local planning authority (2012-2013).
This record has been updated following monitoring work as more up to date information is available
SE-facing dip slope in Namurian (Upper Carboniferous), Millstone Grit conglomerates, sandstones and siltstones, with shake holes and clitter on upper slopes, unconformable on the Lower Carboniferous, Dowlais Limestone (BLNGWGL001)... Cut by NW-SE Sirhowy and Tredegar Faults, which control Sirhowy valley... Widespread cover on slopes of boulder clay, and patches of peat, head... Disused sandstone quarries...
Stratigraphic formation(s). Superficial deposits. Structural features. Active processes. Past processes
Mass movement. upland karst. Mineral workings. Artificial water bodies and channels
Dip slope. Landslip (ancient). Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). Lake / reservoir (artificial)
Neutral - Upland area - no current development pressure...
Conserve as existing. Maintain natural systems and ensure that RIGS are safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping and that other features of particular geological or geomorphological significance in the area are not lost/damaged due to development, etc.
Boundaries correspond to the Millstone Grit outcrop belt in Sirhowy valley...
RIGS present (Mynydd Llangynidr (RIGSID 572, part): Caves and karst)- site of importance for Millstone Grit (Upper Carboniferous) stratigraphy, Basal Grit karstic features.
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 232 Abergavenny, S&D, 1990; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet OL13 Brecon Beacons National Park, Eastern Region; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency... Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Barclay, W...J..., 1989... Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part II, the country
South Wales RIGS survey (2013); LANDMAP monitoring project (2012-2013).
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry...

Geological Landscape
Tynewyd
K.N. Page (Geodiversity and Landscape Specialist) in conjunction with L.Cherns (University of Cardiff) at the change detection stage of the monitoring process and with input from the local planning authority
This record remains unchanged following monitoring work
SE-facing broad, gentle dip slope in mudstones and Garw sandstones of lower part of Productive Coal Fm (Upper Carboniferous), with widespread cover of boulder clay, on W slopes of upper Sirhowy valley. Small areas of head on slopes, alluvium in valley floor. NW-SE and WNW-ESE faults.
Stratigraphic formation(s). Superficial deposits. Structural features. Active processes. Past processes
Dip slope. Urban / industrial development
Upland dip slopes with industrial development encroaching in lower part - currently not significantly affected, but further encroachment could lead to decline of area from a geological/geomorphological perspective.
Ensure that further industrial development does not lead to loss of any notable features of geological/geomorphological importance.
Corresponds to outcrop of lower sandstone dominated part of Coal Measures Group on W slopes of valley.
Lower Coal Measures Group dip slopes with boulder clay cover - no significant exposures of widespread deposits.
:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 232 Abergavenny, S&D, 1990; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet OL13 Brecon Beacons National Park, Eastern Region; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Barclay, W.J., 1989. Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part II, the country around

Rassau
Includes Regionally Important Geological Sites selected through the South Wales RIGS survey (2013). Includes key geomorphological features as landscape components.
This record has been updated following monitoring work as more up to date information is available
Broad dip slopes across upper, E... Sirhowy and Ebbw, NW-SE river valleys in SE-dipping mudstones and Garw Sandstone of lower Productive Coal Fm... (Upper Carboniferous)... Widespread cover of boulder clay and peat... Alluvium in Sirhowy valley floor and floodplain... Reservoirs in E...
Upland valley slope. Artificial water bodies and channels. Engineered features and reclaimed / infilled land
Lake / reservoir (artificial). Dip slope. Urban / industrial development
Boulder clay covered dip slopes with industrial development - currently not considered to be declining...
Currently not considered to be declining, although measures should be implemented, including recording of temporary sections, to ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost due to development...
Aspect Area corresponds to dip slopes in lower, sandstone dominated part of Lower Coal Measures of E Sirhowy - Ebbw valleys...
Lower, sandstone dominated part (Garw Sandstone) of Productive Coal Fm (Upper Carboniferous) with dip slopes covered with boulder clay - widespread deposits with little notable exposure... RIGS not a significant landscape-scale feature.
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 232 Abergavenny, S&D, 1990; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet OL13 Brecon Beacons National Park, Eastern Region; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency... Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Barclay, W...J..., 1989... Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part II, the country
South Wales RIGS survey (2013); LANDMAP monitoring project (2012-2013).
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry...

Nant y Bwch
K.N. Page (Geodiversity and Landscape Specialist) in conjunction with L.Cherns (University of Cardiff) at the change detection stage of the monitoring process and with input from the local planning authority
This record remains unchanged following monitoring work
W slopes of Sirhowy valley in SE-dipping mudstone-dominated Productive Coal Fm (Upper Carboniferous), with widespread cover of boulder clay. Many disused opencast coal mines, mines and waste tips, large areas of worked out opencast, reclaimed and made ground. NW-SE Tredegar Fault runs along hillside, and Sirhowy fault in valley floor.
Upland valley slope. Mineral workings. Other
Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit. Made ground. Reclaimed land. Lake / reservoir (artificial). Urban / industrial development
Coal extensively worked in valley slopes, industrial and urban development - latter not currently considered as damaging in a landscape sense.
Conserve as existing - industrial and urban development not currently considered as damaging in a landscape sense.
AA corresponds to outcrop of lower, mudstone dominated Coal Measures of W Sirhowy valley.
Productive Coal Fmoutcrop with many disused mines, tips, and large areas of worked out opencast and made ground - although with no significant remaining exposures of widespread deposit.
:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 232 Abergavenny, S&D, 1990; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet OL13 Brecon Beacons National Park, Eastern Region; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Barclay, W.J., 1989. Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part II, the country around

Bedwellte
K.N. Page (Geodiversity and Landscape Specialist) in conjunction with L.Cherns (University of Cardiff) at the change detection stage of the monitoring process and with input from the local planning authority
This record remains unchanged following monitoring work
E steep slopes of U-shaped Rhymney valley, dissected into upland plateau of S-dipping Pennant sandstones (Upper Carboniferous). Plateau of Mynydd Bedwellte in Hughes Beds sandstones, slopes in Rhondda-Brithdir sandstones and siltstones with coals (Upper Carboniferous). Disused mine adits, quarries and waste tips along valley sides. Boulder clay on slopes, patches of gacial sand/gravel in lower valley.
Coal / mineral spoil tips. Lake / reservoir (artificial). Slope. Hill top
Neutral - Upland plateau with no significant development.
Conserve as existing - Upland plateau with no significant development.
AA corresponds to upland plateau formed of Pennant sandstones on W facing slopes of Rhymney valley.
Pennant Sandstone succession typical of region, mine tips, quarries present but no notable exposures recorded.
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 232 Abergavenny, S&D, 1990; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet OL13 Brecon Beacons National Park, Eastern Region; 1:25 000 Explorer Map 166 Rhondda and Merthyr Tydfil; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Barclay, W.J., 1989. Geology of t
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry.

Cefn Golau
W steep slopes of NW-SE, U-shaped Sirhowy valley dissected into S-dipping Pennant sandstones (Upper Carboniferous) of upland plateau. Large landslips on valley slopes beneath sandstones, onto mudstone dominated Productive Coal Fm (Upper Carboniferous) exposed on lower slopes and valley floor. Disused coal mine adits, waste tips along valley sides. Boulder clay on lower slopes, and glacial sand/gravel in floor. NW-SE faults along high Pennant slopes.
Upland valley slope. Mass movement. Mineral workings
Glacial U-shaped valley. Landslip (ancient). Coal / mineral spoil tips
Neutral - Upland valley slopes without significant development.
Conserve as existing - Upland valley slopes without significant development.
AA corresponds to outcrop of Pennant sandstone on west side of Sirhowy glacial
valley.
Outcrop of widespread Pennant succession - coal mines, landslips, present but no notable exposures.
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 232 Abergavenny, S&D, 1990; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet OL13 Brecon Beacons National Park, Eastern Region; 1:25 000 Explorer Map 166 Rhondda and Merthyr Tydfil; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Barclay, W.J., 1989. Geology of t
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry.

Sirhowy Valley
Narrow alluvial floor of the Sirhowy valley, controlled by NW-SE faults along parts of its course. Reclaimed land forming lower valley slopes through outcrop of Productive Coal Fm (Upper Carboniferous). Areas of glacial sand/gravel floodplain.
Superficial deposits. Structural features. Active processes. Past processes. Stratigraphic formation(s)
Active upland river or stream channel system. Ancient upland river / stream systems. Engineered features and reclaimed / infilled land
Reclaimed land. Flood plain. River terrace. Glacial U-shaped valley. River channel / canal (artificial). River channel (natural). Urban / industrial development. Engineered topography
River valley floodplain survives in south of AA but to north altered by industrial and urban development.
Minimise future damage to river system by industrial and urban development.
AA corresponds to alluvial floor and floodplain of river Sirhowy.
River and floodplain in part altered by industrial and urban development.
1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet OL13 Brecon Beacons National Park, Eastern Region; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 232 Abergavenny, S&D, 1990; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;
Barclay, W.J., 1989. Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part II, the country around

Coed y Rhyd
E steep slopes of asymmetrical U-shaped, NE-SW to N-S Sirhowy valley, dissected into SE-dipping Pennant sandstones (Upper Carboniferous) of upland plateau. NW-SE Tredegar and Sirhowy faults control plateau. Landslips on slopes beneath Pennant, onto mudstone dominated Productive Coal Fm (Upper Carboniferous) exposed in lower valley slopes. Mine workings, adits, waste tips. Boulder clay, and glacial sand and gravel on lower valley slopes.
Upland valley slope. Upland plateau. Mass movement. Mineral workings
Glacial U-shaped valley. Landslip (ancient). Coal / mineral spoil tips. Lake / reservoir (artificial)
Neutral - Upland plateau/valley sides with no significant development.
Conserve as existing - Upland plateau/valey sides with no significant development.
AA corresponds to the Pennant sandstone outcrop of the E slopes of Sirhowy glacial valley.
Outcrop of widespread Pennant succession, also coal tips, quarries, landslips, etc., but no recorded notable localities.
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 232 Abergavenny, S&D, 1990; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet OL13 Brecon Beacons National Park, Eastern Region; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;
Barclay, W.J., 1989. Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part II, the country around
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry.

Ebbw Vale
K.N. Page (Geodiversity and Landscape Specialist) in conjunction with L.Cherns (University of Cardiff) at the change detection stage of the monitoring process and with input from the local planning authority (2012-2013).
road gentle dip slopes of E Sirhowy and upper Ebbw valleys, in SE-dipping, mudstone-dominated Productive Coal Fm (Upper Carboniferous), exposed in main NE-SW outcrop belt and exposed along valley sides below Pennant sandstone (Upper Carboniferous)... Widely exploited for coal, and large areas of worked out opencasts, reclaimed land, as well as mine adits and waste tips... Large landslips on oversteepened valley sides below Pennant... Boulder clay on lower valley slopes, and across wide areas
Active upland river or stream channel system. Ancient upland river / stream systems. Mass movement. Mineral workings. Artificial water bodies and channels. Engineered features and reclaimed / infilled land
Glacial U-shaped valley. Landslip (ancient). Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit. Coal / mineral spoil tips. Made ground. Reclaimed land. Lake / reservoir (artificial). Urban / industrial development
Valley slopes with evidence of former extensive coal extraction, also landslips - now extensively covered by industrial and urban development - overal landscape condition not reported as declining further...
Valley slopes with evidence of former extensive coal extraction, also landslips -now extensively covered by industrial and urban development - overal landscape condition not reported as declining further... Ensure that any remaining features of notable geological/geomorphological significance are not prejudiced by future development...
AA corresponds to the SE dip slopes of the main Productive Coal Measures outcrop of the North Crop across the E Sirhowy and Ebbw valleys...
Productive Coal Fm outcrop of North Crop - many mines, waste tips, large area of worked out and reclaimed land, large landslips, etc..., but no recorded localities of significant geological/geomorphological significance, although some may have historical significance... RIGS not a significant landscape-scale feature.
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 232 Abergavenny, S&D, 1990; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet OL13 Brecon Beacons National Park, Eastern Region; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency... Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;
Barclay, W...J..., 1989... Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part II, the countr
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream...

Cefn Manmoel
W steep slopes of U-shaped Ebbw Fawr valley, dissected into upland plateau of SW-dipping Pennant sandstones (Upper Carboniferous). Hughes Beds form the main plateau, with valley slope in Rhondda-Brithdir Beds (Upper Carboniferous). Large landslips beneath Pennant forming scarps on oversteepened valley sides in mudstones of the Productive Coal Fm. (Upper Carboniferous). Head and boulder clay on lower valley slopes. NW-SW faults controlling Pennant plateau. Coal adits along slopes, waste tips an
Upland valley slope. Upland plateau. Mass movement. Mineral workings. Other
Landslip (ancient). Scarp. Coal / mineral spoil tips. Made ground. Slope. Hill top
Neutral - Upland plateau and valley slopes with limited development pressure.
Conserve as existing - Upland plateau and valley slopes with limited development pressure.
AA corresponds to the Pennant sandstone plateau on the west side of the Ebbw valley.
Part of widespread Pennant sandstone outcrop, also coal workings, quarries; large landslips - no significant localities recorded of geological or geomorphological significance.
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 232 Abergavenny, S&D, 1990; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet OL13 Brecon Beacons National Park, Eastern Region; 1:25 000 Explorer Map 166 Rhondda and Merthyr Tydfil; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Barclay, W.J., 1989. Geology of t
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry; Natural crags and inland outcrops.

Ebbw Fawr
Narrow alluvial floodplain of NW-SE Ebbw Fawr, flanked by glacial sand/gravel through the Pennant sandstone (Upper Carboniferous) outcrop. Mines in valley floor into Productive Coal mudstones (Upper Carboniferous), and areas of reclaimed ground in valley floor.
Superficial deposits. Active processes. Past processes. Stratigraphic formation(s)
Active upland river or stream channel system. Ancient upland river / stream systems. Mineral workings
Reclaimed land. Flood plain. River channel / canal (artificial). River channel (natural)
River processes no longer natural due to industrial development and intervention, although reported as not subject to significant further alteration.
Minimise future modifications to river system, especially where natural features remain.
Boundaries of AA correspond to edge of floodplain/low terrace.
River processes no longer natural due to industrial development and intervention.
:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 232 Abergavenny, S&D, 1990; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet OL13 Brecon Beacons National Park, Eastern Region;
1:25 000 Explorer Map 166 Rhondda and Merthyr Tydfil; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Barclay, W.J., 1989. Geology of

Mynydd Carn y Cefn
E upland plateau and less steep slopes of asymmetrical U-shaped NW-SE Ebbw Fawr valley, dissected into SE-dipping Pennant sandstones, Rhondda-Hughes Beds sandstones (Upper Carboniferous), with mudstones of Productive Coal Fm (Upper Carboniferous) exposed in the valley slopes of N-S Cwm Marddog... Plateau in Hughes Beds... Landslips on oversteepened valley sides beneath Pennant sandstones... Boulder clay on lower valley slopes, head flanking slopes of Cwm Marddog... Coal mines in Cwm Marddog, a
Stratigraphic formation(s). Superficial deposits. Active processes. Past processes
Upland valley slope. Upland plateau. Mass movement. Mineral workings
Landslip (ancient). Coal / mineral spoil tips. Reclaimed land. Lake / reservoir (artificial). Slope. Hill top
Neutral - Upland plateau, currently with no significant development...
Conserve as existing - Upland plateau, currently with no significant development...
AA corresponds to Pennant sandstone outcrop on E side of Ebbw Fawr glacial valley...
Area significant for Pennant sandstone stratigraphy, including part of the dissected Pennant upland plateau, with landslips and a fault-controlled tributary valley... No RIGS site currently selected.
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 232 Abergavenny, S&D, 1990; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet OL13 Brecon Beacons National Park, Eastern Region; 1:25 000 Explorer Map 166 Rhondda and Merthyr Tydfil; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency... Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Natural crags and inland outcrops...

Aberdeeg
Techtonically controlled valley (Valley following folds, fault controlled gorges, or scarps)
Fault controlled N-S, steep-sided V-shaped Cwm Big valley dissected in SE-dipping Pennant (Hughes Beds) sandstones (Upper Carboniferous) of upland plateau of E. Ebbw Fawr valley above confluence with Ebbw Fach. Alluvium in valley floor. Coal workings and tips on upper E slopes.
Neutral - Valley in upland plateau with no development.
Conserve as existing - Valley in upland plateau with no development - ensure that any significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are safeguarded.
AA boundary corresponds to the watershed of the Cwm Big glacial valley tributary.
Fault controlled valley in widespread Pennant sandstones - no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance recorded.
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 232 Abergavenny, S&D, 1990; 1:25 000 Explorer Map 166 Rhondda and Merthyr Tydfil; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;
Barclay, W.J., 1989. Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part II, the country around Abergavenny. Memoir of Brit
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream.

Nantyglo
Description. Evaluation. Condition & Trend. Recommendations
S-facing, moderate dip slopes of broad plateau of S- to SW-dipping, mudstone-dominated Productive Coal Fm (Upper Carboniferous) at head of Ebbw Fach valley, with siltstones/sandstones forming narrow strike ridges of higher ground... Extensive cover of boulder clay... Widespread areas of coal mining, with shafts, adits, worked out and reclaimed land... Dissected by river valley, and exposed along lower valley slopes below Pennant sandstones (Upper Carboniferous), with many disused mines... Land
Mass movement. Mineral workings. Engineered features and reclaimed / infilled land. Other. Artificial water bodies and channels
Dip slope. Landslip (ancient). Coal / mineral spoil tips. Made ground. Reclaimed land. Lake / reservoir (artificial). Urban / industrial development
Neutral - Extensively mined slopes, reclaimed and worked out land, also extensive industrial/urban development - reported as not in continued decline in landscape sense...
Extensively mined slopes, reclaimed and worked out land, also extensive industrial/urban development - reported as not in continued decline in landscape sense, but ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost due to future development...
AA corresponds to outcrop of mudstone dominated Coal Measures in dip slopes of upper Ebbw Fach valley...
Outcrop of widespread Productive Coal Fm, with wide areas of reclaimed or worked out land at head of valley, old mine workings in valley and industrial/urban development - no notable sites of geological or geomorphological significance recorded... RIGS site is small and not a significant contributor to the landscape of the Aspect Area.
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 232 Abergavenny, S&D, 1990; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet OL13 Brecon Beacons National Park, Eastern Region; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency... Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;
Barclay, W...J..., 1989... Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part II, the countr
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream...

Clydach
Description. Evaluation. Condition & Trend. Recommendations
S-facing moderate dip slopes of plateau of SE-dipping mudstone-dominated Productive Coal Fm (Upper Carboniferous), with siltstones/sandstones forming strike ridges and sandstones in rounded low hills, at head of Ebbw Fach... NW-SE faults and NNW-SSE Blaenavon Faults crossing plateau, and partly controlling upper Llwd valley... Upper Clydach valley (Clydach Dingle) forms NE boundary of area, swinging to ENE-WSW into main Clydach valley... Coal workings, tips, and reclaimed, made ground... Bould
Upland valley slope. Mineral workings. Engineered features and reclaimed / infilled land. Other. Active upland river or stream channel system
Coal / mineral spoil tips. Made ground. Reclaimed land. Lake / reservoir (artificial). River channel (natural). Urban / industrial development
Upper valley dip slopes with transport networks, industrial developments, made ground, etc... - not reported as subject to further significant landscape alteration/deterioration...
Upper valley dip slopes with transport networks, industrial developments, made ground, etc... - not reported as subject to further significant landscape alteration/deterioration - ensure that significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost due to development...Ensure that SSSI features are maintained in favourable condition by implementation of management plans and ensure that RIGS are safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping.
AA corresponds to outcrop of Productive Coal Fm in dip slopes at the head of Llwd/Clydach valley...
Productive Coal Fm outcrop, including coal workings and nationally important SSSI Brynmawr road sections (Upper Carboniferous stratigraphy)...
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 232 Abergavenny, S&D, 1990; 1:25 000 Explorer Map OL12 Brecon Beacons National Park, Western and Central Regions; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency... Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;
Barclay, W...J..., 1989... Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part II, the co
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream...

Cefn yr Arail
This record has been updated following monitoring work, there was a real change in the aspect area
W steep slopes of NW-SE U-shaped Ebbw Fach valley, dissected into upland plateau of SE-dipping Pennant sandstones (Upper Carboniferous)... Hughes Beds sandstones form the rounded plateau, with weaker Rhondda-Brithdir beds in the valley slopes... Large landslips (e...g... Westside) on oversteepened valley sides beneath sandstones onto the Productive Coal Fm (Upper Carboniferous) mudstones of lower slopes... Numerous mine adits into sandstones... Head along lower valley slopes, and boulder clay.
Structural features. Stratigraphic formation(s). Superficial deposits. Active processes. Past processes
Upland plateau. Mass movement. Mineral workings
Landslip (active). Slope. Hill top. Glacial U-shaped valley. Landslip (ancient). Coal / mineral spoil tips. Reclaimed land
Valley slopes with notable landslips, in part a consequence of coal mining, and limited development...
Valley slopes with notable landslips, in part a consequence of coal mining, and limited development - monitor landslips and consider if risk outweighs geotechnical significance before stabilisation is considered... Features and Condition of Geological Landscapes Aspect Area may have changed, however (e.g. new geological exposures in developing ?mineral workings). Investigation recommended to assess.
AA corresponds to the west side of the Ebbw Fach glacial valley in Pennant sandstones, including large landslip systems...
Pennant sandstone (Upper Carboniferous) succession, with important large landslips (e...g... the Westside Landslip; Siddle et al... 2000)... Mine workings also present... No RIGS sites currently selected.
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 232 Abergavenny, S&D, 1990; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet OL13 Brecon Beacons National Park, Eastern Region; 1:25 000 Explorer Map 166 Rhondda and Merthyr Tydfil; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency... Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Conway, B...W..., Forster, A...
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry; Natural crags and inland outcrops...

Ebbw Fach
Alluvial floor and floodplain of U-shaped Ebbw Fach valley, cut into S-dipping mudstone-dominated Productive Coal Fm. (Upper Carboniferous). NW-SE valley turns NE-SW to S of Abertillery through steep sided valley in Pennant sandstones (Upper Carboniferous), to confluence with Ebbw Fawr valley. Closed mineshafts along valley floor, and made ground across much of valley.
Active upland river or stream channel system. Ancient upland river / stream systems. Mineral workings. Engineered features and reclaimed / infilled land
Glacial U-shaped valley. Made ground. River channel / canal (artificial). River channel (natural). Flood plain. Urban / industrial development
River floodplain system modified by industrial and urban development, including areas of made ground, although no further decline in natural system recorded.
River floodplain system modified by industrial and urban development, including areas of made ground - ensure that no further damage to the natural system is permitted.
AA boundary corresponds to alluvial plain of Ebbw Fach.
River floodplain system modified/damaged by industrial and urban development.
:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 232 Abergavenny, S&D, 1990; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet OL13 Brecon Beacons National Park, Eastern Region; 1:25 000 Explorer Map 166 Rhondda and Merthyr Tydfil; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;
Barclay, W.J., 1989. Geology of

Blaina
Includes Regionally Important Geological Sites selected through the South Wales RIGS survey (2013). Includes key geomorphological features as landscape components.
Description. Evaluation. Condition & Trend. Recommendations
E upland plateau and less steep slopes of asymmetrical U-shaped, NW-SE Ebbw Fach valley, in S- to SW-dipping Pennant sandstones (Upper Carboniferous), cut by N-S steep sided Cwm Celyn tributary valley... Resistant Hughes Beds sandstones form the higher rounded plateau of Mynydd James, with Rhondda-Brithdir sandstones in valley slopes, forming the W slopes of Cwm Celyn and Mulfran... Extensive areas of landslips affecting the Rhondda and Brithdir Beds, onto lower, oversteepened, mudstone slopes
Upland valley slope. Upland plateau. Mass movement. Mineral workings
Glacial U-shaped valley. Landslip (active). Landslip (ancient). Coal / mineral spoil tips. Slope. Hill top
Neutral - Upland plateau and valley sides with landslips developing as a consequence of coal mining...
Upland plateau and valley sides with landslips developing as a consequence of coal mining - monitor and assess if risks outweigh geotechical interest before considering stabilisation... Maintain natural systems and ensure that RIGS are safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping and that other features of particular geological or geomorphological significance in the area are not lost/damaged due to development, etc.
AA corresponds to outcrop of Pennant sandstones on E side of Ebbw Fach glacial valley...
Shows aspects of Pennant sandstones stratigraphy, with significant large landslips (e...g... E Pentwyn, Bournville; Siddle et al... 2000)... Includes major part of Bournville Landslide RIGS (RIGSID 785, part; Landslide).
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 232 Abergavenny, S&D, 1990; 1:25 000 Explorer Map OL12 Brecon Beacons National Park, Western and Central Regions ; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency... Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;
Barclay, W...J..., 1989... Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part II, the c
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Natural crags and inland outcrops...

W Cwmtillery
W steep side of N-S U-shaped tributary Cwm Tyleri valley to Ebbw Fach in S- to SW-dipping Pennant sandstones (Upper Carboniferous) forming upland plateau and steep slope, with moderate to gentle lower valley slope and floor in underlying mudstone dominated Productive Coal Fm... (Upper Carboniferous)... Major N-S fault controlling side of valley along narrow Pennant plateau of Hughes Beds separating tributary from main valley... Valley floor broadens to south, with alluvial channel and reservoi
Mass movement. Mineral workings. Other. Upland valley slope. Upland plateau
Glacial U-shaped valley. Landslip (active). Landslip (ancient). Coal / mineral spoil tips. Slope. Hill top
Neutral - Upland plateau and valley slopes and landslips caused by coal mining...
Conserve as existing and monitor landslip systems - assess geotechnical significance of latter and stabilise if risks outweigh historical/technical interest... Ensure that no further features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry).
AA corresponds to the W side of a glacial tirbutary valley in Coal Measures Group geology...
Outcrop of widespread Productive Coal Fm...- Pennant sandstone geology, with landslips...
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 232 Abergavenny, S&D, 1990; 1:25 000 Explorer Map OL12 Brecon Beacons National Park, Western and Central Regions ; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency... Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;
Barclay, W...J..., 1989... Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part II, the c

E Cwmtillery-Coety Mountain
E steep side of Cwm Tyleri tributary valley to Ebbw Fach, and upland plateau of Coety Mountain, in S- to SW-dipping Pennant sandstones (Upper Carboniferous) forming upland plateau and steep slope, with moderate to gentle lower valley slope and floor in underlying mudstone dominated Productive Coal Fm.(Upper Carboniferous). Major NW-SE Clydach Bridge Fault controlling top of valley and Pennant ridge through Cefn Coch, bringing Brithdir sandstones with hills of Hughes Beds to NE against high gro
Glacial U-shaped valley. Landslip (active). Landslip (ancient). Coal / mineral spoil tips. Lake / reservoir (artificial). Slope. Hill top
Neutral - Upland plateau and valley slopes, with landslips developing as a consequence of coal extraction.
Conserve as existing, except monitor landslips and stabilise only if risks outweigh geotechnical interest.
AA corresponds to E side of glacial valley and upland plateau with Coal Measures geology.
Typical Coal Measures succession of region, with landslips
:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 232 Abergavenny, S&D, 1990; 1:25 000 Explorer Map OL12 Brecon Beacons National Park, Western and Central Regions ;1:25 000 Explorer Map 152 Newport and Pontypool; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;
Barclay, W.J., 1989. Geology of

E-W ridge of S- to SW-dipping Pennant sandstones of Hughes Beds and siltier Grovesend Fm (Upper Carboniferous), forming E side of NW-SE Ebbw valley and dissected by steep sided tributary valleys WNW-ESE to NW-SE... Sandstone plateau cut by major N-S fault with downthrow to W... Mine adits into Grovesend coals, and extensive areas of made ground and worked out opencast... Boulder clay on northern slopes of ridge...
Stratigraphic formation(s). Superficial deposits. Structural features
Mineral workings. Engineered features and reclaimed / infilled land. Other. Upland valley slope. Upland plateau
Coal / mineral spoil tips. Made ground. Reclaimed land. Slope. Hill top. Urban / industrial development
Neutral - Upland plateau and slopes, with reclaimed/worked out areas - extraction ceased...
Upland plateau and slopes, with reclaimed/worked out areas - if notable exposures of geological interest survive, consider conservation measures. Maintain natural systems and ensure that RIGS are safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping and that other features of particular geological or geomorphological significance in the area are not lost/damaged due to development, etc.
AA corresponds to Pennant sandstone ridge with extensive worked out/reclaimed land...
Outcrop of widespread Upper Pennant sandstones including Grovesend Fm...; extensive reclaimed/worked out opencast land... RIGS site is small and not a significant contributor to the landscape of the Aspect Area.
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 249 Newport, SwD, 1975; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 232 Abergavenny, S&D, 1990; 1:25 000 Explorer Map 152 Newport and Pontypool; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency... Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;
Barclay, W...J..., 1989... Geology of the South Wales Coalf

Upland plateau of S- to SE-dipping upper Pennant sandstones and siltier Grovesend Fm (Upper Carboniferous), forming moderately steep E side of NW-SE Ebbw valley, dissected by steep NE-SW tributary valleys... Glacial sand/gravel in lower Cwm y Glyn valley floor... NE-SW Glyn fault controls Nant Gawn valley to Newbridge... N-S fault partly controlling main Ebbw valley... Disused quarries in sandstone, workings into Grovesend coals in northern part......
Upland plateau. Other. Upland valley slope
Coal / mineral spoil tips. Slope. Hill top. Urban / industrial development
Neutral - Upland plateau with limited development on valley sides...
Maintain natural systems and ensure that RIGS are safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping and that other features of particular geological or geomorphological significance in the area are not lost/damaged due to development, etc.
AA corresponds to outcrop of Upper Coal Measures sandstones on E side of Ebbw valley, south of extensive areas of made ground/reclaimed land...
Outcrop of widespread Upper South Wales Pennant - Grovesend fms with coal workings... Very minor part of RIGS in Aspect Area.
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 249 Newport, SwD, 1975; 1:25 000 Explorer Map 152 Newport and Pontypool; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency... Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Squirrell, H...C... and Downing, R...A..., 1969... Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part I, the country around Newpor

Twyn Rhyd-car
Undulating upland terrain and dissected plateau
Upland plateau in SW to NW dipping St Maughans Group, dissected deeply by fault controlled NNW-SSE Ysgir Fechan and N-S Ysgir Fawr river valleys, draining S. E-W steep tributary valleys floored by boulder clay drain slopes into V-shaped valleys, boulder clay and alluvium in main valleys. Fluvioglacial gravels and sands, alluvial fans in Ysgir Fechan. Patches of peat on plateau, head on slopes.
Mountain glacial-erosion terrain. Glacial mountain valley. Other
Ysgir valley watershed to W, Raglan Marl to E, N and S
Fault controlled valleys in glaciated, dissected upland plateau of St Maughan's Group
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 213 Brecon (draft, unpubl.); 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 196 Builth (draft, unpubl.); Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 28, Powys, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 188 Builth Wells

Llangynidr
NE-facing, moderate to steep escarpment of Usk valley in S-dipping Old Red Sandstone, cut by SW-NE U-shaped (e.g. Cwm Onneu Fach) and V-shaped (e.g. Cwm Cleisky) tributary valleys floored with boulder clay. Moraine in floor of Cwm Onneu Fach. Some head on upper slopes (e.g. Wern Watkin). Landslips on slopes of Cwm Onneu (Gwen cilau).
Stratigraphic formation(s). Superficial deposits. Past processes. Active processes
Glacial U-shaped valley. Landslip (ancient). Moraine
Outcrop area of Lower Old R
ed Sandstone
ORS escarpment with glacial valleys, moraine, landslips
1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 232 Abergavenny (Solid and Drift) 1990; Barclay, W.J. 1989. Geology of the South Wales coalfield. Part 2, The country around Abergavenny. Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheet 232, 3rd ed., H.M.S.O., London, 147p; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternar

Fforest Fawr
NE- to N-facing escarpment in SW-dipping Old Red Sandstone deeply dissected by fault controlled SW-NE Afon Crai valley, SW-NE Cwm Padest and Cwm Newynydd, and N-S Nant Gihyrych and Nant Cnewr Fach valleys. Landslips in Waun Leuci and Bwlch Carreg Duon. Boulder clay patch on slopes. NE-SW fault valley continues line of Nant Gywynni valley in Tawe valley.
Fault controlled valley and glacial valleys in ORS escarpment; landslips
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 213 Brecon (draft, unpubl.); Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 28, Powys, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet OL12 Brecon Beacons National Park, Western and Central Regions

Warn Sarn
Undulating upland terrain and dissected plateau
SW-NE strike ridge in NE dipping Upper Ordovician turbiditic siltstones and sandstones. Sandstones form plateau at crest. Steep narrow S scarp slopes, long steep N facing dip slopes drained by NW facing tributary valleys, partly fault controlled (N-S). Peat on higher slopes, Boulder clay in valleys. Coed Blaen-y-cwm with broad, N facing cwm. East facing escarpment along Wye valley
Stratigraphic formation(s). Superficial deposits. Structural features. Past processes
Ridge of sandstone siltstones, fault controlled partly on S boundary
Strike ridge with dip and scarp slopes in U Ordovician turbidites, with tributary valleys
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 179 Rhayader (solid) 1993; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 196 Builth (draft, unpubl.); Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 28, Powys, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Davies, R.J., Fletcher, C.J.N., Waters, R.A., Wilson, D., Woodhall, D.G. and Zalasjiewicz, J.A., 1997. Geology of the country around

Waun Hirwaun
Undulating upland terrain and dissected plateau
Upland plateau in S, W and N dipping Upper Ludlow sandstones and siltstones - Pridoli mudstones, forming W higher slopes along N-S Wye valley. N-S striking slopes along Wye dissected by SW-NE glacial valleys of Cletwr Brook, with broad floor of fluvioglacial sand and gravel flanking alluvium. Bounded to NW by SSW-NNE fault controlled Nant Bwch valley. Boulder clay in tributary valleys across plateau.
Raglan Marl outcrop to W, Ludlow siltstone to E, SSW-NNE fault to NW
U Silurian Ludlow-Pridoli succession in escarpment of Wye valley, with U-shaped tributary Cletwr Brookvalley
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 213 Brecon (draft, unpubl.); 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 196 Builth (draft, unpubl.); Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution);1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 28, Powys, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 188 Builth Wells

Upper Taf Fechan
Deeply dissected asymmetrical valley in S-facing and S-dipping Old Red Sandstone. Long NE-SW ridge and steep escarpment on W side, capped by Plateau Beds; on E side a high ridge behind cwms of area BBNPGL723. Valley becoming steeper and U-shaped in lower part. Land slips along valley slopes of Blaen Taf Fechan. Reservoir in S. Boulder clay, alluvium on floor, peat on higher W slopes.
Stratigraphic formation(s). Superficial deposits. Active processes. Past processes
Slope. Ridge. Glacial U-shaped valley. Landslip (ancient)
Old Red Sandstone N of Neath Fault Zone on S escarpment of Brecon Beacons
Brecon Beacons SSSI 302500 219760 Quaternary, Palaeozoic Palaeobotany
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 231 Merthyr (Drift), 1979;Barclay, W.J., Taylor, K. and Thomas, L.P. 1988. Geology of the South Wales coalfield. Part 5, The country around Merthyr Tydfil : Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheet 231 (England and Wales). 3rd ed., H.M.S.O., London, x+52p.; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:6

Abercraf
S-dipping Millstone Grit and Lower Coal Measures in S-facing slopes of Tawe valley, dissected by S-flowing Afon Giedd. Boulder clay extensive on slopes. NE-SW Tawe Distubance and Cwm Ddu faults control Tawe valley and form topographic features. Mine workings and made ground in S.
Stratigraphic formation(s). Superficial deposits. Structural features. Active processes. Past processes. Other
Active upland river or stream channel system. Lowland escarpment. Other
Fault Tawe disturbance to N, Tawe valley floor to S, Pwllau Fault to E
Millstone Grit Gp - Productive Coal Fm (Lower Coal Measures) in valley slopes, with mine workings
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 230 Ammanford (Drift) 1977 ; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 231 Merthyr (Drift), 1979; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 35. West Glamorgan and South Dyfed, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Barclay, W.J., Taylo

Upper Tawe valley floor
Fault controlled N-S to NE-SW broad valley floor dissected through S-dipping and S-facing Old Red Sandstone -Coal Measures slopes. Fluvioglacial sands/gravels and terraces flanking valley, alluvial fan (in N), alluvium along Tawe channel widening into broad valley in Gurnos.
Active upland river or stream channel system. Other
Flood plain. River terrace. Alluvial fan (active). Glacial U-shaped valley
Glacial/fluvioglacial and active floodplain of fault controlled valley floor
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 231 Merthyr (Drift), 1979; Barclay, W.J., Taylor, K. and Thomas, L.P. 1988. Geology of the South Wales coalfield. Part 5, The country around Merthyr Tydfil : Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheet 231 (England and Wales). 3rd ed., H.M.S.O., London, x+52p.; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 35. West Glamorgan and South Dyfed, 1996; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1

Twyn Dyllnan Ddu
Lower part of steep, NW-facing, straight NE-SW Fan Frynych ridge in S-dipping St Maugham Group. Ridge controlled by ENE-WSW fault. Minor landslips on slopes. Boulder clay in shallow valleys in lower slope.
Stratigraphic formation(s). Superficial deposits. Structural features. Past processes
Boundary with Senni Beds to S, fault controlled N boundary with Mynydd Illtydd plateau
Scarp slope in St Maughan Gp in fault controlled ridge; minor landslips
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 213 Brecon (draft, unpubl.); Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 28, Powys, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet OL12 Brecon Beacons National Park, Western and Central Regions

Brecon Usk valley
River Usk valley and floodplain between Brecon and Myarth - WNW-ESE to NW-SE broad valley, dissected through S dipping St Maughans Group in N part, Senni Beds in S. Islands of St Maughans Group in river channel form rounded hills. Alluvium in channel, fluvioglacial gravels, moraine, river terraces and alluvial fans at mouths of tributary rivers. Valley part fault controlled (NW-SE) S of Llechfaen.
Active upland river or stream channel system. Glacial mountain valley. Other
Glacial/fluvioglacial and active floodplain of major U-shaped valley
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 213 Brecon (draft, unpubl.); Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 28, Powys, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet OL13 Brecon Beacons National Park, Eastern Region

Mynydd Trawsnant
SW-NE strike ridges in high upland plateau of NE-SW folded Upper Ordovician to Silurian turbiditic siltstones and mudstones, sandstones and conglomerates, dissected deeply by NW-SE Cammarch and Irfon river valleys. NNE-SSW and NE-SW faults forming topographic scarps and controlling valleys. Steep escarpments cut by deep narrow V-shaped tributary valleys with boulder clay in floors. Main Irfon valley U-shaped, with broad floor covered with boulder clay, alluvium, alluvial fans and terraces. Pea
Active upland river or stream channel system. Other. Glacial mountain valley
Scarp slope. Dip slope. Glacial U-shaped valley
Bounded to S and N by NE-SW faults, to E by Cammarch river valley and mudstone boundary
Strike ridges in high upland plateau of NE-SW folded Upper Ordovician to Silurian turbidite succession; intrusion
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 196 Builth (draft, unpubl.); 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 179 Rhayader (solid) 1993; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 28, Powys, 1996; Davies, R.J., Fletcher, C.J.N., Waters, R.A., Wilson, D., Woodhall, D.G. and Zalasjiewicz, J.A., 1997. Geology of the country around Llanilar and Rhayader. Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets

Cwm Crai
Lower slopes and valley floor of asymmetrical, NE- to N-facing, SW-NE U-shaped valley in very shallowly dipping Lower Old Red Sandstone St Maughan's Group below Brownstone and Senni Beds escarpment to N. Narrow steep western slopes, broader eastern slopes with rounded crests in St Maughan's Group. Sandstone bands form steps on hill slopes (e.g. Fforest Fach). Broad valley floor covered by boulder clay and alluvium, Moraine on western slope and in valley sides.
Upland valley slope. Artificial water bodies and channels. Glacial mountain valley
Waterfall / rapids. Moraine. Stepped topography. Glacial U-shaped valley
Boundary with Senni Beds to S, watershed of Crai valley, floodplain of Usk valley to N
Stepped slopes in St Maughan's Group of U-shaped valley
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 213 Brecon (draft, unpubl.); Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 28, Powys, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet OL12 Brecon Beacons National Park, Western and Central Regions

Llanfihangel Tal-y-Llyn
SE dipping St Maughans Group W of straight NNE-SSW ?fault controlled Llynfi valley, forming strike ridges in hilly terrain with fault valleys SW-NE. Tributary valleys draining E and NE into Llynfi and dissecting plateau N into Wye. Boulder clay patchy on slopes. Fault controlled (NNE-SSW) Llynfi valley to E.
Scarp slope. Dip slope. Ridge. Glacial U-shaped valley
Bounded to E by NNE-SSW fault controlled Llynfi valley, to N by Raglan Marl, to E by NW-SE fault, to S by Usk valley
Glacial valley in St Maughan's Group; strike ridges, fault controlled valleys
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 213 Brecon (draft, unpubl.); 1:1" BGS Geological Map Sheet 214 Talgarth ; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 28, Powys, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet OL12 Brecon Beacons National Park, Western and Central Regions; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet OL13 Brecon Beacons Na

Waun Haffes - Fan Hir
SW-facing high dip slope with some cliffs and crags below NNW-SSE Fan Hir- Fan Brycheiniog straight sharp ridge, in SW-dipping Brownstones and Upper Old Red Sandstone. Fan Hir ridge capped by Plateau Beds. Steep slopes dissected by SW-flowing upper valleys of NE-SW Afon Giedd, and by SW- to S-flowing tributaries of NW-SE Afon Haffes valley, with waterfalls along rivers. Boulder clay on lower slopes and in valleys. N-S faults.
Watershed of Beacons to E, boundary with Carboniferous Limestone to S
Mynydd Du SSSI 275895 219987 - Quaternary; L-U ORS unconformity and stratigraphy
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 213 Brecon (draft, unpubl.); 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 230 Ammanford (Drift) 1977 ; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 35. West Glamorgan and South Dyfed, 1996; Strahan, A. 1907, The geology of the South Wales coalfield. Part 7, The country around Ammanford, being an account of the region comprised in sheet 230 of the map. Memoir of th

Rhyd-wen Fawr
SW dipping Senni Beds and Brownstones at head of SW-NE Hydfer valley with slopes dissected by Cwm yr Afon valley. Broad area of boulder clay on high slopes with tributaries, but SW-NE fault controlled steep narrow valley with landslips down to main river valley. Moraine at top of slope at Gwely Ifan. Also includes top of Usk valley with boulder clay covered plateau of Waun Forest at W edge of Brecon Beacons National Park area.
SW-NE fault with St Maughans Group to N and E, watershed of Hydfer valley to S
Mynydd Du SSSI 275895 219987 - Quaternary geomorphology ; L ORS stratigraphy
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 213 Brecon (draft, unpubl.); Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 27, Dyfed. 1998; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet OL12 Brecon Beacons National Park, Western and Central Regions; Campbell, S. and Bowen, D.Q., 1989. Geological conservation review : Quaternary of Wales. Nature C

Battle Hill
SE dipping Raglan Marl dissected by steep, fault controlled NW-SE lower Ysgir valley and on E by broad glacial lower Honddu valley. Narrower E side of Ysgir valley has tributaries draining W down steep slopes with boulder clay in upper valleys. SE and E draining long tributary valleys with boulder clay drain long W slopes of Honddu and Ysgir valleys. Head and landslips in Cwm Ynysgyfarch. Alluvium and boulder clay and terrace deposits in Ysgir valley floor.
Raglan Marl outcrop of Ysgir and W Honddu valleys, bounded to N by Upper Silurian outcrop area, to S by Usk valley
Dissected plateau of Raglan Marl cut by lower U-shaped valleys; landslips, head
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 213 Brecon (draft, unpubl.); Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 28, Powys, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet OL12 Brecon Beacons National Park, Western and Central Regions; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 188 Builth Wells

Craig Chwelfri
NE-SW strike ridges of steep hills of NW and SE dipping Upper Ordovician turbidite mudstones and slumped beds, in upland plateau dissected by NW-SE flowing river valleys (Wye, Chwelfri, Dulas, Cammarch) and tributaries. Deep valleys with steep sides, narrow to broader and U-shaped. Alluvium, alluvial fans, terrace deposits and boulder clay in valleys. Area bounded to N by fault valley NE-SW (Waun Bwlch).
Upland escarpment. Active upland river or stream channel system. Ancient upland river / stream systems. Other
Scarp slope. Dip slope. Ridge. Glacial U-shaped valley
NE-SW fault to N, lower topography and NE-SW faults to S, Cammarch valley to W, Wye valley to E
Steep NE-SW strike ridges of Upper Ordovician turbidite mudstones and slumped beds, cut by NW-SE glacial valleys
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 196 Builth (draft, unpubl.); 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 179 Rhayader (solid) 1993; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 28, Powys, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Davies, R.J., Fletcher, C.J.N., Waters, R.A., Wilson, D., Woodhall, D.G. and Zalasjiewicz, J.A., 1997. Geology of the country aroun

Fan Frynych - Blaen Senni
NE-SW fault controlled NE-facing upper Senni valley and (N side of) steep escarpment of sharp Fan Frynych ridge, in S-dipping Senni Beds and Brownstones. ENE-WSW tributary Cwm Du hanging valley to Afon Senni, with moraine below eroded cirque of Craig Cwm Du. Steep tributaries with waterfalls down escarpment. Boulder clay on lower slopes and in Cwm Du floor, and along S slope of Senni valley.
Watershed to Beacons forms S boundary, watershed to Senni valley to W, St Maughan's Group to N, end of ridge to E
Brecon Beacons SSSI 302500 219760 - Quaternary, Palaeozoic Palaeobotany; Heol Senni Quarry 291474 222122 - Non-marine Devonian; Quaternary geomorphology, ORS stratigraphy
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 213 Brecon (draft, unpubl.); Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 28, Powys, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet OL12 Brecon Beacons National Park, Western and Central Regions; Campbell, S. and Bowen, D.Q., 1989. Geological conservation review : Quaternary of Wales. Nature C

SENTA A
SE and NW dipping St Maughans Group of upland plateau dissected by SE and S flowing river valleys (Usk, Afon (Cwm Dwr) and Nant Gwydderig). Boulder clay in deeply dissected steep v-shaped valley slopes and floors and also across areas of higher slopes and plateau. Rounded hills along strike ridges of St Maughans Group.
Upland valley slope. Glacial mountain valley
Watershed of Cilieni valley to E, Usk valley to S and boulder clay covered plateau N of Usk valley.
Regional NE-SW fold in St Maughan's Group of upland plateau dissected by steep NW-SE river valleys
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 213 Brecon (draft, unpubl.); Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 27, Dyfed. 1998; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 28, Powys, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet OL12 Brecon Beacons National Park, Western and Central Regions

Glanusk Farm
Low elongated (NW-SE) hill of horizontal St Maughans Group (with sandstone beds). South of River Usk channel, but with broad flat floodplain of Usk valley running around S edge. Fluvioglacial gravels flanking hill on N side.
Stratigraphic formation(s). Superficial deposits. Active processes. Past processes
Glacial feature of elongate hill of St Maughan's Gp sandstones/siltstones in S Usk floodplain

Cefn Gledwen
S, W and N dipping Raglan Marl in upland plateau, deeply dissected by E flowing tributary valleys (Cletwr Brook, Nant yr Offeiriad, Nant Gwenddwr) to Wye. Patches of peat on plateau, boulder clay in valley slopes and floors, some alluvium in channels.
Honddu valley watershed to E, Pridoli to W
Upland plateau in Raglan Marl dissected by glacial river valleys
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 196 Builth (draft, unpubl.); Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 28, Powys, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 188 Builth Wells

Halfway Forest
SW-NE ridges and valleys of SE dipping Silurian siltstones and mudstones S of SW-NE Dulais Valley Fault, dissected by NW-SE Afon Gwydderig valley and numerous NW-SE faults controlling gullies through ridges... Steep NW facing escarpment to Raglan Marl plateau... SW-NE fault controlling river valley (Afon Dulais)... Boulder clay in valleys and lower slopes of minor tributary valleys
Raglan Marl to S, Dulais valley fault to N, Cilieni valley to NE
SSSI Halfway Quarry 284478 232412 - Silurian stratigraphy; SW-NE ridge/valley topography in SE dipping Silurian siltstone/mudstone succession S of SW-NE Dulais Valley Fault
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 213 Brecon (draft, unpubl...); Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution);1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency... Sheet 27, Dyfed... 1998; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency... Sheet 28, Powys, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet OL12 Brecon Beacons National Park, Western and Central Regions

Blaen Onneu
Doline or sink field, pavements, dry valleys, etc
N-facing scarp slope ridge in S-dipping Carboniferous Limestone, Millstone Grit and Lower Coal Measures sandstones, with upland areas of karstic swallow holes, and limestone cave systems. Cliffs in Carboniferous Limestone, with N-facing cirques (Waun Rudd). Disused quarries in Limestone (e.g. Blaen Onneu). Garn Caws Sandstone caps Carboniferous LImestone on Carn Caws.
Stratigraphic formation(s). Structural features. Active processes. Past processes
Upland escarpment. Mountain glacial-erosion terrain. Mineral workings
Carboniferous Limestone - Millstone Grit outcrop area capping Brownstone escarpment
Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; Barclay, W.J. 1989. Geology of the South Wales coalfield. Part 2, The country around Abergavenny. Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheet 232, 3rd ed., H.M.S.O., London, 147p; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 232 Abergavenny (Solid and Drift) 1990; Campbell, S. and Bowen, D.Q., 1989. Geologica

Sennybridge Usk
Broad upper Usk valley and floodplain, running W-E, dissected into St Maughans Fm, flat to v gentle dipping E-W striking plateau. Usk channel with alluvium meanders in broad valley flanked by terrace and and gravels, with fluvioglacial sand and gravels, and moraine. Alluvial fans at mouths of tributary valleys. Tongue of moraine and terrace gravels E of Cefn Fennifach. Valley and floodplain isolates hill of St Maughans Group. Valley fault controlled (SW-NE, WSW-ESE) in part.
Active upland river or stream channel system. Glacial mountain valley
River channel (natural). Flood plain. River terrace. Moraine
Glacial/fluvioglacial (U-shaped) and active river valley floodplain and channel
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 213 Brecon (draft, unpubl.); Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 28, Powys, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet OL12 Brecon Beacons National Park, Western and Central Regions

Mynydd Llangynidr - Mynydd Llangatwg
Doline or sink field, pavements, dry valleys, etc
S to SE facing dip slope of S-dipping Millstone Grit and Farewell Rock Fm (Lower Coal Measures) sandstones at the heads of the Ebbw, Sirhowy, Rhymney and Taf valleys, with tributary stream valleys. Boulder clay cover on valley slopes, peat across upper slopes. Karstic swallow/shake holes and 'clitter' (boulders) across higher slopes.
Stratigraphic formation(s). Superficial deposits. Structural features. Past processes
S facing slope of Millstone Grit and Lower Coal Measures sandstones at heads of valleys
Carboniferous Limestone karstic geomorphology; Mynydd Llangatwg (Mynydd Llangattock) 3190156 214581 SSSI - karst and caves (+GCR Llangatwg, Llangynidr and Draenen) , Siambre Ddu SSSI
Barclay, W.J. 1989. Geology of the South Wales coalfield. Part 2, The country around Abergavenny. Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheet 232, 3rd ed., H.M.S.O., London, 147p; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 232 Abergavenny (Solid and Drift) 1990; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternar

Traeth Mawr
Upland, boulder clay and peat covered plateau of Mynydd Iltydd dissected and drained by Afon Senni and Cwm Brynych valleys. Peat bog of Traeth Mawr GCR in E. Drift covers bedrock of St Maughan's Group. Major ENE-WSW faults, and NW-SE Brynych valley is fault controlled. Alluvium along river channels, alluvial fans from Nant Cwm Du and Nant Ystwt tributaries to Afon Senni.
ENE-WSW fault to S, edge of Senni valley floor to W, higher ground of St Maughan's Group to E, Usk floodplain to N
Quaternary late glacial palaeoclimates; Traeth Mawr GCR 2967 2257/Illtyd Pools SSSI 296443 225586 - Quaternary pollen record
:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 213 Brecon (draft, unpubl.); Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 28, Powys, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Campbell, S. and Bowen, D.Q., 1989. Geological conservation review : Quaternary of Wales. Nature Conservancy Council, Peterborough, 237p : ill, maps; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet OL12 Brecon

Penwyllt
Doline or sink field, pavements, dry valleys, etc
ENE-WSW ridge of N and S dipping Carboniferous Limestone in monoclinal fold of Cribarth Disturbance with steep N limb into River Tawe, moderate S dip slopes. Extensive caves and quarries in limestone (including Penwyllt). Wedge of Old Red Sandstone to NE in folds.
Stratigraphic formation(s). Superficial deposits. Structural features. Active processes
Old Red Sand
stone - Carboniferous Limestone to N (= Cribarth Disturbance), Tawe Valley to W along fault, faults on E side (not continuous), Carboniferous Limestone - St Maughans Group boundary to S
Carboniferous Limestone karstic geomorphology; SSSI Ogof Ffynnon Ddu 288007 216919 - karst and caves; Cribarth disturbance and monocline
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 231 Merthyr (Drift), 1979; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 35. West Glamorgan and South Dyfed, 1996; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet OL12 Brecon Beacons National Park, Western and Central Regions; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Barclay, W.J., Taylor, K. and Thomas, L.P. 1988. Geology of the South Wal

Caban Coch
Upland plateau in Lower Silurian Caban Conglomerate Formation with NE-SW strike ridges, and dipping to NW, SW and SE (in large anticlinal fold structure). Dissected by Claerwen river valley NW-SE, and by N-S Irfon valley and tributaries in SW. Broad upland areas with high crags (e.g. Drysgarn Fawr, Carreg y ast), with peat cover across wide areas. Deep S and N facing tributary valleys with boulder clay in valley floors. N-S faults control several valleys. Steep escarpments along Claerwen valle
Lower Silurian conglomerate formation boundaries. Claerwen valley to N
Silurian stratigraphy; Caban Coch GCR 2925 2647 - Silurian (Llandovery Series) trough succession
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 196 Builth (draft, unpubl.); 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 179 Rhayader (solid) 1993; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 27, Dyfed. 1998; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 28, Powys, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Davies, R.J., Fletcher, C.J.N., Waters, R.A., Wi

Afon Dulais
SW-NE fault controlled straight Afon Dulais valley dissected into SE dipping Upper Ordovician mudstones with steep N and S slopes. Broad boulder clay covered floor with narrow alluvium filled meandering channel. Terrace deposits in lower valley, near junction with Irfon
Dulais Valley Fault to S, change of slope to N, junction with Irfon to NE
Fault controlled valley in U Ordovician mudstone succession
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 196 Builth (draft, unpubl.); Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 27, Dyfed. 1998;
1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 28, Powys, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 187 Llandovery, Llanwrtyd Wells & Llyn Brianne; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Shee

Bryn Ceinon
S facing slopes of SW-NE ridge in steeply SE dipping Upper Ordovician turbiditic siltstones and mudstones, dissected by NW-SE valleys e.g. Chwefri. Boulder clay on lower slopes and in valleys. V-shaped tributaries with cwm at head of Cwm Trafle, U-shaped Chwelfri with floor of alluvium and alluvial fans. NE-SW fault at top of slope (Rhw Gwraidd Fault) and NE-SW fault controlled valley to S. Some peat on slopes.
NE-SW Rhw Gwraidd Fault to N, NE-SW fault to S, Wye to E
Fault controlled steep dip slope of ridge in U Ordovician turbidite succession; glaciated tributary valleys
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 196 Builth (draft, unpubl.); 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 179 Rhayader (solid) 1993; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 28, Powys, 1996; Davies, R.J., Fletcher, C.J.N., Waters, R.A., Wilson, D., Woodhall, D.G. and Zalasjiewicz, J.A., 1997. Geology of the country around Llanilar and Rhayader. Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheet

Mynydd y Garn
S-dipping upland scarp and dip slope topography in Carboniferous Limestone and Millstone Grit, with limestone crags forming scarp, and widespread areas of shake holes and boulders across dip slope. Upland peat and widespread boulder clay across slopes of Limestone and in NE-SW to ENE-WSW river valleys (Hepste, Mellte and Nedd Fechan) which dissect the topography and flow into the Neath valley. NNW-SSE faults forming topographic features. Alluvium in river floors, and gravel terraces in Mellte.
Upland plateau. Glacial mountain valley. Other
River terrace. Scarp slope. Dip slope. Doline
Outcrop area of Carboniferous Limestone in Neath Valley catchment, bounded to E by NNW-SSE fault, to S by Neath Fault Zone
SSSIs Dyffrynoedd Nedd a Mellte a Moel Penderyn 291959 209324 , Ogof Ffynnon Ddu Pant Mawr 288138 215127, Ogof Ffynnon Ddu 288007 216919 - Karst and caves; Little Neath River Caves 291394 213597 - ?Blaen Nedd karst and caves; karstic geomorphology,
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 231 Merthyr (Drift), 1979; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet OL12 Brecon Beacons National Park, Western and Central Regions; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Barclay, W.J., Taylor, K. and Thomas, L.P. 1988. Geology of the South Wales coalfield. Part 5, The country around Merthyr Tydfil : Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheet 231 (E

Carreg Fawr
NNW-SSE Nant Bran valley, deeply dissected through upland plateau of SE and NW dipping St Maughans Group. V-shaped tributaries drain steep narrow W and broader E slopes of asymmetrical valley. Boulder clay on lower valley slopes and floors with alluvium in upper valley. Moraine along broader floor of main valley, with alluvium and terrace deposits. Glacial sands in Cwm Egnant. Head on slopes.
Watershed of Nant Bran valley to W and E, Raglan Marl to N and S
Nant Bran glacial valley in St Maughan's Gp with moraine, glacial sands
:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 213 Brecon (draft, unpubl.); 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 196 Builth (draft, unpubl.); Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 28, Powys, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet OL12 Brecon Beacons National Park, Western and Central Regions; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 188

Tyle Garw
Steep NE-SW ridge, with NW face along fault controlled (NE-SW) valley of Afon Twrch, in folded SE and NW dipping karstic Millstone Grit. Sink and swallow holes on slopes, lines of crags and loose boulders on slopes. Boulder clay on slopes. Ridge truncated to NE by NW-SE fault.
Upland escarpment. Upland valley slope. Active upland river or stream channel system. Glacial mountain valley. Other
W boundary NE-SW fault and Millstone Grit mudstone, NE boundary NW-SE fault gully.
Ridge of karstic weathering Millstone Grit Basal Grit
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 230 Ammanford (Drift) 1977 ; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 35. West Glamorgan and South Dyfed, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Strahan, A. 1907, The geology of the South Wales coalfield. Part 7, The country around Ammanford, being an account of the region comprised in sheet 230 of the map. Memo

Pantyrhufen
SW-NE outcrop belt of NW dipping Upper Silurian mudstone, siltstone and sandstone succession N of SW-NE fault, forming upland plateau in SW. SE fault controlled scarp of SW-NE ridge of sandstones NE from Pantyrhufen. Ridge in E dissected by lower Cletwr Brook. River valley NW-SE, becoming SW-NE fault controlled to junction with Wye; broad with fluvioglacial sands and gravels flanking alluvium. Boulder clay in tributary valleys on plateau.
River terrace. Scarp slope. Dip slope. Ridge
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 196 Builth (draft, unpubl.); 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 213 Brecon (draft, unpubl.); Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 28, Powys, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 188 Builth Wells

Brecon
Rounded hill and lower rise to E in gently SW dipping St Maughans Group, flanked to N by low slopes and plateau dissected by E flowing river tributaries. Fluvioglacial gravel across and around lower slopes of hill. Head and boulder clay on plateau. N-S fault valleys of Honddu and Brynych bound area to W and E.
N-S faults to W and E, SW-NE fault to N, Usk to S
Hill and plateau in St Maughan's Gp between lower Honddu and Brynych valleys

Upper Taf Fawr
Asymmetrical, NNW-SSE fault-controlled Upper Taf Fawr valley deeply dissected in S-dipping and S-facing Old Red Sandstone escarpment of Brecon Beacons. Steep, fairly straight W side; broad steep valley slope with tributary valleys on E side below 'plateau' formed by Plateau Beds. E-facing cirques at head of Fan Fawr, Craig y Byllfa. U-shaped Taf valley with boulder clay, alluvium, glacial sands and gravels in floor; extensive hill peat across Plateau Beds. Beacons and Cantref reservoirs.
Mountain glacial-erosion terrain. Glacial mountain valley. Other
Old Red Sandstone of Upper Taf Fawr valley, N of Neath Fault Zone, S face of Beacons
SSSI Brecon Beacons 302500 219760 - Quaternary, Palaeozoic Paleobotany; Quaternary geomorphology, ORS stratigraphy, palaeobotany
Barclay, W.J., Taylor, K. and Thomas, L.P. 1988. Geology of the South Wales coalfield. Part 5, The country around Merthyr Tydfil : Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheet 231 (England and Wales). 3rd ed., H.M.S.O., London, x+52p.; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 231 Merthyr (Drift), 1979; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); Di

Yr Allt
Round topped hill and lower E-W ridge to E in St Maughans Group with broad area of moraine and terrace deposits in valley through to main Usk valley. Ridge bounded to the N by SW-NE fault valley of Cilieni river and moraine. Another SW-NE fault controls Usk valley to S. Boulder clay on S and E slopes.
Bounded to N by fault and floodplain to S by Usk Valley
Glacial geomorphology; rounded hills of St Maughans Gp, surrounded by moraine and terrace covered valley areas through to main Usk glacial valley
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 213 Brecon (draft, unpubl.); Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 28, Powys, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet OL12 Brecon Beacons National Park, Western and Central Regions

Cwm Treweryn
N-facing fault-controlled (NNE-SSW to NE-SW) U-shaped Cwm Treweryn valley dissected in very gently dipping Lower Old Red Sandstone St Maughan's Group. Steep valley sides, and broad, boulder clay and alluvium covered floor. Tributary Cwm Clydach hanging valley cutting W slopes at N end; landslips on slopes.. Large area of head on S slopes, and along W side. Moraine across mouth of valley, river terrace deposits in floor.
Flood plain. Moraine. Glacial U-shaped valley. Hanging (fluvial) valley
Usk floodplain to N, watershed to E, W, S
Glacial and periglacial features; glacial U-shaped and hanging valleys, landslips, moraine, head; ORS stratigraphy
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 213 Brecon (draft, unpubl.); Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 28, Powys, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Glacial and periglacial features; glacial U-shaped and hanging valleys, landslips, moraine, head

Drum yr Eira
Upland plateau in NW and SE dipping (NE-SW anticlinal fold) Upper Ordovician turbiditic mudstones dissected deeply by SW-NE Rhiwnant valley. Steep slopes with lines of crags along meandering narrow valley controlled partly by N-S faults. Steep N facing escarpment to Claerwen. Old mines along N-S faults. Boulder clay on slopes of valleys and peat extensive on plateau.
Upland escarpment. Upland valley slope. Mineral workings
Neutral - beneficial Biological SSSI Elenydd
Boundary with Lower Silurian Caban Formation, Claerwen valley to N
U Ordovician turbidite succession in core of regional antiform; disused metal mines
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 179 Rhayader (solid) 1993; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 196 Builth (draft, unpubl.); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 27, Dyfed. 1998; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Davies, R.J., Fletcher, C.J.N., Waters, R.A., Wilson, D., Woodhall, D.G. and Zalasjiewicz, J.A., 1997. Geology of the country around

Y Gyrn
Steep S- to SE-dipping Senni Beds and Brownstone escarpment of fault controlled N-facing upper valley and E side of NE-SW Glyn Tyrell, with eroded cirques at head. NW-facing cirque of Y Gyrn with head deposits on slope below, NE-facing Craig y Fro with head, moraine and boulder clay on small plateau at foot. Boulder clay on lower slopes of V-shaped upper valley. NW-SE faults, one controlling ridge bounding tributary valley. Watersheds along narrow plateaus in Brownstones.
Watershed of Glyn Tyrell valley to W, S, and E; Boundary with St Maughan's Group to N, and change to U-shaped valley
SSSI Brecon Beacons 302500 219760 - Quaternary, Palaeozoic palaeobotany; Glacial geomoprphology, ORS stratigraphy, palaeobotany
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 213 Brecon (draft, unpubl.) ; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 28, Powys, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet OL12 Brecon Beacons National Park, Western and Central Regions ; Campbell, S. and Bowen, D.Q., 1989. Geological conservation review : Quaternary of Wales. Nature

Moelfre
SW-NE strike ridge in SE dipping Ludlow siltstones and mudstones, with deep E-W Blaen Duhonw river valley along Temeside Shale outcrop. Steep S facing escarpment through sandstones to N, cut by deep fault controlled N-S and NW-SE tributaries - steep Raglan Marl escarpment to S also with deep tributaries. Valley lower slopes and tributary valleys covered with boulder clay, alluvium in floor. Main ridge with crest in siltstones and sandstones. N facing steep and long escarpment cut deeply by N d
Raglan Marl to S, NW-SE fault to W, SW-NE fault to E, Irfon valey to N
Cwm Craig Ddu Quarry 296185 247462 - Silurian stratigraphy and Palaeozoic palaeobotany; Silurian trough succession, palaeobotany
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 196 Builth (draft, unpubl.); Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution);1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 28, Powys, 1996 ; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 188 Builth Wells

Bronllys
SE dipping Raglan Marl W of Llynfi fault controlled valley, forming strike ridges in hilly terrain with NE-SW fault valleys. Steep NE facing escarpment into Wye valley, cut by tributary valleys. Boulder clay on lower slopes.
Honddu valley to W, Wye to N, fault controlled Llynfi valley to E, St Maughans Group to S.
Strike ridges in Raglan Mudstone Fm with fault controlled valleys
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 213 Brecon (draft, unpubl.); 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 196 Builth (draft, unpubl.);1:1" BGS Geological Map Sheet 214 Talgarth; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 28, Powys, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 188 Builth Wells

Drum Ddu
SW-NE fault controlled strike ridge of v steep to overturned Upper Ordovician conglomerates, forming top of high ridge. Boulder clay in minor valleys.
Fault controlled strike ridge in very steep to overturned U Ordovician conglomerate succession
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 179 Rhayader (solid) 1993; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 196 Builth (draft, unpubl.); Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 28, Powys, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Davies, R.J., Fletcher, C.J.N., Waters, R.A., Wilson, D., Woodhall, D.G. and Zalasjiewicz, J.A., 1997. Geology of the country around

Allt y Ddinas
NE-SW broad, fault bounded valley in steeply dipping, NE-SW folded Upper Ordovician (Nantmel Formation) mudstones and hemipelagites. Strike ridge of hills to SW, dissected by NW-SE valleys with cover of boulder clay in floors and lower slopes. Broad valley with tributaries to Wye, with cover of boulder clay on slopes; steep long NW facing slope to fault controlled Drum Ddu ridge to S; bounded to N by escarpment of Y Gamriw.
Fault controlled to S (Glanalders Fault), fault to N (and W), Wye to E
NE-SW folded U Ordovician Nantmel Fm mudstones and hemipelagites
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 179 Rhayader (solid) 1993; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 196 Builth (draft, unpubl.); Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 28, Powys, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Davies, R.J., Fletcher, C.J.N., Waters, R.A., Wilson, D., Woodhall, D.G. and Zalasjiewicz, J.A., 1997. Geology of the country around

Afon Hydfen Plateau
SW-NE striking, low ridges of SE dipping St Maughans Group dissected by River Usk (S-N into WNW-ESE) and Hydfer (SW-NE) river valleys. Broad plateau of river valleys covered with boulder clay, with terraces and alluvium in channels. Head in valleys on slopes. Usk reservoir on W boundary. Hydfer valley fault controlled (SW-NE) to junction with Usk.
Other. Artificial water bodies and channels
R Usk to W and N, Afon Crai valley to E, Senni Beds to S
Dip and scarp topography in St Maughan's Gp plateau dissected by river valleys
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 213 Brecon (draft, unpubl.); Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 27, Dyfed. 1998; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet OL12 Brecon Beacons National Park, Western and Central Regions

Soar
W dipping Raglan Marl plateau deeply dissected by NW-SE Nant Bran valley; forming E side and lower W slopes. Tributary valley on E slopes (Cwm Gwnyn), with broad floor of boulder clay on upper slopes. Nant Bran valley controlled by NW-SE fault, with alluvium and boulder clay along floor and low slopes.
Raglan Marl outcrop area within Nant Bran valley
Raglan Mudstone succession in plateau dissected by Nant Bran valley
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 213 Brecon (draft, unpubl.); 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 196 Builth (draft, unpubl.) ; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 28, Powys, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet OL12 Brecon Beacons National Park, Western and Central Regions ; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 18

Garth Bank
Narrow steep NE-SW strike ridge, partly fault controlled (NE-SW) in SE dipping Upper Ordovician sandstones (Crichan Formation) and N-S strike ridges in E dipping Upper Ordovician-Silurian E of N-S Dulas river valley, deeply dissected by narrow valleys N-S (including Nant Gwinneuddu) that also dissect NE-SW ridge. Steep escarpments along valleys, and minor valleys that dissect ridges into lines of hills. Boulder clay in valley floors, with alluvial fans into Dulas.
Break of slope S and E of S ridge, Dulas valley to W, NE-SW ridge to N
SSSI Garth Bank Quarry 294633 250894; Lower Silurian stratigraphy
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 196 Builth (draft, unpubl.); Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 28, Powys, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 188 Builth Wells; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 200 Llandrindod Wells and Elan Valley; Aldridge, R.J., Siveter, D.J., Siveter, D.J., Lane, P.D., Palmer, D. and W

Allt yr Esgair
NW-SE steep hill ridge of S dipping Senni Beds forming W slopes of upper Llynfi valley and bounding Usk valley to W. Steep slopes from narrow hill crest, becoming shallower into Llynfi floor. Boulder clay on lower slopes to S and E.
Bounded by Llangorse Lake plateau to E, Usk valley to W and St Maughans Group to the N.
1:1" BGS Geological Map Sheet 214 Talgarth; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 28, Powys, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet OL13 Brecon Beacons National Park, Eastern Region

Bryn Clun
SW-NE strike ridge in NW dipping Lower Silurian Caban Conglomerate Formation, dissected by NW-SE and N-S valley, some fault controlled. Steep S facing slopes to valley along lithological contact and NE-SW fault, partly with river tributary valleys to Coed Clawdd-coch. Ridge plateau in turbiditic siltstone and mudstone. Boulder clay in patches on slopes and in river valleys. Head on lower valley (Irfon) slopes. Alluvium in valley floors.
NE-SW fault, lithological contact to S, CCF boundary to N and E
L Silurian Caban Conglomerate Fm turbiditic succession in strike ridge
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 179 Rhayader (solid) 1993; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 196 Builth (draft, unpubl.); Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 27, Dyfed. 1998; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 28, Powys, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Davies, R.J., Fletcher, C.J.N., Waters, R.A., Wi

Usk valley
Upland glacial and fluvioglacial depositional terrain
Broad U-shaped Usk valley river and alluvial flood plain, with alluvial fans and glacial fan gravels at mouths of tributaries. Fluvioglacial and glacial sands and gravels flanking steep valley sides, and areas of morainic drift.
Active upland river or stream channel system. Ancient upland river / stream systems
River channel (natural). Flood plain. Alluvial fan (active). Alluvial fan (ancient). Glacial U-shaped valley
Boundaries of drift covered valley floor (river and floodplain)
Floodplain of major U-shaped glacial valley
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 232 Abergavenny (Solid and Drift) 1990; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); Barclay, W.J. 1989. Geology of the South Wales coalfield. Part 2, The country around Abergavenny. Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheet 232, 3rd ed., H.M.S.O., London, 147p; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaterna

Crychan Forest
NE-SW strike ridges in SE dipping Wenlock to Ludlow mudstones, siltstones and sandstones, dissected by NW facing steep tributary valleys to Irfon. High ridge in sandstones in S, with steep NW facing long escarpment through siltstones and mudstones in SW where fault block of Wenlock mudstones forms lower ground covered with boulder clay. Steep and deep tributary valleys NW-SE, with N and NW facing cwms at heads. Cwm yr Annell and Cwm Mwyn valleys deflect to SW-NE along fault into Irfon. Boulder
Faults to E and N, Raglan Marl to S, change of slope to W
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 213 Brecon (draft, unpubl.); 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 196 Builth (draft, unpubl.) ; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 27, Dyfed. 1998; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 28, Powys, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 187 Llandovery,

Mynydd Aberysgir
W and S dipping St Maughans Group plateau dissected by lower Nant Bran and Ysgir valleys, forming E-W ridge of rounded hills N of the Usk valley. Lower Nant Bran valley steep narrow and V-shaped, draining SSE into Usk, with only small patches of boulder clay and landslip. Boulder clay on high slopes of Cwm Gwengad, which drains SE into Afon Ysgir valley which is fault controlled NW-SE.
Fault bounded E boundary. Fault to N, Nant Bran valley to W, Usk valley to S.
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 213 Brecon (draft, unpubl.); Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 28, Powys, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet OL12 Brecon Beacons National Park, Western and Central Regions ; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 188 Builth Wells

Brynmawr
Engineered features and reclaimed / infilled land
Made ground (from Blaenavon coal mining) across S-facing slope in upland area , part of wider scar across landscape from worked out opencasts.
Stratigraphic formation(s). Superficial deposits. Structural features. Other
Northern boundary of Coal Measures made ground
Barclay, W.J. 1989. Geology of the South Wales coalfield. Part 2, The country around Abergavenny. Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheet 232, 3rd ed., H.M.S.O., London, 147p; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 232 Abergavenny (Solid and Drift) 1990; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternar

Crickadarn
NE-SW fault blocks of N and S dipping Ludlow and Raglan Marl, dissected on W by NW-SE Honddu valley, and by ENE flowing fault controlled Cwm Rhiwiau valley. Tributaries to Honddu controlled by NE-SW faults. Boulder clay in tributary valley floors and slopes. Alluvium in lower valley channels. Lower E slope into Wye valley with broad sheets of fluvioglacial gravels.
Fault bounded to N and across much of S, or boundary with Raglan Marl. Fault valley to .W, Wye to E.
Ludlow - Raglan Mudstone succession; fluvioglacial deposits on W slopes of Wye valley
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 213 Brecon (draft, unpubl.); 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 196 Builth (draft, unpubl.);Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 28, Powys, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 188 Builth Wells

Wye valley
Wye river valley and flood plain with meandering course, becoming broader E of Boughrood with wide flood plain. Steep escarpments along valley S of Builth, and bounding flood plain W-E to Hay (Ushaped). Alluvium in channel, generally narrow fluvioglacial and glacial sands and gravels flanking valley, moraine in upper valley, alluvial fans at tributary mouths. Fault controlled along some stretches (NE-SE, N-S).
Superficial deposits. Structural features. Active processes. Past processes
Active upland river or stream channel system. Ancient upland river / stream systems
River channel (natural). Flood plain. Alluvial fan (ancient)
Major glacial/fluvioglacial valley floor and floodplain
1:1" BGS Geological Map Sheet 214 Talgarth; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 196 Builth (draft, unpubl.); Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 28, Powys, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet OL13 Brecon Beacons National Park, Eastern Region

Esgair Garthen
Upland plateau in NW dipping Lower Silurian turbiditic sandstones and mudstones, dissected deeply to west by N-S Tywi valley, to E by Afon Arban, and to N by upper Afon Claerwen and Claerwen Reservoir. Deep and steep tributaries in W facing escarpment to Tywi. Boulder clay in valleys and on lower slopes, peat across higher ground of broad plateau.
Neutral - beneficial Biological SSSI Elenydd
Boundary to S against mudstones formations, Twyi valley to W, Claerwen valley to N.
L Silurian turbidite succession of trough facies
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 179 Rhayader (solid) 1993; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 196 Builth (draft, unpubl.); Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 27, Dyfed. 1998; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Davies, R.J., Fletcher, C.J.N., Waters, R.A., Wilson, D., Woodhall, D.G. and Zalasjiewicz, J.A., 1997. Geology of the country around

Llangors
SE dipping St Maughans Group above locally developed Psammosteus Limestone, in N sloping plateau dissected by tributary valleys into River Wye. Boulder clay on valley slopes. NE facing ascarpment (scarp slope) along N edge of area (against Raglan Marl).
Bounded by Old Red Sandstone escarpment to SW, Psammosteus Limestone and Wye to NW, ?NNE-SSW fault along Llynfi valley to W
1:1" BGS Geological Map Sheet 214 Talgarth; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 28, Powys, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet OL13 Brecon Beacons National Park, Eastern Region

Black Mountains
S to SE dipping Old Red Sandstone (Senni Beds and Brownstones) escarpment of Black Mountains, deeply dissected by NW-SE and N-S long straight steep facing river valleys into Usk. V-shaped valleys separated by high narrow plateaus with crags along higher parts of steep slopes. Numerous tributaries with rounded cwms at heads draining slopes. Lower valley floors with boulder clay. Gwynne Fechan valley U-shaped with broad floor towards junction with Gwynne Fawr, with alluvium, glacial and fluviogl
Upland escarpment. Upland valley slope. Upland plateau. Active upland river or stream channel system. Ancient upland river / stream systems
Beneficial - BBNP and Biological SSSI Black Mountains
Bounded to S by Usk and SW-NE fault along Gwynne Fawr valley, NW by boundary with St Maughans Group.
ORS Senni Beds-Brownstone escarpment dissected by long, V-U shaped glacial valleys
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 232 Abergavenny (Solid and Drift) 1990; 1:1" BGS Geological Map Sheet 214 Talgarth; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 28, Powys, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Barclay, W.J. 1989. Geology of the South Wales coalfield. Part 2, The country around Abergavenny. Memoir of the British Geological Survey

Myarth
Gently S dipping Senni Beds capped by Brownstones on elongate, steep hill ridge E-W, to N of Usk channel but surrounded by floodplain sediments of fluvioglacial sand and gravels. Boulder clay on lower slopes. Sandstone bands forming 'steps' on slopes
Usk floodplain to S and N and Rhiangoll floodplain
Upland ridge of ORS Senni Beds capped by Brownstones
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 232 Abergavenny (Solid and Drift) 1990; 1:1" BGS Geological Map Sheet 214 Talgarth ; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 28, Powys, 1996; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; Barclay, W.J. 1989. Geology of the South Wales coalfield. Part 2, The country around Abergavenny. M

Ystradgynlais
N-facing rounded slopes of NE-SW fault controlled Tawe valley in SW-dipping Lower and Middle Coal Measures, dissected by W-NW flowing Nant Llech rivers with waterfalls. Extensive boulder clay across lower. slopes. Mines and made ground from coal pits. NNW-SSE faults (Chapel, Pwllau Bach) forming topographic features to E
Stratigraphic formation(s). Superficial deposits. Structural features. Active processes. Past processes. Other
Active upland river or stream channel system. Engineered features and reclaimed / infilled land
Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit. Coal / mineral spoil tips. Made ground
Coal Measures S of Tawe Valley, bounded by Henrhyd Fault to E
SSSI Nant Llech 283848 252251 - Palaeozoic palaeobotany, Upper Carboniferous stratigraphy
:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 230 Ammanford (Drift) 1977 ; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 231 Merthyr (Drift), 1979; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 35. West Glamorgan and South Dyfed, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Barclay, W.J., Taylor, K. and Thomas, L.P. 1988. Geology of the South Wales coalfield. Part 5, The country

Cribarth
ENE-WSW whaleback ridge in Carboniferous Limestone and Millstone Grit formed by tight asymmetrical anticlinal fold (Cribarth anticline) plunging SW, exposing limestone in core. Extensive scars along ridge from quarrying of limestone. Old silica mine at Craig y nos. Synclinal folds to N and S, in S bringing up Millstone Grit mudstone in Abercrave Wood valley.
Bounded to W by Pwllau Bach Fault, to E and S by Tawe flood plain, to N by line of Cribarth disturbance.
Regional whaleback fold along Cribarth Disturbance; Carboniferous Limestone stratigraphy, silica mines, karst
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 231 Merthyr (Drift), 1979; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution);1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet OL12 Brecon Beacons National Park, Western and Central Regions; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Barclay, W.J., Taylor, K. and Thomas, L.P. 1988. Geology of the South Wales coalfield. Part 5, The country around Merthyr Tydfil : Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheet 231 (En

Irfon Valley
SW-NE fault controlled Irfon valley. Broad plateau dissected by meandering river channel of Irfon in steep S dipping Llangammarch Formation (Wenlock - Ludlow) mudstones S of Dulas Valley Fault. Low rounded hills in broader E part of valley. Extensive boulder clay on S low slopes and across NE hills. SE flowing Chwefri valley joins Irfon at Wye. River valley with alluvium in channel, flanked by terrace deposits and hummocky moraine - extensive moraine in lower valley. Alluvial fans at junctions
Active upland river or stream channel system. Ancient upland river / stream systems
NE-SW faults to N and S, Wye to E, change of slope (escarpment) to W
SSSIs Llangammarch Wells Quarry 293732 247286 , Afon Irfon 303151 250991; Silurian stratigraphy
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 196 Builth (draft, unpubl.); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 28, Powys, 1996; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 188 Builth Wells; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 200 Llandrindod Wells and Elan Valley; Aldridge, R.J., Siveter, D.J., Siveter, D.J., Lane, P.D., Palmer, D. and Wo

Mynydd Bwlch-y-groes
SW-NE plateau in SE dipping Raglan Marl, dissected by NW-SE V-U shaped river valleys (Gwydderig, Cilieni, upper Nant Bran and Ysgir Fechan). Boulder clay covering areas of plateau and filling lower slopes, tributaries and broad valley floors. Moraine in Cilieni valley. Peat on high ground, some head on slopes. NW-SE faults controlling topography e.g. Ysgir Fechan valley and gullies across plateau.
Beneficial (partly BBNP) - neutral; partly SENTA MOD area
St Maughans Group to S, Temeside Mudstone to N, NW-SE fault controlled Ysgir Fechan valley to NE
Raglan Mudstone succession in upland plateau dissected by V-U shaped valleys
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 213 Brecon (draft, unpubl.); 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 196 Builth (draft, unpubl.) ; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 230 Ammanford (Drift) 1977; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 27, Dyfed. 1998; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 28, Powys, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology

Llannerchwen
SE dipping St Maughans Group hill-ridge N of fault controlled Usk valley, in fault blocks defined by NNW-SSE and WNW-ESE faults. Fault controlled Ysgir and Honddu valleys to W and E.
Stratigraphic formation(s). Structural features. Active processes
Fault controlled against Usk valley to S, N and NW boundaries against Raglan Marl. W boundary is Raglan Marl.
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 213 Brecon (draft, unpubl.); Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 28, Powys, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet OL12 Brecon Beacons National Park, Western and Central Regions ; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 188 Builth Wells

Trecastle
Plateau of boulder clay and peat N of River Usk along lower part of Cwm Dwr, Cwm Bronnyth valleys covering gently dipping St Maughans Group. Alluvium and terrace deposits in river floor, alluvial fans at valley mouths. SW-NE fault controlling Cwm Bronnyth valley.
River terrace. Plateau. Alluvial fan (active). Alluvial fan (ancient)
Low ground at valley mouths with Usk, bounded to W, N and E by St Maughans Group, Usk valley to S.
Drift covered plateau in St Maughan's Fm
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 213 Brecon (draft, unpubl.); Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 27, Dyfed. 1998; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 28, Powys, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet OL12 Brecon Beacons National Park, Western and Central Regions

Pen y Fan - Fan Big
N-facing escarpment of S-dipping Old Red Sandstone upland plateau, dissected by straight, steep valleys (Cwm Sere, Cwm Cynwyn, Cwm Oergwm) separated by sharp ridges (aretes) and with NE-facing cirques at heads. Ridge capped unconformably by Plateau Beds In Cwm Cynwyn and Cwm Oergwm. Large areas of periglacial head along W side of Cwm Sere and Cwm Cynwyn. Scree and moraine below cirque walls. Boulder clay in floors of V- to U-shaped valleys. Landslips in N parts of Cwm Cynwyn and Cwm Oergwm.
3 valleys in ORS, watershed of BB ridge to S, base of Senni Beds to N
SSSI Brecon Beacons 302500 219760 - Quaternary geomorphology, Palaeozoic palaeobotany; ORS stratigraphy
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 213 Brecon (draft, unpubl.) ; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 28, Powys, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Campbell, S. and Bowen, D.Q., 1989. Geological conservation review : Quaternary of Wales. Nature Conservancy Council, Peterborough, 237p : ill, maps; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet OL12 Brecon

Sugar Loaf
W side of high dissected plateau in gently SW- to NW-dipping Old Red Sandstone, with lower steep slopes in Senni Beds sandstones and mudstones, higher steeper slopes in Brownstones sandstones. Slopes cut by straight v-shaped tributary valleys, but Sugar Loaf mountain delimited to N and W by deep narrow Gwynne Fawr valley, and to S by Usk valley. Narrow belt of underlying St Maughan's Group mudstones along Usk valley. Large landslip on N escarpment.
Stratigraphic formation(s). Superficial deposits. Past processes
luvial. Streams - drainage from plateau.
Bounded by Gwynne Fawr valley and Usk valley
W part only of Sugar Loaf Mountain in LORS capped by high plateau of UORS; landslip
avenny (Solid and Drift) 1990; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; Barclay, W.J. 1989. Geology of the South Wales coalfield. Part 2, The country around Abergavenny. Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheet 232, 3rd ed., H.M.S.O., London, 147p ; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution) ;

Neath Fault Zone
Techtonically controlled valley (Valley following folds, fault controlled gorges, or scarps)
ENE-WSW valley (Cwm Callan) and ridge following Neath Fault Zone, which brings up fault blocks of folded NW- and SE-dipping Old Red Sandstone and Carboniferous Limestone within main S-dipping Old Red Sandstone outcrop area. Areas of karstic shake holes on Carboniferous Limestone. Boulder clay cover in lower Taf Fechan valley and western S-facing slopes
Neath Fault Zone; karstic topography, Carboniferous Limestone stratigraphy
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 231 Merthyr (Drift), 1979; Barclay, W.J., Taylor, K. and Thomas, L.P. 1988. Geology of the South Wales coalfield. Part 5, The country around Merthyr Tydfil : Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheet 231 (England and Wales). 3rd ed., H.M.S.O., London, x+52p.; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:

Cefn Maw
S-facing slopes in S-dipping Millstone Grit mudstones and sandstones, and Lower Coal Measures mudstones, dissected by S- and SW-flowing Afon Giedd, Nant Gwys and Nant Cyw river valleys. Mudstones with extensive boulder clay cover, minor peat on slopes. Alluvium in lower tributary floors. Fault bounded N-S Bwlch y Ddeuwynt valley.
Stratigraphic formation(s). Superficial deposits. Structural features. Active processes. Past processes. Other
Basal Grit boundary to N, Tawe Distubance to S
SSSI Cwm Twrch 275662 212777; U Carboniferous stratigraphy
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 213 Brecon (draft, unpubl.); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 35. West Glamorgan and South Dyfed, 1996; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet OL12 Brecon Beacons National Park, Western and Central Regions; Cleal, C.J. and Thomas, B.A. 1996. British Upper Carboniferous Stratigrap

Dyffryn Crawnon
Steep sided, straight SW-NE river valley with cirque (Blaen Dyffryn Crawnon) at head, dissecting northern escarpment of Brecon Beacons Old Red Sandstone SE-dipping plateau. Brownstones forming main valley sides, Senni Beds on lower slopes at northern end. Head on lower slopes, boulder clay and alluvium in floor. Landslip in cirque wall.
Cwm/corrie. Glacial U-shaped valley. Landslip (ancient)
Senni Beds - Brownstone escarpment below Plateau Beds 'plateau'
SSSI Brecon Beacons 302500 219760;- Quaternary geomorphology, Palaeozoic palaeobotany, ORS stratigraphy
Barclay, W.J. 1989. Geology of the South Wales coalfield. Part 2, The country around Abergavenny. Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheet 232, 3rd ed., H.M.S.O., London, 147p; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 232 Abergavenny (Solid and Drift) 1990; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); Campbell, S. and Bowen, D.Q., 1989. Geologica

Twyn y Llyn
S-dipping Upper Old Red Sandstone sandstones and conglomerates unconformably capping Brownstone escarpment, forming 'plateaus' of Carreg Waun Llech, Carreg wen Fawr y Rugos and Twyn y Llyn
Stratigraphic formation(s). Structural features. Past processes
UORS plateau unconformably capping Brownstone escarpment
Barclay, W.J. 1989. Geology of the South Wales coalfield. Part 2, The country around Abergavenny. Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheet 232, 3rd ed., H.M.S.O., London, 147p; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 232 Abergavenny (Solid and Drift) 1990; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternar

Craig Cerrig-Gleisiad
NE-facing cirque (GCR)on E side of Fan Frynych, in W slopes of SW-NE Glyn Tarell valley, in SW-dipping St Maughan's Group and Senni Beds escarpment. NNW-SSE fault controlling back of cirque, and NE-SW fault along foot of S wall. Moraine, head and boulder clay in cirque floor, head and peat on escarpment. Large landslip in and to NE along escarpment.
Upland valley slope. Mass movement. Other
SSSI Brecon Beacons 302500 219760 + Craig-Cerrig-Gleisiad GCR; Quaternary geomorphology, Palaeozoic palaeobotany
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 213 Brecon (draft, unpubl.) ; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 28, Powys, 1996; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet OL12 Brecon Beacons National Park, Western and Central Regions ; Campbell, S. and Bowen, D.Q., 1989. Geological conservation review : Quaternary of Wales. Nature

Waun Rydd
ENE-WSW rounded ridge and dip slope in S-dipping Old Red Sandstone with extensive peat cover across higher ground. Dissected to W by U-shaped NW-SE Taf Fechan valley, which has broad floor covered by boulder clay, with glacial sand deposits, flanking Pontsticill Reservoir. Bounded to N by Neath Fault Zone. Landslip on N slope of ridge.
Active upland river or stream channel system. Glacial mountain valley. Mass movement. Artificial water bodies and channels
Dip slope. Glacial U-shaped valley. Landslip (active)
Old Red Sandstone ridge, bounded to N by Neath Fault Zone
SSSI Abercriban Quarries 306365 212663 - Non-marine Devonian (ORS); ORS stratigraphy; escarpment with U-shaped Taf fechan valley
Barclay, W.J., Taylor, K. and Thomas, L.P. 1988. Geology of the South Wales coalfield. Part 5, The country around Merthyr Tydfil : Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheet 231 (England and Wales). 3rd ed., H.M.S.O., London, x+52p.; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 231 Merthyr (Drift), 1979; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map,

Glyn Collwyn
SW-NE to SE-NW asymmetrical, steep sided, U-shaped valley dissecting northern escarpment of S-dipping Brecon Beacons Old Red Sandstone plateau. Slopes on W side cut by tributaries fanning from NW-SE to E-W down valley. High peat-covered 'plateau' in Plateau Beds at W end. Large landslip in Brownstones (Cwar y Gigfran).
Stratigraphic formation(s). Superficial deposits. Past processes. Other
Mountain glacial-erosion terrain. Mass movement. Artificial water bodies and channels
Glaciated valley in Lower Old Red Sandstone capped by Upper Old Red Sandstone
SSSI Brecon Beacons 302500 219760; Quaternary geomorphology, Palaeozoic palaeobotany; large landslip
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 231 Merthyr (Drift), 1979; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 232 Abergavenny (Solid and Drift) 1990; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet Brecon (draft, unpubl.); Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 28, Powys, 1996; Barclay, W.J. 1989. Geology of the South Wales coalfield. Part 2, The country around Abergavenny. Memoir of the British Geological S

Dulas
NE-SW striking Upper Ordovician to Upper Silurian mudstones (in NE-SW fault blocks) in upland plateau dissected by NE-SW Chwefri river, between the Dulas and Wye valleys. Fairly low strike ridges, with extensive cover of boulder clay. Minor tributary valleys to Irfon in S.
NE-SW fault to S, Dulas valley to W, Wye to E, N junction with ridges of Ordovician sandstones to N
U Ordovician-U Silurian trough mudstone succession; dip and scarp topography of strike ridges
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 196 Builth (draft, unpubl.); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 28, Powys, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 188 Builth Wells; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 200 Llandrindod Wells and Elan Valley

Afon Tarell
Floodplain and river channel of SW-NE fault controlled Afon Tarell valley, with glaciofluvial gravels flanking broad U-shaped lower valley floor. Alluvium in channel, alluvial fan gravels and moraine at broad mouth with R. Usk.
Active upland river or stream channel system. Glacial mountain valley
River channel (natural). Flood plain. River terrace. Moraine. Alluvial fan (ancient). Glacial U-shaped valley
U-shaped valley floor with glacial/ fluvioglacial and modern river and floodplain deposits

Corn y fan
Upland plateau of Ludlow and Raglan Marl cut by NE-SW faults that control tributary valleys to NW-SE; deeply dissected Ysgir Fechan, Ysgir Fawr and Honddu valleys. Boulder clay in tributary floors and patches on plateau. Head in upper tributary valley above Lower Cwm tydu. Alluvium and small landslips in Ysgir valley floors. Broad U-shaped Honddu floor with wide alluvium flanked by boulder clay. Alluvial fan and glacial sands at wide mouth of Nant Fawr valley.
Upper Silurian/Raglan Marl fault blocks in core of anticline, bounded to E by Honddu valley (E side)
U Silurian - Raglan Mudstone succession in dissected upland plateau
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 213 Brecon (draft, unpubl.); Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 28, Powys, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 188 Builth Wells

Upper Tawe valley
N-S upper Tawe valley and NE-SW Nant Tywinni fault-controlled valleys deeply dissected in steep S-facing escarpment of SW- to SE-dipping Old Red Sandstone. Fan Hir (GCR) ridge with long high cliffs forms western boundary, capped by Old Red Sandstone Plateau Beds and with long low ridge of moraine along the foot of the steep E slope. Tributaries with waterfalls drain the steep valley sides, and form deep gullies on the W slopes of Fan Fraith. Boulder clay on lower valley slopes, patchy peat o
Waterfall / rapids. Ridge. Landslip (ancient)
SSSIs Mynydd Du 275895 219987 - Quaternary, mass movement; Ogof Ffynnon Ddu 288007 216919; Quaternary glacial and periglacial geomorphology, L-U ORS stratigraphy
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 213 Brecon (draft, unpubl.); 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 230 Ammanford (Drift) 1977 ; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 27, Dyfed. 1998; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 35. West Glamorgan and South Dyfed, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Strahan, A. 1907, The geology of the South Wales coalfield. Part 7, The country around Ammanford, being an a

Pen y Crug Fort
NE-SE rounded ridge with hill in SE dipping Raglan Marl and St Maughans Group, bounded to W by Usk river valley and to E by Honddu valley controlled by NW-SE fault. Patches of boulder clay on lower slopes of E side. SW-NE fault valley bounds N side.
Active upland river or stream channel system. Glacial mountain valley
Bounded to E and S and W by Usk and Honddu valleys and SW-NE fault valley to N
Raglan Mudstone and St Maughan's Gp stratigraphy

Llanddewi'r Cwm
Upland plateau in S dipping-Ludlow siltstones and mudstones, dissected deeply by river valleys flowing N and NE into Wye. N-S faults control deep valleys of Nant Bach into Nant yr Arian, and upper valley of River Duhonw. Valleys cut steep escarpments in slumped beds of Llangammarch Formation. Boulder clay, head, alluvial fans, terrace deposits and fluvioglacial gravels in valley floors. Boulder clay in N-S fault valley through Hengwm Fawr, S of Builth. Main Duhonw river deflects to E-W from fa
Raglan Marl to S, N-S fault to W, Wye to N and E
Ludlow Llangammarch Fm trough succession with slumped beds
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 196 Builth (draft, unpubl.); Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 28, Powys, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 188 Builth Wells

Llanafan-Fawr
Lower ground of upland plateau in E to SE dipping Lower Silurian mudstones, dissected by shallow E-W fault controlled tributary valleys and by deeper NW-SE Chwefri valley. Boulder clay on plateau and in valleys, some peat, alluvium and alluvial fans along river. N-S tributary to Irfon along ridge to W.
Stratigraphic formation(s). Superficial deposits. Structural features
Lower Silurian Chwefri Formation trough succession
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 196 Builth (draft, unpubl.); Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 28, Powys, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 200 Llandrindod Wells and Elan Valley

Fan Nedd - Fan Fawr
S-facing escarpment in S-dipping Old Red Sandstone, deeply dissected by N-S valleys of Neath rivers separated by elongate N-S to NE-SW narrow ridges. Boulder clay cover on lower valley slopes and floors. Eroded E-facing cirque and large landslip (Fan Dringarth). Ystradfellte reservoir.
Old Red Sandstone outcrop area of Neath river valleys, N of Neath Fault Zone
ORS stratigraphy; Geomorphology - S-facing escarpment of ORS of Breconshire Fans; Large landslip
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 231 Merthyr (Drift), 1979; Barclay, W.J., Taylor, K. and Thomas, L.P. 1988. Geology of the South Wales coalfield. Part 5, The country around Merthyr Tydfil : Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheet 231 (England and Wales). 3rd ed., H.M.S.O., London, x+52p.; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:

Llanwyrtyd Wells
NE-SW fault bounded upland plateau of lower ground with hills in SW dipping U Ordovician turbidite mudstones and siltstones and mudstones, dissected by river valleys of Irfon, Cammarch and Dulas rivers. Widespread boulder clay across lower slopes, alluvium in meandering river channels. Broad river terrace deposits along major channels and alluvial fans from tributaries. Peat on plateaus. Higher ground in upper Afon Cammarch to N, where river is deeply incised; widespread boulder clay on higher
River channel (natural). River terrace. Alluvial fan (active)
Maintain exposures in areas of agricultural land use
Fault Dulas Valley floor to S, faults to N or boundary to higher ground. Dulas River valley to NE. Tridwr Formation Formation to SW
U Ordovician ( St Cynllo's, Tridwr and Nantmel fms) turbidite stratigraphy
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 196 Builth (draft, unpubl.); Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 27, Dyfed. 1998;
1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 28, Powys, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 187 Llandovery, Llanwrtyd Wells & Llyn Brianne; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Shee

Coed y Rhaiadr
S-facing moderate to low slopes in S-dipping Upper Millstone Grit and Lower Coal Measures shales and sandstones, dissected by NE-SW Nedd Fechan and Nant Llech valleys. Thick cover of boulder clay, some upland peat on higher slopes. NNW-SSE faults forming topographic features along Nedd Fechan valley and Henrhyd Fault
Upland valley slope. Glacial mountain valley
Basal Grit boundary to N, NNW-SSE fault to E, Tawe valley floor to W
River valleys (SSSI Dyffrynoedd Nedd a Mellte a Moel Penderyn 291959 209324) into Carboniferous karst, Variscan structures; Millstone Grit Middle Shales-Farewell Rock stratigraphy
Barclay, W.J., Taylor, K. and Thomas, L.P. 1988. Geology of the South Wales coalfield. Part 5, The country around Merthyr Tydfil : Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheet 231 (England and Wales). 3rd ed., H.M.S.O., London, x+52p.; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 231 Merthyr (Drift), 1979; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 35. West Glamorgan and South Dyfed, 1996; 1:

Cwm Llwych
N-facing escarpment of Beacons S-dipping Old Red Sandstone plateau, deeply dissected by S-N steep sided U-shaped valley with classic NE-facing cirque at head (GCR), and a second cirque adjacent to the W. Cirque with moraine cutting off lake in floor. Boulder clay in valley floor and on W side, valley asymmetrical - long E side with tributary valleys , narrower and steep W side. Ridge to N is sharp, capped by unconformity with Plateau Beds.
Stratigraphic formation(s). Superficial deposits. Past processes
Moraine. Arete. Cwm/corrie. Glacial U-shaped valley
Watershed of Cwm Llwych valley, St Maughan's Group to N
SSSI Brecon Beacons 302500 219760 - Quaternary, Palaeozoic palaeobotany; GCR Cwm Llwch -Quaternary cirque and moraine; Quaternary geomorphology , ORS stratigraphy, palaeobotany
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 213 Brecon (draft, unpubl.) ; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 28, Powys, 1996; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); Campbell, S. and Bowen, D.Q., 1989. Geological conservation review : Quaternary of Wales. Nature Conservancy Council, Peterborough, 237p : ill, maps; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet OL12 Brecon

Erwood
E facing steep escarpment in W dipping Ludlow siltstones, along N-S fault controlled to NW-SE, U-shaped Wye Valley. Ridge capped by Ludlow sandstones.
Stratigraphic formation(s). Structural features. Active processes. Past processes
Upland escarpment. Upland valley slope. Other
Wye valley floodplain to E, Ludlow sandstones to W
Steep escarpment in U Silurian siltstone-sandstone succession
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 196 Builth (draft, unpubl.); Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 28, Powys, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 188 Builth Wells

Llangorse Lake
NNW-SSE elongate low lying plateau with very large Llangorse Lake blocked to N by moraine of Llanfihangel Tal-y-Llyn, Talgarth, in upper part of N facing, S-N Llyfi valley. Dissected into Senni Beds, S dipping plateau. Boulder clay and moraine on plateau, alluvium in floor.
Upland plateau. Ancient upland river / stream systems
Glacial drift covered plateau and lake on Senni Beds; ORS stratigraphy, glacial geomorphology
1:1" BGS Geological Map Sheet 214 Talgarth; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 28, Powys, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977 ; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet OL13 Brecon Beacons National Park, Eastern Region

Mynydd Illtyd
Dissected plateau of gently S-dipping St Maughans Group forming rounded ridges cut by fairly steep S-N river valleys of Cwm Camlais and Cwm Lodge, and smaller tributary valleys in River Usk. Boulder clay fill on floors and on lower slopes and alluvium in lower valley floors. Moraine in Cwm Camlais, head on its slopes. SW-NE faults controlling Camlais valley.
Usk floodplain to the N, Afon Tarell valley to E, Afon Treweryn to W, Traeth Mawr to S
Glacial drift-covered dissected plateau in St Maughan's Fm; glacial geomorphology
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 213 Brecon (draft, unpubl.); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 28, Powys, 1996; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet OL12 Brecon Beacons National Park, Western and Central Regions

Honddu Valley
Lower Honddu valley floor and floodplain between Lower Chapel and Brecon, partly fault controlled NW-SE. U-shaped with broad flat floor covered by hummocky moraine with narrow lower channel and alluvium along E side. Boulder clay on lower E slopes of Allt y Brain in broad shallow tributary valley. River valley in Upper Silurian and Raglan Marl.
River channel (natural). Flood plain. Moraine
Moraine covered floodplain and river valley of Honddu
Honddu glacial and modern river floodplain
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 213 Brecon (draft, unpubl.); Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 28, Powys, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet OL12 Brecon Beacons National Park, Western and Central Regions ; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 188 Builth Wells

SENTA B
SE and NW dipping St Maughans Group of upland plateau deeply dissected by NW-SE Nant Eithrim and Cilieni valleys; Cilieni valley controlled partly by NW-SE fault. Steep tributary valleys drain slopes. Boulder clay on lower slopes of V-shaped upper valleys below junction with Nant Eithrim with alluvium in floors. Moraine in broader U-shaped lower Cilieni valley and alluvium with terrace deposits along river.
Usk valley to S, watershed of Cilieni valley to W and E, Raglan Marl to N
ORS St Maughan's Fm, dissected upland plateau; glacial valleys
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 213 Brecon (draft, unpubl.); 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 196 Builth (draft, unpubl.) ; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 27, Dyfed. 1998; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 28, Powys, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 187 Llandovery

Mynydd Eppynt
Upland plateau in N, W and S dipping Raglan Marl dissected deeply by N-S to NW-SE upper river valleys of S flowing Honddu and Ysgir rivers and by SSW-NNE, N flowing fault controlled Nant Bwch and tributaries to River Irfon. Boulder clay in steep, deep valley slopes and floors, with alluvium along river channels; boulder clay in E-W tributary valleys to Honddu and Ysgir Fawr and Fechan. Fluvioglacial sand and gravel in broader U-shaped lower Honddu valley. Boulder clay in patches on higher plat
Temeside Shale boundary to N, St Maughans Group boundary to S and W, Honddu valley watershed to E
ORS Raglan Mudstone Fm, dissected upland plateau with glacial valleys
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 213 Brecon (draft, unpubl.); 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 196 Builth (draft, unpubl.); Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 28, Powys, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 188 Builth W

Coed Fenni-fach
SW-NE-W curved ridge of gently dipping St Maughans Group, with steep W slope and low sloping NW face, forming 'island' within broad Usk valley E of Brecon. River valley meanders to S around hill, with broad floodplain on N side. Landslips on E Slopes. Fault bounded valley on N side.
Bounded by River Usk and floodplain, fault to N
St Maughan's Fm, hill ridge within Usk glacial/fluvioglacial and modern river floodplain

Heol Cefn y Garn
Narrow steep W slope of N-S ridge bounding N-facing upper Senni valley in gently S-dipping St Maughan's Group. Slope broader across ENE-WSW fault controlled tributary valley at Heol Senni, and becoming very steep below Senni Beds escarpment in S. Boulder clay cover on slopes of fault valley, head on steep S slopes and area of N part.
Ridge crest to W, Senni valley floor to E, Usk floodplain to N, Senni Beds to S
Dissected escarpment; upper Senni valley slope in ORS St Maughan's Fm

Pentre'r felin
Low ground dissected by river valleys and floodplains covered by hummocky moraine, N of E-W Yr Allt ridge at lower part of Cilieni and Cwm Deri valleys. Rivers deflect eastwards along SW-NE fault valley, joining Usk E of Pont Pant-bach. Narrow fault valley with boulder clay joins Usk valley to SW at Pont Clydach. Alluvium, alluvial fan and terrace deposits in river valleys.
River terrace. Moraine. Alluvial fan (active)
Valleys through St Maughans Group hills to W, N and E, Yr Allt ridge to S
Dissected plateau of ORS in glacial valley, covered by hummocky moraine

Carreg Goch
Upland S-facing and S-dipping, dip and scarp slopes of Carboniferous Limestone and Millstone Grit Basal Grit; extensive crags and scars, and caves (Dan yr Ogof) in Limestone, and widespread areas of shake holes and boulders on Grit. Boulder clay cover on Limestone slopes, patches of upland peat on Grit. Wide area of foundered strata on E side of Carreg Goch. N-S and NW-SE faults form topographic features. NW-SE Cwm Haffes valley follows the Old Red Sandstone - Lower Limestone Shale boundary. D
Bounded to N and NE by Old Red Sandstone and Cwm Hafffes, by Tawe floodplain to E, Cribarth Disturbance and Millsonte Grit mudstones to S, fault to W
SSSI Mynydd Du 275895 219987; karst and caves, fluvial geomorphology; Carboniferous Limestone - Millstone Grit Basal Grit
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 231 Merthyr (Drift), 1979; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 232 Abergavenny (Solid and Drift) 1990; Barclay, W.J., Taylor, K. and Thomas, L.P. 1988. Geology of the South Wales coalfield. Part 5, The country around Merthyr Tydfil : Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheet 231 (England and Wales). 3rd ed., H.M.S.O., London, x+52p.; Strahan, A. 1907, The geology of the South Wales coalfield. Part 7, The country around Ammanford, being an account of the re

Cefn Cantref
N to NE draining valleys of U-shaped Glyn Tarell, Nant Cwm Llwych, Cwm Sere, Cwm Cynlyn and Cwm Oergwm dissected through lower rounded hills of S-dipping St Maughan's Group into R. Usk. Boulder clay covering valley floors and plateau of Glyn Tarell and Nant Cwm Llwych. Patches of fluvioglacial gravels and moraine on plateau below Cwm Sere and Cwm Oergwm.
Scarp slope. Cwm/corrie. Glacial U-shaped valley
Senni Beds boundary to S, Usk floodplain to N
N-facing ORS escarpment of Brecon Beacons with U-shaped valleys and cirques, St Maughan's Fm sandstone succession; glacial geomorphology, ORS stratigraphy
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 213 Brecon (draft, unpubl.); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 28, Powys, 1996; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet OL12 Brecon Beacons National Park, Western and Central Regions

Upper Nedd Fechan
S-facing and S-dipping Old Red Sandstone escarpment of Brecon Beacons, dissected by N-S fault controlled Nedd Fechan valley, bounded by elongate, steep slopes of N-S ridges. Straight, steep sided U-shaped valley with broad, boulder clay filled floor. Alluvium in narrow river bed.
Upland plateau. Glacial mountain valley. Other
Watershed of upper Nedd Fechan valley in Old Red Sandstone escarpment
Ogof Ffynnon Ddu 288007 216919 ; glacial geomorphology, ORS stratigraphy, dip slopes of fault-controlled upper valley
Barclay, W.J., Taylor, K. and Thomas, L.P. 1988. Geology of the South Wales coalfield. Part 5, The country around Merthyr Tydfil : Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheet 231 (England and Wales). 3rd ed., H.M.S.O., London, x+52p.; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 231 Merthyr (Drift), 1979; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 35. West Glamorgan and South Dyfed, 1996; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and M

Cefn Gorwydd
NE-SW strike ridges of upland plateau in Upper Ordovician mudstones; with fault controlled scarps bounding NE facing narrow deeply incised valleys. NE-SW fault bounds ridge separating Glen Cledan and Dulais valleys - boulder clay in valleys and depressions on higher ground.
Stratigraphic formation(s). Superficial deposits. Structural features
NE-SW faults to N; Dulais and Glen Cledan valley to E and S
U Ordovician stratigraphy of trough succession, dip and scarp ridges of dissected upland plateau
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 196 Builth (draft, unpubl.); Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 27, Dyfed. 1998; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 28, Powys, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 187 Llandovery, Llanwrtyd Wells & Llyn Brianne; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet

Talgarth
Low hills in SE-dipping Raglan Marl, dissected by tributary valleys on S facing slopes to Wye, bounded by St Maughans Group escarpment to S. Boulder clay on lower slopes. Fault controlled SW-NE Wye valley to N.
Wye valley to N, St Maughans Group to S, Llynfi fault controlled valley to W
Strike ridge in Raglan Mudstone Fm below St Maughan's escarpment
1:1" BGS Geological Map Sheet 214 Talgarth; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 28, Powys, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet OL13 Brecon Beacons National Park, Eastern Region

Small section of Claerwen reservoir with no geological features under normal conditions...
Record geology / geomorphology when water levels low...
Margins of flooded area / county boundary...
ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999d, Explorer Map 187 (1:25,000 )... BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1993, Sheet 179, 1:50 000 Geological Series... DAVIES, J...R... et al... 1997, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179, BGS...

Upland glacial and fluvioglacial depositional terrain
Area of depressions and broad, level to gently sloping valley floors between the upland massifs of the Garn Gron - Pen-y-bwlch, Bron-yr-Helm - Tywi Fecham, etc areas (Aspect Areas 180, 184 and 183)... Dominated by level areas with glacial clay, including with several small lakes (Llyn Du, Llyn Gorast, etc) and extensive areas of peat bog (including blanket bog) (Quaternary, Pleistocene-Holocene)... Scattered small areas of Lower Silurian bedrock emerge also...
Dominantly rural area with some significant development... (forestry)
Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e...g... due to development or forestry)... Assess RIGS status of geomorphological featsures of the area...
Break of slope at edge of drift filled valley systems and valley sides / escarpment above...
Major upland area of glacial deposition with lake, blanket bog, etc
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1994, Sheet 178 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J...R... et al... 1997, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179, BGS... BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1993, Sheet 179, 1:50 000 Geological Series... BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006b, Sheet 195, 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J...R... 2007b, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 195, NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999d, Explorer Map 187 (1:25,000 )...
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Marsh/bog/fen

Esgair Irfon
S, W and NW dipping Lower Silurian mudstone and turbidites, dissected deeply by N-S river valleys (Afon Tywi, Irfon, Gwelyn and Arban) Strike ridges along N and S limbs of Ne-SW anticlinal fold. Steep N-S escarpment along Towy valley, with steep, deep W facing tributaries. Steep slopes to Irfon and other S facing valleys. Lines of crags along valley slopes and cwms in Irfon valley. Broad plateau with peat cover across large areas. Boulder clay and head on lower slopes of valleys. Alluvium, flu
Lower Silurian mudstones formations, N-S fault to E, Tywi to W
L Silurian trough mudstone/turbidite succession (Nant Brianne- Caerau Mudstone formations), deeply dissected upland plateau
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 196 Builth (draft, unpubl.); 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 179 Rhayader (solid) 1993; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 27, Dyfed. 1998; Davies, R.J., Fletcher, C.J.N., Waters, R.A., Wilson, D., Woodhall, D.G. and Zalasjiewicz, J.A., 1997. Geology of the country around Llanilar and Rhayader. Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets

Cwm Banw - Cwm Cwy
Steep E-W valleys of Cwm Banw and Cwm Cwy on W slopes of Glyn Collwyn, with NE facing cirque (Craig Pwllfa) at head of Cwm Banw, dissected deeply into S dipping Senni Beds and Brownstones. Straight streams drain steep slopes of broad semi circular valley head with waterfalls. Moraine in cirque floor, landslips (e.g. Blaen Cwm Banw) and head, boulder clay on slopes and floor. Narrow Brownstone plateau at head of valley.
Upland valley slope. Mountain glacial-erosion terrain. Mass movement
Cwm/corrie. Glacial U-shaped valley. Landslip (ancient)
Watershed of Cwm Bawn valley, St Maughans Group and Glyn Collwyn to the E
SSSI Brecon Beacons 302500 219760;- Quaternary geomorphology, ORS stratigraphy
Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 28, Powys, 1996; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 231 Merthyr (Drift), 1979; Barclay, W.J., Taylor, K. and Thomas, L.P. 1988. Geology of the South Wales coalfield. Part 5, The country around Merthyr Tydfil : Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheet 231 (England and Wales). 3rd ed., H.M.S.O., London, x+52p.; 1:625 000 Geological Map of

Pen-y-Coed
Gently N sloping coastal lowland plain in Ordovician siltstones draped by boulder clay, intruded by Penmaen Mawr microdiorite, which forms prominent hill feature. Dissected by N draining Afon Llanfairfechan valley.
Bounded to N by coastal sediments, to W and S by edge of Conwy, to E by volcanic terrain of CNWYGL002
Boulder clay covered lowland coastal plain in Ordovician siltstones
Conwy (S&D), 1989. 1:25 000 Classical Areas Map, SH77, SH78, British Geological Survey; North Wales Coast, 1990. 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Sheet 15, Environment Agency.

Craig Hafodwen
Hilly lowland terrain in Ordovician volcanics draped by boulder clay.
Bounded to NW by Ordovician siltstones of CNWYGL001, to E and S by edge of Conwy
Hilly terrain in Ordovician volcanics draped by boulder clay
Conwy (S&D), 1989. 1:25 000 Classical Areas Map, SH77, SH78, British Geological Survey; North Wales Coast, 1990. 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Sheet 15, Environment Agency.

Llanfairfechan coast
Sand / shingle foreshore. Gravel / shingle ridge. Beach
Bangor (S), 1985, 1:50 000, E106, British Geological Survey; Conwy (S&D), 1989. 1:25 000 Classical Areas Map, SH77, SH78, British Geological Survey; North Wales Coast, 1990. 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Sheet 15, Environment Agency.

Coastal zone S of Penmaen Swatch
Wide coastal flat of sands, silts and muds S of Penmaen Swatch.
From edge of area and coastal flats to edge of storm beach
Coastal flat of sands, silts and muds S of Penmaen Swatch
Bangor (S), 1985, 1:50 000, E106, British Geological Survey; Conwy (S&D), 1989. 1:25 000 Classical Areas Map, SH77, SH78, British Geological Survey; North Wales Coast, 1990. 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Sheet 15, Environment Agency.

Penmaenmawr coast
N to NNW-facing coastal storm gravel beach between Penmaen Mawr and Penmaen-bach Point, with some limited areas of tidal flats (e.g. N of Penmaen Mawr).
Sand / shingle foreshore. Gravel / shingle ridge. Beach
Coastal storm beach flanked by areas of tidal flats
Bangor (S), 1985, 1:50 000, E106, British Geological Survey; Conwy (S&D), 1989. 1:25 000 Classical Areas Map, SH77, SH78, British Geological Survey; North Wales Coast, 1990. 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Sheet 15, Environment Agency.

Penmaenmawr coastal zone
Fringing coastal flats of sands, silts and muds from Penmaenmawr to Penmaen-bach Point
Mud-dominated foreshore. Sand. Sand / shingle foreshore
From edge of area and coastal flats to edge of storm beach

Penmaen-bach Point to Conwy estuary
Narrow N-facing storm beach sands and gravels, and tidal flat deposits, fringed by estuarine and coastal flat sands, silts and muds, including mussel banks, from Penmaen-bach Point to Conwy estuary.
Spits, bars and ridges. Coastal flat. Active lowland river-flood plain system
Mud-dominated foreshore. Sand / shingle foreshore. Gravel / shingle ridge
From storm beach and tidal flats offshore through coastal flats to edge of area. Boundary with CNWGL006 at E end of main Penmaenmawr storm beach deposits.
Narrow storm beach flanked by estuarine and coastal flat sands, silts and muds

Conwy Morfa
Sand dunes fringing W side of Conwy estuary, covered by areas of tidal flat deposits and alluvium on E side.
Golf course maintains dune field geomorphology, but lost through urban development
Dune field and overlying tidal flat and alluvial deposits inshore of storm beach and tidal flats

Conwy Sands
Coastal zone sands, silts and muds N and E of Conwy estuary. Areas of tidal flat deposits flanking channel, with mussel banks.
Active lowland river-flood plain system. Coastal flat
Coastal flat sands, silts and muds to N and E of Conwy estuary

Llandudno
Lowland area representing coastal sand dune field of former SW-NE isthmus beneath Llandudno and extending W across to Conwy estuary, fringed by storm gravel beaches to E and W. Large area of estuarine tidal flat sediments along southern part.
Stabilised sand dune. Active sand dune. Gravel / shingle ridge
Golf course maintains dune field geomorphology, but lost through urban development
Lowland area of dune field and tidal flat estuarine deposits fringed by storm beaches
Lowland area of stabilised sand dune field and estuarine sediments.
Rhyl (S&D), 1970, 1:63 360, E95, British Geological Survey; Conwy (S&D), 1989. 1:25 000 Classical Areas Map, SH77, SH78, British Geological Survey; North Wales Coast, 1990. 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Sheet 15, Environment Agency; Warren, P.T., Price, D., Nutt, M.J.C. and Smith, E.G., 1984. Geology of the country around Rhyl and Denbigh. Memoir for 1:50 000 geological sheets 95 and 107, and parts of 94 and 106 (England and Wales). British Geology Survey. HMSO, London, 217p;

Great Orme
Prominent coastal Carboniferous Limestone headland NW-SE with steep rocky cliffs and crags, and limestone pavement. Talus deposits along base of cliffs on W side, boulder clay deposits around base of cliffs on W and SE and preserved in depressions and valleys into headland. Disused copper mines exploited mineralisation of dolomitised limestones along fault fractures.
Active processes. Stratigraphic formation(s). Structural features. Past processes
Natural rocky headland, SSSI/GCR and RIGS sites, SAC, Heritage coast
Monitor exposure and conserve geomorphology and geology
Carboniferous Limestone steep rocky headland with disused copper mines; SSSI/GCR and RIGS sites, SAC, Heritage coast
Rhyl (S&D), 1970, 1:63 360, E95, British Geological Survey; Conwy (S&D), 1989. 1:25 000 Classical Areas Map, SH77, SH78, British Geological Survey; North Wales Coast, 1990. 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Sheet 15, Environment Agency; Warren, P.T., Price, D., Nutt, M.J.C. and Smith, E.G., 1984. Geology of the country around Rhyl and Denbigh. Memoir for 1:50 000 geological sheets 95 and 107, and parts of 94 and 106 (England and Wales). British Geology Survey. HMSO, London, 217p; Cosse

Llandudno to Little Orme coast
Coastal flat zone of sands, silts and muds flanking storm beach along coast from Llandudno to Little Orme.
Rhyl (S&D), 1970, 1:63 360, E95, British Geological Survey; Conwy (S&D), 1989. 1:25 000 Classical Areas Map, SH77, SH78, British Geological Survey; North Wales Coast, 1990. 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Sheet 15, Environment Agency. Warren, P.T., Price, D., Nutt, M.J.C. and Smith, E.G., 1984. Geology of the country around Rhyl and Denbigh. Memoir for 1:50 000 geological sheets 95 and 107, and parts of 94 and 106 (England and Wales). British Geology Survey. HMSO, London, 217p;

Llanrhos
Lowland terrain in SE-dipping Ordovician-Silurian succession of volcanics, volcaniclastics, sandstones and mudstones extensively draped by boulder clay. Low hills along NE-SW strike in more resistant lithologies of volcanics, e.g. tuffites. Urban developments (Deganwy, Llanrhos and Llandudno).
Extensive urban developments; some rural farmland and hill slopes
Conserve geoconservation sites, and integrity of landscape features
Bounded to NW by Ordovician siltstones of CNWGL001, to E and S by edge of Conwy
Lowland terrain in Ordovician-Silurian succession of volcanics and mudstones extensively draped by boulder clay; GCR site Bwlch Mine
andudno (S&D), 1989. 1:50 000, E94, British Geological Survey; Conwy (S&D), 1989. 1:25 000 Classical Areas Map, SH77, SH78, British Geological Survey; North Wales Coast, 1990. 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Sheet 15, Environment Agency; Warren, P.T., Price, D., Nutt, M.J.C. and Smith, E.G., 1984. Geology of the country around Rhyl and Denbigh. Memoir for 1:50 000 geological sheets 95 and 107, and parts of 94 and 106 (England and Wales). British Geology Survey. HMSO, London, 217p;

Little Orme
Lowland scarp and dip-slope dominated terrain
SW-NE ridge of high ground in SE dipping Carboniferous Limestone that ends in the prominent rocky coastal headland of Little Ormes Head. Steep cliffs and crags on headland above coast. Boulder clay deposits in NW-SE fault-controlled gullies along ridge. Crags also on high ground along ridge inland.
Active processes. Stratigraphic formation(s). Structural features. Superficial deposits
Rural land use along ridge, Heritage coast
Monitor integrity of geology and geomorphology, conserve SSSI/GCR and RIGS sites
Carboniferous Limestone ridge, and rocky headland with SSSI/GCR and RIGS sites, Heritage coast
Rhyl (S&D), 1970, 1:63 360, E95, British Geological Survey; Bangor (S), 1985, 1:50 000, E106, British Geological Survey; Conwy (S&D), 1989. 1:25 000 Classical Areas Map, SH77, SH78, British Geological Survey; North Wales Coast, 1990. 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Sheet 15, Environment Agency; Warren, P.T., Price, D., Nutt, M.J.C. and Smith, E.G., 1984. Geology of the country around Rhyl and Denbigh. Memoir for 1:50 000 geological sheets 95 and 107, and parts of 94 and 106 (England a

Glanwydden
Lowland terrain plateau in soft Carboniferous sandstones forming central part of SW-NE synform, draped by boulder clay. Dip slopes into valley running NE into Penrhyn Bay, and dissected by NE-draining Afon Wydden valley floored by alluvium. Urban development in NE at Penrhyn Bay, otherwise mostly rural/agricultural land use.
Stratigraphic formation(s). Superficial deposits. Structural features. Past processes. Active processes
Mostly rural/agricultural land use outside coastal development
Bounded to NW, W and S by Carboniferous Limestone ridge, and to NE by Penrhyn Bay tidal flats and coast
Lowland plateau of gentle dip slopes in Carboniferous sandstones dissected by river valley
Rhyl (S&D), 1970, 1:63 360, E95, British Geological Survey; Conwy (S&D), 1989. 1:25 000 Classical Areas Map, SH77, SH78, British Geological Survey; North Wales Coast, 1990. 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Sheet 15, Environment Agency; Warren, P.T., Price, D., Nutt, M.J.C. and Smith, E.G., 1984. Geology of the country around Rhyl and Denbigh. Memoir for 1:50 000 geological sheets 95 and 107, and parts of 94 and 106 (England and Wales). British Geology Survey. HMSO, London, 217p;

Bryn Pydew
Lowland scarp and dip-slope dominated terrain
SW-NE ridge of high, craggy ground in gently NW-dipping Carboniferous Limestone between Bodysgallen and the Afon Ganol valley. Gullies controlled by NW-SE faults, with boulder clay deposits. Outcrops of limestone pavement.
Stratigraphic formation(s). Structural features. Superficial deposits. Past processes
Nature reserves (Marl Hall Woods, Coed Bron Garth), and natural limestone ridge with agricultural land use.
Monitor integrity of Limestone geology and geomorphology, conserve RIGS sites
Carboniferous Limestone ridge with 3 RIGS sites (Bodysgallen Quarry (Stratigraphy), Bodygallen Erratic (Quaternary and geomorphology) and Bryn Pedew (Limestone pavement) RIGS)
Rhyl (S&D), 1970, 1:63 360, E95, British Geological Survey; Bangor (S), 1985, 1:50 000, E106, British Geological Survey; Conwy (S&D), 1989. 1:25 000 Classical Areas Map, SH77, SH78, British Geological Survey; North Wales Coast, 1990. 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Sheet 15, Environment Agency; Warren, P.T., Price, D., Nutt, M.J.C. and Smith, E.G., 1984. Geology of the country around Rhyl and Denbigh. Memoir for 1:50 000 geological sheets 95 and 107, and parts of 94 and 106 (England a

Bryn Euryn
Lowland scarp and dip-slope dominated terrain
SW-NE ridge in NW-dipping Carboniferous Limestone E of the Afon Ganol valley. Gullies controlled by NW-SE faults have boulder clay deposits on dip slope. Open hill crest above top of urban development.
Stratigraphic formation(s). Structural features. Superficial deposits. Past processes
Limestone ridge exposed at hill crest, otherwise largely under urban development
Limestone ridge E of the Afon Ganol valley
Carboniferous Limestone ridge largely under urban development but open land (with fort) at hill crest
Rhyl (S&D), 1970, 1:63 360, E95, British Geological Survey; Bangor (S), 1985, 1:50 000, E106, British Geological Survey; Conwy (S&D), 1989. 1:25 000 Classical Areas Map, SH77, SH78, British Geological Survey; North Wales Coast, 1990. 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Sheet 15, Environment Agency; Warren, P.T., Price, D., Nutt, M.J.C. and Smith, E.G., 1984. Geology of the country around Rhyl and Denbigh. Memoir for 1:50 000 geological sheets 95 and 107, and parts of 94 and 106 (England a

N Llandrillo-yn-Rhos
Small urban area of boulder clay covered, NW-dipping Carboniferous Limestone E of drainage valley for Afon Ganol valley near coast.
Stratigraphic formation(s). Superficial deposits. Past processes
Urban area of boulder clay covered Carboniferous Limestone
Limestone area N of minor Afon Ganol valley, bounded t N by coast

Afon Ganol valley
Broad fault controlled Afon Ganol valley floodplain floored by alluvium, representing silted up former estuary of Afon Conwy running SW-NE to S-N through to coast at Penrhyn Bay.
Active lowland river-flood plain system. Ancient lowland river flood plain system
Superficial deposits. Active processes. Structural features
Ancient lowland river flood plain system
Afon Ganol valley in silted up former Conwy estuary
Rhyl (S&D), 1970, 1:63 360, E95, British Geological Survey; Conwy (S&D), 1989. 1:25 000 Classical Areas Map, SH77, SH78, British Geological Survey; North Wales Coast, 1990. Llandudno (S&D), 1989. 1:50 000, E94, British Geological Survey; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Sheet 15, Environment Agency; Warren, P.T., Price, D., Nutt, M.J.C. and Smith, E.G., 1984. Geology of the country around Rhyl and Denbigh. Memoir for 1:50 000 geological sheets 95 and 107, and parts of 94 and 106 (Engla

Penrhyn Bay
Tidal flat area across broad, fault-controlled mouth of former estuary of Afon Conwy running SW-NE through to coast at Penrhyn Bay. Minor channel W-E through N Llandrillo-yn-Rhos to coast.
Superficial deposits. Active processes. Structural features
Ancient lowland river flood plain system
Abandoned channel / Ox Bow lake. Lower saltmarsh / mudflat. Upper saltmarsh / grazing marsh
Tidal flats of marine and estuarine alluvium
Tidal flats of silted up former Conwy estuary in Penrhyn Bay
Rhyl (S&D), 1970, 1:63 360, E95, British Geological Survey; Conwy (S&D), 1989. 1:25 000 Classical Areas Map, SH77, SH78, British Geological Survey; North Wales Coast, 1990. 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Sheet 15, Environment Agency; Warren, P.T., Price, D., Nutt, M.J.C. and Smith, E.G., 1984. Geology of the country around Rhyl and Denbigh. Memoir for 1:50 000 geological sheets 95 and 107, and parts of 94 and 106 (England and Wales). British Geology Survey. HMSO, London, 217p;

Deganwy - Llandudno Junction
Lowland flats of stabilised blown sand E of the Conwy valley in SW-NE zone extending inland to Bodysgallen. Disused quarries in Upper Ordovician mudstones.
Ancient coastal sand flats partly under urvan development
Conserve GCR site. Monitor integrity of landscape geomorphology
Ancient coastal flat sand flats. Deganwy Quarries GCR (U Ordovician stratigraphy)
Rhyl (S&D), 1970, 1:63 360, E95, British Geological Survey; Conwy (S&D), 1989. 1:25 000 Classical Areas Map, SH77, SH78, British Geological Survey; North Wales Coast, 1990. 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Sheet 15, Environment Agency; Warren, P.T., Price, D., Nutt, M.J.C. and Smith, E.G., 1984. Geology of the country around Rhyl and Denbigh. Memoir for 1:50 000 geological sheets 95 and 107, and parts of 94 and 106 (England and Wales). British Geology Survey. HMSO, London, 217p; Rushto

Valley W of Bodysgallen
Lowland river valley floodplain of tributary draining N-S into Afon Conwy . Fault-controlled valley dissects Silurian mudstone succession and runs to the W of Bodysgallen S through Llandudno Junction.
River valley floodplain of tributary to Conwy

Llandudno Junction
Undulating lowland terrain in relatively soft, SSE-dipping Silurian mudstone-dominated succession draped with boulder clay beneath urban development of Llandudno Junction and agricultural land outside town.
Lowland terrain between Conwy valley floodplain, CNWGL019 flats, and tributary floodplain CNWGL022
Boulder clay covered Silurian succession of mudstones and siltstones
Conwy (S&D), 1989. 1:25 000 Classical Areas Map, SH77, SH78, British Geological Survey; Rhyl (S&D), 1970, 1:63 360, E95, British Geological Survey; North Wales Coast, 1990. 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Sheet 15, Environment Agency; Warren, P.T., Price, D., Nutt, M.J.C. and Smith, E.G., 1984. Geology of the country around Rhyl and Denbigh. Memoir for 1:50 000 geological sheets 95 and 107, and parts of 94 and 106 (England and Wales). British Geology Survey. HMSO, London, 217p;

Esgyryn
Undulating lowland terrain in relatively soft, SSE-dipping Silurian mudstone-dominated succession draped with boulder clay beneath E Llandudno Junction and agricultural land to E. Low hills in E part and S-facing slopes into Afon Ganol valley with head deposits.
Stratigraphic formation(s). Superficial deposits. Past processes. Structural features
Lowland terrain between Afon Ganol valley floodplain, tributary floodplain CNWGL022 and Limestone ridge CNWGL015
Boulder clay covered Silurian mudstone dominated succession (mudstones, siltstones and sandstones)
Conwy (S&D), 1989. 1:25 000 Classical Areas Map, SH77, SH78, British Geological Survey; Rhyl (S&D), 1970, 1:63 360, E95, British Geological Survey; North Wales Coast, 1990. 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Sheet 15, Environment Agency; Warren, P.T., Price, D., Nutt, M.J.C. and Smith, E.G., 1984. Geology of the country around Rhyl and Denbigh. Memoir for 1:50 000 geological sheets 95 and 107, and parts of 94 and 106 (England and Wales). British Geology Survey. HMSO, London, 217p;

S Llandrillo-yn-Rhos
E slopes of Afon Ganol valley and slopes into fault valley in soft, SSE-dipping Silurian mudstone-dominated succession draped with boulder clay beneath Llandrillo-yn-Rhos. S-facing slopes in shales below Bryn Euryn remain undeveloped.
Stratigraphic formation(s). Superficial deposits. Past processes. Structural features
Urban development except slopes below Bryn Euryn
Lowland Silurian terrain between Limestone ridge CNWGL017 and fault controlled valley, Afon Ganol valley floodplain to W, coast to E
Boulder clay covered Silurian mudstone-dominated succession under urban development except slopes below Bryn Euryn
Conwy (S&D), 1989. 1:25 000 Classical Areas Map, SH77, SH78, British Geological Survey; Rhyl (S&D), 1970, 1:63 360, E95, British Geological Survey; North Wales Coast, 1990. 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Sheet 15, Environment Agency; Warren, P.T., Price, D., Nutt, M.J.C. and Smith, E.G., 1984. Geology of the country around Rhyl and Denbigh. Memoir for 1:50 000 geological sheets 95 and 107, and parts of 94 and 106 (England and Wales). British Geology Survey. HMSO, London, 217p;

Conwy
Undulating hilly lowland terrain in mostly mudstones and sandstones extensively draped by boulder clay in folded and faulted, SE-dipping upper Ordovician succession. Hills in more resistant sandstones (Conwy Grit Member). Urban developments of Conwy in eastern part.
Urban development of Conwy; rural land on hill slopes outside town
Bounded to NW by Ordovician volcanic ridge, to E by Afon Conwy, to N by estuary, to W by edge of area, to S by fault controlled river valley
Lowland terrain in Ordovician folded and faulted, mudstone and sandstone succession extensively draped by boulder clay, with Conwy urban development.
Llandudno (S&D), 1989. 1:50 000, E94, British Geological Survey; Conwy (S&D), 1989. 1:25 000 Classical Areas Map, SH77, SH78, British Geological Survey; North Wales Coast, 1990. 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Sheet 15, Environment Agency; Warren, P.T., Price, D., Nutt, M.J.C. and Smith, E.G., 1984. Geology of the country around Rhyl and Denbigh. Memoir for 1:50 000 geological sheets 95 and 107, and parts of 94 and 106 (England and Wales). British Geology Survey. HMSO, London, 217p;

Afon Gyffin valley
Lowland river valley floodplain of tributary Afon Gyffin draining SW-NE into Afon Conwy. Fault-controlled valley separates SE dipping Ordovician mudstone-dominated succession on N side and Silurian mudstones, siltstones and sandstones to S. Alluvial fan deposits from tributary valleys to W.
Superficial deposits. Structural features. Active processes
River valley floodplain of tributary to Conwy
Llandudno (S&D), 1989. 1:50 000, E94, British Geological Survey; Conwy (S&D), 1989. 1:25 000 Classical Areas Map, SH77, SH78, British Geological Survey; North Wales Coast, 1990. 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Sheet 15, Environment Agency; Warren, P.T., Price, D., Nutt, M.J.C. and Smith, E.G., 1984. Geology of the country around Rhyl and Denbigh. Memoir for 1:50 000 geological sheets 95 and 107, and parts of 94 and 106 (England and Wales). British Geology Survey. HMSO, London, 217p;

Gyffin
Undulating hilly lowland terrain in mudstones, siltstones and sandstones extensively draped by boulder clay in a faulted, SE-dipping Upper Ordovician - Lower Silurian succession. Higher ground formed by more resistant sandstones. Bounded to S by SW-NE fault that controls the course of the Afon Conway valley.
Conserve GCR site and monitor integrity of landscape features
Bounded to W and NW by fault-controlled Gyffin valley, to E by Afon Conwy, to S by fault controlling Afon Conwy river valley
Cadnant cutting GCR (Ordovician stratigraphy); lowland terrain in Ordovician -Silurian mudstone, siltstone and sandstone succession extensively draped by boulder clay.
Llandudno (S&D), 1989. 1:50 000, E94, British Geological Survey; Conwy (S&D), 1989. 1:25 000 Classical Areas Map, SH77, SH78, British Geological Survey; North Wales Coast, 1990. 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Sheet 15, Environment Agency; Warren, P.T., Price, D., Nutt, M.J.C. and Smith, E.G., 1984. Geology of the country around Rhyl and Denbigh. Memoir for 1:50 000 geological sheets 95 and 107, and parts of 94 and 106 (England and Wales). British Geology Survey. HMSO, London, 217p; R

Ty'n-y-groes
Undulating lowland terrain W of the Afon Conwy with rounded hills and bedrock 'grain' running N-S to NE-SW. Mudstones, siltstones and sandstones in a faulted, SE-dipping Lower Silurian succession extensively draped by boulder clay with N-S drumlins. Glaciofluvial sands and gravels form terraces on the lower slopes bordering the Conwy floodplain; some alluvial fan deposits.
Bounded to NW by fault-controlled Gyffin valley, to E and S by Afon Conwy floodplain
Lowland terrain in Lower Silurian mudstone, siltstone and sandstone succession with slumped beds, extensively draped by boulder clay with N-S drumlins. Glaciofluvial terraces on lower slopes along Conwy valley.
Llandudno (S&D), 1989. 1:50 000, E94, British Geological Survey; Conwy (S&D), 1989. 1:25 000 Classical Areas Map, SH77, SH78, British Geological Survey; North Wales Coast, 1990. 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Sheet 15, Environment Agency; Warren, P.T., Price, D., Nutt, M.J.C. and Smith, E.G., 1984. Geology of the country around Rhyl and Denbigh. Memoir for 1:50 000 geological sheets 95 and 107, and parts of 94 and 106 (England and Wales). British Geology Survey. HMSO, London, 217p;

Tandderwen
Small area of lowland terrain W of upper river valley floodplain of Afon Gyffin in SE dipping Lower Silurian mudstone-dominated succession draped by boulder clay.
Superficial deposits. Structural features. Stratigraphic formation(s). Past processes
Small area W of upper Gyffin floodplain near edge of Conwy area
Lowland E-facing slopes to Gyffin river valley in Silurian mudstones

W of Llangelynin
Small area of lowland terrain W of upper river valley floodplain of Afon Gyffin in SE dipping Lower Silurian mudstone-dominated succession draped by boulder clay.
Superficial deposits. Structural features. Stratigraphic formation(s). Past processes
Small area W of upper Gyffin floodplain near edge of Conwy area
Lowland E-facing slopes to Gyffin river valley in Silurian mudstones

Cefn Garlleg
Undulating hilly lowland plateau in generally E-dipping Silurian mudstone-dominated succession draped with boulder clay, dissected by minor tributary valleys. Bounded by the NE-SW Afon Ganol valley, and by the steep-sided NE-SW Nant y groes and ENE-WSW Nant y garreg ddu valleys. Urban developments of Colwyn Bay on E side, and Llansanffraith Glan Conway to the W.
Stratigraphic formation(s). Superficial deposits. Past processes. Structural features
Rural land use outside urban developments
Lowland hilly plateau between Afon Ganol valley floodplain, Nant y groes and Nant y garreg ddu valleys.
Boulder clay covered plateau in Silurian mudstone dominated succession (mudstones, siltstones and sandstones)
Conwy (S&D), 1989. 1:25 000 Classical Areas Map, SH77, SH78, British Geological Survey; Rhyl (S&D), 1970, 1:63 360, E95, British Geological Survey; Denbigh (SwD), 1985, 1:50 000, E107, British Geological Survey; North Wales Coast, 1990. 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Sheet 15, Environment Agency; Warren, P.T., Price, D., Nutt, M.J.C. and Smith, E.G., 1984. Geology of the country around Rhyl and Denbigh. Memoir for 1:50 000 geological sheets 95 and 107, and parts of 94 and 106 (Englan

Bryniau
Undulating N-S hilly terrain in E-dipping Silurian Denbigh Grits Formation mudstones, siltstones and sandstones (including slumped beds), draped mainly on western slopes by boulder clay. Slopes dissected by minor tributary valleys. NW-SE fault-controlled (Pentre Fault) lower Nant y garreg ddu valley marks boundary with mudstone dominated succession to NE. NW-SE fault controlled (Eglwysbach Fault) valley bounds area to SW.
Bounded to NE and SW by fault-controlled valleys, to S by valley, to E by generally lower slopes in overlying mudstone dominated succession.
Silurian Denbigh Grits Formation mudstone, siltstone and sandstone succession with slumped beds.
Rhyl (S&D), 1970, 1:63 360, E95, British Geological Survey; Denbigh (SwD), 1985, 1:50 000, E107, British Geological Survey
; North Wales Coast, 1990. 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Sheet 15, Environment Agency; Warren, P.T., Price, D., Nutt, M.J.C. and Smith, E.G., 1984. Geology of the country around Rhyl and Denbigh. Memoir for 1:50 000 geological sheets 95 and 107, and parts of 94 and 106 (England and Wales). British Geology Survey. HMSO, London, 217p;

Pen y nant
Lowland glacial and fluvioglacial depositional terrain
Undulating lowland plateau with N-S grain to topography picked out by shallow valleys, in generally E-dipping Silurian mudstone-dominated succession (Nantglyn Flags Formation). Slopes draped thickly with boulder clay, with N-S drumlins and associated with landslides;. Crossed by NW-SE Pentre fault controlled valley, and bounded by ENE-WSW valleys to N and S.
Stratigraphic formation(s). Superficial deposits. Past processes. Structural features. Other
Slope. Drumlin / Drumlin field. Landslip (ancient)
Lowland till plateau between Nant y groes fault controlled valley extension and ESE-WNW valley to S, bounded by steeper hills of Denbigh Grits to W, to E by watershed of ridge
Silurian mudstone dominated (Nantglyn Flags) succession, thick boulder clay with N-S drumlins
Conwy (S&D), 1989. 1:25 000 Classical Areas Map, SH77, SH78, British Geological Survey; Rhyl (S&D), 1970, 1:63 360, E95, British Geological Survey; Denbigh (SwD), 1985, 1:50 000, E107, British Geological Survey; North Wales Coast, 1990. 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Sheet 15, Environment Agency; Warren, P.T., Price, D., Nutt, M.J.C. and Smith, E.G., 1984. Geology of the country around Rhyl and Denbigh. Memoir for 1:50 000 geological sheets 95 and 107, and parts of 94 and 106 (Englan

Penmaen Mawr
Prominent E-W hill feature cut by extensive disused and active quarries in Penmaen Mawr igneous (microdiorite) intrusion. Steeper NW flank dissected by minor NE-draining glaciated valleys; crags around steep upper part of stream valley floored by boulder clay. Extensive areas of made ground following quarry extraction. Distinct break of slope surrounding intrusion at junction with Ordovician mudstone/siltstone succession.
Mineral workings. Engineered features and reclaimed / infilled land
Slope. Hill top. Scarp. Coal / mineral spoil tips. Made ground. Urban / industrial development
Quarrying, while detrimental to the geomorphological integrity of the hill feature, maintains fresh exposures for research activity.
Conwy (S&D), 1989. 1:25 000 Classical Areas Map, SH77, SH78, British Geological Survey; Howells, M.F., Reedman, A.J. and Leveridge, B.E., 1985. Geology of the country around Bangor: explanation for 1:50 000 geological sheet 106 (England and Wales). British Geology Survey. HMSO, London, 34p; North Wales Coast, 1990. 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Sheet 15, Environment Agency.

Llanfairfechan
Ancient lowland river flood plain system
Afon Llanfairfechan valley floodplain, with wide sheets of glaciofluvial and alluvial sand and gravel flanking the alluvium of the present river valley.
Boundary of river and fluvioglacial floodplain
Lowland river floodplain flanked by sheets of fluvioglacial and alluvial sands and gravels
Conwy (S&D), 1989. 1:25 000 Classical Areas Map, SH77, SH78, British Geological Survey; North Wales Coast, 1990. 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Sheet 15, Environment Agency

Llanelian yn rhos
Lowland glacial and fluvioglacial depositional terrain
Boulder clay covered, S facing slopes and valleys of hilly plateau in E-N dipping Silurian mudstone-dominated succession Slopes dissected by commonly fault controlled minor tributary valleys draining NE towards Colwyn Bay. N-aligned drumlins preserved on slopes.
Slope. Dip slope. Plateau. Drumlin / Drumlin field
Conserve RIGS site and integrity of glacial geomorphology
S-facing slopes of Nant y groes valley, boundary to S at watershed or upper slopes with limited drift cover, to E gravel plain and Limestone ridge.
N-facing slopes of till plain with preserved drumlins; Ffernant Dingle RIGS (Stratigraphy; Lower Carboniferous)
Rhyl (S&D), 1970, 1:63 360, E95, British Geological Survey; Denbigh (SwD), 1985, 1:50 000, E107, British Geological Survey; Denbigh (SwD), 1985, 1:50 000, E107, British Geological Survey; North Wales Coast, 1990. 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Sheet 15, Environment Agency; Warren, P.T., Price, D., Nutt, M.J.C. and Smith, E.G., 1984. Geology of the country around Rhyl and Denbigh. Memoir for 1:50 000 geological sheets 95 and 107, and parts of 94 and 106 (England and Wales). British Ge

Colwyn Bay
Lowland glacial and fluvioglacial depositional terrain
Glacial sand and gravel outwash plain over Silurian mudstone dominated succession between Llandrillo-yr-Rhos to Old Colwyn, covered by urban development.
Glacial sand and gravel plain covered with urban development

Graig
Upland glacial and fluvioglacial depositional terrain
North facing, boulder clay covered slopes of upland hilly plateau with N-S grain to topography picked out by rounded ridges and dissected valleys in generally E-dipping Silurian mudstone-dominated succession (Nantglyn Flags - Elwy formations). Slopes draped thickly with boulder clay, with preserved N-S drumlins locally associated with landslides. N-S and NW-SE faults, bounded by ENE-WSW valley to N.
Stratigraphic formation(s). Superficial deposits. Past processes. Structural features. Other
Slope. Drumlin / Drumlin field. Ridge. Landslip (ancient)
Upland Silurian terrain with thick glacial drift on N-facing slopes bounded to W by NNW-SSE glacial river valley, to S by watershed, to N by fault valley
Silurian mudstone dominated (Nantglyn Flags- Elwy Formation) succession; thick boulder clay with landslides; N-S drumlins
Rhyl (S&D), 1970, 1:63 360, E95, British Geological Survey; Denbigh (SwD), 1985, 1:50 000, E107, British Geological Survey; North Wales Coast, 1990. 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Sheet 15, Environment Agency; Warren, P.T., Price, D., Nutt, M.J.C. and Smith, E.G., 1984. Geology of the country around Rhyl and Denbigh. Memoir for 1:50 000 geological sheets 95 and 107, and parts of 94 and 106 (England and Wales). British Geology Survey. HMSO, London, 217p;

Eglwysbach
Fault controlled (Eglwysbach Fault) NW-SE valley of the Afon Nant y rhiw-felen and floodplain, Floored by alluvium, valley floor broad and flat through Eglywsbach, with extensive river terrace and alluvial fan sand and gravel deposits on W-facing slopes, lesser alluvial fan deposits on steeper E-facing slopes. Valley represents glacial 'chute'.
Superficial deposits. Active processes. Structural features
Afon Nant y rhiw felen active river valley floodplain, limited development
Alluvial floodplain of valley floor, and river terrace and alluvial fan deposits of lower slopes
AAfon Nant y rhiw felen valley with extensive river terrace and alluvial fan deposits, representing former glacial 'chute'
Denbigh (SwD), 1985, 1:50 000, E107, British Geological Survey; Bangor (S), 1985, 1:50 000, E106, British Geological Survey; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Sheet 15, Environment Agency; Warren, P.T., Price, D., Nutt, M.J.C. and Smith, E.G., 1984. Geology of the country around Rhyl and Denbigh. Memoir for 1:50 000 geological sheets 95 and 107, and parts of 94 and 106 (England and Wales). British Geology Survey. HMSO, London, 217p;

Lower Afon Conwy valley
Broad, sinuous and partly fault-controlled lower Afon Conwy valley and floodplain, with glacial sand and gravel deposits and river terrace deposits flanking both sides of valley. Tidal flat sediments flooring lower, wider channel with sand banks, alluvium further south. Glacial U-shaped valley.
Superficial deposits. Active processes. Structural features. Past processes
Ancient lowland river flood plain system. Other
River channel (natural). River terrace. Glacial U-shaped valley
Monitor integrity of glacial geomorphology of valley
Afon Conwy glacial and active river valley with Recent tidal flat deposits, alluvium floor, flanked by river terrace and glacial sand and gravel deposits
onwy (S&D), 1989. 1:25 000 Classical Areas Map, SH77, SH78, British Geological Survey; Bangor (S), 1985, 1:50 000, E106, British Geological Survey; Rhyl (S&D), 1970, 1:63 360, E95, British Geological Survey; Denbigh (SwD), 1985, 1:50 000, E107, British Geological Survey; North Wales Coast, 1990. 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Sheet 15, Environment Agency; Warren, P.T., Price, D., Nutt, M.J.C. and Smith, E.G., 1984. Geology of the country around Rhyl and Denbigh. Memoir for 1:50 000

Afon Nant y groes valley
NE-SW river valley and floodplain floored by alluvium, with boulder clay covered lower valley slopes and areas of glacial sand and gravel on steep SE facing slopes.
Superficial deposits. Active processes. Past processes
Afon Nant y groes river valley and floodplain
Alluvial and glacial/periglacial floodplain of valley floor
Afon Ganol valley in silted up former Conwy estuary
Rhyl (S&D), 1970, 1:63 360, E95, British Geological Survey; Conwy (S&D), 1989. 1:25 000 Classical Areas Map, SH77, SH78, British Geological Survey; North Wales Coast, 1990. Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Sheet 15, Environment Agency; Warren, P.T., Price, D., Nutt, M.J.C. and Smith, E.G., 1984. Geology of the country around Rhyl and Denbigh. Memoir for 1:50 000 geological sheets 95 and 107, and parts of 94 and 106 (England and Wales). British Geology Survey. HMSO, London, 217p;

Penrhyn and Colwyn bays
Coastal flat zone of sand beaches along coast of Penrhyn Bay and Colwyn Bay. Area of submerged forest at Rhos on Sea.
Coastal flat sand beaches, silts and muds. Area of submerged forest at Rhos on Sea.
Rhyl (S&D), 1970, 1:63 360, E95, British Geological Survey; Conwy (S&D), 1989. 1:25 000 Classical Areas Map, SH77, SH78, British Geological Survey; North Wales Coast, 1990. 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Sheet 15, Environment Agency. Warren, P.T., Price, D., Nutt, M.J.C. and Smith, E.G., 1984. Geology of the country around Rhyl and Denbigh. Memoir for 1:50 000 geological sheets 95 and 107, and parts of 94 and 106 (England and Wales). British Geology Survey. HMSO, London, 217p;

Coed Bryndansi
Undulating hilly plateau with wooded slopes in E-N dipping Silurian mudstone-dominated succession draped with boulder clay in valleys and on N-facing slopes. Thick glacial drift with drumlins (N-S) on eastern N-facing slopes. Bounded by minor river valleys to N and W, and by larger, fault controlled (Felin Fault) upper Dulas valley to S.
Monitor loss of geomorphological integrity and exposure through afforestation
Lowland wooded hilly plateau bounded by minor river valleys and upper Dulas valleys
Dissected plateau with wooded slopes to W and S, boulder clay covered valleys and slopes in Silurian mudstone dominated succession (mudstones, siltstones and sandstones)
Rhyl (S&D), 1970, 1:63 360, E95, British Geological Survey; Denbigh (SwD), 1985, 1:50 000, E107, British Geological Survey; Denbigh (SwD), 1985, 1:50 000, E107, British Geological Survey; North Wales Coast, 1990. 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Sheet 15, Environment Agency; Warren, P.T., Price, D., Nutt, M.J.C. and Smith, E.G., 1984. Geology of the country around Rhyl and Denbigh. Memoir for 1:50 000 geological sheets 95 and 107, and parts of 94 and 106 (England and Wales). British Ge

Mynydd Marian
ESE-WNW prominent ridge in NE dipping Carboniferous Limestone between Penmaen Rhos and the steep sided Dulas valley. High ground of Mynydd Marian, large Llandulas landfill quarry, smaller disused and active limestone quarries. Boulder clay deposits on slopes. Lower Dinantian Ffernant Formation conglomerates, sandstones, mudstones form the lower part of the slopes on the southern side.
Lowland escarpment. Engineered features and reclaimed / infilled land
Stratigraphic formation(s). Structural features. Superficial deposits. Past processes
Rural land use along ridge, limited urban development
Monitor integrity of Limestone geology and geomorphology, conserve RIGS site
Limestone ridge feature, bounded by Dulas valley, minor river valley to S, glacial outwash plain to W, coast to N
Carboniferous Limestone ridge; Bryniau cochion RIGS (Stratigraphy)
Rhyl (S&D), 1970, 1:63 360, E95, British Geological Survey; Bangor (S), 1985, 1:50 000, E106, British Geological Survey; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Sheet 15, Environment Agency; Warren, P.T., Price, D., Nutt, M.J.C. and Smith, E.G., 1984. Geology of the country around Rhyl and Denbigh. Memoir for 1:50 000 geological sheets 95 and 107, and parts of 94 and 106 (England and Wales). British Geology Survey. HMSO, London, 217p

Cefn yr Ogof
ESE-WNW ridge in NE dipping Carboniferous Limestone between the steep sided Dulas valley and N-S river valley to Abergele. High ground of Cefn yr Ogof and other hills, quite extensive woodland. Boulder clay deposits on slopes and in fault controlled (NE-SW, NW-SE) gullies. Lower Dinantian Ffernant Formation conglomerates, sandstones, mudstones form the lower part of the southern slopes.
Rural land use along ridge, limited urban development
Monitor integrity of Limestone geology and geomorphology, conserve RIGS site
Limestone ridge feature, bounded by Dulas valley, river valley to S, river valley to Abergele, coast to N
Carboniferous Limestone ridge; Cefn yr Ogof RIGS (Stratigraphy/ Quaternary and Geomorphology)
Rhyl (S&D), 1970, 1:63 360, E95, British Geological Survey; Bangor (S), 1985, 1:50 000, E106, British Geological Survey; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Sheet 15, Environment Agency; Warren, P.T., Price, D., Nutt, M.J.C. and Smith, E.G., 1984. Geology of the country around Rhyl and Denbigh. Memoir for 1:50 000 geological sheets 95 and 107, and parts of 94 and 106 (England and Wales). British Geology Survey. HMSO, London, 217p

Tower Hill
ESE-WNW ridge in NNE dipping Carboniferous Limestone between the N-S river valley through Abergele and St George. High ground of Tower Hill and other hills, quite extensive woodland. Old and active Limestone quarries. Boulder clay deposits on slopes and in fault controlled (N-S) gully. Lower Dinantian Ffernant Formation conglomerates, sandstones, mudstones form the lower southern slopes.
Rural land use and woodland along ridge, limited urban development
Monitor integrity of Limestone geology and geomorphology
Limestone ridge feature, bounded by Abergele valley, river valley to S, lower plateau to E and N
Rhyl (S&D), 1970, 1:63 360, E95, British Geological Survey; Bangor (S), 1985, 1:50 000, E106, British Geological Survey; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Sheet 15, Environment Agency; Warren, P.T., Price, D., Nutt, M.J.C. and Smith, E.G., 1984. Geology of the country around Rhyl and Denbigh. Memoir for 1:50 000 geological sheets 95 and 107, and parts of 94 and 106 (England and Wales). British Geology Survey. HMSO, London, 217p

Abergele
Boulder clay covered dip slope in NE-NNE dipping Carboniferous Limestone from the N-S lower Dulas river valley through Abergele to Kimmel Park. Urban development of Abergele across Nant y Bryniau river valley. Lower topography through Limestone E of St George.
Rural land use on dip slope, outside urban development of Abergele
Limestone dip slope from Dulas river valley to Kimmel Park, bounded by Limestone ridge to S
N-facing dip slope in Carboniferous Limestone draped by boulder clay

Afon Dulas valley
WSW-ESE to SW-NE to S-N, partly fault controlled valley of Afon Dulas and floodplain, draining N to sea at Llandulas. Valley (glacial) steep sided and broad through Limestone ridge. Valley floored by alluvium through lower part, flanked by river terraces that are extensive along upper reaches along with alluvial fan sediments and glacial sand and gravel. Boulder clay on lower valley slopes.
Superficial deposits. Active processes. Past processes. Structural features
Conserve integrity of glacial drainage geomorphology
Alluvial and glacial/periglacial floodplain of valley floor
Afon Dulas active and glacial river valley, retaining glacial geomorphology and with fluvioglaciial deposits
Rhyl (S&D), 1970, 1:63 360, E95, British Geological Survey; Denbigh (SwD), 1985, 1:50 000, E107, British Geological Survey; British Geological Survey; North Wales Coast, 1990. Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Sheet 15, Environment Agency; Warren, P.T., Price, D., Nutt, M.J.C. and Smith, E.G., 1984. Geology of the country around Rhyl and Denbigh. Memoir for 1:50 000 geological sheets 95 and 107, and parts of 94 and 106 (England and Wales). British Geology Survey. HMSO, London, 217p;

Betws yn Rhos
Undulating dissected hilly plateau in N dipping Silurian mudstone-dominated succession thickly draped with boulder clay in N-S valleys and on N-facing dip slopes. Drumlins (N-S) across slopes.
Slope. Dip slope. Scarp slope. Drumlin / Drumlin field
Boulder clay covered slopes of hilly plateau S of Limestone ridge, bounded by Elwy valley to S and Dulas valley to W
Dissected Silurian (Elwy Formation) mudstone-dominated slopes covered with boulder clay with drumlins
Rhyl (S&D), 1970, 1:63 360, E95, British Geological Survey; Denbigh (SwD), 1985, 1:50 000, E107, British Geological Survey; Denbigh (SwD), 1985, 1:50 000, E107, British Geological Survey; North Wales Coast, 1990. 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Sheet 15, Environment Agency; Warren, P.T., Price, D., Nutt, M.J.C. and Smith, E.G., 1984. Geology of the country around Rhyl and Denbigh. Memoir for 1:50 000 geological sheets 95 and 107, and parts of 94 and 106 (England and Wales). British Ge

Towyn
Extensive low area of tidal flat deposits at the western mouth of Afon Clwyd, crossed by Afon Gele, with settlements of Pensarn and Towyn. Stretches of blown sand forming undulating ground or low dunes along the coast east of Pensarn.
Dip slope. Ridge. Active sand dune. Marsh / saltmarsh
Extensive stabilised saltmarsh tidal flat area, developed along coast
Extensive tidal flat area at mouth of Afon Clwyd

Penmaen Rhos to Kimmel Bay coast
Fringing sand beaches from Penmaen Rhos to Kimmel Bay at mouth of Afon Clwyd.
Dip slope. Ridge. Sand / shingle foreshore
Sand beaches fringing coast, tourist areas

Moelfre Uchaf
E-W upland ridge terrain of rounded hills and south facing slopes in E-W striking Silurian mudstones and sandstones (Elwy Formation) between the Elwy and Dulas river valleys. Dissected deeply by N and S-draining tributary river and glacial U-shaped valleys (e.g. Coed Mawr) following NW-SE to N-S fault lines. Limited drift cover, with boulder clay limited to lower valley slopes and floors. Areas of head on valley slopes.
Slope. Scarp slope. Hill top. Ridge. Glacial U-shaped valley
Monitor afforestation with regard to miantaining integrity of geomorphological landscape
Hilly terrain S of till-covered slopes, bounded by Elwy valley to S, by upper Dulas valley to W
Dissected E-W upland terrain with limited drift cover in Silurian (Elwy Formation) mudstone-dominated succession

Afon Elwy valley
Active upland river or stream channel system
Broad floodplain of glacial valley of the S-N (fault controlled) to SW-NE draining Afon Elwy and tributaries. Meandering course cutting through Silurian mudstone dominated (Elwy Formation) upland terrain. Valley floodplain floored by alluvium, with alluvial fan deposits flanking higher valley, and river terraces along valley sides. Boulder clay on lower slopes.
Superficial deposits. Active processes. Past processes. Structural features
River channel (natural). Flood plain. Alluvial fan (ancient). Glacial U-shaped valley
Conserve integrity of glacial drainage geomorphology
Alluvial and glacial/fluvioglacial floodplain of valley floor
Afon Elwy active and glacial river valley
Rhyl (S&D), 1970, 1:63 360, E95, British Geological Survey; Denbigh (SwD), 1985, 1:50 000, E107, British Geological Survey; British Geological Survey; North Wales Coast, 1990. Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Sheet 15, Environment Agency; Warren, P.T., Price, D., Nutt, M.J.C. and Smith, E.G., 1984. Geology of the country around Rhyl and Denbigh. Memoir for 1:50 000 geological sheets 95 and 107, and parts of 94 and 106 (England and Wales). British Geology Survey. HMSO, London, 217p;

Mynedd Cauedig
Upland terrain of N-S trending ridges in E-dipping Silurian Denbigh Grits Formation mudstones, siltstones and sandstones between the Eglwysbach fault controlled valley and the Conwy valley. Dissected by the steep tributary river valley of SSW-NNE Coed Nant y rhiw felen, and tributaries to Conwy. N-S valley with Llyn Siberi. Boulder clay draping lower western slopes and wide shallow valley slopes of Coed Parc. Forested areas on western slopes.
Slope. Dip slope. Ridge. Hill top. Scarp slope
Upland area with good outcrops on higher slopes
Well exposed Silurian Denbigh Grits Formation mudstone, siltstone and sandstone succession; type locality of Berllan Formation
hyl (S&D), 1970, 1:63 360, E95, British Geological Survey; Denbigh (SwD), 1985, 1:50 000, E107, British Geological Survey; Conwy (S&D), 1989. 1:25 000 Classical Areas Map, SH77, SH78, British Geological Survey; Bangor (S), 1985, 1:50 000, E106, British Geological Survey; North Wales Coast, 1990. 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Sheet 15, Environment Agency; Warren, P.T., Price, D., Nutt, M.J.C. and Smith, E.G., 1984. Geology of the country around Rhyl and Denbigh. Memoir for 1:50 000

Llanrwst
Area of boulder clay covered upland terrain on western edge of Llanrwst in E-dipping Silurian Denbigh Grits Formation (mudstones, siltstones and sandstones) and Nantglyn Flags Formation mudstone-dominated succession. Bounded to N by the fault controlled NW-SE Felin Uchaf river valley into the Conwy, and to the west by a N-S tributary river valley.
Slope. Dip slope. Ridge. Hill top. Scarp slope
Bounded to N and E by river valleys, to W by Conwy valley
Boulder clay covered Lower Silurian Denbigh Grits -Nantglyn Flags Formation mudstone dominated succession
Denbigh (SwD), 1985, 1:50 000, E107, British Geological Survey; Conwy (S&D), 1989. 1:25 000 Classical Areas Map, SH77, SH78, British Geological Survey; Bangor (S), 1985, 1:50 000, E106, British Geological Survey; North Wales Coast, 1990. 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Sheet 15, Environment Agency; Warren, P.T., Price, D., Nutt, M.J.C. and Smith, E.G., 1984. Geology of the country around Rhyl and Denbigh. Memoir for 1:50 000 geological sheets 95 and 107, and parts of 94 and 106 (Engla

Pennant Ucha
Upland terrain of N-S trending ridges in E-dipping Silurian Nantglyn Flags mudstone dominated succession east of the NW-SE fault controlled Eglwysbach fault controlled valley and Denbigh Grits ridge, forming watershed between Elwy and Conwy valleys. Dissected by fault controlled WNW-ESE valleys on western slopes into Eglwysbach valley (e.g. Nant y Rhaglaw). Boulder clay on western slopes and in valley floors.
Bounded to E by Eglwysbach river valley, to N by fault controlled river valley, to S and E by lower slopes with thick boulder clay cover
Silurian (Wenlock) Nantglyn Flags; Ty Mawr pGCR (Silurian stratigraphy, Wenlock) and Ty Mawr RIGS (Silurian Stratigraphy)
Rhyl (S&D), 1970, 1:63 360, E95, British Geological Survey; Denbigh (SwD), 1985, 1:50 000, E107, British Geological Survey; British Geological Survey; Bangor (S), 1985, 1:50 000, E106, British Geological Survey; North Wales Coast, 1990. 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Sheet 15, Environment Agency; Warren, P.T., Price, D., Nutt, M.J.C. and Smith, E.G., 1984. Geology of the country around Rhyl and Denbigh. Memoir for 1:50 000 geological sheets 95 and 107, and parts of 94 and 106 (Englan

Maes Madog
Upland slopes thickly covered by boulder clay over N-S to NE-SW trending ridges in E-dipping Silurian Nantglyn Flags mudstone dominated succession east of the Denbigh Grits ridge. Dissected by N-S tributary valleys. N-S drumlins on slopes.
Bounded to N by higher upland with limited boulder clay cover, to S by river valley
Boulder clay covered Silurian (Wenlock) Nantglyn Flags; drumlins
Denbigh (SwD), 1985, 1:50 000, E107, British Geological Survey; British Geological Survey; Bangor (S), 1985, 1:50 000, E106, British Geological Survey; North Wales Coast, 1990. 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Sheet 15, Environment Agency; Warren, P.T., Price, D., Nutt, M.J.C. and Smith, E.G., 1984. Geology of the country around Rhyl and Denbigh. Memoir for 1:50 000 geological sheets 95 and 107, and parts of 94 and 106 (England and Wales). British Geology Survey. HMSO, London, 217p;

Llanrwst town
Extensive river terraces on E bank of Conwy valley, mostly under Llanrwst urban development.
Slope. Dip slope. Ridge. Hill top. Scarp slope. River terrace
River terraces bounded by Conwy valley to W
Extensive fluvioglacial river terraces largely under urban development
Denbigh (SwD), 1985, 1:50 000, E107, British Geological Survey; Conwy (S&D), 1989. 1:25 000 Classical Areas Map, SH77, SH78, British Geological Survey; Bangor (S), 1985, 1:50 000, E106, British Geological Survey; North Wales Coast, 1990. 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Sheet 15, Environment Agency; Warren, P.T., Price, D., Nutt, M.J.C. and Smith, E.G., 1984. Geology of the country around Rhyl and Denbigh. Memoir for 1:50 000 geological sheets 95 and 107, and parts of 94 and 106 (Engla

Tyddyn Uchaf
Upland hilly ENE-WSW ridge in E plunging antiform of Silurian Upper Nantglyn Flags mudstone dominated succession, forming south facing slopes of Afon Dyffryn gall valley. Slopes dissected by N-S minor stream valleys, Rocky outcrops on slopes; boulder clay cover on lower slopes and in valleys.
Conserve GCR site and integrity of landscape geomorphology
Bounded to S by Dyffryn gall valley, to N by watershed
Upland ridge of Silurian Ludlow Upper Nantglyn Flags with limited drift cover; Tyn-y Ffordd Quarry GCR (Silurian stratigraphy, Ludlow)
Denbigh (SwD), 1985, 1:50 000, E107, British Geological Survey; British Geological Survey; North Wales Coast, 1990. 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Sheet 15, Environment Agency; Warren, P.T., Price, D., Nutt, M.J.C. and Smith, E.G., 1984. Geology of the country around Rhyl and Denbigh. Memoir for 1:50 000 geological sheets 95 and 107, and parts of 94 and 106 (England and Wales). British Geology Survey. HMSO, London, 217p;

Foel Caledeiriau
Boulder clay covered E to N-facing upland slopes of Collen valley (and Elwy) in E to N-dipping Silurian Elwy Formation mudstone dominated succession. Widely developed N- to NE- aligned drumlins, some associated with landslipping.
Slope. Dip slope. Drumlin / Drumlin field. Landslip (ancient)
N and E-facing valley slopes with thick boulder clay cover and widely developed drumlins
Drumlins widely developed on slopes, some associated with landslipping
Denbigh (SwD), 1985, 1:50 000, E107, British Geological Survey; British Geological Survey; North Wales Coast, 1990. 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Sheet 15, Environment Agency; Warren, P.T., Price, D., Nutt, M.J.C. and Smith, E.G., 1984. Geology of the country around Rhyl and Denbigh. Memoir for 1:50 000 geological sheets 95 and 107, and parts of 94 and 106 (England and Wales). British Geology Survey. HMSO, London, 217p;

Coed Collfryn
Largely wooded S-facing valley slopes of W-E tributary river into Elwy valley, in E- to NE-dipping Silurian Elwy Formation mudstone dominated succession.
Maintain exposures of Silurian in river/slopes
Largely wooded river valley slopes with only limited boulder clay cover
Wooded river valley in Silurian Elwy Formation
Denbigh (SwD), 1985, 1:50 000, E107, British Geological Survey; British Geological Survey; North Wales Coast, 1990. 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Sheet 15, Environment Agency; Warren, P.T., Price, D., Nutt, M.J.C. and Smith, E.G., 1984. Geology of the country around Rhyl and Denbigh. Memoir for 1:50 000 geological sheets 95 and 107, and parts of 94 and 106 (England and Wales). British Geology Survey. HMSO, London, 217p;

Llangernyw
Boulder clay covered N-facing upland slopes of Collen valley in E to NE-dipping Silurian Elwy Formation mudstone dominated succession. Widely developed N- aligned drumlins, some associated with minor landslipping.
Slope. Dip slope. Drumlin / Drumlin field. Landslip (ancient)
N-facing valley slopes with thick boulder clay cover and widely developed drumlins
Drumlins widely developed on slopes, some associated with landslipping

Helmydd
Upland E-W ridge in dissected plateau of E-dipping Silurian Nantglyn Flags-Elwy formations mudstone dominated successions between two W-E tributary river valleys into Elwy valley. Comprises primarily south facing slopes and hill crests, where boulder clay is limited to floors of minor N-S, commonly fault controlled valleys.
Upper slopes of upland mudstone and siltstone ridge where boulder clay cover is limited
Upland ridge and south facing slopes with limited drift cover over Silurian Nantglyn Flags - Elwy formations

Mynydd Goleugel
Boulder clay covered upland slopes of W-E Gell river valley into Elwy, in E-dipping Silurian Nantglyn Flags to Elwy formations mudstone dominated successions. Drumlins N-aligned preserved on slopes, associated locally with landslipping.
Slope. Drumlin / Drumlin field. Landslip (ancient)
Lower valley slopes with thick boulder clay cover and drumlins
Drumlins preserved on valley slopes, some associated with landslipping

Pandy Tudur
N-facing upland valley slopes to Duffryn gall valley, curving to E into SW-NW ridge bordering lower Afon Cledwen valley. Thickly covered by boulder clay over E-dipping Silurian Nantglyn Flags-Elwy formations mudstone dominated successions. Tributary valley floors cut down into underlying Silurian. Drumlins preserved on slopes, mostly on W-facing slopes.
Slope. Dip slope. Ridge. Drumlin / Drumlin field
Bounded to S by watershed, to S and E by river valleys
Boulder clay covered slopes with preserved drumlins; Silurian Nantglyn Flags-Elwy Formation
Denbigh (SwD), 1985, 1:50 000, E107, British Geological Survey; British Geological Survey; Bangor (S), 1985, 1:50 000, E106, British Geological Survey; North Wales Coast, 1990. 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Sheet 15, Environment Agency; Warren, P.T., Price, D., Nutt, M.J.C. and Smith, E.G., 1984. Geology of the country around Rhyl and Denbigh. Memoir for 1:50 000 geological sheets 95 and 107, and parts of 94 and 106 (England and Wales). British Geology Survey. HMSO, London, 217p;

Moel Maelogen
Dissected upland plateau in E- to N-dipping Silurian Nantglyn Flags-Elwy formations mudstone dominated successions. Boulder clay on south facing slopes mostly on tributary valley slopes and floors. Steep sided E-W v-shaped Nant Bwlch y gwynr valley bounds area to S.
Slope. Dip slope. Ridge. Drumlin / Drumlin field. Plateau
Bounded to N by watershed, to S by moorland
Upland plateau with limited drift cover over Silurian Nantglyn Flags - Elwy formation succession

Afon Cledwen valley
Active upland river or stream channel system
SW-NE Afon Cledwen river valley and floodplain, fault-controlled in parts, swinging SE-NW to its junction with the Afon Gallen (upper Elwy valley). Narrow valley floored by alluvium, broader and flanked by terrace deposits in upper, steep sided part where it cuts through the Nantglyn Flags. Patches of terrace deposits along sides of lower valley.
Stratigraphic formation(s). Superficial deposits. Structural features. Active processes
Ridge. River channel (natural). Flood plain
River valley cut through Silurian Nantglyn Flags
Denbigh (SwD), 1985, 1:50 000, E107, British Geological Survey; British Geological Survey; Bangor (S), 1985, 1:50 000, E106, British Geological Survey; North Wales Coast, 1990. 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Sheet 15, Environment Agency; Warren, P.T., Price, D., Nutt, M.J.C. and Smith, E.G., 1984. Geology of the country around Rhyl and Denbigh. Memoir for 1:50 000 geological sheets 95 and 107, and parts of 94 and 106 (England and Wales). British Geology Survey. HMSO, London, 217p;

Moel Gydia
SW-NW upland ridge in NE-dipping Silurian Nantglyn Flags Formation mudstone-siltstone succession, bordering W side of upper Afon Cledwen valley ... Minor tributary valley floors on W slopes have boulder clay on slopes and floors... Steep, fault-controlled Cledwen valley side with boulder clay and head...
Bounded to E by river valley, to W by moorland
Ridge in Silurian Nantglyn Flags bordering upper Cledwen valley
Denbigh (SwD), 1985, 1:50 000, E107, British Geological Survey; British Geological Survey; Bangor (S), 1985, 1:50 000, E106, British Geological Survey; North Wales Coast, 1990... 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Sheet 15, Environment Agency; Warren, P...T..., Price, D..., Nutt, M...J...C... and Smith, E...G..., 1984... Geology of the country around Rhyl and Denbigh... Memoir for 1:50 000 geological sheets 95 and 107, and parts of 94 and 106 (England and Wales)... British Geology Survey

Mynedd Llanelian
Undulating hilly plateau in E-N dipping Silurian mudstone-dominated succession with limited drift cover on hill tops and south facing slopes... Slopes dissected by N-S, commonly fault controlled minor tributary valleys... Boulder clay on valley slopes and floors... Ridge bounded to S by fault controlled (Felin Fault) upper Dulas valley...
Upland hilly plateau and south facing slopes of upper Dulas valley, boundary to W and N with boulder clay covered slopes with drumlins... CNWGL044 represents wooded plateau in this larger landscape entity
Dissected upland plateau in Silurian mudstone dominated succession (mudstones, siltstones and sandstones) with limited drift cover
hyl (S&D), 1970, 1:63 360, E95, British Geological Survey; Denbigh (SwD), 1985, 1:50 000, E107, British Geological Survey; Denbigh (SwD), 1985, 1:50 000, E107, British Geological Survey; North Wales Coast, 1990... 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Sheet 15, Environment Agency; Warren, P...T..., Price, D..., Nutt, M...J...C... and Smith, E...G..., 1984... Geology of the country around Rhyl and Denbigh... Memoir for 1:50 000 geological sheets 95 and 107, and parts of 94 and 106 (England

Pentre du uchaf
NW-SE ridge in NE dipping Carboniferous Limestone with extensive cover of boulder clay. Steep wooded slopes into Elwy valley. Dissected by NE-flowing tributary valleys to Elwy, e.g. Nant y graig, associated with karstic caves.
Monitor integrity of Limestone ridge geomorphology and karstic features; conserve RIGS sites
Limestone ridge feature, bounded by Elwy valley to NE, NW and SE, break oif slope to SW
Carboniferous Limestone ridge, karst, Nant y graig RIGS (Stratigraphy, Quaternary and Geomorphology); Nant y Croen-llwm RIGS (Stratigraphy)
Rhyl (S&D), 1970, 1:63 360, E95, British Geological Survey; Bangor (S), 1985, 1:50 000, E106, British Geological Survey; Denbigh (SwD), 1985, 1:50 000, E107, British Geological Survey; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Sheet 15, Environment Agency; Warren, P.T., Price, D., Nutt, M.J.C. and Smith, E.G., 1984. Geology of the country around Rhyl and Denbigh. Memoir for 1:50 000 geological sheets 95 and 107, and parts of 94 and 106 (England and Wales). British Geology Survey. HMSO, London,

Llannefydd
Hilly N-S ridge with limited boulder clay cover between Elwy and Plas uchaf valley slopes, in NE dipping Silurian Elwy Formation mudstone-dominated succession . Tributary river valleys cut deeply into slopes.
Drumlin / Drumlin field. Hill top. Ridge
Hilly ridge between Elwy valley to N and E and Plas uchaf valley
Elwy Formation hilly ridge with limited boulder clay cover

Cefn Berain
E-facing slopes to Elwy valley, forming undulating dissected plateau in NE dipping Silurian Elwy Formation mudstone-dominated succession thickly draped with boulder clay. Drumlins (NE aligned) across slopes. Tributary river valleys flowing NE to E, wooded slopes, alluvium in valley floors. Glaciofluvial gravels flanking lower river valleys (e.g. Afon Asa).
Boulder clay covered slopes of hilly plateau SW of Limestone ridge, bounded by Elwy valley to N, edge of area to E, ridge with limited drift cover to W
Dissected Silurian (Elwy Formation) mudstone-dominated slopes covered with boulder clay with drumlins

Plas uchaf
S-N Plas uchaf tributary valley to Elwy, with thick boulder clay cover on slopes; drumlins. Broad valley floor with Dolwen and Plas uchaf reservoirs.
Drumlin / Drumlin field. Lake / reservoir (artificial). Slope
Plas uchaf valley slopes and floor with thick boulder clay cover
Boulder clay covered valley slopes with drumlins, over Silurian Elwy Formation

Mynedd y Gyrt
Hilly N-S ridge with limited boulder clay cover between fault controlled Dyffryn Aled, Plas uchaf and Elwy valleys, in NE- to E-dipping Silurian Elwy Formation mudstone-dominated succession. W-facing slopes to Afon Aled dissected by tributary river valleys with boulder clay on slopes and floors.
Active upland river or stream channel system
Hilly ridge with limited boulder clay cover between Dyffryn Aled, Plas uchaf and Elwy valleys
Elwy Formation hilly ridge with limited boulder clay cover

Dyffryn Aled
Broad glacial river valley floodplain of the SW-NE to S-N (fault controlled) draining Afon Aled tributary to the Elwy. Course cut through NE dipping Silurian mudstone dominated (Nantglyn Flags to Elwy formations) upland terrain Valley floodplain floored by alluvium, flanked by river terraces along base of valley slopes.
Superficial deposits. Active processes. Past processes. Structural features. Stratigraphic formation(s)
River channel (natural). Flood plain. Glacial U-shaped valley
Alluvial and glacial floodplain of valley floor
Afon Aled active and glacial river valley
Rhyl (S&D), 1970, 1:63 360, E95, British Geological Survey; Denbigh (SwD), 1985, 1:50 000, E107, British Geological Survey; British Geological Survey; North Wales Coast, 1990. Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Sheet 15, Environment Agency; Warren, P.T., Price, D., Nutt, M.J.C. and Smith, E.G., 1984. Geology of the country around Rhyl and Denbigh. Memoir for 1:50 000 geological sheets 95 and 107, and parts of 94 and 106 (England and Wales). British Geology Survey. HMSO, London, 217p;

Mynedd Bodran
Hilly N-S ridge with limited boulder clay cover between fault controlled Dyffryn Aled and Nant Barrog valleys, in NE- to E-dipping Silurian Elwy Formation mudstone-dominated succession. Limited boulder clay cover on higher slopes, boulder clay thick in tributary valley floors and lower slopes. Steep sided W-E Allt ddu ganol valley with disused levels and tips, shafts (e.g. Bryn nantllech mine).
Stratigraphic formation(s). Superficial deposits. Past processes. Structural features. Other
Hill top. Slope. Coal / mineral spoil tips
Hilly ridge with limited boulder clay cover between Dyffryn Aled, and Nant Barrog valleys, cut by Llanfair Talhaiarn valley
Silurian Nantglyn Flags-Elwy formations; old metal mine workings (Cu, Pb, Zn)

Moel Unben
Hilly N-S ridge with limited boulder clay cover between SW-NE fault controlled Pont Tan y graig and Nant Barrog valleys, in N-dipping Silurian Elwy Formation mudstone-dominated succession. Limited boulder clay cover on upper slopes. Boulder clay cover on lower steep E-facing slopes into Nant Barrog river valley.
Hilly ridge with limited boulder clay cover Pont Tan y graig and Nant Barrog valleys; bounded to N by Elwy valley
Silurian Elwy Formation hilly ridge with limited boulder clay cover

Nant Barrog valley
SW-NE, partly fault controlled broad Nant Barrog tributary valley to Elwy, with thick boulder clay cover on lower slopes, and alluvium flooring present river course. Steep W valley side.
Drumlin / Drumlin field. Slope. River channel (natural)
River valley lower slopes and floor with thick boulder clay cover
Boulder clay covered lower valley slopes and alluvial floor, over Silurian Elwy Formation

Llanfair Talhaiarn
Broad lower slopes with thick boulder clay cover and drumlins, and alluvial floor of S-N tributary valley to Elwy. Disused shafts and workings of metal mines (including Llanfair mine RIGS) in Silurian NE-dipping Elwy Formation mudstone dominated succession..
Glacial mountain valley. Active upland river or stream channel system
Drumlin / Drumlin field. Slope. River channel (natural)
River valley lower slopes and floor with thick boulder clay cover
Thick boulder clay cover with drumlins; Llanfair mine RIGS (Mineralogy) in Silurian Elwy Formation mudstones

Arllwyd
Boulder clay covered lower slopes and alluvial floor of SE-NW tributary valley to Afon Aled, in Silurian NE-dipping Elwy Formation mudstone dominated succession..
River valley lower slopes and floor with thick boulder clay cover
Thick boulder clay cover with drumlins; Llanfair mine RIGS (Mineralogy) in Silurian Elwy Formation mudstones

Mynedd Tryfan
SE-NW fault controlled steep-sided river valley cut into NE-dipping Silurian Elwy Formation mudstone-dominated succession with sandstones on ridge to E. Little boulder clay cover on high slopes, thick cover on lower valley slopes, alluvial valley floor.

Moel Fechan
Slopes in NE-dipping Silurian (Nantglyn Flags - Elwy formations) mudstone-dominated succession of catchment to upper Afon Ystrad dissected by NE-SW to WNW-ESE, fault controlled tributary valleys. Ridges of high ground between valleys with steeper S facing slopes. Moel Fechan ridge with little boulder clay on higher slopes, thick cover of boulder clay on NE-facing valley slopes, with drumlins.
Hill top. Ridge. Slope. Drumlin / Drumlin field
Silurian Nantglyn Flags - Elwy Formation with exposures in crags of higher ground and disused quarries
Denbigh (SwD), 1985, 1:50 000, E107, British Geological Survey; Denbigh (SwD), 1985, 1:50 000, E107, British Geological Survey; North Wales Coast, 1990. 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Sheet 15, Environment Agency; Warren, P.T., Price, D., Nutt, M.J.C. and Smith, E.G., 1984. Geology of the country around Rhyl and Denbigh. Memoir for 1:50 000 geological sheets 95 and 107, and parts of 94 and 106 (England and Wales). British Geology Survey. HMSO, London, 217p;

Pencleden
Boulder clay covered lower slopes with N-aligned drumlins, and alluvial floor of S-N Afon Deunant tributary valley to Afon Aled, in Silurian NE-dipping Elwy Formation mudstone dominated succession.
Active upland river or stream channel system. Upland valley slope
Slope. River channel (natural). Drumlin / Drumlin field
Boulder clay covered valley slopes with N-aligned drumlins, and river valley in Silurian Elwy Formation
Denbigh (SwD), 1985, 1:50 000, E107, British Geological Survey; Denbigh (SwD), 1985, 1:50 000, E107, British Geological Survey; North Wales Coast, 1990. 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Sheet 15, Environment Agency; Warren, P.T., Price, D., Nutt, M.J.C. and Smith, E.G., 1984. Geology of the country around Rhyl and Denbigh. Memoir for 1:50 000 geological sheets 95 and 107, and parts of 94 and 106 (England and Wales). British Geology Survey. HMSO, London, 217p;

Moel Grugoer
Higher slopes and ridge dissected by upper Afon Aled and S-N Afon Deunant tributary valley to Afon Aled, in Silurian NE-dipping Nantglyn Flags - Elwy Formation mudstone dominated successions. Limited boulder clay cover over higher N-facing slopes.
Higher N-facing slopes of valleys N of watershed
Silurian Nantglyn Flags - Elwy formations in higher slopes with limited boulder clay cover
Denbigh (SwD), 1985, 1:50 000, E107, British Geological Survey; Denbigh (SwD), 1985, 1:50 000, E107, British Geological Survey; North Wales Coast, 1990. 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Sheet 15, Environment Agency; Warren, P.T., Price, D., Nutt, M.J.C. and Smith, E.G., 1984. Geology of the country around Rhyl and Denbigh. Memoir for 1:50 000 geological sheets 95 and 107, and parts of 94 and 106 (England and Wales). British Geology Survey. HMSO, London, 217p;

Bryn Ebrill
Slopes and N-S ridge between Afon Aled and Afon Hyrdd N-S valleys dissected into Silurian NE-dipping Nantglyn Flags Formation mudstone dominated succession. Thick boulder clay cover with drumlins and associated landslips on steeper, E-facing slopes. Limited cover on higher and western slopes.
N-S ridge and valley slopes between two N-S valleys
Silurian Nantglyn Flags Formation; boulder clay covered slopes with N-aligned drumlins, landslips

Hendre Aled
NE-SW ridge of Clwydian Way and steep, E-facing valley slopes of Afon Aled dissected into Silurian NE-dipping Nantglyn Flags Formation mudstone dominated succession. Limited drift cover on higher ground; thick boulder clay cover on lower slopes and gulleys.
Slope. Ridge. Drumlin / Drumlin field. Scarp slope. Dip slope
Silurian Nantglyn Flags Formation with limited drift cover on higher ground; boulder clay covered E-facing slopes

Beidliog ucha
NE-SW fault controlled river valley of tributary to Afon Aled, with steeper E-facing slopes, Thick boulder clay cover on slopes. Valley dissected into Silurian NE-dipping Nantglyn Flags Formation mudstone dominated succession. Alluvium on valley floor.
Slope. Drumlin / Drumlin field. Scarp slope. Dip slope
Fault controlled valley in Silurian Nantglyn Flags Formation

Cefn y groes bach
Upland plateau in Silurian NE-dipping Nantglyn Flags Formation mudstone dominated succession, dissected by tributary valleys draining S into Afon Aled valley and W into Nant Melai valley. Boulder clay cover limited on W-facing and higher slopes, thick cover with drumlins on E-facing slopes across to Nant Plwm.
Silurian Nantglyn Flags with limited cover in higher slopes; E-facing boulder clay slopes with drumlins

Tre pys llygod
Upland plateau in NE-dipping Silurian Elwy Formation mudstone-dominated succession, cut to W and N by broad, partly fault-controlled Elwy valley. Cut to SE by Pont Tan y graig valley and fault controlled continuation; wooded slopes along valley side. Boulder clay in gullies, limited cover on higher slopes.
Mostly rural land use, wooded valley slopes along SE valley
Silurian Elwy Formation upland slopes with limited boulder clay cover

Pentre Rhyd Eden
Generally N-facing upland plateau in Silurian E-W synform of Nantglyn Flags-Elwy Formation mudstone dominated successions, dissected by N-flowing tributary valleys of Afon Elwy. Extensive boulder clay cover on slopes, thick cover with NE aligned drumlins on higher slopes.
Plateau slopes of Elwy valley between Aled and Cledwen valleys
Silurian Nantglyn Flags - Elwy formations with extensive boulder clay cover on slopes, drumlins on higher slopes

Melin y coed
Boulder clay covered NW facing slopes of Afon Goron tributary valley to Conwy SW of Llanrwst, cut into NE-dipping Silurian mudstone dominated succession (Denbigh Grits Formation - Nantglyn Flags Formation).
Bounded to E and S by upland areas with limited drift cover, to SW by edge of area, to W by river terraces
Boulder clay covered Lower Silurian Denbigh Grits -Nantglyn Flags Formation mudstone dominated succession
Denbigh (SwD), 1985, 1:50 000, E107, British Geological Survey; Bangor (S), 1985, 1:50 000, E106, British Geological Survey; North Wales Coast, 1990. 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Sheet 15, Environment Agency; Warren, P.T., Price, D., Nutt, M.J.C. and Smith, E.G., 1984. Geology of the country around Rhyl and Denbigh. Memoir for 1:50 000 geological sheets 95 and 107, and parts of 94 and 106 (England and Wales). British Geology Survey. HMSO, London, 217p;

Foelasfechan
Boulder clay covered open upland slopes of northern part of Denbigh Moors in NE-dipping Lower Silurian mudstone dominated succession (Denbigh Grits Formation - Nantglyn Flags Formation), dissected by streams draining N, W and E. Small lakes on moorland. Peat deposits on upper slopes, drumlins. Rural land use in western part.
Dip slope. Plateau. Drumlin / Drumlin field. Peat bog
Bounded to S and E by upland areas with limited drift cover, to N by E-W valleys (including Nant Bwlch y gwynt), to E by upland ridge of CNWGL070
Boulder clay covered upland slopes of Denbigh Moors with drumlins and peat deposits; Lower Silurian Denbigh Grits -Nantglyn Flags Formation mudstone dominated succession
Denbigh (SwD), 1985, 1:50 000, E107, British Geological Survey; Bangor (S), 1985, 1:50 000, E106, British Geological Survey; North Wales Coast, 1990. 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Sheet 15, Environment Agency; Warren, P.T., Price, D., Nutt, M.J.C. and Smith, E.G., 1984. Geology of the country around Rhyl and Denbigh. Memoir for 1:50 000 geological sheets 95 and 107, and parts of 94 and 106 (England and Wales). British Geology Survey. HMSO, London, 217p;

Nant y Rhiw
Western edge of Denbigh Moors in upland slopes with rural land use dissected by W to SW-draining Afon Cyffdy and Afon Iwrch river valleys. Resistant sandstones forming features in NE-dipping Lower Silurian (Denbigh Grits Formation) mudstone dominated succession; boulder clay in valleys, some peat on slopes.
Bounded to E by fault controlled valley, to SW by edge of area, to N by slopes with thick boulder clay cover
Dissected upland plateau in Lower Silurian Denbigh Grits Formation mudstone dominated succession
Denbigh (SwD), 1985, 1:50 000, E107, British Geological Survey; Bangor (S), 1985, 1:50 000, E106, British Geological Survey; North Wales Coast, 1990. 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Sheet 15, Environment Agency; Warren, P.T., Price, D., Nutt, M.J.C. and Smith, E.G., 1984. Geology of the country around Rhyl and Denbigh. Memoir for 1:50 000 geological sheets 95 and 107, and parts of 94 and 106 (England and Wales). British Geology Survey. HMSO, London, 217p;

Moel Derwydd
Silurian upland moorland plateau of Denbigh Moors generally 300-420 m OD with rounded hills (e.g. Mynedd Seisiog 468m), at the headwaters of the Conwy, Clwyd and Dee drainage systems. Thick boulder clay and peat cover, with exposures of NE- to N-dipping Denbigh Grits Formation largely restricted to crags of more resistant sandstones, streams and old quarries. Lakes (Llyn Aled, Llyn Alwen), and slopes dissected by streams and headwaters of rivers. Drumlins NE aligned preserved on upper slopes.
inor fluviatile at headwaters of rivers.
Ridge. Plateau. Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). Drumlin / Drumlin field. Peat bog
Moorland plateau bounded to E by edge of area and ridge of CNWGL097, to W by edge of area and W-facing slopes of CNWGL095, to N by N-facing valley slopes, to S by S-facing valley slopes at edge of plateau,
Dissected upland moorland plateau in Lower Silurian Denbigh Grits Formation, covered by boulder clay and peat, with drumlins; forming watershed between Conwy, Clwyd and Dee valleys. Llyn Aled RIGS (Soils, Crowdy Series peat profile); Llyn Aled Isaf (Hiraethog) RIGS (Soils, Iron stagnopodzol)
Denbigh (SwD), 1985, 1:50 000, E107, British Geological Survey; Corwen (S&D), 1993, 1:50 000, E120, British Geological Survey; North Wales Coast, 1990. 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Sheet 15, Environment Agency; Warren, P.T., Price, D., Nutt, M.J.C. and Smith, E.G., 1984. Geology of the country around Rhyl and Denbigh. Memoir for 1:50 000 geological sheets 95 and 107, and parts of 94 and 106 (England and Wales). British Geology Survey. HMSO, London, 217p;

Mwdwl-eithin
Silurian upland moorland plateau with hills of Denbigh Moors (generally 350-400 m OD) dissected by upper Alwen and Brenig SE to S-draining valleys, largely afforested (Alwen Plantation, Bwlch Hafod Einion) slopes. Peat cover extensive on upper slopes, boulder clay limited to lower valley slopes. Exposures of NW-dipping Denbigh Grits Formation largely restricted to crags of more resistant sandstones along NE-SW rounded ridges: also in streams and old quarries. Reservoirs (Alwen, Llyn Brenig), a
Ridge. Plateau. Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). Drumlin / Drumlin field. Peat bog. Lake / reservoir (artificial)
Moorland plateau of upper Alwen and Brenig valleys; bounded to S by edge of afforested area
Dissected upland moorland plateau in Lower Silurian Denbigh Grits Formation in upper Alwen and Brenig valleys, Thick peat cover, extensive afforestation of slopes (including Alwen Plantation).
Denbigh (SwD), 1985, 1:50 000, E107, British Geological Survey; Corwen (S&D), 1993, 1:50 000, E120, British Geological Survey; North Wales Coast, 1990. 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Sheet 15, Environment Agency; Warren, P.T., Price, D., Nutt, M.J.C. and Smith, E.G., 1984. Geology of the country around Rhyl and Denbigh. Memoir for 1:50 000 geological sheets 95 and 107, and parts of 94 and 106 (England and Wales). British Geology Survey. HMSO, London, 217p;

Clocaenog Forest
Forested Silurian upland moorland plateau with hills of Denbigh Moors (generally 320-410 m OD; Craig Bron Banog 509 m) on E side of SSE-draining Brenig-Alwen valleys. NE-SW fault controlled valleys, with slopes extensively covered with boulder clay and dissected by tributary valleys. Drumlins NE-aligned on valley slopes. Steep W-facing valley side; Clwydian Way along these slopes. Reservoir (Llyn Brenig).
Ridge. Plateau. Drumlin / Drumlin field. Peat bog. Lake / reservoir (artificial). Slope
W part of Clocaenog Forest forming E valley slopes of Alwen valley and Llyn Brenig reservoir. Bounded to E by edge of area.
Forested valley slopes of dissected Silurian (Denbigh Grits - Nantglyn Flags formations) upland moorland plateau with extensive boulder clay cover in upper Alwen and Brenig valleys.
Denbigh (SwD), 1985, 1:50 000, E107, British Geological Survey; Corwen (S&D), 1993, 1:50 000, E120, British Geological Survey; North Wales Coast, 1990. 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Sheet 15, Environment Agency; Warren, P.T., Price, D., Nutt, M.J.C. and Smith, E.G., 1984. Geology of the country around Rhyl and Denbigh. Memoir for 1:50 000 geological sheets 95 and 107, and parts of 94 and 106 (England and Wales). British Geology Survey. HMSO, London, 217p;

Glyn Myfyr
Ordovician-Silurian upland moorland plateau with hills (generally 320-400 m OD) dissected deeply by SE-draining Alwen and Ceirw valleys and tributaries. NE-SW and NNW-SSE fault controlled tributary valleys, with extensive boulder clay on lower valley slopes and on NE-facing slopes. Some peat on upper slopes. Glacial meltwater channel along fault controlled Nant Felin valley.
Conserve integrity of upland, glacial landscape geomorphology
Dissected moorland plateau between Alwen and Ceirw valleys
Dissected upland moorland plateau in Upper Ordovician-Lower Silurian volcaniclastics and mudstones ).

Bwlch y maen melyn
Upland moorland plateau (generally 300-360 m OD) in Upper Ordovician (Caradoc-Ashgill) N- and NE-dipping volcaniclastics and siltstones, dissected deeply by E-draining Ceirw and Nant Fach river valleys and tributaries. Extensive boulder clay cover on N-facing slopes, with NE-flowing glacial meltwater channels dissected along NE-SW fault lineaments. Steep S-facing valley slopes into Nant fach valley.
Conserve integrity of upland, glacial landscape geomorphology
Dissected moorland plateau between Nant Fach and Ceirw valleys
Dissected upland moorland plateau in Upper Ordovician volcaniclastics and mudstones; Glacial meltwater channels dissected into boulder clay covered slopes.

Moel Gwern-nannau
Upland moorland plateau with hills (generally 290-450 m OD) in Upper Ordovician (Caradoc-Ashgill) N- and NE-dipping volcaniclastics, siltstones and mudstones, dissected deeply by fault controlled, E-draining Nant Fach and Medrad river valleys and tributaries. Extensive boulder clay cover on N and NE-facing slopes, with N-flowing glacial meltwater channels. Dissected by SW-NE Nant Gwern-nannau tributary valley. Steep S-facing valley slopes into Medrad valley. Peat on upper slopes.
Conserve integrity of upland, glacial landscape geomorphology
Dissected moorland plateau between Nant Fach and Medrad valleys
Dissected upland moorland plateau in Upper Ordovician volcaniclastics and mudstones; Glacial meltwater channels dissected into boulder clay covered slopes.

Pen y Cerrig- serth
N-facing slopes of fault-controlled W-E Medrad valley dissected into upland moorland plateau in Upper Ordovician (Caradoc-Ashgill) S-dipping volcaniclastics, siltstones and mudstones. N-facing slopes from W-E to SW-NE hilly ridge 500-610m OD (Foel Goch) have extensive boulder clay cover, dissected by N-flowing glacial meltwater channels. Fault-controlled SW-NE Nant Lleidiog steep sided river valley bounds ridge to SE. Some peat on upper slopes.
Dissected moorland plateau between Medrad and Nant Lleidiog valleys or S edge of area
Dissected upland moorland plateau in Upper Ordovician volcaniclastics and mudstones; Glacial meltwater channels dissected into boulder clay covered N-facing slopes.

Ceirw river valley
Afon Ceirw river system draining generally SE towards Clwyd valley, floored by alluvium, Includes the broad flat glacial valley floor of the Merddwr - Afon Nug, and the W-E fault controlled Nant Fach and Medrad valleys which have glacial sand and gravel at their confluence. Steep S-facing valley sides and broad flat valley floors.
Stratigraphic formation(s). Superficial deposits. Structural features. Past processes. Active processes
Plateau. River channel (natural). Flood plain. Glacial U-shaped valley
Conserve integrity of active and ancient river valley geomorphology
Upper Ceirw active and ancient river valley system

Alwen river valley
Afon Alwen river system beneath the Alwen and Llyn Brenig reservoirs, draining generally SE and S towards the Dee valley, floored by alluvium and boulder clay. Steep valley sides, broad floodplain flanked by boulder clay on lower slopes.
Stratigraphic formation(s). Superficial deposits. Past processes. Active processes
River channel (natural). Flood plain. Glacial U-shaped valley
Conserve integrity of active and ancient river valley geomorphology
Upper Alwen active and ancient river valley system

Hafod dre-uchaf
Upland moorland plateau (generally 290-320 m OD) in L Silurian N- and NE-dipping Denbigh Grits Formation, with more resistant sandstones forming landscape features (e.g. Hafod dre uchaf escarpment above Coed Hafod y dre valley). Dissected deeply by S and SW-draining streams and fault controlled tributary valleys to Merddwr and Afon Nug valley. Extensive boulder clay cover on slopes, and peat on upper slopes.
Dissected moorland plateau in mostly rural land use with S-draining tributary valleys into Merddwr/Afon Nug valley
Dissected upland moorland plateau in Lower Silurian Denbigh Grits Formation, with extensive boulder clay on slopes of tributary valleys

Swch Maes Gwyn
Upland moorland plateau (generally 290-330 m OD) in L Silurian mostly N-dipping Bron y graig Formation mudstone-dominated succession. Dissected by S and SW-draining stream valleys, some fault controlled, and with boulder clay cover on dip slopes. Wooded stream valley slopes of Coed Tyn y bryn. Peat on moorland plateau of Swch Maes Gwyn.
Dissected moorland plateau in mostly rural land use with S-draining tributary valleys into Conwy valley
Dissected upland moorland plateau in Lower Silurian Bron y graig Formation, with extensive boulder clay cover, peat, and wooded slopes of tributary valleys

Trum Nant-fach
NE-facing high upland slopes of Carnedd y Filiast (559 m OD) in folded and faulted, N- to NE-dipping Upper Ordovician mudstone dominated successions (Caradoc; Nant Hir -Glyn Gower formations). Forms watershed between Dee and Conwy valleys; dissected deeply by SW-NE, fault controlled upper Nant Fach valley, and to W by N to NW-flowing Nant y Gilchedd tributary to Conwy. Both valleys preserve geomorphology of glacial meltwater channels. Boulder clay on lower valley slopes, extensive peat on uppe
Northern slopes of Carnedd y Filiast with Nant Fach and E Nant y gilchedd valleys, bounded to S and W by edge of area
Dissected upland slopes in Upper Ordovician mudstone-dominated sucessions at the watershed beteeen Conwy and Dee valleys. Valleys dissected into boulder clay covered slopes also represent glacial meltwater channels.
Corwen (S&D), 1993, 1:50 000, E120, British Geological Survey; North Wales Coast, 1990. 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Sheet 15, Environment Agency; Warren, P.T., Price, D., Nutt, M.J.C. and Smith, E.G., 1984. Geology of the country around Rhyl and Denbigh. Memoir for 1:50 000 geological sheets 95 and 107, and parts of 94 and 106 (England and Wales). British Geology Survey. HMSO, London, 217p;

Coed y Milestone
Broad alluvium-floored Merddwr valley with meandering course, draining W into Conwy valley.
Stratigraphic formation(s). Superficial deposits. Past processes. Active processes
Plateau. River channel (natural). Flood plain
Conserve integrity of active and ancient river valley geomorphology
Active and ancient Merddwr tributary river valley floodplain
Corwen (S&D), 1993, 1:50 000, E120, British Geological Survey; North Wales Coast, 1990. 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Sheet 15, Environment Agency; Warren, P.T., Price, D., Nutt, M.J.C. and Smith, E.G., 1984. Geology of the country around Rhyl and Denbigh. Memoir for 1:50 000 geological sheets 95 and 107, and parts of 94 and 106 (England and Wales). British Geology Survey. HMSO, London, 217p;

St Gwynans
Lowland slopes and coastal plateau N of Foel Lus in Ordovician volcanics draped by boulder clay. St Gwynans and E part of Penmaenmawr developments.
Bounded to W by Ordovician siltstones of CNWGL001, to E and S by edge of Conwy
N-facing slopes and plateau in Ordovician volcanics draped by boulder clay, with urban developments
Conwy (S&D), 1989. 1:25 000 Classical Areas Map, SH77, SH78, British Geological Survey; North Wales Coast, 1990. 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Sheet 15, Environment Agency.

Afon Conwy valley
Broad, U-shaped, partly fault-controlled S-N Afon Conwy valley and floodplain between Betws-y-coed and Afon Roe,.Glacial sand and gravel deposits and river terrace deposits flanking both sides of steep valley. Wide alluvial floodplain flanking river channel. Alluvial cones at base of tributary valleys, stretches of peat flanking E side of valley.
Superficial deposits. Active processes. Structural features. Past processes
River channel (natural). River terrace. Glacial U-shaped valley. Flood plain
Monitor integrity of glacial geomorphology of valley
River valley between Betws-y-coed and Afon Coe
Afon Conwy glacial and active river valley and floodplain. U-shaped valley, flanked by river terrace and glacial sand and gravel deposits, alluvial cones.
onwy (S&D), 1989. 1:25 000 Classical Areas Map, SH77, SH78, British Geological Survey; Bangor (S), 1985, 1:50 000, E106, British Geological Survey; Rhyl (S&D), 1970, 1:63 360, E95, British Geological Survey; Denbigh (SwD), 1985, 1:50 000, E107, British Geological Survey; North Wales Coast, 1990. 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Sheet 15, Environment Agency; Warren, P.T., Price, D., Nutt, M.J.C. and Smith, E.G., 1984. Geology of the country around Rhyl and Denbigh. Memoir for 1:50 000

Llanbedr-y-cennin
N-S craggy ridge and boulder clay covered slopes W of the Afon Conwy in Ordovician volcanics (Dolgarrog Volcanic Formation). Faulted (NNW-SSE) against Ashgill mudstones (Conwy Mudstone Formation), which form lower ridges of northern part of area, mostly covered with boulder clay. Slopes, partly wooded, dissected by WSW-ENE tributary valley to Conwy.
Mudstone. Siltstone. Granite. Basalt. Rhyolite. Tuff
Bounded to W and S by edge of area, to E by Afon Conwy floodplain
Upland ridge in Ordovician Dolgarrog Volcanic Formation (rhyollites, tuffs, microgranite) faulted against Ashgill mudstones
Llandudno (S&D), 1989. 1:50 000, E94, British Geological Survey; Conwy (S&D), 1989. 1:25 000 Classical Areas Map, SH77, SH78, British Geological Survey; North Wales Coast, 1990. 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Sheet 15, Environment Agency; Warren, P.T., Price, D., Nutt, M.J.C. and Smith, E.G., 1984. Geology of the country around Rhyl and Denbigh. Memoir for 1:50 000 geological sheets 95 and 107, and parts of 94 and 106 (England and Wales). British Geology Survey. HMSO, London, 217p; H

Newton
Broad flat NE-SW coastal plain of the reclaimed marshes of the Wentloog Level, formed by post-glacial estuarine alluvial clays of the Severn terrace and dissected by drainage ditches. Underlying bedrock is mostly Triassic (Mercia Mudstone Group) marls, and Silurian sandstones and conglomerates towards the SW. Large municipal landfill site (Lamby Way) in SW of area.
Estuary. Engineered features and reclaimed / infilled land. Active upland river or stream channel system
Marsh / saltmarsh. Landfill. Reclaimed land
Conserve integrity of terrace geomorphology against industrial development
Wentloog Level bounded by coast to S, urban areas to W and N
Estuarine alluvial terrace from last glaciation
BGS 1:50 000 Geological map sheet E263 Cardiff (S&D), 1988; OS 1:25 000 Explorer map sheet 151, Cardiff and Bridgend; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Waters, R. A. and Lawrence, D. J. D., 1987. Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part III, the country around C

Pilldu
Inland part of the flat coastal plain of the NE-SW Wentloog Level E of St Mellons, in reclaimed marshland dissected by drainage ditches. Underlain by Triassic marls.
Superficial deposits. Active processes. Past processes
Engineered features and reclaimed / infilled land
Integrity of geomorphology vulnerable to industrial dvelopment
Wentloog level at E edge of Cardiff bonded by urban St Mellons to W
Inland part of reclaimed marshland of Severn estuarine terrace
BGS 1:50 000 Geological map sheet E263 Cardiff (S&D), 1988; OS 1:25 000 Explorer map sheet 151, Cardiff and Bridgend; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Waters, R. A. and Lawrence, D. J. D., 1987. Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part III, the country around Ca

Rhymney river valley
S-draining lower Rhymney river valley floodplain and terraces, bordered to W in central Cardiff by fluvioglacial terrace of outwash plain at confluence with River Taff. Tributary valley through Llanedeyrn.
Superficial deposits. Active processes. Past processes
River channel (natural). Flood plain. River terrace
Conserve green wedge corridor as existing
River valley floodplain and tributary valley, bordered to W by urban centre
BGS 1:50 000 Geological map sheet E263 Cardiff (S&D), 1988; OS 1:25 000 Explorer map sheet 151, Cardiff and Bridgend; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Waters, R. A. and Lawrence, D. J. D., 1987. Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part III, the country around Ca

Began
Undulating lowland plain of rural land east of Rhymney valley.
Bordered to W by Rhymney valley, to N and E by edge of area, to S by urban development
Raglan Marl Formation in gently SE-dipping succession with limited exposure
BGS 1:50 000 Geological map sheet E263 Cardiff (S&D), 1988; OS 1:25 000 Explorer map sheet 151, Cardiff and Bridgend; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Waters, R. A. and Lawrence, D. J. D., 1987. Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part III, the country around Ca

Roath Park valley
N-S alluvium filled tributary valley to the Rhymney dammed at the natural barrier (formerly a waterfall) formed by the low ridge of E-W Rhymney Grit at S of the artificially created lake of Roath Park. Valley diverted E at fluvioglacial terrace of outwash plain in central Cardiff at confluence of Rhymney and Taff valleys.
Superficial deposits. Active processes. Stratigraphic formation(s)
River channel (natural). River terrace. Engineered topography
Within NE Cardiff green wedge - Conserve as existing
River valley and floodplain of tributary valley in urban corridor, bordered to S by urban centre.
Silurian Rhymney Grit as natural barrier built into dam in Roath Park

Twyn Harris
Parallel rounded ENE-WSW ridges of sandstones, with facing dip slopes defining synformal fold east of the Rhymney valley.
Conserve integrity of geomorphological features within ORS plain
Bounded to E by Rhymney valley, to N by edge of area, to S by urban area, to W by merging of ridge into drift covered plain
Lowland strike ridges in LORS St Maughans Formation sandstones

Graig Llanishen
ENE-WSW striking scarp slope and plateau of sandstone ridge (Brownstones capped by Upper ORS), dissected by SSE draining valleys (e.g. Cwm Nofydd).
Conserve integrity of geomorphological feature at base of Carboniferous Limestone escarpment
Scarp slope of ridge, bounded to W by Taff valley, to E by edge of area
Prominent geomorphological feature of strike ridge and scarp slope in Brownstones and UORS below Carboniferous Limestone escarpment
BGS 1:50 000 Geological map sheet E263 Cardiff (S&D), 1988; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet E249, S&D, Newport, 1997; OS 1:25 000 Explorer map sheet 151, Cardiff and Bridgend; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Waters, R. A. and Lawrence, D. J. D., 1987. Geology o

Tongwynlais
ENE-WSW to N-S striking plateau/dip slopes capping the ORS escarpment, dissected by narrow steep NNW-SSE Nant Cwmnofydd valley.
Stratigraphic formation(s). Superficial deposits. Active processes
Slope. Plateau. Dip slope. Engineered topography
Conserve integrity of geomorphological plateau above Brownstones ridge
Plateau capping Brownstones ridge, bounded to W by Taff valley, to E by edge of area, to N by scarp and dip slopes of Lower Limestone Shales
Plateau in sandstones and conglomerates of Upper ORS
BGS 1:50 000 Geological map sheet E263 Cardiff (S&D), 1988; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet E249, S&D, Newport, 1997; OS 1:25 000 Explorer map sheet 151, Cardiff and Bridgend; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Waters, R. A. and Lawrence, D. J. D., 1987. Geology o

Castell Coch
E-W to NE-SW striking ''hollow'' of slopes in mudstone and limestones (Lower Limestone Shale), with a spring line, rising to the foot of the Carboniferous Limestone escarpment above the Taff valley. Dissected by the narrow steep N-S to NNW-SSE Cwm Nofydd (Nant Cymnofydd) stream valley flanked by dip and scarp slopes.
Conserve Lower Limestone Shale exposure in Castell Coch ridge
Bounded to N by Main Limestone, bounded to W by Taff valley, to E by edge of area, to S at break of slope on sandstone/conglomerate plateau
Lower Limestone Shale succession exposed in dip and scarp slope ridges with spring line at base of main Limestone escarpment
BGS 1:50 000 Geological map sheet E263 Cardiff (S&D), 1988; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet E249, S&D, Newport, 1997; OS 1:25 000 Explorer map sheet 151, Cardiff and Bridgend; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Waters, R. A. and Lawrence, D. J. D., 1987. Geology o

Lisvane
Hummocky, generally south sloping plain below ORS escarpment, dissected by minor NNW-SSE stream valleys running off sandstone escarpment to N. Low rounded strike ridges run ENE-WSW locally.
Conserve geomorphological integrity of hummocky boulder clay covered plain
Bordered to W by Taff valley/urban area, to N by break of slope at base of sandstone escarpment, to E by Rhymney valley, to S by urban development
Largely hummocky, glacial boulder clay covered undulating terrain covering Devonian St Maughans Group

Fforest Fawr
Wooded steep limestone (Carboniferous Limestone) escarpment striking ENE-WSW to N-S to the E of the Taff valley, flanked by dip and scarp slopes, Old quarries and iron mines. Stream (Nant y fforest) valley flanked by dip and scarp slopes.
Stratigraphic formation(s). Structural features. Active processes. Past processes
Thickly wooded, maintain exposures and integrity of geomorphology
Bounded to N by break of slope at overlying shales, bounded to W by Taff valley, to E by edge of area, to S at break of slope on LLS
Carboniferous Limestone dolomitic succession of main Ridgeway escarpment bordering Taff Gorge, with old quarries. Folds and faults. Disused iron mines.

Llanishen reservoir
Undulating slope at top of Roath Park valley cut by large reservoir.
Bordered to W and E by urban area, to N by change to hummocky topography, to E by Rhymney valley, to S by CRDFFGL005
Upper slopes of Roath Park valley with large reservoir

Cyncoed golf course
Rounded hill slopes laid to golf course W of river valley.
Bordered to W, S and N by urban area, to E by river valley

Bute Park-Hailey Park
Broad alluvial floodplain of SE-draining lower Taff river valley, through central Cardiff cut into fluvioglacial terrace of outwash plain.
Conserve green wedge corridor as existing to retain valley geomorphology
River valley floodplain of green wedge, bounded to N by river terraces

Taff made ground
Engineered features and reclaimed / infilled land
Made ground for railway on alluvial plain of Taff valley

Forest Farm
Raised fluvioglacial terraces above the modern floodplain of the Taff S of the Taff gorge...
River channel (natural). Flood plain. River terrace
River valley terraces of green wedge, bounded to N by Taff gorge
Lower Taff raised fluvioglacial terraces geomorphology
BGS 1:50 000 Geological map sheet E263 Cardiff (S&D), 1988; OS 1:25 000 Explorer map sheet 151, Cardiff and Bridgend; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency... Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Waters, R... A... and Lawrence, D... J... D..., 1987... Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part III, the cou

Taff Gorge
Techtonically controlled valley (Valley following folds, fault controlled gorges, or scarps)
NNE-SSW fault-controlled Taff valley flanked by wooded steep limestone (Carboniferous Limestone) escarpments. Broad valley floor with alluvium and some fluvioglacial terraces.
Stratigraphic formation(s). Structural features. Superficial deposits. Active processes. Past processes
Active upland river or stream channel system. Ancient upland river / stream systems. Upland gorge
Cliff. Limestone gorge. River channel (natural). River terrace
Thickly wooded, maintain exposures (including GCR/SSSI) and integrity of geomorphology
Maintain exposures (including GCR/SSSI) and integrity of geomorphology
Bounded to N and S by end of limestone gorge, to W and E by top of escarpment
Fault controlled gorge in Dinantian limestones and dolomites; Tongwynlais Road section GCR/SSSI

Coryton
Hummocky topography of plain to E of Taff valley, crossed by M4
Geomorphology compromised by development and infrastructure bordering urban area
Maintain integrity of terrain against threats from development/industrial use
Bordered to W by Taff valley and to E by urban areas
Hummocky topography of glacial boulder clay covered undulating terrain in Devonian St Maughans Formation

Radyr
Undulating Lower ORS plain with low mounds and kettle holes below (S of) ORS-Limestone escarpment, generally south sloping. NNW-SSE stream valley with springs dissecting escarpment, forming tributary valley across plain to Ely. NW-SE low rounded ridge flanking fault controlled valley N of Fairwater.
Scarp slope. Dip slope. Slope. Kettle hole. Spring
Conserve geomorphological integrity of hummocky boulder clay covered plain with kettle holes
Bordered to E by Taff valley/urban area, to N by break of slope at base of sandstone escarpment, to E by edge of area, to S by Mesozoic hills.
Hummocky, boulder clay covered terrain covering Devonian Llanishen Conglomerate
BGS 1:50 000 Geological map sheet E263 Cardiff (S&D), 1988; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet E261 and part of 262, S&D, Bridgend, 1990; OS 1:25 000 Explorer map sheet 151, Cardiff and Bridgend; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Waters, R. A. and Lawrence, D. J. D.

Waterhall plantation
Fault controlled, NW-SE broad stream valley with alluvial floor. Flanked by fairly steep, low sandstone ridges, and wooded on S side.
Stratigraphic formation(s). Superficial deposits. Past processes. Structural features. Active processes
Conserve geomorphological integrity of fault controlled valley
Bordered to E by urban area, to N and S by fault controlled ridges
Fault controlled valley in Triassic Mercia Mudstone Group
BGS 1:50 000 Geological map sheet E263 Cardiff (S&D), 1988; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet E261 and part of 262, S&D, Bridgend, 1990; OS 1:25 000 Explorer map sheet 151, Cardiff and Bridgend; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Waters, R. A. and Lawrence, D. J. D.

St Fagans
Undulating hilly terrain, with steep wooded valley slopes E-W bordering Ely river valley.
To N, boundary with hummocky topography plain of Llanishen Conglomerate; Ely river valley to S and W
Boulder clay covered, hummocky terrain in ENE-WSW fault blocks of Mesozoic marginal facies and Llanishen Conglomerate
BGS 1:50 000 Geological map sheet E263 Cardiff (S&D), 1988; OS 1:25 000 Explorer map sheet 151, Cardiff and Bridgend; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet E261 and part of 262, S&D, Bridgend, 1990; Waters, R. A. and Lawrence, D. J. D.

Michaelston super Ely
Undulating N-facing slopes of Ely valley, wooded in eastern part
Area between Ely river valley and edge of Cardiff
Undulating hummocky low hilly terrain with boulder clay cover in Triassic Mercia Mudstone Group marginal facies and Llanishen Conglomerate Formation
BGS 1:50 000 Geological map sheet E263 Cardiff (S&D), 1988; OS 1:25 000 Explorer map sheet 151, Cardiff and Bridgend; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet E261 and part of 262, S&D, Bridgend, 1990; Waters, R. A. and Lawrence, D. J. D.

Ely valley
E-W Ely river valley floodplain joined by N-S tributary valley (Nant Dowlais) at St Fagans...
River valley floodplain and tributary valley, bordered to E by urban centre
BGS 1:50 000 Geological map sheet E263 Cardiff (S&D), 1988; OS 1:25 000 Explorer map sheet 151, Cardiff and Bridgend; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency... Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Waters, R... A... and Lawrence, D... J... D..., 1987... Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part III, the cou

Tawel fan
E-W striking wooded steep scarp slope of sandstone ridge and plateau (Brownstones capped by Upper ORS) to the E of Creigiau fault valley, dissected by broad NW-SE valley E of Tawel fan. Disused quarry.
Scarp slope. Ridge. Dip slope. Plateau. Dry valley
Conserve integrity of geomorphological escarpment at base of Carboniferous Limestone escarpment
Scarp slope of Devonian sandstone ridge, bounded to W by Creigiau valley, to E by thickly boulder clay covered topography
Scarp slope and strike ridge in Brownstones capped by ORS conglomerates
BGS 1:50 000 Geological map sheet E263 Cardiff (S&D), 1988; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet E261 and part of 262, S&D, Bridgend, 1990; OS 1:25 000 Explorer map sheet 151, Cardiff and Bridgend; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Waters, R. A. and Lawrence, D. J. D.

Pentwyn
E-W striking slopes with dip and scarp slope topography of N-dipping limestone-mudstone (Lower Limestone Shale) succession rising to the base of the main Limestone escarpment. Castell Coch Limestone scarp ridge separates slopes in lower ground formed by softer mudstones. Spring lines at base of limestones. Slopes dissected by fault controlled NNE-SSW and NE-SW (Heol y gored) stream valleys. Disused quarry.
Stratigraphic formation(s). Structural features. Active processes
Conserve Lower Limestone Shale exposures (e.g. disused quarry)
Bounded to N by Main Limestone, bounded by Taff and Creigiau valleys, to S at break of slope on sandstone/conglomerate plateau
Lower Limestone Shale succession exposed in dip and scarp slope ridges with spring line at base of main Limestone escarpment

Pentyrch
Wooded steep limestone (Carboniferous Limestone) escarpment striking E-W between the Creigiau and Taff valleys, flanked by dip and scarp slopes. Large working and old limestone quarries, disused iron mines and shafts. Dissected by NNE-SSW-NE-SW fault valleys.
Scarp slope. Dip slope. Coal / mineral spoil tips
Assess quality and loss of exposure through quarrying.
Bounded to N by break of slope at overlying shales, bounded to W and E by Taff and Creigiau valleys, to S by break of slope on LLS
Carboniferous Limestone limestone/dolomite succession of escarpment, with working and old quarries. Folds and faults, including thrusts. Disused iron mines.

Caerwen
Boulder clay covered Upper Carboniferous Coal Measures upland slopes between the Creigiau and Taff valleys. Cut by narrow, strike stream valleys flanked by E-W scarp and dip slopes, draining towards E (Nant Cwmllwydrew) and W (Nant y Cesair). Disused coal mines, shafts and tips.
Scarp slope. Dip slope. Coal / mineral spoil tips. Spring
Wooded and rural land use, old quarries, tips and mines
Conserve exposure of Upper Carboniferous succession
Bounded to N by break of slope at overlying sandstone escarpment, bounded to W and E by Taff and Creigiau valleys, to S by break of slope on Main Limestone
Upper Carboniferous slopes with old quarries, tips, mines.
BGS 1:50 000 Geological map sheet E263 Cardiff (S&D), 1988; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet E248, S&D, Pontypridd, 1963; OS 1:25 000 Explorer map sheet 151, Cardiff and Bridgend; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Waters, R. A. and Lawrence, D. J. D., 1987. Geolog

Garth Hill
High E-W escarpment with steep south-facing slopes in Upper Carboniferous Pennant Sandstone between the Creigiau and Taff valleys. Viewpoint (307m) with panoramic views. Old quarries, and disused coal mine workings on lower southern slopes. Stream valley E-W along strike, draining W. Partly wooded valley slopes.
Scarp slope. Dip slope. Coal / mineral spoil tips. Ridge. Spring
Rural and wooded land use, old quarries, mine workings
Conserve exposures of Upper Carboniferous succession and geomorphological integrity
Bounded to S by break of slope against mudstone dominated coal succession at base of sandstone escarpment. Bounded to W and E by Taff and Creigiau valleys, to N by edge of area
Upper Carboniferous Pennant sandstones and coals with old quarries, adits.
BGS 1:50 000 Geological map sheet E263 Cardiff (S&D), 1988; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet E248, S&D, Pontypridd, 1963; OS 1:25 000 Explorer map sheet 151, Cardiff and Bridgend; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Waters, R. A. and Lawrence, D. J. D., 1987. Geolog

Creigiau valley
NNE-SSW fault-controlled deep valley and gorge through Carboniferous Limestone ridge, flanked by steep limestone escarpments. Large quarries on E escarpment. Limestone ridge offset N on western side (through faulting). Flat, drift covered valley floor.
Stratigraphic formation(s). Structural features. Superficial deposits. Past processes. Active processes
Rural use of valley floor, but quarrying threat to geomorphological integrity of gorge feature
Bounded to N and S by end of limestone gorge, to W and E by top of escarpment
Fault controlled gorge in Dinantian limestones and dolomites; quarries

Capel Llanilltern
Undulating moundy plain below Limestone escarpment, to W of Creigiau fault valley and upper N-S Nant y glasyg valley. Dip and scarp topography with rounded S-SE facing low ridges. ENE-WSW stream valley of Ely tributary.
Scarp slope. Dip slope. Slope. Kettle hole
Conserve geomorphological integrity of hummocky boulder clay covered plain, evidence of Mesozoic overstep
Bordered to E by Creigiau valley, to N by break of slope at base of LLS-Limestone escarpment, to W by edge of area, to S by edge of area.
Hummocky, boulder clay covered terrain; Mesozoic succession overstepping ORS

Creigiau
Carboniferous Limestone escarpment, flanked by dip and scarp slopes, and dip slope of the ridge striking NE-SW to the W of the Creigiau valley. Spring line in Lower Limestone Shale at foot of escarpment.
Stratigraphic formation(s). Superficial deposits. Active processes
Bounded to N by break of slope at overlying shales, bounded to E by Creigiau valley, to S by break of slope onto Triassic marls
Lower Limestone Shale - Carboniferous Limestone limestone/dolomite escarpment

Llwyn y brain
Boulder clay covered Upper Carboniferous Coal Measures slopes to the N of the Carboniferous Limestone escarpment, bounded to N by E-W strike valley of upper Ely river. Large sewage works.
Scarp slope. Dip slope. Spring. Urban / industrial development
Bounded to N by river valley at base of overlying sandstone escarpment, bounded to E by Creigiau valley, to S by break of slope on Main Limestone
BGS 1:50 000 Geological map sheet E263 Cardiff (S&D), 1988; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet E248, S&D, Pontypridd, 1963; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet E261 and part of 262, S&D, Bridgend, 1990; OS 1:25 000 Explorer map sheet 151, Cardiff and Bridgend; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaterna

Flatholm
Island of Flatholm in the Bristol Channel, with steep cliffs and foreshores in ENE-WSW striking, folded and faulted Carboniferous Limestone. Peneplained surface to island.
Stratigraphic formation(s). Superficial deposits. Structural features. Active processes
Cliff. Wave-cut platform. Island. Raised beach / platform

Taff''s Well
Raised fluvioglacial terraces above the modern floodplain of the Taff N of the Taff gorge...
River channel (natural). Flood plain. River terrace
Western river valley terraces, bounded to S by Taff gorge
Lower Taff raised fluvioglacial terraces geomorphology
BGS 1:50 000 Geological map sheet E263 Cardiff (S&D), 1988; OS 1:25 000 Explorer map sheet 151, Cardiff and Bridgend; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency... Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Waters, R... A... and Lawrence, D... J... D..., 1987... Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part III, the cou

Taff-Ely Estuary
Tidal confluence of Taff and Ely rivers, crossed by Cardiff Bay Barrage enclosing Cardiff Bay lagoon. Taff outflow through engineered and dredged Wrach Channel from Docks. Floored by tidal flat and intertidal deposits, overlying Triassic Mercia Mudstone Group..
Stratigraphic formation(s). Superficial deposits. Active processes
Active lowland river-flood plain system. Engineered features and reclaimed / infilled land
River channel / canal (artificial). Engineered topography
Engineered feature of Cardiff Bay Barrage and Wrach channel
Bounded by entrance to Docks, inner shore of Cardiff Bay, and Yacht Club at mouth of Ely
Engineered features of Wrach Channel and Cardiff Bay Barrage at mouth of rivers
BGS 1:50 000 Geological map sheet E263 Cardiff (S&D), 1988; OS 1:25 000 Explorer map sheet 151, Cardiff and Bridgend; Google Earth; Digital Elevation Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); NRW Flood Risk Map Waters, R. A. and Lawrence, D.J.D. 1987. Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part 3, the country around Cardiff. BGS Memoir for Geological Map Sheet 263. xi +114pp.

Docks, East and Pengam Moors
Engineered, made ground of the Docks area, East and Pengam Moors developed on broad NE-SW coastal plain. Tidal flat deposits overlie bedrock of the Triassic Mercia Mudstone Group.
Made ground. Reclaimed land. Engineered topography
Bounded by Wrach Channel to W, by Rhymney estuary to E, fluvioglacial deposits of CRDFFGL040 to N
Engineerd topography and made ground of dock area and industrial development
BGS 1:50 000 Geological map sheet E263 Cardiff (S&D), 1988; OS 1:25 000 Explorer map sheet 151, Cardiff and Bridgend; Google Earth; Digital Elevation Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); NRW Flood Risk Map Waters, R. A. and Lawrence, D.J.D. 1987. Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part 3, the country around Cardiff. BGS Memoir for Geological Map Sheet 263. xi +114pp.

Rhymney river
Active tidal channel of Rhymney river (Afon Rhymni), with tidal/alluvial sediments overlying bedrock of Triassic Mercia Mudstone Group
Active tidal river channel of Rhymney river
BGS 1:50 000 Geological map sheet E263 Cardiff (S&D), 1988; OS 1:25 000 Explorer map sheet 151, Cardiff and Bridgend; Google Earth; Digital Elevation Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); NRW Flood Risk Map Waters, R. A. and Lawrence, D.J.D. 1987. Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part 3, the country around Cardiff. BGS Memoir for Geological Map Sheet 263. xi +114pp.

N Pengam
Urban development on made ground covering alluvial and tidal flat deposits; underlying bedrock of Triassic Mercia Mudstone
Flood plain. Made ground. Urban / industrial development
Made ground area between Roath Park valley and Rhymney floodplain

Cardiff Flats
Wide strip of tidal flats bordering the Severn Estuary, with the second highest tidal range in the world. Outflow of Rhymney river and bordered to the W by the Taff outflow. Underlain by Triassic Mercia Mudstone Group.
Sand / shingle foreshore. Mud-dominated foreshore
Coastal strip of intertidal mudflats between Taff river outflow and edge of area to E
Active tidal mudflats bordering the Severn Estuary

Cathays - Roath
Urban development on the glaciofluvial sand and gravel flood plain from the last glaciation (Devensian). Underlying bedrock of Triassic Mercia Mudstone Group.
Coastal flat. Lowland glacial outwash plain / field
Conserve potential RIGS site in Gorsedd Gardens (Cathays Park)
Broadly triangular area, with boundary to S against the Docks - East and Pengam moors, Roath Park valley to the N, Taff valley to the W
Potential RIGS Gorsedd Stones (Triassic Radyr Stone) .
Gross geomorphology of fluvioglacial plain from last glaciation is still evident

S Pen-y-lan
Urban development north of Roath Park valley on S-facing slope at base of Pen-y-lan hill. Devensian glacial till overlying Triassic Mercia Mudstone Group.
Reclaimed land. Urban / industrial development
Broadly triangular area, bounded to S by Roath Park valley, to N by change in underlying bedrock to Silurian, to E by made ground of CRDFFGL012
Urban development on lower slope of Pen-y-lan hill

Pen-y-lan
Urban development on E-W striking Silurian mudstones and sandstones forming S-facing Pen-y-lan hill. The resistant Rhymney Grit Member and Cae Castell Formation sandstones form the natural barrier across the S end of Roath Park Lake (CRDFFGL005). Pen-y-lan Quarry is a SSSI/GCR site.
Scarp slope. Urban / industrial development
E-W hill scarp; to S bedrock boundary with Triassic/boulder clay, N easing of slope above resistant Cae Castell sandstones, to E Rhymney floodplain and valley (CRDFFGL003) and to W Roath Park valley (CRDFFGL005)
BGS 1:50 000 Geological map sheet E263 Cardiff (S&D), 1988; OS 1:25 000 Explorer map sheet 151, Cardiff and Bridgend; Google Earth; Digital Elevation Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); NRW Flood Risk Map Waters, R. A. and Lawrence, D.J.D. 1987. Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part 3, the country around Cardiff. BGS Memoir for Geological Map Sheet 263. xi +114pp.; Aldri

Cyncoed
Urban development with green areas on E-W striking Silurian (Cardiff Group sitstones, mudstones and sandstones, Raglan Mudstone Formation) succession dissected by the SE-draining Nant Glandulas tributary valley of the Rhymney and the S-draining Roath Park brook. Limited areas of glacial boulder clay on lower valley slopes of Rhymney river.
Urban developments but with some green areas including recreational centres (e.g. NIAC sports campus)
Maintain the geomorphological integrity of the scarp slope
Area of N-dipping Silurian siltstones and mudstones, bounded to the S by the Silurian scarp slope, to the N by the Lower Devonian St Maughan's Formations sandstones, to E by Roath Park valley (CRDFFGL005) and to the E by the Rhymney river valley (CRDFFGL003)
Mudstone dominated scarp slope, with some green areas retained between urban developments

Cyncoed Village
Urban strip extending N between Llanishen Reservoir and Cardiff Golf Club, built on E-W striking Lower Devonian (Lower ORS St Maughan's Formation) sandstones.
Slope between Llanishen Reservoir (CRDFFGL012) and Cyncoed Golf Club (CRDFFGL013), bounded to N by CRDFFGL010 and undeveloped arable land on St Maughan's bedrock, to S by lower topography of CRDFFGL043
Urban area - only contributes of geomorphology of E-W sandstone scarp slope in wider regional context

Lisvane
Hummocky boulder clay covered arable land. Underlying bedrock is E-W striking St Maughan's Formation sandstones.
Small area of arable land adjacent to similar area of CRDFFGL010. Bounded to S by urban strip.
Small area forming part of wider ORS escarpment N of Cardiff

Thornhill
Broad E-W urban strip of N Cardiff between the Taff valley and Lisvane, built on S-sloping escarpment of boulder clay covered E-W striking Devonian Llanishen Conglomerate..
Scarp slope. Urban / industrial development
Conserve integrity of Llanishen railway station RIGS
Northern urban area of Cardiff. Bounded to S by change of bedrock, to W by continuation in CRDFFGL018 and Taff valley, and to E by CRDFFGL010.
Undulating lowland slope of WNW-ESE ORS (Llanishen Conglomerate) escarpment. Llanishen railway station RIGS

Ty Glas
Wooded stream valley of S-flowing Llanishen Brook and tributary Ty Glas stream valley to confluence with Nant Fawr brook into Roath Park valley (CRDFFGL005). Wide area of made ground with housing development between streams, alluvium in other parts of stream valleys. Underlying bedrock of Silurian Raglan Mudstone Formation and Lower Devonian (ORS) Raglan Marl Formation.
Urban / industrial development. Engineered topography
Urban development on made ground across valleys
Maintain active drainage system into Roath Park valley
Alluvial valley floors (covered partly by made ground) of tributary streams, bounded to E by CRDFFGL005, and running through CRDFFGL0046
Active drainage tributaries to Roath Park brook

Birchgrove
Extensive urban development with only limited areas of made ground, built on boulder clay from the last glaciation (Devensian) overlying Silurian Raglan Mudstone Formation and Lower Devonian (ORS) St Maughan's Group mudstones.
Made ground. Urban / industrial development
Bounded to N by change of underlying bedrock (CRDFFGL046), to W by Taff flood plain, to S by underlying bedrock of Mercia Mudstone Group

Heath Park
Heath Park grass and woodland area on glacial till plain, overlying Silurian Raglan Mudstone Formation and Lower Devonian (ORS) St Maughan's Group mudstones, and small outlier of Triassic Mercia Mudstone Formation.
Green area within urban development retains topography of till plain

Whitchurch golf course
olf course area retaining general undulating lowland topography although with landscaped tree cover, on partly till covered Devonian Llanishen Conglomerate
Green area within urban development retains integrity of geomorphology

Heath stations
Urban development between Heath Park and Roath Park lake, partly undeveloped in S. Built on bedrock of E-W striking Silurian sandstones, siltstones and mudstones (Rhymney Grit, Cardiff Group, Raglan Mudstone) and Lower Devonian mudstones (St Maughan's Group).
Bounded to W by Heath Park and to E by Roath Park valley (CRDFFGL005), to S by bedrock change to Triassic Mercia Mudstone Group
BGS 1:50 000 Geological map sheet E263 Cardiff (S&D), 1988; OS 1:25 000 Explorer map sheet 151, Cardiff and Bridgend; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Waters, R. A. and Lawrence, D. J. D., 1987. Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part III, the country around C

Llandaff North
Urban area built along Taff alluvial floodplain W of railway line. Underlain by Triassic Mercia Mudstone Group.
Bounded to W by Taff valley (CRDFFGL014 and CRDFFGL015) and edge of floodplain.
BGS 1:50 000 Geological map sheet E263 Cardiff (S&D), 1988; OS 1:25 000 Explorer map sheet 151, Cardiff and Bridgend; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Waters, R. A. and Lawrence, D. J. D., 1987. Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part III, the country around C

Canton
Urban development on Taff -Ely estuary alluvial floodplain cut into glaciofluvial sands and gravels..Underlain by Triassic Mercia Mudstone Group.
Bounded to S by coastal plain and made ground, to E by Taff valley and to W by Ely valley, to N by till plain

Fairwater
Urban development on till plain, overlying mostly Triassic Mercia Mudstone Group, with fault blocks in W of Devonian (Llanishen Conglomerate and Upper ORS), Late Triassic (Rhaetic) and lower Jurassic (Lias) rocks. Tectonically complex area, traversed by a major ENE-WSW fault.
Bounded to S by fluvioglacial gravel plain, to E by Taff valley and to W by Ely valley

Ely
Urban development on boulder clay till plain, overlying bedrock mostly of Triassic Mercia Mudstone Group, but in the W with faulted blocks of Devonian (Llanishen Conglomerate, ORS), Triassic (Blue Anchor Formation) and Lower Jurassic (Blue Lias) rocks.
Bounded to N and E by Michaeston super Ely (CRDFFGL022), and Ely floodplain and river (CRDFFGL023), to S and W by VLFGLGL238, VLFGLGL749 and VLFGLGL532
RIGS sites Ely Brick Works, Western Avenue, Llandaff Playing Fields SINC

Lower Ely valley
Wooded Ely river valley and alluvial floodplain to W in Trelai Park. Underlain by Triassic Mercia Mudstone Group.
Bounded to N by CRDFFGL023 and to S by VLFGLGL523, edge of alluvial floodplain to W and E

Trelai Park
Trelai Park green area W of Ely valley, on boulder clay cover and underlain by Triassic Mercia Mudstone Group.
Bounded by Park area against urban development (CRDFFGL055), to E by Ely river

Leckwith
Leckwith and Grangetown industrial and urban areas between the Ely and Taff valleys, largely built on made ground and on tidal flat deposits of the coastal plain. Some alluvial floodplain sediments in the N part. Underlain by Triassic Mercia Mudstone Group.
Coastal flat. Active lowland river-flood plain system
Flood plain. Made ground. Urban / industrial development
Former coastal plain, bounded by Taff and Ely valleys, and to N by glaciofluvial plain deposits (CRDFFGL053)
Industrial/urban development on wide areas of made ground

Mynachdy
Urban developments E of the Taff valley floodplain, built on lowland till plain covering WNW-ESE striking Triassic Mercia Mudstone Group.
Made ground. Urban / industrial development
Till covered Mercia Mudstone E of Taff floodplain (CRDFFGL052), bounded to N by till-covered NE-SW striking Silurian - Old Red Sandstone succession, to S by fluvioglacial plain sediments

Cors Fechno
Flat lying raised peat bog (Quaternary, Holocene) covering triangular area of c.40 sq km from Borth E to Ynys Edwin, covered and cut by alluvium filled channels, and with islands of Silurian mudstone bedrock (Borth Mudstone Formation - some separated as Aspect Areas) that project through the Holocene sediments. Crossed by canalised course of Afon Leri; bounded to W by ancient course of Leri. Including small ' island' of Lower Silurian mudrocks at Ynysfergi [Cherns 2007, ed.2008].
Marsh / saltmarsh. River channel / canal (artificial). Slope. Hill top
Conserved within Dyfi Biosphere Reserve; also within c.SAC, Ramsar site, NNR, etc.
Maintain natural system and maintain SSSI in favourable condition by implementation of management plans and ensure that other features of particular geological or geomorphological significance in the area are not lost/damaged due to development, etc.
Edge of peat dominated areas without significant agricultural use / reclamation.
SSSI for Quaternary stratigaphy; one of the finest raised bogs in Britain.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989, Sheet 163, 1:50 000 Geological Series; CAMPBELL, S. and BOWEN, D.Q. 1989, Geological Conservation Review: Quaternary of Wales, NCC; CAVE, R. and HAINS, B.A., 1986, Memoir, 1:50 000 geological sheet 163, HMSO; CHERNS, L. 2007, Landmap Study For The Dyfi Biosphere Reserve, Geological Landscape Layer, TECHNICAL ANNEXE, CCW; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2002, Explorer Map OL23 (1:25, 000); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 213 (1:25, 000).

Ynys Tachwedd
Blown sand N of Borth inside storm beach ridge, widening N and extending into Dyfi estuary at Ynyslas as dune-covered spit (Quaternary, Holocene). Largely undeveloped (excepting golf course). Including small 'island' of Lower Silurian mudrocks at Ynys las [Cherns 2007, ed. 2009].
Prior to canalization, the Afon Leri entered the sea through the shingle ridge near Ynys-las Turn [SN 6055 9252], having migrated north to this position in response to the progressive northward growth of the spit. Th
Superficial deposits. Active processes. Stratigraphic formation(s)
Spit . Active sand dune. Stabilised sand dune. Engineered topography
Within Dyfi Biosphere Reserve. Coastal management strategy recommends 'Retreat'. Part-stabilised system, although presumed to longer be under significant threat dues to designations in pl
Boundary of blown sand spit with raised bog to E and MHW to W.
Blown sand spit inside and extending N from Borth coastal barrier beach. Includes GCR / SSSI features of national / international importance.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989, Sheet 163, 1:50 000 Geological Series; CAMPBELL, S. and BOWEN, D.Q. 1989, Geological Conservation Review: Quaternary of Wales, NCC; CAVE, R. and HAINS, B.A., 1986, Memoir, 1:50 000 geological sheet 163, HMSO; CHERNS, L. 2007, Landmap Study For The Dyfi Biosphere Reserve, Geological Landscape Layer, TECHNICAL ANNEXE, CCW; MAY, V.J. and HANSOM, J.D. 2003, Geological Conservation Review Series 28, JNCC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2002, Explorer Map OL23 (1:25, 000).
South of the dune complex, and immediately behind the shingle ridge, lies the former course of the Afon Leri. Following its diversion and canalization in 1824 (Colyer, 1977), works that formed part of an extensive, early 19th Century programme of drainage and embankment construction around Cors Fochno, the river now flows due north in an artificial channel and is confluent with the Dyfi Estuary at a point about 1km east of the central dune complex. The previously meandering channel of the Afon

Borth Sands
Sand-dominated foreshore and with storm gravel and cobble beach (Quaternary, Holocene) trending N-S between Borth and Ynyslas, the latter decreasing in height and width towards N. Includes sand and shingle spit to N cross Dyfi estuary, also extensive Holocene submerged forest in strip c.200m wide around low water mark, extending N-S between Upper Borth and Twyni Mawr [Cherns 2007, ed. 2009]
Active processes. Superficial deposits. Past processes
Shingle / gravel. Spit . Beach. Sand. Coastal defence works
Partly within Biosphere Reserve and overlapping conservation category areas. Maintain natural system and maintain SSSI in favourable condition by implementation of management plans and ensure that other features of particular geological or geomorphological significance in the area are not lost/damaged due to development, etc.
Maintain natural system and maintain SSSI in favourable condition by implementation of management plans and ensure that other features of particular geological or geomorphological significance in the area are not lost/damaged due to development, etc.
MLW to W and bounded to E by (and underlying) blown sand of 002.
Classic storm beach. Includes GCR / SSSI features of national / international importance.
BBRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989, Sheet 163, 1:50 000 Geological Series; CAMPBELL, S. and BOWEN, D.Q. 1989, Geological Conservation Review: Quaternary of Wales, NCC; CAVE, R. and HAINS, B.A., 1986, Memoir, 1:50 000 geological sheet 163, HMSO; CHERNS, L. 2007, Landmap Study For The Dyfi Biosphere Reserve, Geological Landscape Layer, TECHNICAL ANNEXE, CCW; MAY, V.J. and HANSOM, J.D. 2003, Geological Conservation Review Series 28, JNCC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2002, Explorer Map OL23 (1:25, 000).

Ynys-hir - Glan-Dyfi
Broad areas of reclaimed mudflats / saltmarsh and some peat (Quaternary, Holocene) bordering the Dyfi estuary on the S side, and between a marginal seawall and the unmodified raised bog of Cors Fecho to the S (Aspect Area 1). Cut by drainage ditches. Includes small 'islands' of Lower Silurian mudrocks at Ty Mawr and Ynys Greigion. Also includes the Dol Celethur area.
Superficial deposits. Stratigraphic formation(s). Past processes
No notable sites/landforms recorded and area reclaimed. Rural area with no significant development.
Ensure that any significant features of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are not lost or damaged (e.g. due to development).
Bounded by undeveloped raised bog to SW and seawall to N.
No notable sites/landforms recorded and area reclaimed.
BBRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989, Sheet 163, 1:50 000 Geological Series;
CAMPBELL, S. and BOWEN, D.Q. 1989, Geological Conservation Review: Quaternary of Wales, NCC; CAVE, R. and HAINS, B.A., 1986, Memoir, 1:50 000 geological sheet 163, HMSO; CHERNS, L. 2007, Landmap Study For The Dyfi Biosphere Reserve, Geological Landscape Layer, TECHNICAL ANNEXE, CCW; MAY, V.J. and HANSOM, J.D. 2003, Geological Conservation Review Series 28, JNCC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2002, Explorer Map OL23 (1:25, 000).
Additional Level 4 features include: Natural crags and inland outcrops.

Llancynfelyn
Low massif of Lower Silurian slaty mudrock bedrock rising above the Cors Fecho raised bog. Comprises low ridges with a SW-NE orientation, rising to around 40 m. Conspicuous mining remains to the NE.
Superficial deposits. Stratigraphic formation(s). Structural features. Other
Slope. Hill top. Coal / mineral spoil tips
Dominantly rural area with limited significant development.
Ensure that any significant features of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are not lost or damaged (e.g. due to development).
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif .
No notable sites/landforms recorded and geology presumed to be widespread.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989, Sheet 163, 1:50 000 Geological Series; CAMPBELL, S. and BOWEN, D.Q. 1989, Geological Conservation Review: Quaternary of Wales, NCC; CAVE, R. and HAINS, B.A., 1986, Memoir, 1:50 000 geological sheet 163, HMSO; CHERNS, L. 2007, Landmap Study For The Dyfi Biosphere Reserve, Geological Landscape Layer, TECHNICAL ANNEXE, CCW; MAY, V.J. and HANSOM, J.D. 2003, Geological Conservation Review Series 28, JNCC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2002, Explorer Map OL23 (1:25, 000).
Additional Level 4 features include: Mine shaft/adit.

Craig y penrhyn
'Island' of folded Silurian bedrock within raised peat bog tract, forming vegetated low mound area elongated along the NE-SW trend of fold axes and bounded to E by NE-SW fault. Rises to around 70 m centrally (the Park area), lower to the N and SW [Cherns 2007, ed. 2009]
Stratigraphic formation(s). Structural features. Superficial deposits
Rural area with no significant development.
Ensure that any significant features of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are not lost or damaged (e.g. due to development).
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif.
No notable sites/landforms recorded and geology presumed to be widespread.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989, Sheet 163, 1:50 000 Geological Series; CAMPBELL, S. and BOWEN, D.Q. 1989, Geological Conservation Review: Quaternary of Wales, NCC; CAVE, R. and HAINS, B.A., 1986, Memoir, 1:50 000 geological sheet 163, HMSO; CHERNS, L. 2007, Landmap Study For The Dyfi Biosphere Reserve, Geological Landscape Layer, TECHNICAL ANNEXE, CCW; MAY, V.J. and HANSOM, J.D. 2003, Geological Conservation Review Series 28, JNCC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2002, Explorer Map OL23 (1:25, 000).
Additional Level 4 features include: Disused quarry.

Morfa Borth
Floodplain and active channel of the Leri river (Quaternary, Holocene) cutting between the bedrock massif of the Staylittle area and the glacial deposit filled valley system SW of Tal-y-bont, etc (Aspect Area 303). River canalised with floodbanksas in approaches the Cors Fechno area although associated alluvial area broadens and forms a level basin in the Morfa Borth area [Modified from Cherns 2007]
River terrace. River channel / canal (artificial). River channel (natural)
Dominantly rural area with limited significant development.
Slight break of slope at edge of river floodplain, etc.
No notable sites/landforms recorded and geology presumed to be widespread.

Dyffryn Clarach
Floodplain and channel of the Afon Clarach. Including broad alluvial area around Dyffryn Clarach. Includes floodplain areas of Aforn Peithyll and Afon Steni tributairies. Flow is general E to W to the sea at Clarach Bay where the valley and floodplains are bounded at by a storm barrier beach. [Cherns 2007, modified]
Gravel / shingle ridge. River channel / canal (artificial). River channel (natural). Flood plain
Dominantly rural area with limited significant development.
Ensure that any significant features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are not lost or damaged (e.g. due to development).
Break of slope at edge of river floodplain / low terrace features.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989, Sheet 163, 1:50 000 Geological Series; CAVE, R. and HAINS, B.A., 1986, Memoir, 1:50 000 geological sheet 163, HMSO; CHERNS, L. 2007, Landmap Study For The Dyfi Biosphere Reserve, Geological Landscape Layer, TECHNICAL ANNEXE, CCW; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 213 (1:25, 000).
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream.

Tre'r Ddol
NE-SW tract (fault bounded and tectonically controlled) of lowland comprising NE-SW folded Lower Silurian mudstones and sandstones, incised by NW draining river valleys. Rises steeply to around 220m, above the Dyfi estuary system to the W [Cherns 2007, modified 2009]
Stratigraphic formation(s). Superficial deposits. Structural features. Active processes. Other
River channel (natural). Coal / mineral spoil tips. Slope. Hill top
Ensure that no significant features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development). Ensure that SSSI features are maintained in favourable condition by implementation of management plans.
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif.
Includes GCR / SSSI features of national / international importance.
BEVINS, R.S. and MASON, J.S. 1997, CCW Contract Science Report 156; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989, Sheet 163, 1:50 000 Geological Series; CAVE, R. and HAINS, B.A., 1986, Memoir, 1:50 000 geological sheet 163, HMSO; CHERNS, L. 2007, Landmap Study For The Dyfi Biosphere Reserve, Geological Landscape Layer, TECHNICAL ANNEXE, CCW; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2002, Explorer Map OL23 (1:25, 000).
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry; Natural crags and inland outcrops; Mine shaft/adit; Marsh/bog/fen.

Tai gwynion
Section dissected lowland plateau - developed over Lower Silurian slaty mudrocks forming low, stream-dissected platform or promontory at the base of the sub-upland area of Banc Mynyddgorddu to the E and to the NE of Bow Street. Rises to around 50 m [Cherns 2007, modified 2009].
Superficial deposits. Structural features. Stratigraphic formation(s). Active processes
Rural area with no significant development.
Ensure that no significant features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development).
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif and junction with valley systems.
Dissected lowland plateau in NE-SW folded Silurian mudstones
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989, Sheet 163, 1:50 000 Geological Series; CAVE, R. and HAINS, B.A., 1986, Memoir, 1:50 000 geological sheet 163, HMSO; CHERNS, L. 2007, Landmap Study For The Dyfi Biosphere Reserve, Geological Landscape Layer, TECHNICAL ANNEXE, CCW; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 213 (1:25, 000).
Additional Level 4 features include: Road/railway cutting.

Foel Goch
Mountain plateau with crags on upper slopes representing the NE-SW folded and faulted, periclinal area of the Upper Ordovician Machynlleth Inlier and overlying Lower Silurian, between the E-W Llyfnant Fault (to the N) and Afon Ceulan river valley (to the S), and bounded to the W by the NE-SW Glandyfi Fault. High ground of plateau and slopes in sandstones with lines of crags. Incised by the steep sided, forested E-W to ESE-WNW Afon Einion and Afon Brwyno valleys. Morainic drift,and peat on uppe
Stratigraphic formation(s). Superficial deposits. Structural features. Past processes. Active processes. Other
Active upland river or stream channel system. Mountain glacial-erosion terrain
Plateau. Moraine. Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). Slope. Hill top. Coal / mineral spoil tips
Rural area with no significant development.
Ensure that no surviving and significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to continuing forestry operations, including by carrying out initial geomorphological surveys to identify such features. Any loss of significant features should be avoided.
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif and junction with valley systems or drift filled depressions or top of steep valley sides to N.
Key section of the Machynlleth Ordovician inlier; with mine sites, natural rock exposures and probably glacial/ periglacial landforms.
BEVINS, R.S. and MASON, J.S. 1997, CCW Contract Science Report 156; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989, Sheet 163, 1:50 000 Geological Series; CAVE, R. and HAINS, B.A., 1986, Memoir, 1:50 000 geological sheet 163, HMSO; CHERNS, L. 2007, Landmap Study For The Dyfi Biosphere Reserve, Geological Landscape Layer, TECHNICAL ANNEXE, CCW; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2002, Explorer Map OL23 (1:25, 000).
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Natural crags and inland outcrops; Mine shaft/adit; Marsh/bog/fen.

Moel Fferm
Extensive upland plateau predominantly in NE-SW folded Lower Silurian slaty mudstones and sandstones, dissected to N and S by steep sided E-W glacial river valleys. Rocky crags common but not as extensive as the Foel Goch area (Aspect Area 11). Includes the E-W promontory-like feature of the Moel Ffrem area and the dissected plateau to the NE, as far as Pen Cregiau ant to the S to the Cymsylog area. Ranges from around 300m to the SW and upto 500 m to the NE. Includes a major concentration of d
Slope. Plateau. Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). Hill top. Coal / mineral spoil tips
Ensure that no surviving and significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to continuing forestry operations, etc, including by carrying out initial geomorphological surveys to identify such features. Any loss of significant features should be avoided.
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif and junction with drift-filled valley systems, etc.
Includes GCR / SSSI features of national / international importance.
BBEVINS, R.S. and MASON, J.S. 1997, CCW Contract Science Report 156; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989, Sheet 163, 1:50 000 Geological Series; CAVE, R. and HAINS, B.A., 1986, Memoir, 1:50 000 geological sheet 163, HMSO; CHERNS, L. 2007, Landmap Study For The Dyfi Biosphere Reserve, Geological Landscape Layer, TECHNICAL ANNEXE, CCW; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 213 (1:25, 000); www.geologywales.co.uk/central-wales-rigs
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Natural crags and inland outcrops; Mine shaft/adit; Marsh/bog/fen.

Llyn Syfydrin
Upland wetland or other depositional basin
Broadly SW-NE orientated low depression in the uplands of the Disgwylfa Fawr - Mynydd March area, SW of the Nant-y-moch reservoir. Includes several lakes ans extensive areas of peat bog (Quaternary, Holocene). Area extensive and links around the reservoir to the Nant Rhuddin, Afon Lleststa and Lyn Conach areas.
Stratigraphic formation(s). Structural features. Active processes. Past processes. Superficial deposits. Other
Active upland river or stream channel system. Ancient upland river / stream systems. Glacial mountain valley
River channel (natural). Slope. Glacial U-shaped valley. Coal / mineral spoil tips
- Ensure that no surviving and significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to continuing forestry operations, etc, including by carrying out initial geomorphological surveys to identify such features. Any loss of significant features should be avoided.
Break of slope at edge of drift filled valley systems
Includes RIGS features of at least regional importance.
BEVINS, R.S. and MASON, J.S. 1997, CCW Contract Science Report 156; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989, Sheet 163, 1:50 000 Geological Series; CAVE, R. and HAINS, B.A., 1986, Memoir, 1:50 000 geological sheet 163, HMSO; CHERNS, L. 2007, Landmap Study For The Dyfi Biosphere Reserve, Geological Landscape Layer, TECHNICAL ANNEXE, CCW; Explorer Map 213 (1:25, 000); www.geologywales.co.uk/central-wales-rigs
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Natural crags and inland outcrops; Mine shaft/adit; Marsh/bog/fen.

Bont Goch
Relatively low and level area (c200m) forming a saddle like feature between high bedrock massifs to the E and W (Aspect areas 12 and 29) and linking the Cyneiniog valleys and the valley to the S in the Bont-goch area. Cut by the incised valley (?melt water channel) of (Coed penybontbren Aspect Area 304). Lower Silurian sandstone-dominated bedrock.
Slope. Plateau. Lake / reservoir (artificial)
Ensure that no significant features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development).
Edges of surrounding valleys, incl. drift infils.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989, Sheet 163, 1:50 000 Geological Series; CAVE, R. and HAINS, B.A., 1986, Memoir, 1:50 000 geological sheet 163, HMSO; CHERNS, L. 2007, Landmap Study For The Dyfi Biosphere Reserve, Geological Landscape Layer, TECHNICAL ANNEXE, CCW; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 213 (1:25, 000);
Additional Level 4 features include: Disused quarry.

Esgair Ffosfudr
NNE-SSW upland area representiing Ordovician Carn Owen inlier pericline in sandstones and mudstones , exposed in lines of crags following strike and in disused quarries. Ridge feature is an elongate along fold axis, cut by fault controlled ENE-WSW valley. Forested across the northern slopes. Disused metalliferous mines and quarries along fault lineaments. [Cherns 2007, edited 2009].
Stratigraphic formation(s). Structural features. Superficial deposits. Past processes. Other
Slope. Ridge. Coal / mineral spoil tips. Hill top
Ensure that no significant features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development). Ensure that RIGS are safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping.
Break of slope at base of Ordocian geology massif.
Ordovician Carn Owen inlier with RIGS features of at least regional importance.
BEVINS, R.S. and MASON, J.S. 1997, CCW Contract Science Report 156; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989, Sheet 163, 1:50 000 Geological Series; CAVE, R. and HAINS, B.A., 1986, Memoir, 1:50 000 geological sheet 163, HMSO; CHERNS, L. 2007, Landmap Study For The Dyfi Biosphere Reserve, Geological Landscape Layer, TECHNICAL ANNEXE, CCW; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 213 (1:25, 000); www.geologywales.co.uk/central-wales-rigs
Additional Level 4 features include: Disused quarry; Natural crags and inland outcrops; Mine shaft/adit.

Cefn yr Esgair
SSW-NNE low ridge feature of Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks within the uplands N of Nany-y-moch reservoir, rising above the surrounding drift-filled basins. Extensive blanket bog cover.
Plateau. Coal / mineral spoil tips. Slope. Hill top. Peat bog
Folded Silurian mudstone succession; disused mineral mines
Ensure that no significant features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development).
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif and junction with valley systems.
BEVINS, R.S. and MASON, J.S. 1997, CCW Contract Science Report 156; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989, Sheet 163, 1:50 000 Geological Series; CAVE, R. and HAINS, B.A., 1986, Memoir, 1:50 000 geological sheet 163, HMSO; CHERNS, L. 2007, Landmap Study For The Dyfi Biosphere Reserve, Geological Landscape Layer, TECHNICAL ANNEXE, CCW; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 213 (1:25, 000).
Additional Level 4 features include: Natural crags and inland outcrops; Mine shaft/adit.

Staylittle
Low domed massif ( up to around 130 m) of NE-SW striking Lower Silurian slaty mudstones at the southern end of the raised peat bog tract of Cors Fechno (Aspect Area 1) W of the NE-SW Tre'r Ddol Fault. Truncated to S by the valley of the Afon Leri. Includews disused mine waste tips, mainly derived from workings in adjacent Banc Ty-hen ridge (Aspect Area 23) [Cherns 2007, edited 2009]
Stratigraphic formation(s). Superficial deposits. Structural features. Past processes. Active processes
Alluvial fan (ancient). Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). Slope. Hill top. Coal / mineral spoil tips
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif and junction with valley systems / base of ridge to E.
BEVINS, R.S. and MASON, J.S. 1997, CCW Contract Science Report 156; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989, Sheet 163, 1:50 000 Geological Series; CAVE, R. and HAINS, B.A., 1986, Memoir, 1:50 000 geological sheet 163, HMSO; CHERNS, L. 2007, Landmap Study For The Dyfi Biosphere Reserve, Geological Landscape Layer, TECHNICAL ANNEXE, CCW; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 213 (1:25, 000);

Upper Borth
Undulating massif of Lower Silurian sandstone dominated rocks between the Leri and Clarach valleys. Steep valley slopes to E along drift filled valley. Head deposits on valley slopes. Rises to around 160-170 m with plateau-like surface. Includes internal glacvial clay filled depression (Aspect Area 27) [Cherns 2007, modified].
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif and junction with valley systems.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989, Sheet 163, 1:50 000 Geological Series; CAVE, R. and HAINS, B.A., 1986, Memoir, 1:50 000 geological sheet 163, HMSO; CHERNS, L. 2007, Landmap Study For The Dyfi Biosphere Reserve, Geological Landscape Layer, TECHNICAL ANNEXE, CCW; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 213 (1:25, 000).
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream.

Afon Dyfi / Traeth Maelgwyn
Extensive area of intertidal mudflats and sand - up to 1 km wide in places - on the S side of the Dyfi estuary with the main river channel marking its northern margin. Small intertidal channels link to terrestrial streams, etc, to the S (Quaternary, Hoocene).
Mud-dominated foreshore. River channel (natural). Sand / shingle foreshore
Maintain natural systems and ensure that no features or deposits of geomorphological or geological significance are damaged or destroyed.
County boundary to N, edge main saltmarsh development to S.
Part of the important Dyfi estuary system showing features related to the geomorphology of adjacent SSSI.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989, Sheet 163, 1:50 000 Geological Series; CAVE, R. and HAINS, B.A., 1986, Memoir, 1:50 000 geological sheet 163, HMSO; CHERNS, L. 2007, Landmap Study For The Dyfi Biosphere Reserve, Geological Landscape Layer, TECHNICAL ANNEXE, CCW; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2002, Explorer Map OL23 (1:25, 000); MAY, V.J. and HANSOM, J.D. 2003, Geological Conservation Review Series 28, JNCC.

Comins Coch
Realtively low and gentle slopes on the E side of the Aberystwyth bedrock massif, dominated by glacial clays with some moraine (Quaternary, Pleistocene). Some low areas of Lower Silurian sandstone-dominated bedrock emerge.
Ensure that no significant features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry).
Break of slope at edge drift filled valley systems below and soild geology massif above.
; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989, Sheet 163, 1:50 000 Geological Series; CAVE, R. and HAINS, B.A., 1986, Memoir, 1:50 000 geological sheet 163, HMSO; CHERNS, L. 2007, Landmap Study For The Dyfi Biosphere Reserve, Geological Landscape Layer, TECHNICAL ANNEXE, CCW; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 213 (1:25, 000).

Clarach cwm (S)
Gently sloping terrace-like feature of glacial and periglacial deposits (Quaternary, Pleistocene) on the S side of the Clarach valley immediate E of the coast at Clarach Bay.
Break of slope at edge river/ floodplain /terrace/ solid geology massif.
; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989, Sheet 163, 1:50 000 Geological Series; CAVE, R. and HAINS, B.A., 1986, Memoir, 1:50 000 geological sheet 163, HMSO; CHERNS, L. 2007, Landmap Study For The Dyfi Biosphere Reserve, Geological Landscape Layer, TECHNICAL ANNEXE, CCW; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 213 (1:25, 000).

Ffynnon Caradog
Hill of Lower Silurian sandstone-dominated bedrock, forming part of the Aberystwyth massif (Asoect Area 265, etc), separated from the latter by a glacial deposits filled valley (part of Aspect Area 20). Steepest slopes tot the N and E, the former rising above the Clarach valley.
Ensure that no significant features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry).
; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989, Sheet 163, 1:50 000 Geological Series; CAVE, R. and HAINS, B.A., 1986, Memoir, 1:50 000 geological sheet 163, HMSO; CHERNS, L. 2007, Landmap Study For The Dyfi Biosphere Reserve, Geological Landscape Layer, TECHNICAL ANNEXE, CCW; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 213 (1:25, 000).

Banc Ty-hen
SSW-NNE ridge like feature forming the E part of the Staylittle massif, and rising steeply above Tal-y-bont to the E. prominent western face is faulted. Extensive former metal mining.
Ensure that no significant features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry).
Break of slope at base of solid geology ridge.
BEVINS, R.S. and MASON, J.S. 1997, CCW Contract Science Report 156; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989, Sheet 163, 1:50 000 Geological Series; CAVE, R. and HAINS, B.A., 1986, Memoir, 1:50 000 geological sheet 163, HMSO; CHERNS, L. 2007, Landmap Study For The Dyfi Biosphere Reserve, Geological Landscape Layer, TECHNICAL ANNEXE, CCW; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 213 (1:25, 000).
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Natural crags and inland outcrops; Mine shaft/adit;.

Hen Gaer - Pen-rhiw-newydd
Two parallel, E-W ridge-like promontaries developed between W flowing (?glacial) valleys. Surface plateau like and together they form a terrace-like feature at the base of part of the upland of Aspect Area 11. Soiuthern and shorter promontary developed between the Sebi valley and the stream which flows through the Cwmefyn area and the longer northern promontory includes the mines of the Pen-rhiw-newydd area. Lower Silurian slaty mudrock bedrock, rising to around 230 + m in the E.
Stratigraphic formation(s). Superficial deposits. Active processes. Past processes. Other
Slope. Hill top. Coal / mineral spoil tips
BEVINS, R.S. and MASON, J.S. 1997, CCW Contract Science Report 156; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989, Sheet 163, 1:50 000 Geological Series; CAVE, R. and HAINS, B.A., 1986, Memoir, 1:50 000 geological sheet 163, HMSO; CHERNS, L. 2007, Landmap Study For The Dyfi Biosphere Reserve, Geological Landscape Layer, TECHNICAL ANNEXE, CCW; O ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 213 (1:25, 000).
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Mine shaft/adit..

Allt Dderw - Banc y Gwmryn
Low terrace-like features developed on Lower Silurian slaty mudrocks to the W of the Darren massif (Aspect Area 299), cut by central broadly E to W valley. Northern part (Allt Dderw), promontary-like, with levelled surface at around 140m; southern area more stream dissected, rising to around 115 m and includes the knoll-lik sandstone dominated feature of Banc y Gwmryn and the glacial-clay filled depression of the Llwyniorwerfa area.
Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry).
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Marsh/bog/fen.

Llechwedd Gwinau
Relatively short SSW-NNE ridge of Lower Silurian slaty mudrocks between the Nant-y-moch reservoir (to E) and the Carn Owen Ordovicain inlier (to W). Includes some rocky crags.
Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry).
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry; Natural crags and inland outcrops.

Rhyd-Meirionydd
Broad glacial clay (Quaternary, Pleistocene) filled area of valleys within the Upper Borth bedrock massif (Aspect Area 18). Very gently sloping, joining the main Clarach valley to the S (although breached by the sea at Wallog and W of Moelcerni.
Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry).
Break of slope at edge of drift filled valley systems.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream

Coed Rhosgellan-fach
Hill of Lower Silurian sandstone dominated bedrock on the N side of the Clarach valley, adjacent to the coast at Clarach Bay. Forms part of the Upper Borth massif (Aspect Area 18) but separated by glacial deposit filled valleys. Steep sided to E and cut by the sea to the W, with coastal slope development.
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif and junction with valley systems / coast.

Banc Mynyddgorddu
Upland massif, developed in Lower Silurian sandstones and slty mudrocks between the Leri valley to the N and the Bont-goch valley to the S. and rising to around 312 m. Western slopes relatively gentle but steep wher cut by valleys to the NE and E - deeply incised in the latter area. Top levels of but includes galcail caly filled depression of the Waun Wyddyl area.
Stratigraphic formation(s). Superficial deposits. Active processes. Past processes. Other
Slope. Hill top. Coal / mineral spoil tips
Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry). Ensure that RIGS are safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping.
Includes RIGS features of at least regional importance.
BEVINS, R.S. and MASON, J.S. 1997, CCW Contract Science Report 156; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989, Sheet 163, 1:50 000 Geological Series; CAVE, R. and HAINS, B.A., 1986, Memoir, 1:50 000 geological sheet 163, HMSO; CHERNS, L. 2007, Landmap Study For The Dyfi Biosphere Reserve, Geological Landscape Layer, TECHNICAL ANNEXE, CCW; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 213 (1:25, 000); www.geologywales.co.uk/central-wales-rigs
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry; Mine shaft/adit.

Cardigan Island
Rocky-cliffed island close to the coast of SW Ceredigian. Composed of Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks.
Cliff. Wave-cut platform. Sea-cave / cave. Hill top
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2003, Sheet 193 (part Sheet 210,) 1:50,000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. et al. 2003, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 193 (part Sheet 210), NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Explorer Map 198 (1:25, 000).

Albro
Isolated block of Credigion on the W side of the Teifgi estuary, NW of St Dogmaels. Comprises sloping terrain, falling from around 140m to just above sea level, with steep slopes at its base. Surface largely blanketed by glacial deposits (Quaternary, Pleistocene , with Ordovician slaty mudrocks below.
County boundary to W/SW and base slope to NE
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2003, Sheet 193 (part Sheet 210,) 1:50,000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. et al. 2003, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 193 (part Sheet 210), NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Explorer Map 198 (1:25, 000).
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream

Manian
Low sloping platform on the W side of the Teifi estuary and at the base of the Albro area; cut by an incised valley to the N. Dominated by glacial deposits (Quaternary, Pleistocene) .
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2003, Sheet 193 (part Sheet 210,) 1:50,000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. et al. 2003, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 193 (part Sheet 210), NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Explorer Map 198 (1:25, 000).

Trenewydd
Section of Ceredigion to the W of the Teifi estuary and S of St Dogmaels Comprises a small section of plateau-like area at around 180m with relatively steep basal slopes to the E, rising above the valley. Dominated by Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks with significant areas of glacial deposits above (Quaternary, Pleistocene).
County boundary to W, base of slope to E.
Additional Level 4 features include: Disused quarry.

Glanpwllafon
Incised valley and steep cliff-like feature cut into Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks of the E part of the Trenewydd area (Aspect Area 33). Marks the edge of an extensive glacial deposit filled basin the the E.
Break of slope at top and base of steep incised sides of valley system.

Bridgend
Gently sloping feature at the base of the Trenewydd massif, on the S side of the Teifi estuary, opposite Cardigan. Dominated by glacial clays (Quaternary, Pleistocene).
No notable sites/landforms recorded and area partly developed.
Base of slope to SW, edge of river channel to N.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream

Towyn Warren
Former sand dune system (Quaternary, Holocene) on the E side of the Teifi estuary, now largely vegetated and with a golf course. Includes a short sand spit feature on the E side of the river mouth.
Active sand dune. Stabilised sand dune. Spit . Slope. Engineered topography
Ensure that no further features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry).
Margins of sand dune system / rough grassland area.
No notable sites/landforms recorded and area partly developed with golf course.

Teifi estuary
Estuary of the Teifi, from the Normal Tide Limit (NTL) to the sea (Quaternary, Holocene). Higher part narrow and within narrow bedrock gorge, expanding in the Rosehill marsh area and developing areas of intertidal sand banks, and thence past Cardigan, becoming funnel shaped. Latter area includes sandbanks marginal minor saltmarsh and some areas of shingle. Mouth of estuary slightly narrows due to the development of short sand spits to the W and E.
Sand / shingle foreshore. Marsh / saltmarsh. River channel (natural)
Relatively natural estuary system without significant development.
Maintain natural systems and ensure that no further features or deposits of geomorphological or geological significance are damaged or destroyed.

Aberporth
Broad NNW orientated glacial clay filled coastal valley system, including side streams... Includes most of urban Aberporth...
Slope. Spring. Urban / industrial development
Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e...g... due to development or forestry)...
Break of slope at edge of drift filled valley system ...
No notable sites/landforms recorded and area partly developed...
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006a, Sheet 194, 1:50,000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J...R... 2007a, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 194, NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Explorer Map 198 (1:25, 000)...

Felinwynt
Extensive area of coastal higher ground to the N and E of the Cardigan depression and formed of Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks. Rises to around 130-150m in the W and around 170 m+ to the N and 130-140m to the E. Dissected by stream valleys, some with significant glacial clay infill, and bounded to the N by the coast and to the SW and E by such valleys.
Coastal slope. Slope. Hill top. Spring. Urban / industrial development. Engineered topography
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif and junction with valley systems and coast.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2003, Sheet 193 (part Sheet 210,) 1:50,000 Geological Series; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006a, Sheet 194, 1:50,000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007a, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 194, NERC; DAVIES, J.R. et al. 2003, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 193 (part Sheet 210), NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Explorer Map 198 (1:25, 000).

Cardigan
Area of intensive urban development: few natural features remain.
None appropriate. Area of intensive urban development: few natural features remain.

Rhyd-y-fuwch
Broad basin within which sits Cardigan. Terrain undulating and and dominated by glacial clays with glacial lake deposits to the S (Quaternary, Pleistocene). Heavily dissected by small stream valleys with local low mounds of Ordovician slaty mudrock bedrock.
Slope. Hill top. Urban / industrial development
Break of slope at edge of drift filled vale below and escarpment to N and river to S.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2003, Sheet 193 (part Sheet 210,) 1:50,000 Geological Series; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006a, Sheet 194, 1:50,000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007a, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 194, NERC; DAVIES, J.R. et al. 2003, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 193 (part Sheet 210), NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Explorer Map 198 (1:25, 000).
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Marsh/bog/fen.

Trebared - Ferwig
Raised area N and NE of Cardigan, but below the Felinwynt massif (Aspect Area 39). Dominated by glacial clay (Quaternary, Pleistocene) but with areas of Ordovician bedrock emerging. Varies from around 70 m in the S to around 130 in the N, but generally forms a sloping platform at around 100-130 m and cut by streams.
Break of slope below and above platform-like feature.

Pentwd marsh
Samll area (within Ceredigion) of larger drift-filled basin, below the steep slopes of the Glanpwllafon area to the W (Aspect Area 34). Includes both glacial, periglacial and alluvial deposits (Quaternary, Pleistocene-Holocene).
County boundary and base of slope to W and river to N.
Additional Level 4 features include: Marsh/bog/fen.

Penyparc
Irregular surfaced platform-like feature marking the Northern part of the Cardigan depression. Dominated by fluvioglcail sand and gravel (Quaternary, Pleistocene), which has been exploited in numerous pits.
Slope. Hill top. Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit. Urban / industrial development
Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry). Ensure that SSSI features are maintained in favourable condition by implementation of management plans.
Base of platform-like feature dominated by fluvioglacial sand and gravel.
Includes GCR / SSSI features of national / international importance.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2003, Sheet 193 (part Sheet 210,) 1:50,000 Geological Series; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006a, Sheet 194, 1:50,000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007a, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 194, NERC; DAVIES, J.R. et al. 2003, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 193 (part Sheet 210), NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Explorer Map 198 (1:25, 000).

Tresaith
Relatively short NW flowing glacial clay (Quaternary, Pleistocene) filled coastal valley floor. Passing to the sea at Tresith and occupied by the Afon Saith. Relatively broad, but stream-dissected floor.
Break of slope at edge of drift filled valley system below and escarpment above.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006a, Sheet 194, 1:50,000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007a, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 194, NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Explorer Map 198 (1:25, 000).

Llandygwydd
Glacial lake deposit (Quaternary, Pleistocene) filled short valleys on the N side of the Teifi in the Llandygwydd area and linked by a narrow apron of similar deposits... Western valley has steep incised sides above...
Rural area with no significant development...
Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e...g... due to development or forestry)...
Break of slope at edge of drift filled valley system below and valley sides / escarpment above...
No notable sites/landforms recorded and geology presumed to be widespread...
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006a, Sheet 194, 1:50,000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J...R... 2007a, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 194, NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Explorer Map 198 (1:25, 000)...

Blaenporth
Broad N-S vale filled with glacial clays (Quaternary, Pleistocene , developed within a depression within the Felinwynt, etc bedrock massif (Aspect Area 39). Cut by streams - occasional with marginal landslips - and with some areas of bog. Cut by and incised cwm of the Afon Hirwaun to the S (Aspect Area 53, part).
Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry). Ensure that RIGS are safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping.
Break of slope at edge of drift filled valley system below and valley sides / escarpment above.
Includes RIGS features of at least regional importance.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006a, Sheet 194, 1:50,000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007a, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 194, NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Explorer Map 198 (1:25, 000).

Cwm-coll
Glacial lake deposit (Quaternary, Pleistocene) dominated level floor of an abandoned incised meander of the Teifi river. Dissected by streams. Includes the linked glacial deposit filled Brongwyn valley to the N. Valley is blocked by glacial moraine N of Cenarth.
Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry). Assess RIGS potential of features associated with glacially diverted Teifi river valley.
Break of slope at edge of drift filled valley system below and valley sides / escarpment above.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006a, Sheet 194, 1:50,000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007a, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 194, NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Explorer Map 198 (1:25, 000).

Pen-y-Graig
Isolated short N-S ridge of Upper Ordovician slaty mudrock bedrock representing a former spur on the inside of the abandoned meander of Aspect Area 48 (Cwm-coll), now cut by the diverted, gorge-like course of the Afon Teifi to the S.
Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry). Ensure that SSSI features are maintained in favourable condition by implementation of management plans.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006a, Sheet 194, 1:50,000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007a, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 194, NERC; GREGORY, K.J. (ed.) 1997, Geological Conservation Review Series 13, JNCC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Explorer Map 198 (1:25, 000).

Afon Teifi
Typically broad floodplain and meandering channel of the Afon Teifi (Quaternary, Holocene) from the Tregaron area past Lampeter, Llandysul and Newcastle Emylyn to the tidal limit near Cilgeran, SE of Cardigan. Includes incised, gorge-like sections cutting into bedrock near Cenarth and downstream in the Cilgeran area.
Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry). Ensure that SSSI features are maintained in favourable condition by implementation of management plans.
Break of slope at edge river floodplain / low terrace.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2003, Sheet 193 (part Sheet 210,) 1:50,000 Geological Series; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2007, Sheet 211, 1:50,000 Geological Series; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006a, Sheet 194, 1:50,000 Geological Series; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006b, Sheet 195, 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. et al. 2003, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 193 (part Sheet 210), NERC; DAVIES, J.R. 2007a, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 194, NERC; DAVIES, J.R. 2007b, Sheet explana
Additional Level 4 features include: Meander.

Wenallt
Isolated short N-S ridge of Upper Ordovician slaty mudrock bedrock within the Teifi valley system with a glacial deposit blocked area to the N (Aspect Area 48: Cwm-coll) and the active river and floodplain to the S (Aspect Area 50).
Part of glacially diverted Teifi river valley. Assess RIGS potential of features associated with glacially diverted Teifi river valley. Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry) and ensure that potential RIGS are safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping.
Part of glacially diverted Teifi river valley. Assess RIGS potential of features associated with glacially diverted Teifi river valley.

Cwm Du-Ally pen-lan
Incised northern sides of the narrow Teifi gorge between Llechryd and the Rosehill area, cut into Upper Ordovician slaty mudrock bedrock (forming platform feature with glacial lake deposits of Aspect Area 41, part).
Break of slope at top and base of steep incised sides of valley system.

Cwm Hirwaun
Steeply incised sides of the N to S, Hirwaun valley / cwm and linked sides on the N of the Teifi valley in the Stradmore area to the SW, and above the abandoned meander of the Cwm coll area to the SE (Aspect Area 48). Cut into Upper Ordovician slaty mudrock bedrock.
Part of glacially diverted Teifi river valley. Assess RIGS potential of features associated with glacially diverted Teifi river valley.Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry). Ensure that potential RIGS are safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping.
Break of slope at top and base of steep incised sides of valley system.
Part of glacially diverted Teifi river valley. Assess RIGS potential of features associated with glacially diverted Teifi river valley.

Henllan
Complex of three glacial lake deposit (Quaternary, Pleistocene) filled valleys, with steep incised sides above, converging on the Henllan area and hence joining the main Teifi valley. Latter area broad and gently undulating forming a terrace-like feature on the N side of the latter valley.
Break of slope at edge of drift filled valley system below and valley sides / escarpment above.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006a, Sheet 194, 1:50,000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007a, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 194, NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a, Explorer Map 185 (1:25, 000); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Explorer Map 198 (1:25, 000).

Cwm Bachnog
Steep incised cwm of the SW flowing Nant Bachnog on the N side of the Teifi, E of Henllan. Cut into Upper Ordovician slaty mudrock bedrock. Includes narrow level area near base probably with some glacial deposits.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006a, Sheet 194, 1:50,000 Geological Series; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2007, Sheet 211, 1:50,000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007a, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 194, NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Explorer Map 198 (1:25, 000).www.geologywales.co.uk/central-wales-rigs

Afon Ceri
Floodplain and active channel of broadly SW flowing river system (Quaternary, Holocene). Initially broadly sinuous and narrow but enters straighter SW orientated steep sided section near Cwmcon where the floodplain is wider and meanders well developed. Dissected terrace remnants conspicuous in the latter area.
River channel (natural). Flood plain. River terrace. Spring
Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry). Ensure that potential RIGS are safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping. Assess RIGS potential of features associated with river terraces etc.
Break of slope at edge river floodplain /terrace.
Well developed meandering course with preserved river terrace features.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006a, Sheet 194, 1:50,000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007a, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 194, NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a, Explorer Map 185 (1:25, 000); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Explorer Map 198 (1:25, 000).
Additional Level 4 features include: Meander.

Rhydlewis
Extensive area of glacial deposits (Quaternary, Pleistocene) blanketing the E side of the Ceri valley and filling linked cwms to the N and SW of the Rhydlewis area. Slopes relatively gentle compared to the those of the steep bedrock massif above.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Marsh/bog/fen.

Moffnant
Broad glacial clay (Quaternary, Pleistocene) fill to a coastal valley which passes broadly westwards to the sea at Penbryn. Trregular surface due to dissection by streams, bedrock sisdes above local steep.

Pontgarreg
Broad glacial clay (Quaternary, Pleistocene) fill to a coastal L-shaped valley which passes ultimately westwards to the sea in the Llangrannog area. Bowl-shaped section to valley with streams cutting into fill.
No regionally significant sites/ landforms noted during present survey and geology/ geomorphology considered to be typical of feature/ process and is either widespread, better exposed elsewhere or not currently known to be exceptional.

Morfa
Undulating coastal area of Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks, up to around 155 m, with glacial deposits in hollows.
Base of escarpment above and top of cliffs etc below.
No regionally significant sites/ landforms noted during present survey and geology/ geomorphology considered to be typical of feature/ process and is either widespread, better exposed elsewhere or not currently known to be exceptional.

Helyg
Section of undulating slopes between the Aberporth and Tresaith valleys, falling from the escarpment at the base of Felinwynt area (Aspect Area 39) at around 130m towards the coast.. Upper Ordovician slaty mudrock bedrock.
Top of cliff etc and base escarpment above and edge valley system to W and E.
No regionally significant sites/ landforms noted during present survey and geology/ geomorphology considered to be typical of feature/ process and is either widespread, better exposed elsewhere or not currently known to be exceptional.

Ty-hen
Small section of undulating slopes between the Tresaith and Penbryn valleys, falling from the escarpment at the base of Brynhoffnant area (Aspect Area 70) at around 130m towards the coast.. Upper Ordovician slaty mudrock bedrock.
Top of cliff etc and base escarpment above and edge valley system to W and E.

Afon Medeni
Glacial clay (Quaternary, Pleistocene) fill of the Afon Medui valley and cwms. Valley directed to the SE, cwms W to E.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006a, Sheet 194, 1:50,000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007a, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 194, NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a, Explorer Map 185 (1:25, 000); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Explorer Map 198 (1:25, 000).

Brynduiddef
Steep sided bedrock massif of Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks between the Teifi and Ceri valleys at their confluence; rises to around 110m). Isolated to the E from similar geology by a glacial deposit filled valley (part of Asprct Area 68). NW face incised by the Ceri valley (Aspect Area 56).
Part of glacially diverted Teifi river valley. Assess RIGS potential of features associated with glacially diverted Teifi river valley
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006a, Sheet 194, 1:50,000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007a, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 194, NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a, Explorer Map 185 (1:25, 000);

Cwm Ceri (S
Steep incised slopes and cwms on the N side of the Ceri valley between its confluence with the Teifi at Cwm-con and Dolgoch. Includes the mid-valley small knoll of Ddinos with a glacial deposit blocked former channel to its W (Ddinos represents a former spur on the inside of an incised meander, now cut by a new, gorge-like river course. Upper Ordovician slaty mudrock bedrock.
Part of glacially diverted Teifi river valley. Assess RIGS potential of features associated with glacially diverted Teifi river valley.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006a, Sheet 194, 1:50,000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007a, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 194, NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a, Explorer Map 185 (1:25, 000).

Glynarthen cwms
Gently sloping and broad glacial clay (Quaternary, Pleistocene) fill of the valley and side cwms of the Afon Dulas tributary of the Afon Ceri. Broadly N to S flow then directed to the SE (as Aspect Area 63).

Cwm Wern
Steep, incised slopeson the W side of Cwm Wern, northwards from Llandyfiog, and linked slopes on the N side of the Teifi to the SW,
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006a, Sheet 194, 1:50,000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007a, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 194, NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a, Explorer Map 185 (1:25, 000).
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry

Adpar
Mixed glacial deposit (Quaternary, Pleistocene) infill of a former course of the Afon Ceri E of the Brynduiddef knoll (Aspect Area 64) (river now diverted to the SW). Diversion has produced platform feature on the E side of the Ceri in the Ddinas area, effectively a section of 'hanging' valley floor. Also includes a gently sloping terrace-like feature on the N side of the Teifi in the Adpar area.
Sand and gravel. Boulder clay/till. Other
Partly developed area but natural features remain.
Assess RIGS potential of features associated with glacially diverted Teifi river valley. Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry).
Break of slope at edge river floodplain /terrace below and solid geology massif above.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006a, Sheet 194, 1:50,000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007a, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 194, NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a, Explorer Map 185 (1:25, 000).

Cwm Gwylan - Cwm Cwerclyr
Incised sides and cwms of the dendritic and S flowing Gwyland and Cwer clyr valleys, N of Henllan on the N side of the Teifi. Includes a linked section of similar steep slopes on the N side of then Teifi in the Berthyfed area. . Upper Ordovician slaty mudrock bedrock.
Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry). Ensure that RIGS are safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006a, Sheet 194, 1:50,000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007a, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 194, NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Explorer Map 198 (1:25, 000); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a, Explorer Map 185 (1:25, 000).

Brynhoffnant
Sub-upland massif of Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks rising to just under 240 m. Steep sided with escarpment feature to the N and NW, flattening above at 220 - 240 m. Dissected by valleys to the S and includes a small glacial clay filled cwms, including in the Brithdiw area.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry

Gwbert - Aberporth
Steep rock cliffs of Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks between Gwbert on the E side of the Teifi estuary and Aberporth, dominantly trending W-E and N facing. Shore narrow to virtually absent and rocky, with very few small areas of beach deposits. Stacks and sea-caves present
Cliff. Wave-cut platform. Sea-cave / cave. Island. Sand / shingle foreshore. Sand beach. Coastal slope. Waterfall / rapids
Mainly natural undefended coastline with limited coastal defence, etc.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2003, Sheet 193 (part Sheet 210,) 1:50,000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. et al. 2003, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 193 (part Sheet 210), BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006a, Sheet 194, 1:50,000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007a, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 194, NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Explorer Map 198 (1:25, 000).

Aberporth - Llangrannog
Rock cliffs and narrow rocky foreshore in Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks with several sandy coves, between Aberporth anf Llangrannog, Includes the large sand beach of Traeth Penbryn and areas of steep coastal slope and coastal cwms associated with the cliffs. From W to E cliff facing turns from northwards to NW facing.
Cliff. Wave-cut platform. Sea-cave / cave. Sand / shingle foreshore. Sand beach. Coastal slope. Waterfall / rapids
Mainly natural undefended coastline with limited coastal defence, etc.
Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry). Ensure that SSSI features are maintained in favourable condition by implementation of management plan.

Trwyn Cron - New Quay
Coastal rock cliff, mainly very narrow to absent rocky shore and steep coastal slope between New Quay and E of Ynys Lochtyn. Dominantly NW facing and with few coves, etc with small areas of beach deposits. Lower Silurian sandstone-dominated bedrock.
Cliff. Wave-cut platform. Boulder. Sand / shingle foreshore. Sand beach. Waterfall / rapids
Mainly natural undefended coastline with limited coastal defence, etc.
Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry). Ensure that SSSI features are maintained in favourable condition by implementation of management plans and ensure that RIGS are safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping.
Includes GCR / SSSI features of national / international importance and RIGS features of at least regional importance.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006a, Sheet 194, 1:50,000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007a, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 194, NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Explorer Map 198 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006c, Sheet 177, 1:50 000 Geological Series;

New Quay - little Quay Bays
Sandy foreshore of broadly arcuate New Quay Bay and Little Quay Bay fronting glacial clay-dominated cliffs (Quaternary, Pleistocene-Holocene). Includes the well developed alluvial fan of the Euphates, which separates the bays, acting as a 'hard point' and therefore contributing to the development of their characteristic shapes.
Cliff. Sand / shingle foreshore. Sand beach. Coastal slope. Alluvial fan (active). Coastal defence works

Pentregat - Cross Inn
Extensive area of higher ground formed by Lower Silurian sandstones and slaty mudrocks, rising from the coast to the NW at around 100-200 m to around 240-250 m to the SE. Dissected by several incised valleys, cutting north-westwards to the coast. Coastwarsd slop not continuous and is locally step-like, with incipient platform-like features at c. 170-190m and again at around 260m with steeper areas between.
Stratigraphic formation(s). Active processes. Past processes
Slope. Hill top. Spring. Urban / industrial development
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry

: Fothau - Fynnonddewi - Soden cwms
Deeply incised valleys flowing N to NW to the coast in the Cwmtydu area, cutting into the Lower Silurian sandstone-dominated bedrock of the Pentregat - Cross Inn area (Aspect Area 75). Includes some areas of glacial clays, etc in the floors of the lower part of the valleys.
Break of slope at top and base of steep valley sides.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry; Natural crags and inland outcrops.

Nant Ddu cwm
Incised sides and associated side cwms on the S side of the Llangranog valley, immediately E of the coast. Cut into Upper Ordovician and Lower Silurian slaty mudrocks with some sandstone.
Break of slope at top and base of steep valley sides.

Cwmhawen
Incised sides of the upper part of the Nant Howen valley, above a wide area of glacial deposit infill... Cut into Lower Silurian slaty mudrocks...
Rural area with no significant development...
Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e...g... due to development or forestry)...
Break of slope at top and base of steep valley sides...
No regionally significant sites/ landforms noted during present survey and geology/ geomorphology considered to be typical of feature/ process and is either widespread, better exposed elsewhere or not currently known to be exceptional...

Bannau Duon
Area of sloping terrain, descending from the base of the escarpment of the upland ridge of the Allr du area (at around 180-200m; Aspect Area 89) to the Llanarth area - steeper above and levelling out below. Developed in Lower Silurian sandstone dominated bedrock with glacial clay mantle to the W.
Top of coastal slope, valleys to NW and SE and local escarpments.

New Quay - Llanarth - Oakford
Broad depression and linked valley floors between Lower Silurian bedrock massifs, with glacial deposit fill, especially clays (Quaternary, Pleistocene). Includes the New Quay coastal valley system, the broad low area around Oakford and extends as far as the Aeron valley in the Neuadd-Llwyd area.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006a, Sheet 194, 1:50,000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007a, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 194, NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Explorer Map 198 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006c, Sheet 177, 1:50 000 Geological Series;

Beillen cwm
Incised sides of a steep, glacial drift floored valley feeding into the New Quay area (tributary of the Euphrates). Cut into Lower Silurian sandstone dominated bedrock.
Break of slope at top and base of steep valley sides.

Halen cwm
Incised sides of a steep, glacial drift floored valley immediately S of New Quay. Cut into Lower Silurian sandstone dominated bedrock.

Dryw cwm - Llaingarreglwyd
Steep coastal slope and contiguous short, incised sections of valleys sides (e.g. to the E of the Euphrates in the Llarn garneglwyd and Allt Oernant areas. Cut into Lower Silurian sandstone dominated bedrock.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006a, Sheet 194, 1:50,000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007a, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 194, NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Explorer Map 198 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006c, Sheet 177, 1:50 000 Geological Series;

Aberaeron cwms (W)
Steep incised valley sides on the W of the Afon Aeron to the S of Aberaeroon as far as the Neuadd-Lwyd area. Cut into Lower Silurian sandstone dominated bedrock.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Explorer Map 198 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006c, Sheet 177, 1:50 000 Geological Series;

Henfynyw
Gently sloping, platform (at 130 -170m) on the W side and cut by the Aeron valley, S of Aberaeron, and rising slightly above the glacial clay filled basin to the SW (Aspect Area 80). Bedrock is Lower Silurian sandstone dominated.
Slope. Hill top. Urban / industrial development
Break of slope around solid geology massif and junction with valley systems.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006a, Sheet 194, 1:50,000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007a, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 194, NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Explorer Map 198 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006c, Sheet 177, 1:50 000 Geological Series.

Aberaeron
Broad coastal platform dominated by alluvial deposits to the SW and glacial cly to the NE (Quaternary, Pleistocene-Holocene). Gently sloping to the NE, rising up to around 25 m in places, with low 'soft' cliff seaward. Includes Aberaeron town.
Edge of coastal cliff and base of steep slope landward.
NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Explorer Map 198 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006c, Sheet 177, 1:50 000 Geological Series.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream;

Mydr cwm
Steep, incised valley, cutting E of N to the Aeron valley in the Neuadd-Llwyd area from uplands to the S. Cut into Lower Silurian sandstone dominated bedrock.

Talgarreg - Mydroilyn
Area of glacial clay (Quaternary, Pleistocene) valley infill in the Mydroilyn valley area and linked valley fills to the S to the Cletwyn valley in the Talgarreg area. Former area relatively low but broad, developed between bedrock massifs to the W and E. Uneven surface is due to downcutting by streams, with wetland areas developing. Tne Talgarreg area is similar broad but includes a significant area of fluvial alluvium. Two areas linked by a narrow, steep sided valley cutting through the upla

Allt ddu
Broadly SW-NE ridge feature of Lower Silurian slandstones and slaty mudrocks with flattened top at around 300 m to the SW and 280-270 to the NE. Forms a NW facing escarpment, rising above lower ground of the Aberaeron area. Ridge is a watershed and the SE side is dissected by several cwms, flowing to the SE.
Slope. Hill top. Scarp slope. Coal / mineral spoil tips
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006a, Sheet 194, 1:50,000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007a, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 194, NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Explorer Map 198 (1:25, 000). www.geologywales.co.uk/central-wales-rigs

Maesymeillion
NW-SE ridge of Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks between the Cletwr and Cerdin valleys, rising to around 280-290 m in the NW and 230-150 m to the SE. SW sides incised by five sub-parallel, broadly SW flowing tributary valleys of the Cerdin; NE slopes less dissected. Includes a narrow and lower, terrace-like area on the N side of the Teifiin the Cefn Ilan fawr area at arpund 160 m.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006a, Sheet 194, 1:50,000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007a, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 194, NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Explorer Map 198 (1:25, 000). ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a, Explorer Map 185 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2007, Sheet 211, 1:50,000 Geological Series.

Rhyd-wen cwm - Darren
Broad glacial clay (Quaternary, Pleistocene) dominated low area to the W of the upper part of the Cletwr valley, SW of Talgarreg. Includes the relatively narrow WNW-ESE cwm fill of the Rhid-wen area.
Ensure that pGCR site is notified as an SSSI and maintained in favourable condition by implementation of management plans
Cletwr proposed GCR site (SN411500) (Pleistocene / Quaternary of Wales) (Ross et al. 2006)
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006a, Sheet 194, 1:50,000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007a, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 194, NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Explorer Map 198 (1:25, 000). ROSS, N. et al. 2006, Contract Science Report No: 668, CCW.

Bwlch-y-fadfa
Promontary-like feature within a branch of the Cletwr valley system, N of Rhydowen, and below an escarpment of the Rhos Garn Whilgarn - Caledrhydian area (Aspect Area 114). Dominated by Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks, and cut into by the valleys to the W and E fromeing steep, incised slopes. Rises to 208 m centrally, with a narrow, lower area to the N in the Bwlch-y-fadfa area where Lower Silurian slaty mudrocks outcrop.

Pen Moelhedog
Extensive upland character massif developed in Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks and with broadly N-S orientation. Slopes relatively rounded, rising to a gently sloping plateau at around 200 m to the N and around 260 m to the S. Cut by small stream valleys to the W and E, locally steep sided, but includes a longer SW directed valley towards the S and a broader glacial clay filled depression to the NE. Includes a lower and narrow promontory-like area on the N side of the Teifi at around 200-230 m
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif / junction with valley systems.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006a, Sheet 194, 1:50,000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007a, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 194, NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Explorer Map 198 (1:25, 000). ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a, Explorer Map 185 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2007, Sheet 211, 1:50,000 Geological Series; WILBY, P.R. 2008, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 211, NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003, Explorer Map 186 (1:25, 000).
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry; Marsh/bog/fen.

Cletwr Fach - Cletwr cwms
Incised, steep SW and E sides of the Bwlch-y-fadfa promontory (Aspect Area 92) above the Cletwr and Einon valleys respectively. Cut into Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks. Includes a small glacial-clay floored cwm in the Felin Cletwr area.

Cletwr Fach - Einon cwms
Glacial deposit (Quaternary, Pleistocene) fill of the Cletwr Fach valley and an apron on the E side of the main Cletwr valley from S of Rhdowen to the Capel Dewi area where the main valley is blocked... Also includes the gently sloping floor of the SW directed Einon cwm in this area, which cuts in the : Pen Moelhedog massif (Aspect Area 93)...
Rural area with no significant development...
Break of slope at edge of drift filled valley system below and valley sides / escarpment above...
No regionally significant sites/ landforms noted during present survey and geology/ geomorphology considered to be typical of feature/ process and is either widespread, better exposed elsewhere or not currently known to be exceptional...
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006a, Sheet 194, 1:50,000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J...R... 2007a, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 194, NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Explorer Map 198 (1:25, 000)... ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a, Explorer Map 185 (1:25, 000)...

Cletwr cwms (W)
Relatively small area of steep valley sides and short steep cwms on the W side of the Cletwr valley where it cuts through the Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks of the Maesymeillion and Bwlch-y-fadfa massifs (Aspect Areas 90 and 92)

Afon Cletwr
Floodplain and meandering channel of the Afon Cletwr (Quaternary, Holocene) between the glacial deposit blockage near Capel Dewi and S of Talgarreg (where a broader alluvial basin is developed).
River channel (natural). Flood plain. Spring
Break of slope at edge river floodplain /terrace.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006a, Sheet 194, 1:50,000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007a, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 194, NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Explorer Map 198 (1:25, 000). ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a, Explorer Map 185 (1:25, 000).
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Meander.

Mene cwm - Ffynnonoer
Area of glacial deposits - dominantly clay (Quaternary, Pleistocene) - forming a sloping on the W side of the Cletwr valley, opposite Rhydowen. Including cwm fill.
Break of slope at edge river floodplain /terrace and bedrock slopes above.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006a, Sheet 194, 1:50,000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007a, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 194, NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Explorer Map 198 (1:25, 000). ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a, Explorer Map 185 (1:25, 000).

Teifi - Cletwr cwms (W)
Steep, incised valley sides and cwms on the W side of the lower Cletwr valley and on the E and N side of the Teifi, NW of Llandysul (including the steep sides of the glacial deposit filled Gwerffrwd cwm). Cut into Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006a, Sheet 194, 1:50,000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007a, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 194, NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a, Explorer Map 185 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2007, Sheet 211, 1:50,000 Geological Series; WILBY, P.R. 2008, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 211, NERC.

Gernos Mountain - Llandysul
Extensive massif of Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks rising on the N side of the Teifi between Llandysul and Llandyfriog and passing northwards beyond the Gerros Mountain area. NW sides rise escarpment like above the Ceri valley but S and SE heavily dissected by the steep sided, dendritic valleys N of Henllan and of the Cerdin, plus several other shorter valleys.
Slope. Hill top. Scarp slope. Spring. Urban / industrial development
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif / junction with valley systems.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006a, Sheet 194, 1:50,000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007a, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 194, NERC; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2007, Sheet 211, 1:50,000 Geological Series; WILBY, P.R. 2008, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 211, NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Explorer Map 198 (1:25, 000).

Ythan - Cerdin cwms
Glacial clay (Quaternary, Pleistocene) infilled valley and side cwms of the Afon Cerdin valley system, including as apron beside a short section of floodplain (Aspect Area 103). Includes the connected, relatively broad basin of the Capel Cynon area to the N and the linked Gwerffrwd cwm on the N side of the Teifi, to the S. Includes a limited area of glacial sand and gravel which 'blocks' the valley at its junction with the Teifi; the main valley is also blocked near Pentillwyn, forcing the riv
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006a, Sheet 194, 1:50,000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007a, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 194, NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Explorer Map 198 (1:25, 000). ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a, Explorer Map 185 (1:25, 000).

Ythan - Cerdin cwms
Steep valley sides of the Cerdin and its tributary the Nant Ythan, incised into Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks of surrounding bedrock massifs (including many small side cwms). Glacial clay dominated infill below.

Afon Cerdin
Short section of fluvial alluvium in the Cerdin valley between Tregoes and N of Pentrellwyn. Represents floodplain and active channel of the Afon Cerdin (Quaternary, Holocene).
Break of slope at edge river floodplain /terrace.
Additional Level 4 features include: Meander.

Rhos Pil-Bach
Broad, gently sloping depression within the highest part of the bedrock massif of the Pentregat - Cross Inn area and at the base of part of the escarpment of the Allt ddu area (Aspect Areas 75 and 89 respectively). Dominated by glacial clay (Quaternary, Pleistocene), cut by streams and with areas of wet grassland/ bog.

Allt Ddol - Walter
Steep, incised E sides of the lower Cletwr valley Sd of Capel Dewi and contiguous areas on the N side of the Teifi and curving NE in the Glanrhyd area - marginal to the glacial deposit dominated Glanrhyd - Llanwnnen area (Aspect Area 106). Includes a short gorge-like section of the Afon Cletwr channel where it cuts through bedrock due to diversion by galcail deposist infil of the main valley. Cut into Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006a, Sheet 194, 1:50,000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007a, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 194, NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Explorer Map 198 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2007, Sheet 211, 1:50,000 Geological Series; WILBY, P.R. 2008, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 211, NERC.

Glanrhyd - Llanwnnen
Level to gently uneven, broad platform of fluvioglacial sand and gravels (Quaternary, Pleistocene) on the NW side of the Teifi between Glanrhyd and Llanwnnen, bounded by bedrock massifs to the NW. Small areas of Upper Ordovician and Lower Silurian bedrock emerge locally.
Break of slope at edge river floodplain /terrace below and base of bedrock slopes above.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006a, Sheet 194, 1:50,000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007a, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 194, NERC; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2007, Sheet 211, 1:50,000 Geological Series; WILBY, P.R. 2008, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 211, NERC;B RITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006b, Sheet 195, 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007b, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 195, NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a, Explorer Map 185 (1:25, 000). ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, Explo

Talgrwn
Two adjacent, low hills on the N side of the Teifi valley above Allyybloca and Llanwnnen. Both are distinctly level topped at around 180 m (glacially levelled?). Varied bedrock dominated by Lower Silurian sandstones and slaty mudrocks.
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif / junction with valley systems.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, Explorer Map 199 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006b, Sheet 195, 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007b, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 195, NERC.

Nant Cledlyn
Section of the lower reaches of the Nant Cledlyn tributary of the Teifi, with a relatively broad floodplain for a small stream (Quaternary, Holocene).
River channel (natural). Flood plain. Spring
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, Explorer Map 199 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006a, Sheet 194, 1:50,000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007a, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 194, NERC;

Ffosffaid
Broadly N-S group of sub-upland hills of Upper Ordovician and Lower Silurian slaty mudrocks and sandstones, forming a bedrock 'rim'-like margin to the glacial clay dominated . Cwrtnewydd area (Aspect Area 111). Rising to around 226 m in the S and 254 m to the N.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006b, Sheet 195, 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007b, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 195, NERC; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006a, Sheet 194, 1:50,000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007a, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 194, NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, Explorer Map 199 (1:25, 000).

Alltgoch
Low massif of Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks with sandstone rising above the glacial clay dominated Cwrtnewydd area (Aspect Area 111). Includes a large active Quarry.
Slope. Hill top. Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006a, Sheet 194, 1:50,000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007a, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 194, NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, Explorer Map 199 (1:25, 000). ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Explorer Map 198 (1:25, 000).

Cwrtnewydd
Glacial clay (Quaternary, Pleistocene) dominated infill of a raised depression and linked valleys within an area dominated by bedrock massifs, mainly of upland character. Surface typiocally sloping and irregular due to stream valleys but includes level or flat areas, some with peat deposits. Bedrock massifs rise above the lower lying glacial deposit dominated areas, only the largest of which are separted as Aspect Areas. Includes important glacial/periglacial landforms (pingoes).
Slope. Peat bog. Former lake (e.g. silted up)
Break of slope at edge of drift filled valley etc system below and valley sides / escarpment above.
Includes GCR / SSSI features of national / international importance and RIGS features of at least regional importance.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, Explorer Map 199 (1:25, 000). ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Explorer Map 198 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006a, Sheet 194, 1:50,000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007a, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 194, NERC; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006b, Sheet 195, 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007b, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 195, NERC. ROSS, N. et al. 2006, Contract Science Report No: 668, CCW; www.geologywales.co.uk/central-wales-rigs
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry; Marsh/bog/fen

Llechwedd-dderi uchaf
Small bedrock hill (Lower Silurian sandstone dominated) on the W side of the Grannel valley and marginal to the glacial clay dominated Cwrtnewydd area (Aspect Area 111). Slightly NNW-SSE elongated with steep W and NE slopes, rising to around 200m.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006a, Sheet 194, 1:50,000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007a, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 194, NERC; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006b, Sheet 195, 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007b, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 195, NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, Explorer Map 199 (1:25, 000).

Afon Grannell
Floodplain and channel of the Grannel river (Quaternary, Holocene) from the incised, gorge-like section in the Allt Moeddyn to its confluence with the Teifi S of Llanwnnen. Flow initially broadly eastwards, then turning to the SSE.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006a, Sheet 194, 1:50,000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007a, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 194, NERC; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006b, Sheet 195, 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007b, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 195, NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, Explorer Map 199 (1:25, 000).
Additional Level 4 features include: Meander; Marsh/bog/fen

: Rhos Garn Whilgarn - Caledrhydian
Lower Silurian sandstone dominated upland massif rising to around 310 m. Relatively steep but rounded sides with level to low domed top. Matgins indented by small stream valleys. Contiguous with the Dihewyd - Moelfre and Gorsgoch areas (Aspect Areas 120 and 116) but separated by incised stream valleys.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006a, Sheet 194, 1:50,000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007a, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 194, NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, Explorer Map 199 (1:25, 000). ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Explorer Map 198 (1:25, 000).

Allt Moeddyn
Small but significant section of incised stream valley at the head of the Afon Grannell, probably representaing a glacial meltwater channel draining a glacial clay dominated basin to the W. (Moeddyn Fach area). Cut into mainly slaty mudrocks of Lower Silurian age.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006a, Sheet 194, 1:50,000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007a, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 194, NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, Explorer Map 199 (1:25, 000). ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Explorer Map 198 (1:25, 000).

Gorsgoch
Area of mainly Lower Silurian bedrock sandstone and slaty mudrocks rising slightlyabove the N part of the glacial clay dominated Cwrtnewydd area (Aspect Area 111).Top flattened and at around 250m. Cut by the incised gorge of the upper Grannell to the NW (Aspect Area 115).

Afon Arth
Deeply incised valley of the Afon Arth and tributaries, cutting through the glacial deposit blanketed Cross Inn area (Aspect Area 187) in to Lower Silurian sandstone-dominated bedrock. Valley reaches a former, steep coastal slope / cliff line in the Clochtyddian area, now with a drift dominated platform below. Includes some areas of narrow alluvial floodplain.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, Explorer Map 199 (1:25, 000). ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Explorer Map 198 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006c, Sheet 177, 1:50 000 Geological Series.BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006c, Sheet 177, 1:50 000 Geological Series. BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1994, Sheet 178 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. et al. 1997, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179, BGS.

Aeron cwms (N)
Steep valleys sides on the E of the Aeron valley, between Aberaeron and the Pen-yr-allt-wen area. Includes a limited area of probable glacial deposist forming an apron at the base of the steep slpes below Penwenallt. Valley is cut into Lower Silurian sandstone dominated bedrock.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, Explorer Map 199 (1:25, 000). ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Explorer Map 198 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006c, Sheet 177, 1:50 000 Geological Series.

Afon Aeron
Floodplain and active channel of the Afon Aeron (Quaternary, Holocene). From S of Blaenpennol the floodplain is narrow and the flow SW, but gradually widens, rapidly expanding in the Llangeithi area to form a broad (up to around 500m) level vale flowing WSW. The coarse narrows temporarily then turns to the NW and rapidly expanding again in the Tal-sarn area creating a very wide (1km+) plain before narrowing again towards the coast at Aberaeron.
River channel (natural). Flood plain. River terrace. Spring
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, Explorer Map 199 (1:25, 000). ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Explorer Map 198 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006c, Sheet 177, 1:50 000 Geological Series. BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006a, Sheet 194, 1:50,000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007a, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 194, NERC; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006b, Sheet 195, 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007b, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 195, NERC; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1994, Shee
Additional Level 4 features include: Meander; Marsh/bog/fen.

Dihewyd - Moelfre
Broad upland massif developed on Lower Silurian sandstone-dominated bedrock, rising to nearly 300 m (highest to the SE margins of the area, with relatively long stream-cut slopes to the NW. NE flank, marginal to the Aeron valley with several glacial clay filled broad cwms. Continuous with the Rhos Garn Whilgarn - Caledrhydian massif to the S, but separated by the incised valley of Bronnant stream (Aspect Area 213).
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006a, Sheet 194, 1:50,000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007a, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 194, NERC;
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006b, Sheet 195, 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007b, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 195, NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, Explorer Map 199 (1:25, 000). ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Explorer Map 198 (1:25, 000).

Ciliau Aeron
Varied glacial deposit (Quaternary, Pleistocene) dominated apron and valley fills on the S side of the Aeron valley in the Ciliau Aeron area. Includes a lower gently sloping terrace feature to the NW, 5-10m above the river floodplain with steeper slopes above below the bedrock massif to the S.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006a, Sheet 194, 1:50,000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007a, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 194, NERC; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006b, Sheet 195, 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007b, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 195, NERC; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006c, Sheet 177, 1:50 000 Geological Series. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, Explorer Map 199 (1:25, 000). ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Explorer Map 198 (1:25, 000).

Felinfach
Broad level to very slightly sloping terrace feature on the S side of the Aeron valleyto the NW, and ENE of the Felinfach area. Dominated by fluvial river terrace deposits (Quaternary, Pleistocene) with a range of other drift depsosits.
River terrace. Urban / industrial development
Break of slope at edge river floodplain /terrace below and base of bedrock slopes above.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006b, Sheet 195, 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007b, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 195, NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, Explorer Map 199 (1:25, 000).

Penrhiw
Lower Silurian sandstone-dominated bedrock knoll, rising above the glacial deposit dominated slopes and depressions of the Toroed-y-rhiw area, N of the Grannell valley (Aspect Area 334).
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006a, Sheet 194, 1:50,000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007a, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 194, NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, Explorer Map 199 (1:25, 000).

Allt Tynfynnon - Allt Pantybendy
Bedrock massif dominated by Lower Silurian sandstones marking the S side of the Aeron valley in the Capel Bettws Lleucu - Llangeithog area... Broadly elongated with steeper slopes facing the valley to the NE, flattening of above (at around 200-220m) and only just rising above the raised glacial clay covered areas to the SE and E... Cut by several short incised cwms which drain the latter area to the Aeron...
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif / junction with valley systems, etc...
No regionally significant sites/ landforms noted during present survey and geology/ geomorphology considered to be typical of feature/ process and is either widespread, better exposed elsewhere or not currently known to be exceptional...
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, Explorer Map 199 (1:25, 000)... BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006b, Sheet 195, 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J...R... 2007b, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 195, NERC; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1994, Sheet 178 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J...R... et al... 1997, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179, BGS...

Cwm Gwddyl
Lower Silurian sandstone-dominated bedrock massif - broadly NW-SE orientated -between the Aeron valleys and the Cors Caron depression. Sides relatively gentle, rising to a level top at up around 240 m. Cut by the steep sided, incised Cwm Gwyddyl - probably a glacial outwash channel.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1994, Sheet 178 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. et al. 1997, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179, BGS; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, Explorer Map 199 (1:25, 000).

Llwyn gwiniau
Similar to the Cwm Gwddyl area (Aspect Area 125): Lower Silurian sandstone-dominated bedrock massif - broadly WNW-ESE orientated -forming a low raised platform to the W of the Cors Caron depression. Sides relatively gentle, rising to a level top at up around 225-260 m.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, Explorer Map 199 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1994, Sheet 178 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. et al. 1997, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179, BGS.

Blaen-y-esgair
Similar to the Cwm Gwddyl and Llwyn gwiniau areas (Aspect Areas 125 and 126) but smaller: Lower Silurian sandstone-dominated sub-upland bedrock massif - broadly WNW-ESE orientated -forming a low raised platform to the W of the Cors Caron depression. Sides relatively gentle, rising to a level top at up around 260 m.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1994, Sheet 178 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. et al. 1997, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179, BGS; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, Explorer Map 199 (1:25, 000).
Additional Level 4 features include: Disused quarry

Cors Caron
Large former-lake basin with extensive peat deposition, up to 2 km wide and 6 km long, Traversed by the Teifi river and a tributary, with irregular areas of fluvial alluvium on either side of the active river channel (Quaternary, Holocene). Includes a narrower area of peat deposited wetlands S of Cors Caron and W of Tregaron.
River channel (natural). Flood plain. Peat bog
Margins of wetland basin / river system floodplain.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1994, Sheet 178 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. et al. 1997, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179, BGS; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, Explorer Map 199 (1:25, 000). ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999d, Explorer Map 187 (1:25,000 ).

Tregaron
Terrace like feature of glacial deposits (Quaternary, Pleistocene) virtually filling the broad valley of the Teifi S of the Cors Caron peat-dominated depression. Includes both clays and sand and gravel deposits and an important moraine feature.
River channel (natural). Urban / industrial development
Break of slope at edge river floodplain /terrace below and base of bedrock slopes above.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006b, Sheet 195, 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007b, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 195, NERC; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1994, Sheet 178 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. et al. 1997, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179, BGS; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, Explorer Map 199 (1:25, 000).

Deri Lodge
Lower Silurian sandstone-dominated bedrock knoll, rising above the glacial deposit dominated valleys and depressions of the Llwyn-y-groes area (Aspect Area 150) N of Betws Bledws. Sides relatively gentle and top flattened at around 240 m. Cut by cwms of the S to SE side.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006b, Sheet 195, 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007b, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 195, NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, Explorer Map 199 (1:25, 000).

Castell Allt-goch
Narrow, SW-NE ridge between the parallel Dulas and Teifi valleys, NE of their confluence at Lampeter. Numerous glacial deposit filled cwms along the SE side; NW side includes several promontories, probably relics of former incised meanders. Rises uo to around 240 m.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006b, Sheet 195, 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007b, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 195, NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, Explorer Map 199 (1:25, 000).

Afon Dulas
Floodplain and channel of the Afon Dulas NE of Lampeter to Olmarch (Quaternary, Holocene). Flow is to the SW towards the Teifi valley where the valley is virtually blocked by glacial deposits. Relatively wide and probably includes some low terrace features.
Additional Level 4 features include: Meander

Cefngoyan
Lower Silurian sandstone-dominated bedrock knoll, rising above the glacial deposit dominated Lampeter - Betws Bledrws - Bremia area (Aspect Area 136), between the Dulas and Teifi valleys. Sides relatively gentle and top flattened at around 210 m.

Banc y Moelfre
Lower Silurian sandstone-dominated bedrock massif, rising above the glacial deposit dominated valleys and depressions of the Felinfach cwms area (Aspect Area 143), between the Grannel and Creuddyn valleys. Steeper sided to the N and E and top flattened at around 250-278 m.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry; Natural crags and inland outcrops

Allt Gwar-coed
Lower Silurian sandstone-dominated bedrock sub-upland massif, rising above the glacial deposit dominated valleys and depressions of the Felinfach cwms area (Aspect Area 143), to the W of the Creuddyn valley and N of the Teifi. Steeper sided to the S and E and top flattened at around 220 m.

Lampeter - Betws Bledrws - Bremia
Extensive area of fluvioglaioal sand and gravels (Quaternary, Pleistocene) flanking the N side of the Tefi valle,y and both sides of the Dulas valley, from the Drefach to Bremia areas - and including the Lampeter area. Locally cwms above have a glacial clay fill, however. Includes a small knoll of Lower Silurian bedrock E of Drefach, which rises to around 157m.

Garth
Isolated low hill of Lower Silurian sandstone-dominated bedrock, rising above the glacial deposit dominated platform-like Bryn Cynon - Llanddewi-Brefi area (Aspect Area 141), on the E side of the Teifi, immediately W of Llanddewi-Brefi. Rises to 217 m.

Deri-Graon
Lower Silurian sandstone-dominated bedrock low massif, rising above the glacial deposit dominated valleys and depressions of the Stag's Head area (Aspect Area 151), SW of Tregaron and W of the Teifi. Sides relatively gentle, rising to a flattened top at up around 224 m.

Plasbach
Lower Silurian sandstone-dominated bedrock low massif, rising above the glacial deposit dominated valleys and depressions of the Stag's Head area (Aspect Area 151), W of the Teifi (and S of the Deri-Graon area: Aspect Area 138). Sides relatively gentle, rising to a flattened top at up around 222 m.

Llangeitho
Terrace-like feature on the E side of the Aeron valley between Capel Betws Lleuca and NE of Llangeitho. Developed on a range of glacial, etc deposits, including clays (Quaternary, Pleistocene).
River terrace. Urban / industrial development
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006b, Sheet 195, 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007b, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 195, NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, Explorer Map 199 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1994, Sheet 178 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. et al. 1997, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179, BGS.

: Bryn Cynon - Llanddewi-Brefi
Extensive gently sloping apron to terrace-like feature of glacial sand and gravel (Quaternary, Pleistocene) on the E of the Tefi valley between Brun Cynn (E of Lampeter) and Llandewi-Brefi. Includes a broad flat area NW of Llandewi-Brefi above which rises the Garth bedrock knoll (Aspect Area 137). Also includes the glacial deposit fill of the broad level floor of the Llandewi-Brefi, Afon Dulas, ESE of the town.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006b, Sheet 195, 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007b, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 195, NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, Explorer Map 199 (1:25, 000). ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999d, Explorer Map 187 (1:25,000 ).

Lampeter
Urban development of Lampeter town on a terrace-like feature of glacial sand and gravel (Quaternary, Pleistocene) to the N of the Tefi valley.
River channel / canal (artificial). Urban / industrial development
Ensure that no surviving features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry).
Edge of area of intensive urban development.

Felinfach cwms
Extensive area of linked glacial clay (Quaternary, Pleistocene) filled valleys and depressions between the Teifi valley near Lampeter and the Aeron valley near Felinfach. Mainly infills areas of an undulating SSE directed dip slope of Lower Silurian sandstone-dominated bedrock that rises generally northwards from the Teifi valley to the Temple Bar area (at around 210m), before descending into the Aeron valley immediately to the N (i.e. across the NW facing escarpment). In the latter area inclu
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006b, Sheet 195, 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007b, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 195, NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, Explorer Map 199 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006a, Sheet 194, 1:50,000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007a, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 194, NERC.

Allt Geligarneddau
Low sub-upland massif of Lower Silurian sandstone-dominated bedrock rising above the glacial clay dominated Stag's Head area (Aspect Area 150) on the N side of the Lampeter, Afon Dulas valley, N of Llangybi. Indented by several glacial clay filled cwms. Sides relatively low, rising to a level plateau area at around 230-250m.

Cefn-garthenor
Low massif of Lower Silurian sandstone-dominated bedrock rising above the glacial clay dominated Stag's Head area (Aspect Area 150) to the N of the Lampeter, Afon Dulas valley and on the W of the Teifi system. N of Llangybi. Indented ot the W bya glacial clay filled cws. Sides relatively low, rising to a level plateau area at around 190-220 m.

Afon Derlys cwm
Two adjacent massifs of Lower Silurian sandstone-dominated bedrock - in broadly N-S alignment - rising above the glacial clay dominated Felinfach cwms area (Aspect Area 143), between the Derlys and Creuddyn valleys. Southern massif has the steepest slopes around its promontary-like southern extremity and rises to a relatively undulating top at 220-240 m. Northern massif less steep and with a more flattened, plateau like surface at up to 260m and with a more upland character
Lake / reservoir (artificial). Slope. Hill top

Abermeurig - Temple Bar
Irregular group of Lower Silurian sandstone-dominated bedrock hills, ridges and platforms in part defining a NW facing escarpement above the Felinfach area on the S side of the aeron valley. To the SE area broken up by glacial clay filles cwms and valleys of the Felinfach cwms area (Aspect Area 143). Typical rises to around 200-250m.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006a, Sheet 194, 1:50,000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007a, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 194, NERC; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006b, Sheet 195, 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007b, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 195, NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, Explorer Map 199 (1:25, 000).

Allt Pen-bryn
Relatively small but conspicuous knoll of Lower Silurian sandstone-dominated bedrock rising (to 227 m) above the glacial clay dominated Felinfach cwms area (Aspect Area 143) and the Gannell valley, NW of Cribyn.

Cribyn Clota - Capel Sain Salin
Sub triangular massif of Lower Silurian sandstone-dominated bedrock rising above the glacial clay dominated Felinfach cwms area (Aspect Area 143) and including a broad internal glacial clay filled basin. Steeper sides to the SE and SW with a level platform-like feature dominating to the E. includes the separated small knoll of Caer Maesmynoch on the E side of the Gannel valley, S of Cribyn.

Llwyn-y-groes
Glacial clay (Quaternary, Pleistocene) filled cwms and depressions within the dissected escarpment and dip slope of Lower Silurian sandstone-dominated bedrock N of Lampeter. Most included streams flow SSE to the Lampeter, Afon Dulas valley but several short valleys cross the escarpment area tot the NW and to the Aeron valley (e.g. Nant Wsyg and Nant Meurig).

Stag's Head
Extensive area of glacial clay (Quaternary, Pleistocene) filled depressions and valleys in the escarpment and dip slope of Lower Silurian sandstone-dominated bedrock between the Aeron and Teifi valleys, inclujding to the W of Cors Caron. Rises to over 190 m in the Stag's Head area and includes wetland depressions with peat deposits and a lower terrace-like feature on the E side of the Aeron valley, opposite Cwm Bach. Low bedrock massifs - the largest separated as Aspect Areas - gradually disap
Break of slope at edge of drift filled valley systems and valley sides / escarpment above.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006b, Sheet 195, 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007b, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 195, NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, Explorer Map 199 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1994, Sheet 178 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. et al. 1997, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179, BGS.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry; Marsh/bog/fen

Afon Doethe gorge
Major, deeply incised, gorge-like valley cutting broadly to the SSE through the Lower Silurian sandstone and slaty mudrock upland massifs of the Blaen nant-y-rhiw and Llethr Llyd areas (Aspect Areas 154 and 155). Sides have frequent rocky outcrops and up to around 150 m high in places with some steep side cwms. Local narrow areas of level valley floor with minor glacial deposits are also present. Joins the Towy river system to the SSE and includes a short section of contiguous steep valley sid
River channel (natural). Flood plain. Slope. Hill top
Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry). Investigate RIGS potential of gorge and ensure that features are safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping.
Break of slope at top and base of steep valley sides / county boundary
Major and spectacular upland gorge feature with many geological units exposed in sequence and repeated by folds.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006b, Sheet 195, 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007b, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 195, NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999d, Explorer Map 187 (1:25,000 ).
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream;Natural crags and inland outcrops

Llyn Brianne
Section of Llyn Brianne reservoir on the Ceredigion - Powys - Carmarthenshire border. No geology visble under normal conditions.
Lake / reservoir (artificial). Engineered topography
No geology visble under normal conditions.
Rec ord geological and geomorphological features when reservoir levels are low.
County boundary and edge of dam / reservoir.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006b, Sheet 195, 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007b, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 195, NERC; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2005, Sheet 196, 1:50 000 Geological Series; SCHOFIELD, D.I. 2004, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 196, NERC. ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999d, Explorer Map 187 (1:25,000 ).

Blaen nant-y-rhiw
Segment of major upland dissected plateau - rising to over 480m in the N and around 430-450m in the S - formed of Lower Silurian bedrock dominated by sandstones with slaty mudrocks. Cut by SSE valleys to the E (Afon Camddwr) and W (Doethe gorge) and a SW-NE section of the Towy valley to the SE creating an elongated sub-rectangular outline. NW face forms part of a SSW-NNE escarpment. Surface undulates slighty and includes extensive areas of peat bog..
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006b, Sheet 195, 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007b, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 195, NERC; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2005, Sheet 196, 1:50 000 Geological Series; SCHOFIELD, D.I. 2004, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 196, NERC. ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999d, Explorer Map 187 (1:25,000 ).
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Natural crags and inland outcrops; Marsh/bog/fen; Road/railway cutting.

Llethr Llyd
Upland plateau of Lower Silurian sandstone dominated bedrock with irregular, undulating surface at around 430 - 450 m with peat in some depressions. Cut by the Doethe gorge to the E and SE-NW valleys tot the N and S (Pysgotwr). NW face forms part of a SSW-NNE escarpment and is significantly craggy above.
Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry). Assess RIGS potential and ensure that significant features are safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping.
Part of major upland area with abundant surface exposure of bedrock geology and potential for significant glacial/ periglacial features.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006b, Sheet 195, 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007b, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 195, NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999d, Explorer Map 187 (1:25,000 ).
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Natural crags and inland outcrops; Marsh/bog/fen

Upper Towy
Narrow floodplain and channel of the upper Towy within a N-S steep-sided valley cut in the Lower Silurian sandstone dominated bedrock of the Ceredigion-Powys border area. Includes local narrow, marginal areas of gently sloping terraces of glacial clay deposits (Quaternary, Pleistocene-Holocene).
River channel (natural). Flood plain. Slope
Break of slope at edge river floodplain /terrace and county boundary.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2005, Sheet 196, 1:50 000 Geological Series; SCHOFIELD, D.I. 2004, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 196, NERC. ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999d, Explorer Map 187 (1:25,000 ).

Bryn Mwysau - Hafod Las
L-shaped ridge of Lower Silurian sandstone dominated bedrock, forming the SW extension of the Blaen nant-y-rhiw and Llethr Llyd upland plateau and escarpment (Aspect Areas 154 and 155). Includes a SE-NW section between the Pysgotwr Fawr and Pysgotwr Fach valleys and a SSW-NNE section between Bryn Ceiliog and Bryn Mwysau. Reaches around 420-430 m. Later area forms the continuation of an escarpment feature form the NE.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006b, Sheet 195, 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007b, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 195, NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, Explorer Map 199 (1:25, 000). ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999d, Explorer Map 187 (1:25,000 ).
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Natural crags and inland outcrops

Bryn Brawd
Generally SW-NE trending massif of Lower Silurian sandstone dominated bedrock rising above the glacial clay dominated depressions of the Cwm Twrch - Llyn Berwyn area (Aspect Area 159). Includes the narrow ridge of Lan Fawr and Bryn Catel and the broader platform of the Bryn Brawd area.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006b, Sheet 195, 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007b, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 195, NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999d, Explorer Map 187 (1:25,000 ).O RDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, Explorer Map 199 (1:25, 000).
Additional Level 4 features include: Natural crags and inland outcrops

Cwm Twrch - Llyn Berwyn
Broad SW-NE glacial clay (Quaternary, Pleistocene) filled depression at the base of the escarpment of the Blaen nant-y-rhiw, Llethr Llyd, etc upland plateau (Aspect Areas 154, 155, 157, etc). and to the SE of the lower escarpment and platform of the Banc-y-Gwyngoe -Y Drum, Crug - Graigwen, etc areas (Aspect Areas 161, 162, etc). Includes connected depressions and valley fills to the NW and several paet filled basins and also lakes (e.g. Llyn Berwyn).
Break of slope at edge of drift filled valley systems and valley sides / escarpment above.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006b, Sheet 195, 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007b, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 195, NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, Explorer Map 199 (1:25, 000). ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999d, Explorer Map 187 (1:25,000 ).
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Marsh/bog/fen

Drysgol
Lower Silurian sandstone dominated bedrock hill on the E side of the Teifi valley, S of Tregannog. Sides steeper to the NW and levelling of at around 300 m. Defines the end of a glacial clay blanketed promonatry to the NW of the escartpment of the Banc-y-Gwyngoed - Y Drum area (Aspect Area 162).

Banc-y-Gwyngoed - Y Drum
Undulating upland area rising up to around 480m with a Steep NW facing indented escarpment facing the Teifi valley beyond. Surface uneven and cut by streams with peat bogs in hollows. Cut into by the steep sided Berwyn valley to the NW and separated from similar areas to the SW and NW by the Llandderi-Brefi, Dulas and Nant maer valleys respectively. SE limnit of area defined by glacial clay filled depressions and linked valleys of the Cwm Twrch - Llyn Berwyn area (Aspect Area 159). Part of th
Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). Slope. Hill top. Peat bog
Break of slope at edge of river floodplain / low terrace features.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry; Natural crags and inland outcrops; Marsh/bog/fen

Crug - Graigwen
Part of the SW-NE orientated and NW facing lower escarpment of the Cambrian Mountains on the E side of the Teifi valley, above Llanddewi-Brefi dominated by Lower Silurian sandstone dominated bedrock. Rises to around 330m and ultimately around 460 m on an undyulating palatform above the escarpment. Separated from other sections of the escarpment (e.g. Aspect Areas 161, etc) by the Lalnddewi-Brefi, Afon Dulas valley to the NE and broad areas of glacial clay cover to the SW (Aspect Area 164). Inc
Slope. Hill top. Scarp slope. Coal / mineral spoil tips
Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance (including mine sites) in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry).

Waun Castle
Segment of the Cambrian mountains lower escarpment to the E of the Teifi valley, betyween Pentre felin and the Llanfair Clydogau area, separated from adjacent areas by broad glacial clay-filled depressions of the Nant Clywedog - Nant Ffrwd - Cywn cwms and Bryn Cysegrfa areas (Aspect Areas 164 and 165). Steep escarpment feature to the NW levels of to form an undulating platform at around 320m. Lower Silurian sandstone dominated bedrock.

Nant Clywedog - Nant Ffrwd - Cywn cwms
Broad glacial clay (Quaternary, Pleistocene) filled, depression of the Clywedog Planatation area and linked broad level to gently sloping floors of the valleys of the Nant Clywedog uchaf, etc area, to the NE and linked depressions of the Nant Ffrwd - Cywn cwms area to the SW (above . Pentrefelin). Both areas gently slope NW to the Teifi valley, breaching the escarpment of Aspect Areas 163, 162, 165, 166. Includes narrow areas of sloping glacial clay dominated aprons at the base of the escarpme
Break of slope at edge of drift filled valley systems and valley sides / escarpment above.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Marsh/bog/fen

Bryn Cysegrfa
Segment of the Cambrian mountains lower escarpment to the E of the Teifi valley, separated from adjacent areas by broad glacial clay-filled depressions of the Nant Clywedog - Nant Ffrwd - Cywn cwms and Bryn Cysegrfa areas (Aspect Areas 164). Steep escarpment feature to the NW levels of to form a low domed platform at around 320-330m. Lower Silurian sandstone dominated bedrock.
Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance (including mines) in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry).
Additional Level 4 features include: Mine shaft/adit;

Carreg Hirfaen
SW continuation of the lower escarpment (e.g. including Aspect Areas 163, 162, 161, etc) of the Cambrian Mountains adjacent to the Carmarthenshire border. Includes a steeper escarpment slope to the NW, levelling of to around 340-370m on Lower Silurian sandstone dominated bedrock.

Afon Berwyn
Upland wetland or other depositional basin
Level floor of steep, high sided section of the upper Afon Berwyn valley. WNW orientated with bog / mire tot the E. Probably represents a former lake basin (Quaternary, Pleistocene-Holocene)
Break of slope at edge of lake/depositional basin sediment fill.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006b, Sheet 195, 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007b, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 195, NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999d, Explorer Map 187 (1:25,000 ).

Berwyn cwm (N)
Craggy, steep and high northern slopes of the broad alluvial depression of the upper Afon Berwyn valley. Cut into Lower Silurian sandstone dominated bedrock.
Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry). Assess RIGS potential and ensure that key features are safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping
Steep craggy valley sides with a range of periglacial, etc, features including screes.
Additional Level 4 features include: Natural crags and inland outcrops

Beryn cwm (S)
Very craggy, steep and high northern slopes of the broad alluvial depression of the upper Afon Berwyn valley. Cut into Lower Silurian sandstone dominated bedrock.
Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry). Assess RIGS potential and ensure that features are safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping.
Steep craggy valley sides with a range of periglacial, etc, features including screes.
Additional Level 4 features include: Natural crags and inland outcrops

Nant Carfan - Afon Groes cwms
Lowest glacial clay (Quaternary, Pleistocene) dominated slopes of the Cambrian mountain massif to the, NNW of Llandewi-Brefi, tot the E of the Teifi valley.

Gwyngoed
Slopes immediately below the NW facing escarpment of the Banc-y-Gwyngoed - Y Drum area (Aspect Area 161), characterised by a glacial clay cover with minor areas of Lower Silurian sandstone and slaty mudrock bedrock emerging locally. Includes a low promontory-like area linking to the isolated bedrock knoll of Drosgoll (Aspect Area 160).
Base of slopes below and escarpments above.

Banc Tan-yr-allt
Narrow and relatively but distinctive promonatry like feature extending to the NW, at a lower level, from the massif of Aspect Area 161 along the S side of the Berwyn valley. Formed of Lower Silurian sandstone and slaty mudrock bedrock with a distinctly craggy W end.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry; Natural crags and inland outcrops

Bryn-coch
Promontary feature extending to the NW, and at a lower level (e.g. at c.340 m), from the escarpment of the Y Drum ridge. Includes a steep escarpment like NW face and levels of on top. Lower Silurian sandstone-dominated bedrock
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006b, Sheet 195, 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007b, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 195, NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999d, Explorer Map 187 (1:25,000 ). ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, Explorer Map 199 (1:25, 000).

Groess Fawr-Camddwr
Glacial clay (Quaternary, Pleistocene) dominated fill of the floor of a SE-NW to SSE-NNE orientated valley system linking the Towy and Teifi valley catchments (although now including a watershed area). Includes the Camddwr valley to the SE and the Groes fawr valley to the NW. May include some areas in which the valley is bedrock floored, especially in the lower narrow and gorge-like sections of the Camddwr.
Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). River channel (natural). Flood plain. Slope
Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry). Area may have geomorphological features of RIGS value - assessment recommended.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006b, Sheet 195, 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007b, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 195, NERC; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1994, Sheet 178 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. et al. 1997, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179, BGS. ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999d, Explorer Map 187 (1:25,000 ).
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Meander.

Sunnyhill
Low rounded massif of Lower Silurian sandstone-dominated bedrock between the valley NE of Tregarron and Cors Caron. Rises to around 315m with relatively steep sides to the NW and SE and a level top.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1994, Sheet 178 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. et al. 1997, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179, BGS. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, Explorer Map 199 (1:25, 000). ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999d, Explorer Map 187 (1:25,000 ).

Pen Clannerch
Irregular massif of Lower Silurian sandstone-dominated bedrock rising above the E side of Cors Caron to around 316m. N part includes a level glacial clay filled depression. Forms part of an escarpment-like margin (along with Aspect Areas 175 and 177) to the broad glacial clay blanketed Rhos Gelli-gron area (Aspect Area 186).
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1994, Sheet 178 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. et al. 1997, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179, BGS. ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999d, Explorer Map 187 (1:25,000 ). ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, Explorer Map 199 (1:25, 000).

Maeselwad
Relatively small but prominent irregular hill, steep sided to the NW, rising to around 316m. Forms part of an escarpment-like margin (along with Aspect Areas 175 and 175) to the broad glacial clay blanketed Rhos Gelli-gron area (Aspect Area 186). Lower Silurian sandstone-dominated bedrock.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1994, Sheet 178 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. et al. 1997, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179, BGS. ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999d, Explorer Map 187 (1:25,000 ).

Y Bryn
Two small but linked hills on the N side of the Afon Groes valley, marking the S margin of the broad glacial clay blanketed Rhos Gelli-gron area (Aspect Area 186). Steep side to the S/SW and rising to around 422m. Lower Silurian sandstone-dominated bedrock.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1994, Sheet 178 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. et al. 1997, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179, BGS. ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999d, Explorer Map 187 (1:25,000 ).
Additional Level 4 features include:Natural crags and inland outcrops

Groes cwm
Glacial clay (Quaternary, Pleistocene) infill / marginal relatively gentle slopes of the broad Groes valley in the Penfford area. Includes similar fill to the lower part of the Berwyn valley to the SE.
River channel (natural). Flood plain. Slope
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1994, Sheet 178 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. et al. 1997, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179, BGS; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006b, Sheet 195, 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007b, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 195, NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, Explorer Map 199 (1:25, 000).

Garn Gron - Pen-y-bwlch
Extensive broadly rectangular SW-Ne orientated upland massif developed in Lower Silurian sandstone-dominated bedrock. Includes irregular, dissected NW facing, steep escarpment and rises to over 500 m in places. Surface irregular with incipient SSW-NNE orientated ridges, often with lower areas between with glacial clay and peat. Rocky crags typical, especially to the N, although central area largely obscured by forestry.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006b, Sheet 195, 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007b, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 195, NERC; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1994, Sheet 178 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. et al. 1997, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179, BGS. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 213 (1:25, 000); ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999d, Explorer Map 187 (1:25,000 ). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1993, Sheet 179.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Natural crags and inland outcrops; Marsh/bog/fen.

Gilfach-y-dwn
Irregular knoll of Lower Silurian sandstone-dominated bedrock, rising above the NE part of broad glacial clay blanketed Rhos Gelli-gron area (Aspect Area 186) to around 353 m. Steeper side to the W.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1994, Sheet 178 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. et al. 1997, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179, BGS. ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999d, Explorer Map 187 (1:25,000 ).

Pantyfedwen
Relatively small promontary-like block of Lower Silurian sandstone-dominated bedrock forming a 'step' at the base of the NW facing escarpment of the Garn Gron - Pen-y-bwlch area (Asepct Area 180), and rising above the Strat Florida area. NW end of feature relatively 'blunt' and escarpment like with very craggy slopes. Steep to the SW also but NE side more gentle with lower sloping platform-like area - on the S side of the Mwyro valley - possible with glacial deposits.

Lon Las Cymru
SSW-NNE elongated rounded hill of Lower Silurian sandstone-dominated bedrock within forestry plantations adjacent to the Powys border. Rises above the glacial clay dominated : Llyn Du - Llyn Gorast area (Aspect Area 185).
ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999d, Explorer Map 187 (1:25,000 ).BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1993, Sheet 179,
DAVIES, J.R. et al. 1997, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179, BGS.

Bron-yr-Helm - Tywi Fecham
Extensive area of upland plateau - rising to over 500 m in the N (548m maximum) -developed in Lower Silurian sandstone-dominated bedrock adjacent to the Powys border. Broadly triangular in outline with E side marked by N-S upper Towy valley SW side by SSE-NNW Camddwr valley and with a SW-NE escarpment feature to the NW (the latter indented by glacial clay dominated depressions and including a lower extension immediately E of Llyn Du. E side cut by several SE orientated, steep sided stream val
Ensure that no further features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry). Assess RIGS potential.
Major upland area with varied geology, natural crags, peat formation etc
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1993, Sheet 179,1:50 000 Geological Series; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1994, Sheet 178 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. et al. 1997, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179, BGS. BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006b, Sheet 195, 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007b, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 195, NERC; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2005, Sheet 196, 1:50 000 Geological Series; SCHOFIELD, D.I. 2004, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sh
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry; Natural crags and inland outcrops; Marsh/bog/fen

Llyn Du - Llyn Gorast
Area of depressions and broad, level to gently sloping valley floors between the upland massifs of the Garn Gron - Pen-y-bwlch, Bron-yr-Helm - Tywi Fecham, etc areas (Aspect Areas 180, 184 and 183). Dominated by level areas with glacial clay, including with several small lakes (Llyn Du, Llyn Gorast, etc) and extensive areas of peat bog (including blanket bog) (Quaternary, Pleistocene-Holocene). Scattered small areas of Lower Silurian bedrock emerge also.
Dominantly rural area with some significant development. (forestry)
Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry). Assess RIGS status of geomorphological featsures of the area.
Major upland area of glacial deposition with lake, blanket bog, etc
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1994, Sheet 178 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. et al. 1997, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179, BGS. BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1993, Sheet 179, 1:50 000 Geological Series. BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006b, Sheet 195, 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007b, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 195, NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999d, Explorer Map 187 (1:25,000 ).

Rhos Gelli-gron
Upland area developed to the E of the Cors Caron depression and between the Mwyro valley to the N and the Nant Groes valley to the S - and below the escarpment of the Garn Gron - Pen-y-bwlch area to the SE (Aspect Area 180). Typically with relatively smooth topography due to extensive blanket of glacial clay (Quaternary, Pleistocene) above which several knoll-like massifs of Lower Silurian bedrock emerge - the largest separated as Aspect Areas. Rises to around 400m centrally with steeper slop
Base of slopes below and base of escarpments above.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999d, Explorer Map 187 (1:25,000 ). ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, Explorer Map 199 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1994, Sheet 178 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. et al. 1997, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179, BGS.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Natural crags and inland outcrops;

Cross Inn
Very broad and extensive gently undulating platform developed between the Ceredigion coast in the Aberaeron to Llanrhystud area and the base of the Bontnewydd upland area (Aspect Area 200) to the E (with the Aeron valley to the SW and Cwm Mabys to the N). The area is blanketed by glacial clays (Quaternary, Pleistocene) and includes several large wetland depressions with peat deposits (the largest of which are separated as Aspect Areas). Dissected by streams which occasionally cut through the g
Top of coastal slope to W , base of escarpment to E, top of valleys to N and S.
RITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006a, Sheet 194, 1:50,000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007a, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 194, NERC; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006b, Sheet 195, 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007b, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 195, NERC; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006c, Sheet 177, 1:50 000 Geological Series. BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1994, Sheet 178 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. et al. 1997, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets

Cefntyncoed
Area of gently, coastwards sloping terrain and low knoll-like features developed where Lower Silurian sandstone-dominated bedrock emerges form the glacial clay cover of the Cross Inn area (Aspect Area 187). Developed above the Aberaeron valley to the SW, the Afon Arth to the NE and an area of coastal slope to the NW. Rises to around 174 m.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Explorer Map 198 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006c, Sheet 177, 1:50 000 Geological Series.

Llanon cwms
Section of ancient coastal slope, rising above the alluvial terrace of the Llansatffraed area, and two linked narrow, steep sided incised cwms that cut into the Cross Inn area (Aspect Area 187) to the SE. Bedrock is Lower Silurian sandstone-dominated.
Break of slope at top and base of slope.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006c, Sheet 177, 1:50 000 Geological Series. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Explorer Map 198 (1:25, 000).

Llanon- Llansantffraed
Broad coastal platform , typically at around 10m but sloping slightly seawards from a steep, former coastal slope feature to the SE. Dominated by fluvial alluvium to the SW with glacial clay to the NE (Quaternary, Pleistocene-Holocene).
River channel / canal (artificial). Slope. Urban / industrial development
Partly developed area but natural features remain.
Cliff top to W, base of 'fossil' cliff to E.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006c, Sheet 177, 1:50 000 Geological Series.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1994, Sheet 178 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. et al. 1997, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179, BGS. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Explorer Map 198 (1:25, 000).

Peris cwm - Allt-lwyd
Section of ancient coastal slope, rising above the alluvial terrace of the Llansatffraed area, and the contiguous, steep N side of the Afon Peris valley E of Llansatffraed itself. Bedrock is Lower Silurian sandstone-dominated.
Break of slope at top and base of coastal slope.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006c, Sheet 177, 1:50 000 Geological Series. BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1994, Sheet 178 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. et al. 1997, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179, BGS. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Explorer Map 198 (1:25, 000).

Y Foel
Area of outcrop of Lower Silurian sandstone-dominated bedrock emerging as a very slightly raised platform and low knoll above the glacial clay cover of the Cross Inn area (Aspect Area 187) and adjacent to a section of ancient coastal slope (Aspect Area 191). Rises to around 150 m.
Slight break of slope at base of solid geology massif / junction with valley systems.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1994, Sheet 178 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. et al. 1997, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179, BGS. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, Explorer Map 199 (1:25, 000).

Penrhos
Broadly E-W low massif of Lower Silurian sandstone-dominated bedrock between the incised Cwm Wyre and Cwm Mabys valleys. Surface irregular rising to around 165 m.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, Explorer Map 199 (1:25, 000).BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1994, Sheet 178 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. et al. 1997, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179, BGS. ); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 213 (1:25, 000).

Cwm Wyre (S)
Steep, incised S sides of the straight W by S flowing Wyre valley, E of Llanrhystud. Developed along the same tectonic feature that controls Cwm Ystwyth to the E. Bedrock is Lower Silurian sandstone-dominated.
Stratigraphic formation(s). Structural features. Past processes
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1994, Sheet 178 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. et al. 1997, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179, BGS. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, Explorer Map 199 (1:25, 000). ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 213 (1:25, 000).

Cwm Wyre (N)
Steep, incised N sides of the straight W by S flowing Wyre valley, E of Llanrhystud. Developed along the same tectonic feature that controls Cwm Ystwyth to the E. Bedrock is Lower Silurian sandstone-dominated.
Stratigraphic formation(s). Structural features. Past processes
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1994, Sheet 178 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. et al. 1997, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179, BGS. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 213 (1:25, 000); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, Explorer Map 199 (1:25, 000).

Tygwyn
Major peatland area (Quaternary, Holocene) developed on the broad glacial clay platform of the Cross Inn area (Aspect Area 187).
Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry). Assess potential RIGS status and ensure that area is safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping.
Margins of wet / rough pasture over peat deposit.
Significant area of peat formation with potential post-glacial climate/ vegetational record - potential RIGS status needs assessing.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, Explorer Map 199 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1994, Sheet 178 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. et al. 1997, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179, BGS.

Rhos Cilcennin
Major peatland area (Quaternary, Holocene) developed on the broad glacial clay platform of the Cross Inn area (Aspect Area 187).
Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry). Assess potential RIGS status and ensure that area is safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping.
Margins of wet / rough pasture over peat deposit.
Significant area of peat formation with potential post-glacial climate/ vegetational record - potential RIGS status needs assessing.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1994, Sheet 178 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. et al. 1997, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179, BGS. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, Explorer Map 199 (1:25, 000).

Cors Carahod -Gors y Cwn
WNW-ENE extended major peatland area (Quaternary, Holocene) developed on the broad glacial clay platform of the Cross Inn area (Aspect Area 187).
Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry). Assess potential RIGS status and ensure that area is safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping.
Margins of wet / rough pasture over peat deposit.
Significant area of peat formation with potential post-glacial climate/ vegetational record - potential RIGS status needs assessing.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, Explorer Map 199 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1994, Sheet 178 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. et al. 1997, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179, BGS.

Rhydfudr
Irregular and extensive peatland area (Quaternary, Holocene) developed on the broad glacial clay platform of the Cross Inn area (Aspect Area 187).
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1994, Sheet 178 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. et al. 1997, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179, BGS. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, Explorer Map 199 (1:25, 000).

Bontnewydd
SW-NE upland platform rising to over 300 m locally and developed on Lower Silurian sandstone-dominated bedrock. NW facing escarpment irregular due to dissection by stream valleys and surface, especially centrally, has marked SW-NE to SSW-NNE orientated texture with narrow bedrock ridges with parallel peat filled basins inbetween, often coalescing complexly. Glacial clay cover to the E buries this topography. Borders the Aeron valley to the SW and SE, although without characteristic surface top
Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). Slope. Hill top. Scarp slope. Peat bog
Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry). N.B. Unusual surface with abundant peat filled depressions controlled by bedrock structure may require further assessment of regional significance.
No regionally significant sites/ landforms noted during present survey and geology/ geomorphology considered to be typical of feature/ process and is either widespread, better exposed elsewhere or not currently known to be exceptional (N.B. Unusual surface with abundant peat filled depressions controlled by bedrock structure may require further assessment).
RDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 213 (1:25, 000); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, Explorer Map 199 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006a, Sheet 194, 1:50,000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007a, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 194, NERC; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006b, Sheet 195, 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007b, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 195, NERC; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1994, Sheet 178 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. et al. 1997, Memoir of the
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry; Natural crags and inland outcrops; Marsh/bog/fen.

Aberdauddwr
Significant peatland area (Quaternary, Holocene) developed on the broad glacial clay platform of the Cross Inn area (Aspect Area 187) at the base of the Bontnewydd escarpment (Aspect Area 200).

Afon Biau (rhos)
Significant peatland area (Quaternary, Holocene) developed on the broad glacial clay platform of the Cross Inn area (Aspect Area 187) at the base of the Bontnewydd escarpment (Aspect Area 200). Includes a level valley area cutt in to the latter.

Cwm Bwlch - Allt Hugh Sion
Incised, narrow N-S valley cut into the Lower Silurian sandstone-dominated bedrock of the Bontnewydd area (Aspect Area 200) and draining to the S to the Aeron valley at Parchydderch. Includes a contiguous section of steep valley sides to the WSW on the N side of the Aeron to near Hafod.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1994, Sheet 178 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. et al. 1997, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179, BGS. BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006b, Sheet 195, 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007b, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 195, NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, Explorer Map 199 (1:25, 000).

Nant Rhiwafallen
Alluvial fan created terrace feature on the N side of the Aeron valley in the Tal-sarn area and level fill of short valley to N, which rapidly expands to S once leaving the upland massif of the Bontnewydd area (Aspect Area 200) via a narrow channel (Quaternary, Pleistocene-Holocene).
River channel (natural). Slope. Alluvial fan (active)

Brynog
Lower, more gently sloping section of valley side on the N of the Aeron valley in the Brynog area. Dominated by Lower Silurian slaty mudrocks and includes a terrace-like feature at its base. Escarpment of the Bontnewydd area (Aspect Area 200) above.

Hafod
Lower, more gently sloping section of valley side on the N of the Aeron valley in the Hafod area. Dominated by Lower Silurian slaty mudrocks with an escarpment of the Bontnewydd area (Aspect Area 200) above. Includes a narrow glacial deposit apron at the base of the bedrock slopes to the NE. Continuation of the Brynog feature (Aspect Area 205) to the E of the Nant Rhiwafallen alluvial fan.

Cwm Beidog
Embayment-like area of relatively gentle slopes of glacial clays (Quaternary, Pleistocene) on the N side of the Aeron valley with steeper bedrock slopes above. Includes a narrow terrace-like feature at its base besdide the river floodplain.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006a, Sheet 194, 1:50,000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007a, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 194, NERC; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006c, Sheet 177, 1:50 000 Geological Series. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, Explorer Map 199 (1:25, 000).

Brechfa
Promontary-like area of undulating lowland terrain between the Bontnewydd upland massif (Aspect Area 200) and the Aeron valley to the S. Includes low knoll-like features of Lower Silurian slaty mudrocks (e.g. Brechfa Fawr) with glacial clay filled depressions between.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1993, Sheet 179, 1:50 000 Geological Series. BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1994, Sheet 178 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. et al. 1997, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179, BGS. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, Explorer Map 199 (1:25, 000).

Cwrt Mawr
Irregular area of updulating terrain (rising to around 200-230m) comprising mounds of Lower Silurian sandstone-dominated bedrock with glacial clay covered areas between. Developed between the Bontnewydd upland massif (Aspect Area 200) and the Aeron valley to the E.

Nant Fynnon Geitho
Broad, level to gently sloping glacial clay (Quaternary, Pleistocene) dominated floor of the Nant Fynnon Geitho valley system which enters the main Aeron valley on its N side opposite Llangeitho.

Tanrion-rhos
L-shaped, low and flat topped massif of Lower Silurian sandstone and slaty mudrock bedrock rising to around 200m above the glacial clay dominated Stag's Head area (Aspect Area 151)...
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif / junction with valley systems...
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1994, Sheet 178 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J...R... et al... 1997, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179, BGS... ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, Explorer Map 199 (1:25, 000)...

Allt Glyn buarth
Short section of gently sloping glacial clay (Quaternary, Pleistocene) dominated apron - locally terrace-like - on the W side of the Aeron floodpalain in the Allt Glyn buarth to Cwm Parcau area.

Cwm Feinog
Narrow, deeply incised, NNW flowing valley cutting across the Lower Silurian sandstone and slaty mudrock bedrock upland massif of the Rhos Garn Whilgarn - Caledrhydian, Dihewyd - Moelfre area (Aspect Area 114-120), from the Tryal manor area to join the Mydr valley. Probable glacial outwash channel.
River channel (natural). Flood plain. Slope

Cwm-llechwedd - Bryn y Maen
Irregular group of Lower Silurian sandstone and slaty mudrock bedrock massifs forming low ridges and knolls with flattened tops linking to a section of broadly N-facing escarpment above the Ystwyth valley in the Crosswood area. Averaging 270m in height, locally nearly 300m, rising slightly above the glacial deposit dominated Stag's Head, Camddwi Fach - Sychant and Lledrod-Crosswood areas (Aspect Areas 151, 217 and 339).
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1994, Sheet 178 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. et al. 1997, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179, BGS. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 213 (1:25, 000); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, Explorer Map 199 (1:25, 000).
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream;

Swyddffynnon
Low massif of Lower Silurian sandstone and slaty mudrock bedrock on the N side of Cors Caron, rising above the glacial deposit dominated Camddwi Fach - Sychant area (Aspect Area 217) to around 200-250 m. Includes the small and rocky N-S knoll of Drosgol. Mine workings also present. Lower Silurian slaty mudrock dominated bedrock.
Stratigraphic formation(s). Superficial deposits. Past processes. Other
Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area (including mine sites) are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry).
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1994, Sheet 178 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. et al. 1997, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179, BGS. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, Explorer Map 199 (1:25, 000). ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999d, Explorer Map 187 (1:25,000 ).
Additional Level 4 features include: Disused quarry; Natural crags and inland outcrops; Mine shaft/adit;.

Pen-bryn
Relatively small and low SW-NE elongated hill rising above the Cors Caron peat-dominated depression to the SE and the glacial deposit dominated Camddwi Fach - Sychant area (Aspect Area 217) tot the N. Up to around 200m. Lower Silurian slaty mudrock bedrock.

Camddwi Fach - Sychant
Low, level to very gently sloping glacial clay (Quaternary, Pleistocene) filled depressions between bedrock massifs to the N of the Cors Caron Includes the Camddwr Fach valley and the upper part of the Sychnant valley.

Nant Cwmtarw
Incised, deep cwm of the Nant Cwmtarw, flowing NNW to the Ystwyth valley from upland areas to the S. Including a contiguous section of steep valley sides on the S of the latter valley in the Allt Brynrth area. Lower Silurian slaty mudrock bedrock.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1994, Sheet 178 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. et al. 1997, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179, BGS. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 213 (1:25, 000).
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream, Road/railway cutting

Mynydd Bach - Ystrad Meurig
Upland massif dominated by Lower Silurian slaty mudrocks and sandstones on the S side of the Ystwyth valley, rising to around 360- 370m in the N, lower to the S. Irregular surface with rocky outcrops, especially to the NE, and areas of wet grassland / bog (e.g. rhos pasture) and cut by stream valleys. Cut by the steep, high sides of the Ystwyth valley to the N, delineated by the Afon Marchant tot the SE, passing down to the Cors Caron depression in the S. Typical SSW-NNE tectonic orientation t
Slope. Hill top. Peat bog. Spring. Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit
Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry). Ensure that SSSI features are maintained in favourable condition by implementation of management plans and ensure that RIGS are safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping.
Includes GCR / SSSI features of national / international importance and RIGS features of at least regional importance.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1994, Sheet 178 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. et al. 1997, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179, BGS. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, Explorer Map 199 (1:25, 000). ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999d, Explorer Map 187 (1:25,000 ). ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 213 (1:25, 000).
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Natural crags and inland outcrops; Mine shaft/adit; Meander; Marsh/bog/fen;

Llan Ddu Fawr
Major upland block developed on Lower Silurian sandstone dominated bedrock, representing the NW continaution of the escarpment and palateau of Aspect Areas 161, 180, 221, etc. Irregular NW-facing escarpment with uneven plateau above, rising to over 560 m locally. Latter includes many small streams, occasional ponds and lakes (including Llyn Fyrddin Mawr), also areas of peat bog, sometimes extensive (Quaternary, Holocene). Cut by the deep Ystwyth valley to the NE.
Waterfall / rapids. Slope. Hill top. Scarp slope. Peat bog
Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry). Assess possible RIGS status of landforms etc,
Major upland features showing a range of geomorphological features includes rocks outcrops, possible block slopes, etc.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1993, Sheet 179, 1:50 000 Geological Series. BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1994, Sheet 178 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. et al. 1997, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179, BGS. ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999d, Explorer Map 187 (1:25,000 ). ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 213 (1:25, 000);
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Natural crags and inland outcrops; Marsh/bog/fen; Block slopes/ surface stone.

Graig Wem (Llyn Teifi)
Section of the upland escarpment and plateau which includes Aspect Areas 161, 180, 220, etc with a extremely rocky surface, including crags and surface stone scatters and rocky peaks (at over 400m). Hollows within the surface include several lakes (Llyn Teifi, Llyn Egnant etc) and/or peat deposits. Periglacial and glacial features and deposits probably well developed. Lower Silurian sandstone dominated bedrock
Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). Slope. Hill top. Peat bog
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif with extensive surface exposure/ junction with valley systems.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1993, Sheet 179, 1:50 000 Geological Series. BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1994, Sheet 178 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. et al. 1997, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179, BGS. ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999d, Explorer Map 187 (1:25,000 ). ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 213 (1:25, 000).
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Natural crags and inland outcrops; Marsh/bog/fen;Block slopes/ surface stone.

Banc Cerrig-gwynion
Broadly triangular, E-W elongated, level surfaced area of bedrock outcrop (Lower Silurian sandstone dominated) rising above the the glacial clay domeinated depressions and valleys fils of the Claerdduewm - Cors y Ddalfa area (Aspect Area 281). Steeper slopes to the E and SE rising above the valley below, ultimately to around 500-540m, although to the W only slightly raised above surrounding terrain. Includes the glacial clay fill of the E directed valley of the nant Dderwen to the E.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1993, Sheet 179, 1:50 000 Geological Series. DAVIES, J.R. et al. 1997, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179, BGS. ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999b, Explorer 200 (1:25,000); ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999c, Explorer 214 (1:25,000).
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Natural crags and inland outcrops; Marsh/bog/fen

Morfa Bychan
Narrow coastal platform dominated by glacial clay (Quaternary, Pleistocene) at the foot of the Tregynan - Tanybwlch bedrock massif (Aspect Area 247)... Very gently slopes seaward...
Dominantly rural area with limited significant development...
Edge of coastal cliff / base of slope to E
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1994, Sheet 178 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J...R... et al... 1997, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179, BGS... ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 213 (1:25, 000)...

Ystwyth cwm (S)
Steep and high S side (N-facing) of the upper Ystwyth valley with prominent crags and areas of scree, especially in the Griag Coch, Craig Ddu and Craig Cwmtinwen area. Craig Du in particular is a well developed nivation cirque, Criag Cwmtinwen is similar but less deeply cut. Includes disused metal mines. Valley controlled by the Cwm Ystwyth fault system. Lower Silurian sandstone dominated bedrock.
Slope. Cwm/corrie. Glacial U-shaped valley. Coal / mineral spoil tips
Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry). Ensure that SSSI features are maintained in favourable condition by implementation of management plans and ensure that RIGS are safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1993, Sheet 179, 1:50 000 Geological Series. BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1994, Sheet 178 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. et al. 1997, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179, BGS. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 213 (1:25, 000). ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999c, Explorer 214 (1:25,000); CAMPBELL, S. and BOWEN, D.Q. 1989, Geological Conservation Review: Quaternary of Wales, NCC; www.geologywales.co.uk/central-wales-rigs; BEVINS, R.S. and MASON, J.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Natural crags and inland outcrops; Mine shaft/adit;

Llwynywen
Broad level to gently sloping alluvium dominated section of the Arth valley floor (Quaternary, Holocene) within the glacial clay dominated platform of the Cross Inn area (Aspect Area 187), immediately above the lower incised area (Aspect Area 117) section which cuts down towards the coast.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1994, Sheet 178 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. et al. 1997, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179, BGS. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 213 (1:25, 000).

Cefngaer
Low pair of WSW-ENE ridges rising above the NE end of the Cors Caron peat filled depression and linked by a platform on the W side of the upper Teifi valley, SW of Ponyrhyd-fendigaid... Includes a disused metal mine at Heolfryn... Surface dominated by glacial clays (Quaternary, Pleistocene), probably draped over a Lower Silurian bedrock feature...
Break of slope at base of slow hills / junction with valley systems...
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1994, Sheet 178 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J...R... et al... 1997, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179, BGS... ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999d, Explorer Map 187 (1:25,000 )... ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 213 (1:25, 000)...
Additional Level 4 features include: Mine shaft/adit;

Afon Marchant - Afonn Mwyro
Alluvial floodplain and channel of the Afon Marchant and upper Afon Teifi, and adjacent low terrace feature beyond Cors Caron (Quaternary,?Pleistocene-Holocene) (between Ystard-Meurig and beyong Strata Florida to the Mwyro cwm area)...
Break of slope at edge river floodplain /terrace...
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1994, Sheet 178 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J...R... et al... 1997, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179, BGS... ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999d, Explorer Map 187 (1:25,000 )... ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 213 (1:25, 000)...
Additional Level 4 features include: Meander

Mwyro cwm
Level to gently sloping floor of the upper part of the steep sidedMwyro cwm, including glacial clay deposits and Lower Silurian sandstone dominated bedrock outcrop. Inckludes a small side cwm to the NW.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1994, Sheet 178 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. et al. 1997, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179, BGS. ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999d, Explorer Map 187 (1:25,000 ). ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 213 (1:25, 000).

Pen y Bannau
Undulating area with Lower Silurian slaty mudrock dominated bedrock outcrop rising above glacial clay blanketed slopes of the Ffair-Rhos area (Aspect Area 232), on the N side of the upper Teifi valley (E of Portrhydfendigaid). Includesthe craggy Pen-y-Bannau massif rising to around 352m and the smoother Esgair y Garn short ridge to the E, rising to 388m. Disused metal mines to the W.
Stratigraphic formation(s). Superficial deposits. Active processes. Past processes. Other
Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance (including mines) in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry).
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1994, Sheet 178 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. et al. 1997, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179, BGS. ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999d, Explorer Map 187 (1:25,000 ). ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 213 (1:25, 000).

Bryn Mawr
WNW-ESE, short ridge of Lower Silurian slaty mudrock dominated bedrock rising above glacial clay blanketed slopes of the Ffair-Rhos area (Aspect Area 232) (to around 400 m).
Slope. Hill top. Peat bog. Coal / mineral spoil tips
Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance (incl. mines) in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry).
1:50,000 British Geological Survey maps, 1:10,000 aerial photographs (as stereo pairs), OS 1:25,000 Landranger topographical map.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1994, Sheet 178 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. et al. 1997, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179, BGS. ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999d, Explorer Map 187 (1:25,000 ). ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 213 (1:25, 000).
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream;Natural crags and inland outcrops; Mine shaft/adit;Marsh/bog/fen

Banc Esgair-mwn
Narrow and somewhat sinuous E-W ridge of Lower Silurian sandstone dominated bedrock rising above glacial clay blanketed slopes of the Ffair-Rhos area (Aspect Area 232) (to around 470 m in the E, c.300m to the W). Disused metal mines present
Stratigraphic formation(s). Superficial deposits. Past processes. Other
Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance (incl. mines) in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry).
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1994, Sheet 178 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. et al. 1997, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179, BGS. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 213 (1:25, 000).
Additional Level 4 features include: Natural crags and inland outcrops; Mine shaft/adit

Ffair-Rhos
Extensive area of glacial clay (Quaternary, Pleistocene), blanketed slopes, rising to the NE above the Pontrhydfendigaid area to Ffail-Rhos and ultimately around 400m. Includes the braod an very gently sloping basin of the Ysguboriau area and flanks both side of the Afon Marchant valley. Includes small areas where Lower Silurian bedrock emerges.
Slope. Hill top. Urban / industrial development
Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance (incl. mines) in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry).
Base of slopes below and base of escarpments above.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 213 (1:25, 000).
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Natural crags and inland outcrops; Mine shaft/adit; Marsh/bog/fen

Coed Bwlchwallter
Parallel NW-SE ridges of Lower Silurian sandstone dominated bedrock developed below the escarpment of the Llan Ddu Fawr area (Aspect Area 220) and sloping down (from over 460m) towards the Ystwyth valley.

Rhos y Gafallt
Upland wetland or other depositional basin
Sloping area of wet Rhos grassland / bog below the escarpment of Aspect Area 220 and between the Bryn Bach-Esgair Embr and Coed Bwlchwallter ridges of Aspect Area 233. Glacial clay (Quaternary, Pleistocene), dominated, probably with blanket bog.

Rhos Nant-gau
Sloping area of wet Rhos grassland / bog below the escarpment of Aspect Area 220 and between bedrock ridges of Coed Bwlchwallter ridges and the Cefn Cich area (Aspect Areas 233 and 276, part). Glacial clay (Quaternary, Pleistocene), dominated, probably with blanket bog.

Allt Dihanog
Relatively short section of steep, incised valley side on the S side of a gorge-like section of the Ystwyth valley in the Allt Dihanog area. Cut into Lower Silurian sandstone dominated bedrock.
Additional Level 4 features include: Mine shaft/adit

Coed Cilmeddu
W by S section of steep, high valley sides on the S of the Ystwyth, N of Coed Cilmeddu. Cut into Lower Silurian slaty mudrock dominated bedrock. Valley controlled by the Cwm Ystwyth fault system.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999d, Explorer Map 187 (1:25,000 ).

Ystwyth cwm (N)
W by section of steep, high valley sides on the N of the Ystwyth, W of Pont-rhyd-y-groed. Cut into Lower Silurian slaty mudrock dominated bedrock. Valley controlled by the Cwm Ystwyth fault system. Metalliferous mineralisation.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1993, Sheet 179, 1:50 000 Geological Series.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1994, Sheet 178 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. et al. 1997, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179, BGS. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 213 (1:25, 000). BEVINS, R.S. and MASON, J.S. 1997, CCW Contract Science Report 156; www.geologywales.co.uk/central-wales-rigs
Additional Level 4 features include:Natural crags and inland outcrops; Mine shaft/adit.

Aberaeron - Llansantffraed coast
Shingle dominated foreshore from the E side of Little Quay Bay past Aberaeron and Llanon to N of Llanrhystud with only limited sandy areas (Quaternary, Holocene) and low soft cliff including a range of glacial sediments (Quaternary, Pleistocene). Very local areas of rock cliff and foreshore developed in Lower Silurian sandstone dominated bedrock. Mainly SW-NE orientated.
Cliff. Wave-cut platform. Sand / shingle foreshore. Beach. Coastal defence works
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006c, Sheet 177, 1:50 000 Geological Series. BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1994, Sheet 178 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. et al. 1997, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179, BGS. BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006a, Sheet 194, 1:50,000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007a, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 194, NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, Explorer Map 199 (1:25, 000). ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Explorer Map 198 (1:25, 000).

Pinderi Cliffs
High cliff and rocky shore platform in Lower Silurian sandstone dominated bedrock between Correg Tipw (N of Llanrhystud) and Mynachdyl-graig. SSW-NNE orientated. Locally with steep coastal slope above.
Cliff. Wave-cut platform. Sand / shingle foreshore. Coastal slope
Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry). Assess potential RIGS features and safeguard using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping.

Morfa Bychan coast
Virtually N-S coastline (e.g. S by W - N by E) with wided shingle-dominated foreshore and low 'soft' cliff in glacial clay (Quaternary, Pleistocene-Holocene). Latter exposes the geology of the adjacent coastal platform of Aspect Area 223 (Morfa Bychan).
Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry). Ensure that SSSI features are maintained in favourable condition by implementation of management plans
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1994, Sheet 178 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. et al. 1997, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179, BGS. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 213 (1:25, 000). WALKER, M.J.C. and McCARROLL, D. 2001, The Quaternary of West Wales: Field Guide, Quaternary Research Association. CAMPBELL, S. and BOWEN, D.Q. 1989, Geological Conservation Review: Quaternary of Wales, NCC.

Allt-wen coast
Relatively short but key SSW-NNE section of rock cliff and shore exposing the geologically famous 'Aberystwyth Grits' (Lower Silurian sandstone dominated bedrock), SW of Aberystwyth itself. Includes storm beach at base of cliffs (Quaternary, Holocene).
Cliff. Wave-cut platform. Sand / shingle foreshore. Coastal slope
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1994, Sheet 178 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. et al. 1997, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179, BGS. BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989, Sheet 163, 1:50 000 Geological Series; CAVE, R. and HAINS, B.A., 1986, Memoir, 1:50 000 geological sheet 163, HMSO; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 213 (1:25, 000). TREAGUS, J.E. (ed.) 1992, Geological Conservation Review Series 3, Chapman and Hall.

Tanybwlch Beach
Section of shingle storm beach and ridge blocking the Ystwyth estuary, S of Aberystwyth, diverting it to the N to join the Rheidol (Quaternary, Holocene).
Sand / shingle foreshore. Bar. Sand. Shingle / gravel
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989, Sheet 163, 1:50 000 Geological Series; CAVE, R. and HAINS, B.A., 1986, Memoir, 1:50 000 geological sheet 163, HMSO; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 213 (1:25, 000).

Aberystwyth - Upper Borth coast
Coastal rock cliff and rocky foreshore in Lower Silurian sandstone dominated bedrock between Aberystwyth and Borth showing classic exposures of the geologically famous 'Aberystwyth Grits'. Includes foreshore-only areas fronting Aberystwyth town, the high rock cliffs of the Constitution Hill area and areas N of Clarach Bay, also shingle and sand beach (Quaternary, Holocene) areas where coastal valleys are intersected (Clarach Bay, Wallog, etc).
Cliff. Wave-cut platform. Sand / shingle foreshore. Bar. Beach. Coastal slope. Waterfall / rapids
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989, Sheet 163, 1:50 000 Geological Series; CAVE, R. and HAINS, B.A., 1986, Memoir, 1:50 000 geological sheet 163, HMSO; CHERNS, L. 2007, Landmap Study For The Dyfi Biosphere Reserve, Geological Landscape Layer, TECHNICAL ANNEXE, CCW; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2002, Explorer Map OL23 (1:25, 000); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 213 (1:25, 000); www.geologywales.co.uk/central-wales-rigs; TREAGUS, J.E. (ed.) 1992, Geological Conservation Review Series 3, Chapman and Hall;

Afon Wyre - Wyre Fach
Floodplain and active channel (Quaternary, Holocene) of the Wyre river within the fault controlled valley ENE of Llanrhystud (incised to the W) and the Wyre Fach which runs to the S, in part subparalel, before turing NE to join the former. Incudes a shorter but broader area of fluvial alluvium in the Llanrhystud and along the valley to the NE; also a terrace like feature in Teilo Farm area.
River channel (natural). Flood plain. Urban / industrial development

Afon Carrog - Rhos-y-Garth
Branching complex of glacial clay (Quaternary, Pleistocene) dominated infills of valleys and depressions within the Lower Silurian bedrock massif of the Tregynan-Tanybwlch, Gaer Fawr-Gilfachafael, Tan-y-Graig-Meillionen, etc area (Aspect Areas 247-251), between the Wyre and Ystwyth valleys. To the W many of the basins are controlled by tectonic grain and have a SSW-NNE orientation. To the E, however, the core of the massif is occupied by the broad glacial clay dominated basin of the Rhos-y-ga
Superficial deposits. Active processes. Past processes. Stratigraphic formation(s)

Tregynan - Tanybwlch
SSW-NNE coastal massif of Lower Silurian sandstone dominated bedrock forming a ridge like feature between Llanrhystud to the S and the mouth of the Ystwyth valley, immediately S of Aberystwyth. Coastal slope is steepest and cut by several narrow stream valleys, rising to an irregular platform at around 170 m locally, and then descending only slightly to a parallel glacial clay trough landward (part of Aspect Area 247).
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1994, Sheet 178 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. et al. 1997, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179, BGS. BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989, Sheet 163, 1:50 000 Geological Series; CAVE, R. and HAINS, B.A., 1986, Memoir, 1:50 000 geological sheet 163, HMSO; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 213 (1:25, 000).
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Natural crags and inland outcrops

Cefngraigwen
Low bedrock feature rising slightly above the glacial clay dominated Afon Carrog - Rhos-y-Garth area (Aspect Area 246). Comprises a pair of low but parallel ridge (at up to around 158m). Lower Silurian sandstone dominated bedrock.

Gaer Fawr - Gilfachafael
WSW-ENE massif of Lower Silurian sandstone and slaty mudrock bedrock rising above the N side of the Wyre valley, stretching from NE of Llanrhystud to near Crosswood in the Ystwyth valley (S side controlled by the Cwm Ystwyth fault system). Defines the S side of the Tregynan-Tanybwlch, Gaer Fawr-Gilfachafael, Tan-y-Graig-Meillionen, etc massif (Aspect Areas 247-251) between the Wyre and Ystwyth valleys. Passes from valley slope to an undulating platform at around 277m in the E, but generally un

Tan-y-Graig - Meillionen
Area of Lower Silurian sandstone dominated bedrock rising above the S side of the Ystwyth valley, W of Llanilar and defining, along with the adjacent Aspect Area 251, the N margin of the Tregynan-Tanybwlch, Gaer Fawr-Gilfachafael, Tan-y-Graig-Meillionen, etc massif (Aspect Areas 247-251). Valley slope is cut by streams and levels of to the S to form an irregular platform at around 180-190m to the E and 150m to the W.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1994, Sheet 178 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. et al. 1997, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179, BGS.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 213 (1:25, 000).
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry; Mine shaft/adit;

Coed Alltfed
WNW-ESE Lower Silurian slaty mudrock massif on the S side of the Ystwyth valley between Llanilar and Crosswood. Forms part of the N margin of the Tregynan-Tanybwlch, Gaer Fawr-Gilfachafael, Tan-y-Graig-Meillionen, etc massif (Aspect Areas 247-251). Valley slope realatively steep, rising to an undulating platform at around 200m.

Llanilar
Terrace like feature on the S side of the Ystwyth in the Llanilar area, passing NW to gently sloping apron at the base of the Tregynan-Tanybwlch - Tan-y-Graig - Meillionen bedrock massif (Aspect Areas 247 and 250). Dominated by glacial clays and probably other drift deposits (including terrace?) (Quaternary, Pleistocene).
River terrace. Urban / industrial development

Afon Ystwyth
Floodplain and channel (and probably also low terrace of the Afon Ystwyth (Quaternary, Holocene) from the Dologau area to the estuary S of Aberystwyth. Upper part, above Pont-rhyd-y-groes has a strongly braided floodplain and a more upland style an lies within fault controlled, steep sided valley. W flow is diverted briefly at Pont-rhyd-y-groes where the valley is deflected to the SW and becomes very narrow and gorge-like. Defelcted W again, the floodplain widens slightly and well developed me
River channel / canal (artificial). River channel (natural). Flood plain. River terrace

Y Gors
Lower Silurian sandstone dominated bedrock massif, rising to an uneven surface at up to around 190m, on the N side of the Ystwyth SE of Llanfarian. Includes steep, W face and with a glacial deposit filled valley to the N.

Llanfarian
Glacial clay (Quaternary, Pleistocene) infill and minor alluvial floodplain of the broad, level to gently sloping floor of the E-W Nant Raith valley and the contiguous terrace feature on the E side of the Ystwyth in the Llanfrian area.
River terrace. Spring. Urban / industrial development
Break of slope at edge river floodplain /terrace below and base of bedrock slopes above/ Break of slope at edge of drift filled valley systems and valley sides / escarpment above.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989, Sheet 163, 1:50 000 Geological Series; CAVE, R. and HAINS, B.A., 1986, Memoir, 1:50 000 geological sheet 163, HMSO; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 213 (1:25, 000).

Llanfihangel-y-Creuddyn - Trawsgoed
road, gently sloping glacial clay (Quaternary, Pleistocene) apron and contiguous valley fills on the NE side of the Ystwyth fom opposite Llanilar to the Trawscoed area. Includes a terrace-like feature near Trawscoed also. Western cwm complex appear to represent the infil of short glacial valleys developed in high ground to the N (Aspect Area 257); similar linked glacial style valleys to the E are separated with Aspect Area 271. Also includes a raised, terrace-like platform SW of Llanafan at
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1994, Sheet 178 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. et al. 1997, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179, BGS. BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989, Sheet 163, 1:50 000 Geological Series; CAVE, R. and HAINS, B.A., 1986, Memoir, 1:50 000 geological sheet 163, HMSO; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 213 (1:25, 000).

New Cross - Pant-y-crug
Lowland bedrock block dominated by Lower Silurian slaty mudrocks between the Ystwyth and Rheidol valleys and rising to around 140-170m. Steepest slopes to the N above the Rheidol, more gentle to the S and passing to the glacial clay slopes of Aspect Area 256. Surface less uneven than Aspect Area 254 to the SW.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989, Sheet 163, 1:50 000 Geological Series; CAVE, R. and HAINS, B.A., 1986, Memoir, 1:50 000 geological sheet 163, HMSO; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 213 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1994, Sheet 178 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. et al. 1997, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179, BGS.

Moriah
Lower Silurian sandstone dominated bedrock massif on the S side of the Rheidol valley, SE of Aberystwyth... Broadly E-W orientated with steep sides to the N and S (the latter on the N side of the Nant Paith valley... Rises up to around 160m with an undulating surface... Includes the knoll like feature of Troedrhiwasgraig to the N with a glacial clay filled valley-form surrounding...
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif / junction with valley systems...
Includes RIGS features of at least regional importance...
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1994, Sheet 178 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J...R... et al... 1997, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179, BGS... BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989, Sheet 163, 1:50 000 Geological Series; CAVE, R... and HAINS, B...A..., 1986, Memoir, 1:50 000 geological sheet 163, HMSO; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 213 (1:25, 000)... www...geologywales...co...uk/central-wales-rigs

Craig-y-bwlch
Steep valley slopes on the E side of the Ystwyth valley, cut into the SW face of the Y Gors Lower Silurian sandstone dominated bedrock massif.

Aberystwyth (Penparcau)
Developed area of S Aberystwyth occupying a glacial deposit (Quaternary, Pleistocene) dominated platform and terrace like feature between the Ystwyth and Rheidol rivers.
Area of intensive urban development: few natural features remain.
Edge of Urban development on glacial deposit platform.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1994, Sheet 178 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. et al. 1997, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179, BGS. BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989, Sheet 163, 1:50 000 Geological Series; CAVE, R. and HAINS, B.A., 1986, Memoir, 1:50 000 geological sheet 163, HMSO; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 213 (1:25, 000).

Pendinas
Small but high knoll of Lower Silurian sandstone dominated bedrock, rising to around 100m at the seaward end of a promontary between the estuaries of the Ystwyth and Rheidol rivers (on the S side of Aberystwyth town)...
Coastal slope. Slope. Hill top. Urban / industrial development
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif / junction with valley systems...
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989, Sheet 163, 1:50 000 Geological Series; CAVE, R... and HAINS, B...A..., 1986, Memoir, 1:50 000 geological sheet 163, HMSO; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 213 (1:25, 000)...

Ystwyth - Rheigol estuary
Confluence of the Ystwyth and Rheidol rivers, forming a single estuary system centered on Aberystwyth. (upstream limit determined by the Normal Tidal Limit (NTL)). The Rheidol estuary is confined by the development of the town, the Ystwyth however includes a broad level area behind a barrier beach structure (Aspect Area 243) which probably represents reclaimed salmarsh (Quaternary, Holocene).
River channel / canal (artificial). Flood plain
Ensure that no surviving features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry).
Edge of surviving floodplain/ saltmarsh areas and river channels to NTL.
Additional Level 4 features include: Flood defence bank/works;

Aberystwyth (Buarth Mawr)
Main urban development of the lower part of Aberystwyth town, mainly utilising a glacial deposit, terrace-like feature at the end of the Rheidol valley but probably also on former floodplain / saltmarsh areas (Quaternary, Pleistocene-Holocene). Includes some minor areas of Lower Silurian bedrock.
Area of intensive urban development: few natural features remain.
Edge of urban development on glacial deposit terrace.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989, Sheet 163, 1:50 000 Geological Series; CAVE, R. and HAINS, B.A., 1986, Memoir, 1:50 000 geological sheet 163, HMSO; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 213 (1:25, 000).

Aberystwyth (University of Wales
Urban development on slopes on the NE side of the Rheidol valley, including the University of Wales. Lower Silurian sandstone dominated bedrock.
Edge of intense urban development on bedrock slopes N of the Rheidol.

Constitution Hill
Undeveloped section of Lower Silurian sandstone dominated bedrock coastal massif on the n side of Aberystwyth town (developed section is included in Aspect Area 264). Coastal slop above cliffs to the W and steep sides cut into by the Clarach valley to the N.
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif / junction with valley systems / urban areas / cliff top.

Cwmrheidol
Terrace feature on the S side of the Rheidol valley, SE of Aberystwyth town (Quaternary, Pleistocene?), from the Glanyrafon Industrial Estate through Rhiwarthen to the Cwm Rheidol reservoirs complex. Latter area includes several former meanders of the river which have been artificially dammed ad deepened. Valley filled with glacial deposits in this area and floor is level and relatively broad until just to the NW of Devil's Bridge where it becomes a narrow, steep and high sided gorge. River ch
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Flood defence bank/works

Afon Rheidol
Lower part of the active Afon Rheidol system including floodplain and meandering river channel between Cwm Rheidol reservoir and the tidal limit at Aberystwyth (Quaternary, Holocene). Flood plain partly developed near Aberystwyth and gravel workings present at Glanrhyd-ty-boeth, neaqr Cwm Rheidol.
River channel (natural). Flood plain. Abandoned channel / Ox Bow lake. Urban / industrial development
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry; Meander; Flood defence bank/works.

Penlan
Lowland hills on the N side of the Ystwyth valley, NW of Abermagwr. Steep sided to S and rising to around 185m. W and N parts with glacial infil of Aspect Area 256. Lower Silurian slaty mudrock bedrock.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1994, Sheet 178 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. et al. 1997, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179, BGS; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 213 (1:25, 000).

Fron Ddu
Upland massif dominated by Lower Silurian slaty mudrocks and rising to around 330-340m. Cut to the N by the steep sides of Cwm Rheidol and heavily dissected to the W and S by glacial clay filled cwms. Metal mines present (disused).
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry; Natural crags and inland outcrops; Mine shaft/adit; Marsh/bog/fen

Cwm Magwr - cwmnewydion
Steep incised slopes on the S side of the Fron Ddu bedrock massif (Lower Silurian sandstone and slaty mudrocks; Aspect Area 269) and on the N side of Cwmnewydion. Includes Cwm Magwr.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream;

Devil's Bridge- Cwmnewydion
Complex of glacial clay (Quaternary, Pleistocene) dominated cwm fills in the Cwmnewydion area and broader glacial clay blanketed basin S and SW of Devil's Bridge, linking the Rheidol and Ystwyth valleys.
Superficial deposits. Active processes. Past processes. Other
Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). Slope. Hill top. Peat bog. Coal / mineral spoil tips
Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area (incl. mines) are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry).
1:50,000 British Geological Survey maps, 1:10,000 aerial photographs (as stereo pairs), OS 1:25,000 Landranger topographical map.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Mine shaft/adit; Marsh/bog/fen.

Brynafan - Graig Ddu
Upland block - in two distinct masses - developed on Lower Silurian sandstone dominated bedrock mainly on the N side of the Ystwyth valley betweenm Cwmystwyth and the Llanafan area (but almost reaching the Rheidol valley to the NE. Steep sided / incised above the river and rising to nearly 340 m to the W naerly 450m to the NE; surface irregular with scattered rocky crags. Includes the Banc Dolaucothon rockky knoll centrally and crosses the Ystwyth valley where the latter's course is confined t
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry; Natural crags and inland outcrops

Bryn-llwyd
Steep, incised sides of the branching glacial valley system of the Mynach and Rhuddnant cwms which cut into the high upland massif of the Bryn Llychese area (Aspect Area 274). Cut into Lower Silurian sandstone dominated bedrock. Includes an irregular rocky ridge to the SW between the Mynach valley and the valley to the S and a broad glacial clay dominated basin to the E. Disused metal mines present.
Stratigraphic formation(s). Structural features. Active processes. Past processes. Other
Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area (incl. mines) are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry).
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989, Sheet 163, 1:50 000 Geological Series; CAVE, R. and HAINS, B.A., 1986, Memoir, 1:50 000 geological sheet 163, HMSO; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 213 (1:25, 000). ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999c, Explorer 214 (1:25,000); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (in prep., 2008), Sheet 164, 1:50 000 Geological Series.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry; Natural crags and inland outcrops; Mine shaft/adit; Marsh/bog/fen.

Bryn Llychese
Upland massif of Lower Silurian sandstone dominated bedrock forming an irregular broadly SW-NE relatively level topped ridge, cut by the steep sides of the Dyfryn Castell valley to the NW and the Mynach-Rhuddnant glacial valleys to the SW. Rises up to around 500m
Aspect Area boundaries surveyed at 1:10,000 using aerial photographs, mapped at 1:25,000.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989, Sheet 163, 1:50 000 Geological Series; CAVE, R. and HAINS, B.A., 1986, Memoir, 1:50 000 geological sheet 163, HMSO; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 213 (1:25, 000). ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999c, Explorer 214 (1:25,000); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (in prep., 2008), Sheet 164, 1:50 000 Geological Series.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry; Natural crags and inland outcrops; Mine shaft/adit; Marsh/bog/fen

Nantyarian cwms
Steeply incised valley sides N of Melndwr and the steep sided V-shaped valley of Nant cwm-y-graig to the NE, Cut into Lower Silurian sandstone dominated bedrock.
Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area (incl. mines) are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry).
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Mine shaft/adit

Afon Melindwr
Level to sublevel floor of the broad and steep side Melindwr valley, including floodplain alluvium and active channel (Quaternary, Holocene)... Upland style river context at lowland altitude...
Break of slope at edge river floodplain /terrace...
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989, Sheet 163, 1:50 000 Geological Series; CAVE, R... and HAINS, B...A..., 1986, Memoir, 1:50 000 geological sheet 163, HMSO; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 213 (1:25, 000)...

: Bryn Garw - Peraidd Fynydd
Upland plateau developed on Lower Silurian sandstone dominated bedrock. Surface irregular, including SSW-NNE peat-folled troughs, but generally over 500m and rising to 610m maximum. Continuation of same feature as Aspect Area 274 (although geological formation, but not general rock type, different). Separated from the latter area by the glacial deposit filled basin of Aspect Area 284 and cut tot the S by the deep Cwmystwyth gorge.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1993, Sheet 179, 1:50 000 Geological Series. BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1994, Sheet 178 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. et al. 1997, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179, BGS.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999c, Explorer 214 (1:25,000); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 213 (1:25, 000).
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Natural crags and inland outcrops; Mine shaft/adit; Marsh/bog/fen; Block slopes/ surface stone

Cwmystwyth (N)
Steep and high northern valley slopes of Cwmystwyth gorge. Rocky crags typical and many disused metalliferous mine workings present. Cut into Lower Silurian sandstone dominated bedrock. Valley controlled by the Cwm Ystwyth fault system.
Includes GCR / SSSI features of national / international importance and RIGS features of at least regional importance. Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry).
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1993, Sheet 179, 1:50 000 Geological Series. BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1994, Sheet 178 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. et al. 1997, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179, BGS. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 213 (1:25, 000). ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999c, Explorer 214 (1:25,000).
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Natural crags and inland outcrops; Mine shaft/adit; Block slopes/ surface stone.

Afon Ystwyth (Cwmystwyth)
Level to gently sloping base of the Cwmystwyth valley, between the narrow rock gorge of the Dologau area and Esgair-wen. Floodplain relatively broad with meandering channel (Quaternary, Holocene). Some gravel areas / mine waste tips present.
River channel (natural). Flood plain. Coal / mineral spoil tips
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1993, Sheet 179, 1:50 000 Geological Series. BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1994, Sheet 178 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. et al. 1997, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179, BGS. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 213 (1:25, 000). ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999c, Explorer 214 (1:25,000).

Upper Cwmystwyth
Glacial clay (Quaternary, Pleistocene) dominated infill of the gently sloping base of the uppermost part of Cwm Ystwyth, as far as the Powys border. Includes the sloping infil of the Graig Cwmtinnen and Graig ddu nivation cirques, on the S side of the cwm.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1993, Sheet 179, 1:50 000 Geological Series. DAVIES, J.R. et al. 1997, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179, BGS. ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999c, Explorer 214 (1:25,000). CAMPBELL, S. and BOWEN, D.Q. 1989, Geological Conservation Review: Quaternary of Wales, NCC.

Claerdduewm - Cors y Ddalfa
High level blanket bog (Quaternary, Holocene). dominated depression of the and slopes on the top of the Lower Silurian sandstone dominated upland plateau of the Llan Ddu Fawr area. Includes W slopes of a short section of the Elan valley to the E with a broad level to gently sloping valley mire system (Gors Lwyd). Lake also present (Llyn y Fign).
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1993, Sheet 179, 1:50 000 Geological Series. DAVIES, J.R. et al. 1997, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179, BGS. ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999c, Explorer 214 (1:25,000). CAMPBELL, S. and BOWEN, D.Q. 1989, Geological Conservation Review: Quaternary of Wales, NCC.

Nant y Fawnog
Area of wetland (Rhos grassland) over glacial clay (Quaternary, Pleistocene) in gently sloping basin-like depression W of Devil's Bridge, within the bedrock massif of Fron Ddu (Aspect Area 269).

Mynach - Rhuddnant cwms
Glacial clay (Quaternary, Pleistocene) dominated level to gently sloping floors of the Mynach and Rhuddnant glacial valleys. Some areas also partly rock-floored (Lower Silurian sandstone dominated bedrock).
River channel (natural). Waterfall / rapids. Flood plain. Slope
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1994, Sheet 178 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. et al. 1997, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179, BGS. BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989, Sheet 163, 1:50 000 Geological Series; CAVE, R. and HAINS, B.A., 1986, Memoir, 1:50 000 geological sheet 163, HMSO; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (in prep., 2008), Sheet 164, 1:50 000 Geological Series; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1993, Sheet 179, 1:50 000 Geological Series. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explor

Rhos Grafiaullwynog
Level to gently sloping broad glacial clay (Quaternary, Pleistocene) fills of high level depressions / valleys within the upland massif of the Bryn Llychese - Bryn Garw - Peraidd Fynydd (Aspect Areas 274 and 277). Descends to the Afon Dhiw valley to the E and ncludes a thin section of that valley adajacent to the Powys border.
Break of slope at edge of drift filled valley systems and valley sides / escarpment above / county boundary.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1993, Sheet 179, 1:50 000 Geological Series. DAVIES, J.R. et al. 1997, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179, BGS. BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (in prep., 2008), Sheet 164, 1:50 000 Geological Series; ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999c, Explorer 214 (1:25,000).
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream;Marsh/bog/fen

Castell cwm (S)
Steep valley sides to the SE and E of Dyffrn Castell in the Y Glog area, rising up to the high level plateau of the Bryn Llychese area (Aspect Area 274) (Lower Silurian sandstone dominated bedrock).
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989, Sheet 163, 1:50 000 Geological Series; CAVE, R. and HAINS, B.A., 1986, Memoir, 1:50 000 geological sheet 163, HMSO; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 213 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (in prep., 2008), Sheet 164, 1:50 000 Geological Series.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Natural crags and inland outcrops

Castell cwm (N)
NW side of Castell cwm above Dyffryn Castell, and including the less steep lower part of the E side of the valley's slopes to the N (Cwmergyr area). Dominated by Lower Silurian slaty mudrock bedrock.
Slope. Alluvial fan (ancient). Coal / mineral spoil tips
Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry). Ensure that SSSI features are maintained in favourable condition by implementation of management plan.
Castell Mine GCR site (SN774812) [Mineralogy of Wales];
Eisteddfa RIGS SN795833) [Educational / Scientific (Stratigraphy): Silurian (Llandovery)]
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989, Sheet 163, 1:50 000 Geological Series; CAVE, R. and HAINS, B.A., 1986, Memoir, 1:50 000 geological sheet 163, HMSO; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 213 (1:25, 000). BEVINS, R.S. and MASON, J.S. 1997, CCW Contract Science Report 156; www.geologywales.co.uk/central-wales-rigs

Afon Castell
Broad, level to very slightly sloping depression in the Dyffryn Castell valley, dominated by alluvial fan deposits with narrow stream floodplain with marginal terrace (Quaternary, Pleistocene-Holocene)...
Flood plain. River terrace. Alluvial fan (ancient)
Break of slope at edge river floodplain /terrace...
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989, Sheet 163, 1:50 000 Geological Series; CAVE, R... and HAINS, B...A..., 1986, Memoir, 1:50 000 geological sheet 163, HMSO; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 213 (1:25, 000)...

Ceunant Ddu - Tarrenig cwms
Narrow area, truncated by the Powys border, of glacial clay (Quaternary, Pleistocene) dominated valley fill at the base of the Bryn Llychese area (Aspect Area 274).
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989, Sheet 163, 1:50 000 Geological Series; CAVE, R. and HAINS, B.A., 1986, Memoir, 1:50 000 geological sheet 163, HMSO; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 213 (1:25, 000). ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999c, Explorer 214 (1:25,000); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (in prep., 2008), Sheet 164, 1:50 000 Geological Series.

Disgwylfa Fawr - Bryn Glas
Upland area dominated by Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks and some sandstones, comprising two joined massifs to the S of the Nant-y-moch reservoir, and rising to over 560m tot the SE and over 500 m tot the NW. Forms part of the Plynlimon Ordovician inlier. NW massif more undulating with steeper slope, bedrock crags locally.
Superficial deposits. Structural features. Active processes. Other. Stratigraphic formation(s)
Waterfall / rapids. Slope. Hill top. Peat bog
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Natural crags and inland outcrops; Mine shaft/adit; Marsh/bog/fen

Plynlimon Fawr
High Mountain area to the E of the Nant-y-moch reservoir, forming a broadly SW-NE narrow-topped ridge feature, rising to 684 m in the SW and 741m to the NE. Steep NW slopes excavated by three glacial cwms (Aspect Areas 291-294). Slopes tot the SE also, towards (or across) the Powys border. Rock crags mainly along ridge. Some disused metal mines. Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks with some sandstones form the bedrock (part of the Plynlimon Ordovician inlier).
Hill top. Peat bog. Arete. Cwm/corrie. Coal / mineral spoil tips
Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry). Ensure that SSSI features are maintained in favourable condition by implementation of management plans
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif / junction with valley systems / county boundary.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989, Sheet 163, 1:50 000 Geological Series; CAVE, R. and HAINS, B.A., 1986, Memoir, 1:50 000 geological sheet 163, HMSO; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 213 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (in prep., 2008), Sheet 164, 1:50 000 Geological Series; ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999c, Explorer 214 (1:25,000); ORDNANCE SURVEY, Explorer 215 (1:25,000). GREGORY, K.J. (ed.) 1997, Geological Conservation Review Series 13, JNCC.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry; Natural crags and inland outcrops; Mine shaft/adit; Marsh/bog/fen

Pumlumon Fach - Cwm Gwerin
Steep sided and often craggy side of the Cwm Gwerin and Lyn Lly-Rheid glacial cirques, on the NW side of the high Plynlimon Fawr ridge. Includes asteep craggy slope below (the cirques 'hang' above the Hengwm valley to the NW) the conspicuous area of rocky crag-dominated slopes of the Pumlumon Fawr area, immediately to the SW. Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks with some sandstones form the bedrock (part of the Plynlimon Ordovician inlier).
Break of slope at top and base of steep valley sides and limits of rocky area to the SW.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989, Sheet 163, 1:50 000 Geological Series; CAVE, R. and HAINS, B.A., 1986, Memoir, 1:50 000 geological sheet 163, HMSO; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 213 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (in prep., 2008), Sheet 164, 1:50 000 Geological Series; ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999c, Explorer 214 (1:25,000); GREGORY, K.J. (ed.) 1997, Geological Conservation Review Series 13, JNCC.

Llyn Llad Rheidol
NNW facing sloping base of a well developed glacial cirque on the NW side of Plynlimon Fawr. Includes lake and glacial moraine sediment (Quaternary, Pleistocene).
Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry). Ensure that SSSI features are maintained in favourable condition by implementation of management plans

Cwm Gwerin
NNW facing level to gently sloping base of the eastern glacial cirque on the NW side of Plynlimon Fawr. Includes probable glacial moraine (Quaternary, Pleistocene).
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989, Sheet 163, 1:50 000 Geological Series; CAVE, R. and HAINS, B.A., 1986, Memoir, 1:50 000 geological sheet 163, HMSO; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 213 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (in prep., 2008), Sheet 164, 1:50 000 Geological Series.

Nant Maesnant - Hengwm cwms
Gently sloping floor of the Hengwm valley below Plynlimon Fawr and the broader sloping derpression of the Nant-y-moch / Nant Maesnant fach area (partly the infil of a glacial cirque feature). Area extensive blanketed with peat (blanket bog) with minor areas of Upper Ordovician bedrock outcrop and alluvium, etc associated with the river.
Edge of reservoir below and base of bedrock slopes above.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (in prep., 2008), Sheet 164, 1:50 000 Geological Series; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989, Sheet 163, 1:50 000 Geological Series; CAVE, R. and HAINS, B.A., 1986, Memoir, 1:50 000 geological sheet 163, HMSO; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 213 (1:25, 000). ORDNANCE SURVEY, Explorer Map 215 (1:25, 000).
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Mine shaft/adit; Marsh/bog/fen

Nant-y-moch Reservoir
Nant-y-moch reservoir with no geological features under normal conditions
Record geology and geomorphological features when water levels are low.

Drosgol
More or less conical hill of Upper Ordovician slaty mudrock and sandstone bedrock, on the N side of the Nant-y-moch reservoir. Rock crags typical. Forms part of the Plynlimon Ordovician inlier
Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry). Ensure that RIGS are safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping. Encourage a responsible approach to specimen, including minerals and fossils, collecting to minimise any risk of damage to sensitive geological features or loss of scientifically important specimens. Encourage deposition of important specimens in recogn
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989, Sheet 163, 1:50 000 Geological Series; CAVE, R. and HAINS, B.A., 1986, Memoir, 1:50 000 geological sheet 163, HMSO; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 213 (1:25, 000). BEVINS, R.S. and MASON, J.S. 1997, CCW Contract Science Report 156; www.geologywales.co.uk/central-wales-rigs
Additional Level 4 features include: Natural crags and inland outcrops; Mine shaft/adit

Ystumtuen - Blaen Llywernog
Upland massif of Lower Silurian sandstone dominated bedrock forming an E-W irregular platform on the N side of the Rheidol valley, and cut by the steep sides of the Rheidol gorge. Rises to nearly 390m in the E and 200m in the W. Deep Goginan valley to the NW makes W part narrow and promontory-like. Includes the Blaen Llywernog area to the N. Disuserd metal mines characteristic.
Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). Slope. Hill top. Peat bog. Coal / mineral spoil tips
Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry). Ensure that SSSI features are maintained in favourable condition by implementation of management plans and ensure that RIGS are safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989, Sheet 163, 1:50 000 Geological Series; CAVE, R. and HAINS, B.A., 1986, Memoir, 1:50 000 geological sheet 163, HMSO; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 213 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1994, Sheet 178 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. et al. 1997, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179, BGS. BEVINS, R.S. and MASON, J.S. 1997, CCW Contract Science Report 156; www.geologywales.co.uk/central-wales-rigs
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry; Natural crags and inland outcrops; Mine shaft/adit; Marsh/bog/fen;

Ysbyty Cynfyn - upper Rheidol cwms
Glacial clay (Quaternary, Pleistocene) filled cwms centred on the Dinas reservoir depression. Later area includes small Lower Silurian bedrock outcrops creating low features. Includes a terrace like feature along the E side of the Rheidol gorge in the Ysbyty Cynfyn to Devil's Bridge area.
Lake / reservoir (artificial). Slope. Coal / mineral spoil tips
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989, Sheet 163, 1:50 000 Geological Series; CAVE, R. and HAINS, B.A., 1986, Memoir, 1:50 000 geological sheet 163, HMSO; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 213 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1994, Sheet 178 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. et al. 1997, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179, BGS.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Natural crags and inland outcrops; Mine shaft/adit; Marsh/bog/fen

Banc-y-Darren
Rolling lowland to sub-upland area of Lower Silurian slaty mudrocks and sandstones between the Cwmerfin and Melindwr valleys, incised to the SE above the latter. Rises to around 300-340m, higher to the E, with a low escarpment to the W and a gently undulating surface. Disused metal mines characteristic, especially in the Banc y Darren area.
Slope. Hill top. Spring. Coal / mineral spoil tips
Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry). Ensure that SSSI features are maintained in favourable condition by implementation of management plans. Encourage a responsible approach to specimen, including minerals and fossils, collecting to minimise any risk of damage to sensitive geological features or loss of scientifically important specimens. Encourage deposition of important
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989, Sheet 163, 1:50 000 Geological Series; CAVE, R. and HAINS, B.A., 1986, Memoir, 1:50 000 geological sheet 163, HMSO; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 213 (1:25, 000). BEVINS, R.S. and MASON, J.S. 1997, CCW Contract Science Report 156.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Mine shaft/adit

Cwm Rheidol (Devil's Bridge)
Steep N and S side of the broadly E-W gorge-like Rheidol valley W of Devil's Bridge - up to 200m high in places - and the narrow gorge N of Devil's Bridge where the river is abruptly diverted N-S. Cut into Lower Silurian sandstone dominated bedrock.
Stratigraphic formation(s). Active processes. Past processes
River channel (natural). Waterfall / rapids. Slope. Coal / mineral spoil tips
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989, Sheet 163, 1:50 000 Geological Series; CAVE, R. and HAINS, B.A., 1986, Memoir, 1:50 000 geological sheet 163, HMSO; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 213 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1994, Sheet 178 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. et al. 1997, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179, BGS. BEVINS, R.S. and MASON, J.S. 1997, CCW Contract Science Report 156; www.geologywales.co.uk/central-wales-rigs
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Natural crags and inland outcrops; Mine shaft/adit; Road/railway cutting

Cwmerfyn
Stream valley system flowing just N of W from the Cwmerfyn area to near Penrhyn-coch (Quaternary, Holocene). Floodplain narrow to the W but stream occupies a broader alluvial valley floor to the E.
River channel (natural). Flood plain. Coal / mineral spoil tips
Break of slope at edge river floodplain /terrace/ drift filled valley systems
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Mine shaft/adit

Afon Dyfi saltmarshes (S)
Saltmarsh (Quaternary, Holocene) developed along the S side of the Dyfi estuary between the sand spit of the Ynys Tachwedd area and Dowen Las, N of Eglwys. Constrained to the S by seawall.
Marsh / saltmarsh. Lower saltmarsh / mudflat. River channel / canal (artificial). River channel (natural). Coastal defence works
Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry). Considered managed retreat to allow saltmarsh to evolve naturally.
o regionally significant sites/ landforms noted during present survey and geology/ geomorphology considered to be typical of feature/ process and is either widespread, better exposed elsewhere or not currently known to be exceptional (saltmarsh constrained be sea wall)
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989, Sheet 163, 1:50 000 Geological Series; CAVE, R. and HAINS, B.A., 1986, Memoir, 1:50 000 geological sheet 163, HMSO; CHERNS, L. 2007, Landmap Study For The Dyfi Biosphere Reserve, Geological Landscape Layer, TECHNICAL ANNEXE, CCW; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2002, Explorer Map OL23 (1:25, 000); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 213 (1:25, 000);

Bow Street - Tal-y-bont cwms
Complex of valleys filled with glacial deposits (Quaternary, Pleistocene), including moraine around the Tal-y-bont, Bow Street, Clarach and Penrhyn-coch area.
Dominantly rural area with some significant development.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989, Sheet 163, 1:50 000 Geological Series; CAVE, R. and HAINS, B.A., 1986, Memoir, 1:50 000 geological sheet 163, HMSO; CHERNS, L. 2007, Landmap Study For The Dyfi Biosphere Reserve, Geological Landscape Layer, TECHNICAL ANNEXE, CCW; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 213 (1:25, 000);

Coed Penybontbren
Short section of incised stream valley linking the Bont goch area to Cwm Cyneiniog to the N - probably a glacial meltwater channel. Cut into Lower Silurian sandstone dominated bedrock.
Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry). Ensure that SSSI RIGS are safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989, Sheet 163, 1:50 000 Geological Series; CAVE, R. and HAINS, B.A., 1986, Memoir, 1:50 000 geological sheet 163, HMSO; CHERNS, L. 2007, Landmap Study For The Dyfi Biosphere Reserve, Geological Landscape Layer, TECHNICAL ANNEXE, CCW; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 213 (1:25, 000); BEVINS, R.S. and MASON, J.S. 1997, CCW Contract Science Report 156; www.geologywales.co.uk/central-wales-rigs

Moel y Garn
Bedrock feature on the S side of the Machynlieth Ordovician inlier, rising above the Ceulon valley to around 420m. Steep valley sides to the S with domed surface above, rising slightly above glacial clay blanketed areas to the N and E (Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks with some sandstones).
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989, Sheet 163, 1:50 000 Geological Series; CAVE, R. and HAINS, B.A., 1986, Memoir, 1:50 000 geological sheet 163, HMSO; CHERNS, L. 2007, Landmap Study For The Dyfi Biosphere Reserve, Geological Landscape Layer, TECHNICAL ANNEXE, CCW; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2002, Explorer Map OL23 (1:25, 000); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 213 (1:25, 000).
Additional Level 4 features include: Natural crags and inland outcrops;

Tynygraig
Bedrock feature on the S side of the Machynlieth Ordovician inlier, rising above the Ceulon valley to around 290m and the the W of the Moel y Garn area (Aspect Area 306). Steep valley sides to the S with domed surface above, rising slightly above glacial clay blanketed areas to the N and E. Lower Silurian slaty mudrocks with some sandstones bedrock.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989, Sheet 163, 1:50 000 Geological Series; CAVE, R. and HAINS, B.A., 1986, Memoir, 1:50 000 geological sheet 163, HMSO; CHERNS, L. 2007, Landmap Study For The Dyfi Biosphere Reserve, Geological Landscape Layer, TECHNICAL ANNEXE, CCW; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2002, Explorer Map OL23 (1:25, 000); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 213 (1:25, 000).

Ynyshir
Bedrock 'island' (Lower Silurian slaty mudrocks and sandstone) rising above the raised bog / former saltmarsh of the Ynys-hir - Glan-Dyfi area (Aspect Area 4) on the S side of the Dyfi estuary. Shows characteristic SSW-NNE orientation of component low ridges.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989, Sheet 163, 1:50 000 Geological Series; CAVE, R. and HAINS, B.A., 1986, Memoir, 1:50 000 geological sheet 163, HMSO; CHERNS, L. 2007, Landmap Study For The Dyfi Biosphere Reserve, Geological Landscape Layer, TECHNICAL ANNEXE, CCW; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2002, Explorer Map OL23 (1:25, 000); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 213 (1:25, 000).

Old Castle
Gently sloping terrace-like feature on the E side of the Teifin estuary opposite St Dogmaels. Glacial clay dominated Quaternary, Pleistocene).

Afon Cynerau cwm
Relatively gently sloping floor of the Afon Cymerau valley, which drains the upland Foel Goch massif (Aspect Area 11) of northernmost Ceredigion. Probably includes some glacial / periglacial etc fill (Quaternary, Pleistocene). Lower Silurian slaty mudrock and sandstone bedrock proably also floors the valley locally.

Cymerau
Relatively small area of stepped valley slope at the northernmost extremity of the county, representing the NE limit of the Lower Silurian sandstone dominated ridge of the Tre'r Ddol to Foel Fawr areas (Aspect Areas 315, 009 and 023).Rises to around 180m.
Stratigraphic formation(s). Structural features. Active processes
Base and top of slopes/ escarpment above.
Additional Level 4 features include: natural crags and inland outcrops

Allt-ddu
Realtively short section of very steep valley sides on the S side of the Afon Liyfnant valley, marking the northernmost part of the Mynydd Du massif (Aspect Area 11, part) and Ceredigion. Cut into Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks with some sandstones.
Stratigraphic formation(s). Superficial deposits. Structural features. Past processes. Other
Additional Level 4 features include: Natural crags and inland outcrops; Mine shaft/adit;

Bwlch Corog
Relatively small and craggy, SSW-NNE elongated massif of Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks, separated from similar areas to the W by a narrow depression.
1:50,000 British Geological Survey maps, 1:10,000 aerial photographs (as stereo pairs), OS 1:25,000 Landranger topographical map.

Cwm Castell - Llyfnant cwm
Incised steep W to SW sides of the Lyfnant valley adjacent to the Powys border and marking the NE extremity of Ceredigion. Includes the deep Cwm Castell which cuts into Aspect Area 314. Bedrock dominated by Upper Ordovician to Lower Silurian slaty mudrocks and sandstones.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989, Sheet 163, 1:50 000 Geological Series; CAVE, R. and HAINS, B.A., 1986, Memoir, 1:50 000 geological sheet 163, HMSO; CHERNS, L. 2007, Landmap Study For The Dyfi Biosphere Reserve, Geological Landscape Layer, TECHNICAL ANNEXE, CCW; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2002, Explorer Map OL23 (1:25, 000).
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Natural crags and inland outcrops;

Cefn Coch
Section of the surface of the upland massif that dominates northernmost Ceredigion, forming a platform at around 300m with areas of crags, to the N. Rising to around 375m to the S with a broad cwm. Dominated by Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks with some Lower Silurian to the S. Part of the Machynlieth Ordovician inlier.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989, Sheet 163, 1:50 000 Geological Series; CAVE, R. and HAINS, B.A., 1986, Memoir, 1:50 000 geological sheet 163, HMSO; CHERNS, L. 2007, Landmap Study For The Dyfi Biosphere Reserve, Geological Landscape Layer, TECHNICAL ANNEXE, CCW; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2002, Explorer Map OL23 (1:25, 000).
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Natural crags and inland outcrops; Mine shaft/adit;

Foel Fawr
Section of SSW-NNE Lower Silurian sandstone dominated bedrock ridge, forming a prominant escarpment above the Cors Fechno basin to the W. Rises to around 268m and is cut by the incised valley of the Einon stream. Includes a lower, narrow step-like feature on its NW side. Craggy rock outcrops typical.
Ensure that RIGS are safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989, Sheet 163, 1:50 000 Geological Series; CAVE, R. and HAINS, B.A., 1986, Memoir, 1:50 000 geological sheet 163, HMSO; CHERNS, L. 2007, Landmap Study For The Dyfi Biosphere Reserve, Geological Landscape Layer, TECHNICAL ANNEXE, CCW; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2002, Explorer Map OL23 (1:25, 000); www.geologywales.co.uk/central-wales-rigs

Afon Llyfnant
Small section of glacial clay (Quaternary, Pleistocene) infil of the Afon Llyfnant valley adjacent to the Powys border. Gently sloping and including part of the river course.
Break of slope at edge river floodplain /terrace/ drift filled valley systems / county boundary.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989, Sheet 163, 1:50 000 Geological Series; CAVE, R. and HAINS, B.A., 1986, Memoir, 1:50 000 geological sheet 163, HMSO; CHERNS, L. 2007, Landmap Study For The Dyfi Biosphere Reserve, Geological Landscape Layer, TECHNICAL ANNEXE, CCW; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2002, Explorer Map OL23 (1:25, 000).

Tre Taliesir - Furnac
Relatively gentle slopes between the base of the Mynydd Du massif (Aspect Area 11, part) and the Cors Fechno basin below, passing through a breach in the Lower Silurian sandstone dominated ridge of Aspect Areas 9 and 315. Includes a significant area of glacial moraine (Quaternary, Pleistocene) and with some areas of Lower Silurian slaty mudrock outcrop.
Slope. Coal / mineral spoil tips. Urban / industrial development
Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry). Ensure that RIGS are safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping. Encourage a responsible approach to specimen, including minerals and fossils, collecting to minimise any risk of damage to sensitive geological features or loss of scientifically important specimens. Encourage deposition of important specimens in recogni
Break of slope at edge alluvial flats below and base of bedrock escarpments above.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry; Natural crags and inland outcrops; Mine shaft/adit

Gwar-cwm
Glacial clay (Quaternary, Pleistocene) dominated blanket of valley slopes on the S side of the Mynydd Du massif (Aspect Area 11, part), including passing down into Cwm Ceulan.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Mine shaft/adit; Marsh/bog/fen

Goginon
Low undulating area of outcrop of Lower Silurian slaty mudrocks in the floor of the broad Melindwr valley.
Break of slope at base of steep valley sides above..

Cwm Einion
Level to gently sloping base of the WNW-ESE Einon valley, which dissects the Mynydd Du massif (Aspect Area 11). Dominated by glacial clays with some river deposits (Quaternary, Pleistocene-Holocene).

Bronwon
Lower, more gentle slopes of the upper part of the Einon valley, which cuts the Mynydd Du massif (Aspect Area 11), creating a broad intermontane basin-like area. Bedrock is Lower Silurian slaty mudrocks.
Dominantly rural area with limited significant development incl. forestry.
Break of slope at edge river floodplain /terrace / drift below and base of bedrock slopes above.

Banc y Cerren
Glacial clay (Quaternary, Pleistocene), etc infil of sloping side cwm and small area on the S side and W end of Cwmystwyth.

Afon ber
Short section of active floodplain and channel (Quaternary, Holocene) of the Afon ber immediately Se of Tal-y-bont.

Caerhedyn
Small section of reclaimed former saltmarsh (Quaternary, Holocene) E of the Dyfi estuary and adjacent to the county boundary - the northernmost tip of Ceredigion.
Saltmarsh system no longer active due to flood defence works, etc.
County boundary / flood defence / solid geology slopes to S.

Afon Hirwaun
N-S gently sloping valley floor of the Afon Hirwaun (tributary of the Teifi) with steep incised sides above. Dominated by glacial lake deposits (Quaternary, Pleistocene).

Cwmeifed
Incised valley sides of short tributary valley of the Teifi, SSW flowing. Cut into Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Explorer Map 198 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006a, Sheet 194, 1:50,000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007a, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 194, NERC.

Cwmwen
Glacial deposit (Quaternary, Pleistocene) infil of Cwm wem on the N side of the Teifi, NE of Llandyfriog. Base of valley gently slopes, with steep incised sides above.
Break of slope at edge of drift filled valley systems and valley sides / escarpment above. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a, Explorer Map 185 (1:25, 000).

Holfnant cwm
Glacial deposit (Quaternary, Pleistocene) infil of Hoffnant cwm on the N side of the Teifi, SW of Llandysul. Base of valley gently slopes, with steep incised sides above.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006a, Sheet 194, 1:50,000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007a, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 194, NERC; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2007, Sheet 211, 1:50,000 Geological Series; WILBY, P.R. 2008, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 211, NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a, Explorer Map 185 (1:25, 000).

Ynys Lochtyn
Narrow and dramatic N-S rocky peninsula of Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks (Ynys Lochtyn) and rock cliffs and shore to the SSW and E (includes Lower Silurian slaty mudrocks and sandstones also).
Cliff. Wave-cut platform. Sand / shingle foreshore. Beach. Coastal slope
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006a, Sheet 194, 1:50,000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007a, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 194, NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Explorer Map 198 (1:25, 000). www.geologywales.co.uk/central-wales-rigs

Penlanynor
Coastal plateau-like feature of Lower Silurian sandstone dominated bedrock E of Aberaeron, rising to around 140m and cut by short incised coastal valleys with steep coastal slope to the NW.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006a, Sheet 194, 1:50,000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007a, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 194, NERC; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006a, Sheet 194, 1:50,000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007a, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 194, NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Explorer Map 198 (1:25, 000).

Nant Cefel cwm
Incised steep sides of the Nant Cefel cwm above a glacial clay infill. Cut into Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks.

Cerdin cwms (S)
Incised sides and side cwms on the E side of the Cerdin valley from S of Capel Cynin to the Tregroes area. Cut into Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks.

Grannell
Broad, gently sloping glacial clay (Quaternary, Pleistocene) blanketed area on the W side of the Grannell valley, below the escarpment of Aspect Area 109. Cut by streams and with small mounds of Lower Silurian bedrock emerging.

Troed-y-rhiw
Glacial clay (Quaternary, Pleistocene) blanketed slopes and depressions on the S side of the Dihewyd - Moelfre bedrock massif, N of the Grannel valley. Includes a small knoll S of Troed-y-rhiw of Upper Ordovician bedrock. Includes high level boggy area W of the centrally located bedrock knoll of Penrhiw (Aspect Area 123).
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006a, Sheet 194, 1:50,000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007a, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 194, NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, Explorer Map 199 (1:25, 000).

Abercorfan - Aberdwr
Fluvioglacial terrace feature (Quaternary, Pleistocene) on the E side of the Teifi valley, SE of Tregaron.

Clochfyddiau Pridd
Section of steep coastal slope / former cliif line NE of Aberaeron, with low modern cliff below centrally and parts of alluvial/ glacial clay coastal flat to SW and NE. Developed in Lower Silurian sandstone dominated bedrock.
Break of slope at top and base of steep slopes.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006c, Sheet 177, 1:50 000 Geological Series. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Explorer Map 198 (1:25, 000).

Maesyneglwys
Section of steep coastal slope / former cliif line NE of Aberaeron, with alluvial/ glacial clay coastal flat below. Developed in Lower Silurian sandstone dominated bedrock.
Break of slope at top and base of steep SLOPES.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006c, Sheet 177, 1:50 000 Geological Series. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, Explorer Map 199 (1:25, 000).

Clogifryn
Section of steep coastal slope / former cliif line SW of Aberaeron, with low modern cliff below. Developed in Lower Silurian sandstone dominated bedrock.
Break of slope at top and base of steep slope
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006c, Sheet 177, 1:50 000 Geological Series. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Explorer Map 198 (1:25, 000).

Llednod - Crosswood
Gently sloping glacial clay (Quaternary, Pleistocene) apron to bedrock massifs on the S and W side of the Ystwyth valley in the Crosswood area and linkes valleys to the W and S. Local outcrops of Lower Silurian bedrock. N of Lledrod the fill forms a terrace like feature which is incised by a stream draing the glacial clay dominated depression of Aspect Area 151 to the S.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Road/railway cutting;

Afon Claerwen - Claerddu
Gently sloping glacial clay (Quaternary, Pleistocene) infill of valleys between the Graig Wem massif (Aspect Area 221) and the county boundary in the Claerwen reservoir area.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1993, Sheet 179, 1:50 000 Geological Series. DAVIES, J.R. et al. 1997, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179, BGS. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 213 (1:25, 000). ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999d, Explorer Map 187 (1:25,000 ).

Claerwen Reservoir
Small section of Claerwen reservoir with no geological features under normal conditions.
Record geology / geomorphology when water levels low.
Margins of flooded area / county boundary.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999d, Explorer Map 187 (1:25,000 ). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1993, Sheet 179, 1:50 000 Geological Series. DAVIES, J.R. et al. 1997, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179, BGS.

Afon Elan
Very narrow section of active floodplain and channel (Quaternary, Holocene) of the Afon Elan marking the county boundary SE of Cwmystwyth.
River channel (natural). Flood plain. Peat bog
Break of slope at edge river floodplain / county boundary.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1993, Sheet 179, 1:50 000 Geological Series. DAVIES, J.R. et al. 1997, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179, BGS. ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999c, Explorer 214 (1:25,000); CAMPBELL, S. and BOWEN, D.Q. 1989, Geological Conservation Review: Quaternary of Wales, NCC.

Dolypandy
Terrace feature on the N side of the Afon Rheidol from E of Aberystwyth to the Dolypandy area. Glacial deposits dominate (Quaternary, Pleistocene).

Pont Cerri - Allt y Fedw
Incised slopes on the S side of th Afon Ceri at its confluence with the Afon Teifi NW of Adper. Cut into Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks.
Additional Level 4 features include: Disused quarry

Esgairhendy
Small flat topped, low knoll of Lower Silurian bedrock rising above the above the glacial clay dominated Stag's Head area (Aspect Area 151).

Nant Einon cwm (N)
Incised slopes on the N side of the nant Einon cwm, NE of Capel Dewi. Cut into Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks.

Caerwen
NW facing steep, valley side like coastal slope above rocky cliff (slope over wall style) and below Caer-wen. Bedrock is Lower Silurian sandstone dominated.
Break of slope at top and base of steep slope.

Cwmbedr (W)
Incised section on the N side of the upper Bedr valley. Cut into the Lower Silurian slaty mudrocks bedrock massif of the Pentregat - Cross Inn area (Aspect Area 75].

Foel Wyddon
Peat dominated valley deposits 0f upper part of Rheidol valley immediately below the Nant-y-moch reservoir and linked fill of Ceunant Du valley to the south-east. Linked by the level plateau of the Foel Wyddon area to the Afon Tarennig valley north of Eisteddfa Fach. Area extensive blanketed with peat (including valley deposits and blanket bog) with minor areas of Upper Ordovician and Lower Silurian slaty bedrock.
Slope. Peat bog. Coal / mineral spoil tips
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989. Aberystwyth, England and Wales Sheet 163 (Drift geology). 1:50 000 Geological Series, British Geological Survey. CAVE, R. and HAINS, B.A., 1986. Geology of the country between Aberystwyth and Machynlleth; memoir for 1:50 000 geological sheet 163 (England and Wales), HMSO, London, x + 148 pp. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d. Aberystwyth and Cwm Rheidol, OS Explorer Map 213 (1:25, 000), Ordnance Survey, Southampton.

Berlian-deg
Steep northern sides of the Afon Aeron valley between Newbridge and Brynog. Cut into the south west extremity of the Silurian sandstone dominated Bontnewydd massif (Area 200)
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c. Lampeter / Llanbedr Pont Steffan, OS Explorer Map 199 (1:25, 000), Ordnance Survey, Southampton. BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006b. Lampeter, England and Wales Sheet 195 (Bedrock and Superficial Deposits). 1:50,000 Geological Series, British Geological Survey. DAVIES, J.R. 2007b. Geology of the Lampeter district: a brief explanation of the geological map. Sheet explanation of the British Geological Survey, 1:50,000 Sheet 195. NERC.

Tywi-Taf-Gwendraeh estuary
Combined estuary systems of the Tywi, Taf and Gwendraeth, including intertidal areas dominated by sandy foreshore with mud in upper parts only. Gravels only significant in the Salmon Point area. Sand bars developed in area of confluence. Bordered by saltmarsh in places. River valleys, including incised meanders have been drowned by post-glacial rising sea levels and hence form a ria (Quaternary: Holocene).
Sand / shingle foreshore. Mud-dominated foreshore. Lower saltmarsh / mudflat
Maintain natural system and maintain SSSI in favourable condition by implementation of management plan.
Tidal estuary system below mean HW and excluding significant areas of saltmarsh.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 1998b, Explorer Map 178 (1:25, 000); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a., Explorer Map 177 (1:25, 000); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1967, Sheet 229, 1:50,000 Geological Series; MAY, V.J. and HANSOM, J.D. 2003, Geological Conservation Review Series 28, JNCC; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1909, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO.
Additional Level 4 features include: Sand bank; Ria.

Pendine -Laugharne Sands
Broad sandy foreshore between Pendine and Ginst Point, fronting a major sand spit structure on the western side of Carmarthen Bay. Dunes developed behind, although largely stabilised. Varies form around 500m to nearly 2km wide in places (Quaternary: Holocene).
Sand / shingle foreshore. Sand beach. Beach
Maintain natural system and maintain SSSI in favourable condition by implementation of management plan.
Sand foreshore between MHW and MLW marks.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a., Explorer Map 177 (1:25, 000); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1967, Sheet 229, 1:50,000 Geological Series; MAY, V.J. and HANSOM, J.D. 2003, Geological Conservation Review Series 28, JNCC; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1909, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO.
Additional Level 4 features include: Sand bank

Cefn Sidan Sands
Broad sandy foreshore of the Pembrey Forest spit, between Burry Port harbour and Tywyn Point, on the eastern side of Carmarthen Bay. Dunes developed behind, although largely stabilised. Nearly 1km wide in places (Quaternary: Holocene).
Sand / shingle foreshore. Sand beach. Beach
Maintain natural system and maintain SSSI in favourable condition by implementation of management plan.
Sand foreshore between MHW and MLW marks.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2003a, Sheet 246, 1:50,000 Geological Series; ORDNANCE SURVEY 1998b, Explorer Map 178 (1:25, 000); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1967, Sheet 229, 1:50,000 Geological Series; MAY, V.J. and HANSOM, J.D. 2003, Geological Conservation Review Series 28, JNCC; STRAHAN, A., 1907a, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1909, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO.
Additional Level 4 features include: Sand bank

Pendine-Laugharne Burrows
Dunes developed for around 9km above mean high water mark along the broadly E-W Pendine-Laugharne sand spit on the western side of Carmarthen Bay. Sand marsh developes behind low dune ridge and Aspect Area includes a limited area of pools/lagoons S of Little Burrows. Dunes extensively stabilised, including by forestry and modified by tracks, military activity, etc.. Some coastal defence works also, for instance at Ginst Point (Quaternary: Holocene).
Active sand dune. Stabilised sand dune. Dune slack. Marsh / saltmarsh. Coastal defence works
Maintain natural system and maintain SSSI in favourable condition by implementation of management plans
Margins of dune system, stabilised and unstabilised.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a., Explorer Map 177 (1:25, 000); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1967, Sheet 229, 1:50,000 Geological Series; MAY, V.J. and HANSOM, J.D. 2003, Geological Conservation Review Series 28, JNCC; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1909, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO.

West-East Marsh
Broad flat area of reclaimed saltmarsh between the Pendine- Laugharne Buurows spit and the former coastline betweem Pendine and Laugharne. Drainage ditches give a 'quilted' appearance from the air and traces of saltmarsh channels survive locally (Quaternary: Holocene).
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a., Explorer Map 177 (1:25, 000); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1967, Sheet 229, 1:50,000 Geological Series; MAY, V.J. and HANSOM, J.D. 2003, Geological Conservation Review Series 28, JNCC;
STRAHAN, A. et al. 1909, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO.

Marros Sands
Area of sand dominated foreshore fronting cliff and coastal slopes of Upper Carboniferous sandstones and shales. The latter also outcrop locally in the beach as areas of wave cut platform. Shingle/ boulder beach or concentration often developed at the back of the sand beach, especially in the Ragwen Point area (Quaternary: Holocene).
Wave-cut platform. Sand / shingle foreshore. Sand beach. Beach
Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry) and that SSSI features are maintained in favourable condition by implementation of management plans.
CAMPBELL, S. and BOWEN, D.Q. 1989, Geological Conservation Review: Quaternary of Wales, NCC; CLEAL, C.J. and THOMAS, B.A. 1996, Geological Conservation Review Series 11, Chapman and Hall; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a., Explorer Map 177 (1:25, 000); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1967, Sheet 229, 1:50,000 Geological Series; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1976, Wales Sheet 228 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1909, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMS

Lower Marsh
Surviving area of active saltmarsh on the SW side of the Taf estuary betweem Luagharne and Ginst Point, near its confluence with the Towy, etc. Well developed channel systems present (Quaternary: Holocene).
Marsh / saltmarsh. Coastal defence works
Coastal defence works (landward) and margins of saltmarsh system.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a., Explorer Map 177 (1:25, 000); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1967, Sheet 229, 1:50,000 Geological Series; MAY, V.J. and HANSOM, J.D. 2003, Geological Conservation Review Series 28, JNCC; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1909, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO.

Lower Taf and Cywyn marshes
Lower, tidally influenced part of the Taf river system between the normal tide limit at St. Clears and the broad estuary system at Laugharne. Upstream areas include a broad, often marshy floodplain area with a meandering river channel. Includes areas of former saltmarsh in tributary valleys of the Cywn, below and W of Llanubri and to the NE of Laugharne (on the W side of the river. A transistion from high saltmarsh to low saltmarsh is developed om the NE side of the Taf opposite Laugharne (Qua
Marsh / saltmarsh. Lower saltmarsh / mudflat. Upper saltmarsh / grazing marsh. River channel (natural). Former saltmarsh / marsh. Flood plain
Break of slope at edge river floodplain /tsaltmarsh.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a., Explorer Map 177 (1:25, 000); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1967, Sheet 229, 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1909, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO.
Additional Level 4 features include: Meander; Flood defence bank/works; Ria.

Pembrey (Gwendraeth) saltmarshes
Extensive and very well preserved area of active saltmarsh on the S side of the Combined Gwendraeth Fawr and Fach estuary and behind the Pembrey Forest spit. Channel systems very well developed. Includes smaller areas of saltmarsh to the N, adjacent to Kidwelly.
Marsh / saltmarsh. Lower saltmarsh / mudflat. Upper saltmarsh / grazing marsh
ORDNANCE SURVEY 1998b, Explorer Map 178 (1:25, 000); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1967, Sheet 229, 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1909, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO.

Pembrey Forest and Burrows
Formerly extensive sand dune systen now largely stabilised and modified by afforestation, recreational and military activity. Forms the core of the Pembrey Forest spit, enclosing saltmarsh behind (now largely reclaimed as agricultural land). Dune topography locally survives within the Forest, however, and in the Tywn Point area active systems appear to survive.
Active sand dune. Stabilised sand dune. Dune slack. Spit . Reclaimed land
Maintain and restore, where possible, natural system and maintain SSSI areas in favourable condition by implementation of management plan.
Margins of sand dune area, both active and stabilised.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2003a, Sheet 246, 1:50,000 Geological Series; ORDNANCE SURVEY 1998b, Explorer Map 178 (1:25, 000); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a., Explorer Map 177 (1:25, 000); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1967, Sheet 229, 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A., 1907a, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1909, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO.

Pembrey Airfield
Area of former saltmarsh and ?sand dune levelled and engineered to create airfield
Features and deposits mainly modified or concealed by development.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 1998b, Explorer Map 178 (1:25, 000); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1967, Sheet 229, 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1909, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO.

Pembrey Harbour saltmarsh
Areas of saltmarsh developed in an embayment within the SE part of the Pembrey Burrows system. Includes a complex creek/ channel system with sandy areas prominent. Connects to Carmarthen Bay next to Pembrey Harbour.
Marsh / saltmarsh. Lower saltmarsh / mudflat. Creek
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2003a, Sheet 246, 1:50,000 Geological Series; ORDNANCE SURVEY 1998b, Explorer Map 178 (1:25, 000); STRAHAN, A., 1907a, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales).

Llangynog
Section of lowland plateau -which includes the Pen plas - Pel-lan area - with an undulating surface and depressions with glacial clay infil clay (Quaternary: Pleistocene), also peat in some. Dominated by Ordovician mudrocks.
But includes the unique Llangynog Precambrian-Cambrian-Tremadoc (basal Ordovician) inlier. Geology varied including volcanic rocks, sandstones and mudrocks.
Slope. Hill top. Spring. Urban / industrial development
Includes GCR / SSSI features of national / international importance. Includes RIGS features of at least regional importance.
CARNEY, J.N. et al. Geological Conservation Review Series 20; COPE, J.C.W. and RUSHTON, A.W.A. 1992, Geological Magazine 129, 543-552; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a., Explorer Map 177 (1:25, 000); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1967, Sheet 229, 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1909, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry; Marsh/bog/fen.

Kidwelly/ Gwendraeth Fach
Area of reclaimed saltmarsh on the north side of the Gwendraeth Fach estuary and area of tidally influenced river channel and marginal floodplain plain/ saltmarsh N of Kidwelly.
Marsh / saltmarsh. Upper saltmarsh / grazing marsh. River channel (natural)
Margins of former saltmarsh area and channel to NTL.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1967, Sheet 229, 1:50,000 Geological Series; ORDNANCE SURVEY 1998b, Explorer Map 178 (1:25, 000); STRAHAN, A. et al. 1909, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO.
Additional Level 4 features include: Flood defence bank/works

Teagues Wood- Pendine
Steeply incised coastal cwms in Teague's Wood and Pendine area and linked steep coastal slope of Underhill - Marros Mill area. Area dominated by Upper Carboniferous 'Millstone Grit' sandstones, with some glacial clay on coastal slope area. Includes important interglacial raised beach feature (Quaternary, Pleistocene). Local areas of rock outcrop in slopes and minor alluvium in valleys.
CAMPBELL, S. and BOWEN, D.Q. 1989, Geological Conservation Review: Quaternary of Wales, NCC; CLEAL, C.J. and THOMAS, B.A. 1996, Geological Conservation Review Series 11, Chapman and Hall; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a., Explorer Map 177 (1:25, 000); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1976, Wales Sheet 228 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series;INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1967, Sheet 229, 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1909, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO

Marros Mountain
Coastal massif with relatively level top, dominated by 'Millstone Grit' sandstones (Upper Carboniferous) and rising to over 150m. Steep northern slopes dominated by Carboniferous limestone and to the S the massif is cut by deep coastal cwms.
Margins of massis including base or top of slopes around.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a., Explorer Map 177 (1:25, 000); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1967, Sheet 229, 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1909, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO. INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1976, Wales Sheet 228 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1914, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO
Additional Level 4 features include:Natural crags and inland outcrops

Pendine
Lower part fo valley with realtively gentle slopes below steeper areas to N and S. Dominated by Carboniferous limestones with some glacial clay cover especially to the N (Quaternary: Pleistocene). Includes a level platform in the Pendine area.
Slope. Spring. Urban / industrial development
Break of slope at edge of valley systems and valley sides / escarpment above.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a., Explorer Map 177 (1:25, 000); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1967, Sheet 229, 1:50,000 Geological Series; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1976, Wales Sheet 228 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1914, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO

Coed Llanmiloe
Steep sided cmws and linking former sea-cliffs ENE of Pendine and rising above the former saltmarshes of East Marsh and West Marsh. Bedrock is 'Old Red Sandstone' mudrocks and sandstomes (Devonian).
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a., Explorer Map 177 (1:25, 000); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1967, Sheet 229, 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1909, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO.

Pendine -Plashett
Lower and more gentle slopes below the former sea cliif above (AA20). Probably dominated by Quaternary deposits including glacial clays and dune sand sands to W (Pleistocene- Holocene). Includes development of the Llanmiloe areas, caravan parks, etc. Links to Pendine dunes in the W.
Break of slope at top and base of slope.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a., Explorer Map 177 (1:25, 000); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1967, Sheet 229, 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1909, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO.

Coygen
Small, steep-sided knoll of Carboniferous limestones, isolated from other limestone outcrops and overlooking the West and East Marsh area. Forms part of the former seacliff of AA20.
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif .

St John's Hill
Narrow band of steep former seacliffs arounf St John's Hill (S of Laugharne) and overlooking the Taf estuary to the E and East Marsh to the S.
Break of slope at top and base of slopes
Additional Level 4 features include: Disused quarry

Laugharne
Broad embayment-like area opning into the Taf estuary to the E. Includes a terrace feature, further dissected by streams to form a slightly raised platform. Dominated by glacial clays (Quaternary: Pleistocene) with steeper Devonian 'Old Red Sandstone' bedrock above.

Llanegwad
WSW-ENE ridge-like feature dominated by Middle Ordovician mudrocks on the N side of the Towy valley at its confluence with the Afon Cothi. SE slopes (facing the Cothi valley) steeper, gentler to the NW. Top level at around 60m.
ARCHER, A.A. 1968, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain (England and Wales), (Sheets 229 pt, 230, 246), HMSO;
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003a, Explorer Map 186 (1:25, 000); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1967, Sheet 229, 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1909, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO. INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1977, Sheet 230 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Serie

Red Roeses - Llansadurnen
Extensive area of higher ground sharply rising form the Carmarthenshire coast in the Pendine area to around 150-190m. Developed by 'Old Red sandstone' mudrocks and sandstones). Some rounded hills but highest parts relatively level. Dissected by steep sided valleys, especially to the N which feed into the Taf river system. Escarpment feature to NW and NE.
Slope. Hill top. Spring. Urban / industrial development
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1976, Wales Sheet 228 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1914, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO

Garness stream
Narrow floodplain of small river forming the SW border of Carmarthenshire (Quaternary: Holocene). Probably also includes some other areas of drift adjacent to the valley floor (including periglacial head?) (Pleistocene).
Break of slope at edge river floodplain /terrace/ drift filled valley systems
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a., Explorer Map 177 (1:25, 000); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1976, Wales Sheet 228 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1914, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO

Allt Glyn-gwyn
Steep sided, incised eastern slopes of the lower part of a valley spanning the Carmarthenshire-Pembrokeshire border and on the east side of a massif of Upper Carboniferous 'Millstone Grit sandstones and shales. Includes tributary
Break of slope at top and base of slopes / valley sides.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a., Explorer Map 177 (1:25, 000); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1976, Wales Sheet 228 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1914, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO.

Pale - Grey Orchard
Slopes and marginal, strongly dissected platform forming the NW part of the Red Roeses - Llansadurnen massif. Rises to just over 140m. Escarpment to N overlooks the Taf valley. Dominated by Lower Silurian (Llandovery) mudstones.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1976, Wales Sheet 228 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1914, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO

Pentrehowell
Promontary-like feature with gently undulating surface between two deeply incised stream valleys on the N side of the Red Roeses - Llansadurnen massif, overlooking the Taf valley. Rises to around 110m.

Lan Woods
Steep, incised slopes at the base of the NW side of the Red Roeses - Llansadurnen massif, above a tributary of the Taf. Includes an incised N facing cwm.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a., Explorer Map 177 (1:25, 000); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1976, Wales Sheet 228 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1914, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO

Allt Ffynnoncyll
Steep sides of the incised Cringa and Ffynnoncyll cwms, cut into the N side of the Red Roeses - Llansadurnen massif.
Break of slope at top and base of slopes / valley sides.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1976, Wales Sheet 228 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1914, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO

Llanddowror cwms
Complex of steep-sided incised cwm sides and valley sides between Greta Pale Wood and the Glancorran area. Includes the S side of the main Taf valley to the NW and the S side of the River Corran valley, which cuts into and drains the Red Roses - Llansadurnen massif.
Break of slope at top and base of slopes / valley sides.

River Corran
Drift filled floor of bi-directional valley system with watershed near Halfpenny Furze. To the SE flow is from Corran to Laugharne; to the NW the valley system forms a tributary of the Taf via Llandowror. Includes a smaller valley system to the W draining the higher part of the Red Roses - Llansadurnen massif. Dominated by floodplain alluvium with some glacial clays (Quaternary: Pleistocene-Holocene).
River channel (natural). Flood plain. Urban / industrial development
Break of slope at edge river floodplain /terrace/ drift filled valley systems

Maes-y-grove
Low domed hill rising to around 90m with relatively gentle sides on the N side of the Red Roses - Llansadurnen massif and to the S of the Taf valley. Dominated by Upper Ordovician mudrocks.
Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry). Ensure that SSSI features are maintained in favourable condition by implementation of management plan.
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif .

Bishop's Court
Low, gently sloping and undulating apron of glacial clays (Quaternary: Pleistocene) on the NE side of the Red Roses - Llansadurnen massif.

Trevaughan-Velfrey Road
Very gently sloping surface between the Red Roses - Llansadurnen massif to the S and the Taf valley to the N. Probably dominated by glacial clays (Quaternary: Pleistocene) over Upper Ordovician mudrock bedrock. Includes level floor (possibly alluvium) of valley in the Middleway area. Also includes a small platform-like area adajcent to the County boundary on the W side of the Taf valley opposite Whitland.

Taf
Floodplain, channel and probably also lowest terraces of the Afon Taf system. From the County boundary SW of Llanfyynach flood plain is relatively narrow and flow is SSW to the Llanfalteg area, boadening locally and meandering. Direction changes to SE/ESE and floodplain broadens with meandering channel and some minor areas of flood defence. Includes the Afon Fenni to near Maen-coch
River channel (natural). Flood plain. River terrace. Urban / industrial development
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1976, Wales Sheet 228 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1914, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2006a, Explorer Map OL35 (1:25, 000); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2006b, Explorer Map OL36 (1:2
Additional Level 4 features include: Meander; Flood defence bank/works

Afon Cynin
Floodplain, channel and probably also lowest terraces of the Afon Cynin. Flow is broadly N to S to the St. Clears area where it joins the Afon Dewi Fawr and tidal influence.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a., Explorer Map 177 (1:25, 000); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1967, Sheet 229, 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1909, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003b; Explorer Map 185 (1:25, 000); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2007, Sheet 211, 1:50,000 Geological Series; WILBY, P.R. 2008, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 211, NERC.

Afon Dewi Fawr
Floodplain, channel and probably also lowest terraces of the Afon Dewi Fawr. Flow is broadly N to through Meidrim to the St. Clears area where it joins the Afon Cynin and tidal influence.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2007, Sheet 211, 1:50,000 Geological Series; WILBY, P.R. 2008, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 211, NERC. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a., Explorer Map 177 (1:25, 000); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1967, Sheet 229, 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1909, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003b; Explorer Map 185 (1:25, 000).

Pwll-trap
Low undulating area W of St. Clears, gently rising from to around 70m.Bedrock dominated by Ordovician mudrocks with two significant depressions filled with glacial clays (Quaternary: Pleistocene). Includes part of urban St. Clears.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a., Explorer Map 177 (1:25, 000); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1967, Sheet 229, 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1909, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO. RUSHTON, A.W.A. et al. 1999, Geological Conservation Review Series 18, JNCC.

Gors Farm
Broad depression in Ordovician bedrock with glacial clay fill (Quaternary: Pleistocene).
Break of slope at edge of drift filled depression or valley systems and base of valley sides / escarpment above.

Rose Brook
Irregular depression / broad vale in Ordovician bedrock with glacial clay fill (Quaternary: Pleistocene).
Break of slope at edge of drift filled depression or valley systems and base of valley sides / escarpment above.

Afon Gronw
Floodplain, channel and probably also marginal terraces of broadly N to S flowing river system (Quaternary: Holocene). Uppermost parts probably include some glacial clay, etc, infill (Quaternary: Pleistocene).
River channel (natural). Flood plain. River terrace. Spring
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1976, Wales Sheet 228 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1914, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO. BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2007, Sheet 211, 1:50,000 Geological Series; WILBY, P.R. 2008, Sheet ex

Nant Cwmfelin-boeth
Level base of N to S valley system including floodplain, channel and probably also marginal terraces (Quaternary: Holocene). Higher areas probably also include glaciak clay fill, especially to marginal cwms (Quaternary: Pleistocene).
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a., Explorer Map 177 (1:25, 000); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1976, Wales Sheet 228 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1914, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO.

Felin-Cwrt stream
Level base of tributary of the Taf, joining NW of Llanfalteg. Includes floodplain, channel and probably also marginal terraces (Quaternary: Holocene) and glacial clay fill in upper areas (Quaternary: Pleistocene).
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1976, Wales Sheet 228 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1914, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2006b, Explorer Map OL36 (1:25, 000).

Cwm Ceiliog
Incised, steep sides of the upper part, including side cwms, of the Felin Cwrt valley. Cut into Ordovician slaty mudrocks.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1976, Wales Sheet 228 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1914, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO. ; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (in prep., 2008), Sheet 210, 1:50 000 Geological Series; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2006a, Explorer Map OL35 (1:25, 000); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2006b, Explorer Map OL36 (1:25, 000).

Maesgwyn cwm
Incised, steep sides of the cwm W of Llanbody, around higher part of Afon Gronw system. Mainly cut into Ordivicain slaty mudrocks.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a., Explorer Map 177 (1:25, 000); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2007, Sheet 211, 1:50,000 Geological Series; WILBY, P.R. 2008, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 211, NERC. ; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (in prep., 2008), Sheet 210, 1:50 000 Geological Series.

Taf cwms (W)
Steep, incised sides and cwms on the W side of the Taff valley betweem Cwmmiles and Llanglydwen, cut into Ordovician slaty mudrocks. Some glacial clay, etc, fill to floor of larger cwms included and several areas of river terrace deposits (Quaternary: Pleistocene-Holocene).
Flood plain. River terrace. Slope. Spring
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a., Explorer Map 177 (1:25, 000); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1976, Wales Sheet 228 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1914, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2006b, Explorer Map OL36 (1:25, 000); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (in prep., 2008), Sheet 210, 1:50 000 Geological Series.

Taf cwms (E)
Steep, incised sides and cwms on the E side of the Taff valley betweem Penclippin and Llanglydwen, cut into Ordovician slaty mudrocks. Some glacial clay, etc, fill to marginal cwms and minor areas of river terrace deposits (Quaternary: Pleistocene-Holocene).
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a., Explorer Map 177 (1:25, 000); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1976, Wales Sheet 228 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1914, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO. BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (in prep., 2008), Sheet 210, 1:50 000 Geological Series; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003b; Explorer Map 185 (1:25, 000).

Cynin cwms (W)
Steep, incised sides and cwms on the W side of the Afon Cynin between Castell Gorford and the County boundary to the N and mainly cut into Ordovicain slaty mudrocks. Also includes the E side of the valley in the Felin Newydd area. Includes the major incised tributray passing through the Cwmbach area with a strem system. Some drift flooring to cwms probably including alluvium and glacial clay (Quaternary: Pleistocene-Holocene).
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003b; Explorer Map 185 (1:25, 000); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a., Explorer Map 177 (1:25, 000); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1967, Sheet 229, 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1909, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO. BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2007, Sheet 211, 1:50,000 Geological Series; WILBY, P.R. 2008, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 211, NERC.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry; Mine shaft/adit.

Cynin cwms (E) - Gellywen
Steep, incised sides and cwms on the E side of the Afon Cynin between Llangarthginning and Dan-dderwen mainly cut into Ordovicain slaty mudrocks. Also includes the E side of the valley in the Felin Newydd area Some periglacial head in side valleys (Quaternary: Pleistocene-Holocene).
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2007, Sheet 211, 1:50,000 Geological Series; WILBY, P.R. 2008, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 211, NERC. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a., Explorer Map 177 (1:25, 000); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1967, Sheet 229, 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1909, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003b; Explorer Map 185 (1:25, 000).

Llanfalteg
River terrace developed on the inside of a bend in the Taf; includes part of Llanfalteg village (Quaternary: ?Pleistocene or Holocene).
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1976, Wales Sheet 228 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1914, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2006b, Explorer Map OL36 (1:25, 000).

Glantaf
Broad area of river terrace developed on the W side of the Taf, just upstream from Llanfalteg. Includes terrace deposits (Quaternary: ?Pleistocene or Holocene) and possibly also rock terrace feature.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1976, Wales Sheet 228 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1914, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2006b, Explorer Map OL36 (1:25, 000).

Blaenwaun
Dissected sub-upland massif fo Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks, rising to around 220m and cut by incised valleys/ cwms. Eastern margin marked by the Afon Cynin valley system and the SW is an escarpment following the Cwm Cynnen fault system. Surface of massif is a gently rounded into valleys.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003b; Explorer Map 185 (1:25, 000); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a., Explorer Map 177 (1:25, 000); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2007, Sheet 211, 1:50,000 Geological Series; WILBY, P.R. 2008, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 211, NERC.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry; Marsh/bog/fen

Llangynin
Undulating hilly area rising to around 150m in the N, dissected by relatively steep, small stream valleys and cut by the Cynin and Afon Fenni valleys to the E and W respectively... Idominated by Ordovicaina slaty mudrocks with relatively narrow ridges reprsenting harder volcanic ash bands...
Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e...g... due to development or forestry); ensure that RIGS are safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping...
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2007, Sheet 211, 1:50,000 Geological Series; WILBY, P...R... 2008, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 211, NERC... ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a..., Explorer Map 177 (1:25, 000); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003b; Explorer Map 185 (1:25, 000)...

Whitland
Low platform-like area on the N side of the Taf and between the Afon Fenni and Afon Gronw valleys. Bedrock is Ordovician slaty mudrocks but surface probably has extensive glacial clay deposits (Quaternary: Pleistocene) (including a basin in the Penybank area).
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1976, Wales Sheet 228 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1914, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry; Marsh/bog/fen; Road/railway cutting

Travellers Rest
Promontary-like ridge, SSW-NNE orientated feature of Ordovician mudrocks and sandstones between the Afon Fenni and Afon Gronw valleys. Rises to around 150m and relatively steep sided.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1976, Wales Sheet 228 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1914, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO.

Lon Hywell
Low terrace-like platform on the N side of the river Taf between Cwmfelin-boeth and the Afon Gronw. Bedrock is Ordovician mudrocks but surface probably dominated by glacial or river terrace deposits (Quaternary: Pleistocene).
Break of slope at edge of river floodplain / terrace feature and base of bedrock slopes above.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a., Explorer Map 177 (1:25, 000); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1976, Wales Sheet 228 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1914, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO.
Additional Level 4 features include: Disused quarry; Road/railway cutting

Pass Bye - Bryn-banc
N-S promontary-like feature bewteeb the Nant Cwmfelin-boeth and Afon Gronw valleys. Dominated by Ordovician mudrocks with sandstones forming the higher features (rises to around 130m in S and 165m in N). Steep sided and cut by incised valleys and cwms.

Henllan Amgoed
Undulating areas of Ordovician mudrock outcrop between the Cwmfelin-boeth and Taf valleys. Rises from around 60-70 m in the S to around 160m in the N.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a., Explorer Map 177 (1:25, 000); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1976, Wales Sheet 228 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1914, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2006b, Explorer Map OL36 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (in prep., 2008), Sheet 210, 1:50 000 Geological Series; RUSHTON, A.W.A. et al. 1999, Geological Conservation Review Series 18, JNCC.

Cwmfelin Mynach
Incised, steep sided cwms cutting into the Ordovician slaty mudrock escarpment of the Blaenwaun massif in the Cwmfelin Mynach area.
Slope. Spring. Urban / industrial development
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2007, Sheet 211, 1:50,000 Geological Series; WILBY, P.R. 2008, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 211, NERC. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003b; Explorer Map 185 (1:25, 000).

Aberelwyn cwm
WNW orientated, incised cwm draining the Blaenwaun massif to the upper part of the taf valley. Cut into Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks. Includes are of alluvial fan and/ or terrace deposits in the Aberelyn area, at the mouth of the valley.
River terrace. Slope. Urban / industrial development
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2007, Sheet 211, 1:50,000 Geological Series; WILBY, P.R. 2008, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 211, NERC. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2006b, Explorer Map OL36 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (in prep., 2008), Sheet 210, 1:50 000 Geological Series.

Afon Gronw cwm (E)
Steep, incised valley sides and cwms on the E side of the Gronw valley between Whitland Abbey and Pencnwc. Cut into Ordovician slaty mudrocks, with some sandstone bands in the S.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1976, Wales Sheet 228 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1914, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO. BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2007, Sheet 211, 1:50,000 Geological Series; WILBY, P.R. 2008, Sheet exp

Afon Gronw cwm (W)
Steep, incised valley sides and cwms on the W side of the Gronw valley between Whitland Abbey and just S of Llanbody. Cut into Ordovician slaty mudrocks, with some sandstone bands in the S,
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1976, Wales Sheet 228 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1914, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO. BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2007, Sheet 211, 1:50,000 Geological Series; WILBY, P.R. 2008, Sheet ex

Allt Fron - Allt Castell cwms
Incised, steep-sided cwms at the head of the W branch of the Afon Gronw system.

Allt Lwyd cwm
Steep sided, incised cwm at the head of Nant Cwmfelin-boeth.

Llwynsgwydd
Narrow promontary between branches of the Afon Gronw system, N of Whitland Abbey. Steep sided adjacent to valleys, incised to the E.

Crosshands - Maen-coch
Extensive area of undulating hills developed on Ordovician mudrocks and dissected by stream valleys, often incised. Bounded by the Taf to the W and the Gronw to the E. relatively high, rising to around 200m locally, typically 160-185m; hill tops level of slightly. Northern limit definrd by an escarpment associated with the Cwm Cynnen Fault.
Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry); ensure that RIGS are safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1976, Wales Sheet 228 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1914, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO. BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2007, Sheet 211, 1:50,000 Geological Series; WILBY, P.R. 2008, Sheet ex

Wharley Point
Steep coastal slope with low rock cliff at base between Pentowy and Llansteffan castle and on the inside of the Taf-Towy confluence and estuary system. Shore narrow with sand locally.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a., Explorer Map 177 (1:25, 000); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1967, Sheet 229, 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1909, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO. BARCLAY, W.J. et al. 2005, Geological Conservation Review Series 231, JNCC.

Blaenpanter
Level valley floor of stream system on the Crosshands - Maen-coch massif with relatively low valley sides, above a steeply incised section leading to the Taf valley to the WSW. Glacial deposits probably present, including clays (Quaternary: Pleistocene).
Break of slope at edge of drift filled depression or valley systems and base of valley sides / escarpment above.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003b; Explorer Map 185 (1:25, 000); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (in prep., 2008), Sheet 210, 1:50 000 Geological Series.

Efailwen
Very gently domed hill area composed of Ordoviciam slaty mudrocks. Dissected by streams, in part incised, with a virtually radial pattern. Cut by the Taf to the E and the Eastern Cleddau to the W.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (in prep., 2008), Sheet 210, 1:50 000 Geological Series; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2006a, Explorer Map OL35 (1:25, 000); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2006b, Explorer Map OL36 (1:25, 000).

Eastern Cleddau cwms (E)
Section of steep valley sides forming the E slopes of the valley of the Eastern Cleddau. Between Llyn-dwfr and Gilfach. Cut into Ordovician slaty mudrocks.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (in prep., 2008), Sheet 210, 1:50 000 Geological Series; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2006a, Explorer Map OL35 (1:25, 000); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2006b, Explorer Map OL36 (1:25, 000).

Eastern Cleddau (N)
Small section of the major Eastern Cleddau river system forming part of the western boundary of Carmarthenshire. Includes river channel and floodplain between Llwyn-dwfr bridge and Gilfach (Quaternary: Holocene). . Gently sloping surfaces above probably includes glacial deposits (Quaternary: Pleistocene).
Break of slope at edge river floodplain / terrace feature and base of bedrock slopes above.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (in prep., 2008), Sheet 210, 1:50 000 Geological Series; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2006a, Explorer Map OL35 (1:25, 000); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2006b, Explorer Map OL36 (1:25, 000).

Gilfach
Very gently NW sloping area below the Carn Wen massif, down to the Afon Glandy. Probaly dominated by superficial deposits including glacial clay with some peat (Quaternary: Pleistocene-Holocene). Includes some exposure of Ordovician slaty mudrock bedrock to the SW.
Break of slope at edge of depression or valley system and base of valley sides / escarpment above.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (in prep., 2008), Sheet 210, 1:50 000 Geological Series; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2006a, Explorer Map OL35 (1:25, 000).

Carn Wen
WSW-ENE ridge of Ordovician slaty mudrocks controlled by hard dolerite (basic igneous rock) outcrop. Rises to around 289m with moderately steep sides.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (in prep., 2008), Sheet 210, 1:50 000 Geological Series; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2006a, Explorer Map OL35 (1:25, 000).
Additional Level 4 features include: Disused quarry; Block slopes/ surface stone

Hebron
Sloping platform, cut by a stream to the SE, between the Carn Wen ridge to the NW and the upper part of the Taf valley to the SE. Mainly developed on Ordovicain slaty mudrocks but probably with significant glacial clay, etc, cover (Quaternary: Pleistocene).
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (in prep., 2008), Sheet 210, 1:50 000 Geological Series; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2006a, Explorer Map OL35 (1:25, 000); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003b; Explorer Map 185 (1:25, 000).

Ffynnonwen
Low undulating platform-like area of Ordovician slaty mudrocks between the Taf valley and its Felin Cwrt tributary. Rises from around 80m in the S to around 140m in the N.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (in prep., 2008), Sheet 210, 1:50 000 Geological Series; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2006a, Explorer Map OL35 (1:25, 000); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2006b, Explorer Map OL36 (1:25, 000). ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a., Explorer Map 177 (1:25, 000); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1976, Wales Sheet 228 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1914, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO.

Dyffrynnrogin
Low undulating areas of Ordovician slaty mudrocks forming part of eastern margin of Carmarthenshire. Forms a NW-SE ridge between two stream valleys to the SE, and rises from around 60m in the SE to 130m in the N.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1976, Wales Sheet 228 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1914, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO. BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (in prep., 2008), Sheet 210, 1:50 000 Geological Series; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2006b, Explorer Map OL36 (1:25, 000).

Clunderwen
Broad promontary of the County in the Clunderwen area dominated by glacial sand and gravels (Quaternary: Pleistocene) with some emerging areas of Ordovician bedrock. Surface irregular rising to around 86m in the N, but lower in the W where glacial clays dominate and create boggy ground.
Break of slope at edge river floodplain / terrace feature and base of bedrock slopes above.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2006b, Explorer Map OL36 (1:25, 000). INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1976, Wales Sheet 228 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1914, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO.

Penderi stream
Group of 3 tributary streams which enter the Taf in the Llanfalteg West area. All have narrow floodplain systems although marginal areas of the valley floors may also contain glacial clays (Quaternary: Pleistocene-Holocene). Includes a low ridge of glacial sand and gravel in the Penderi area where the streams meet the Taf valley.
Break of slope at edge river floodplain / terrace/ drift filled valley systems

Llwyn-celyn
Low, level topped area of dominated by basal Silurian sandstone and mudrock bedrock and rising above the glacial deposit-dominated Clunderwen area. Includes a low northern 'escarpment' and a river cliff on the E side of the Eastern Cleddau.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2006b, Explorer Map OL36 (1:25, 000). INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1976, Wales Sheet 228 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1914, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO.

Eastern Cleddau (S)
Short section of river channel and floodplain of the eastern Cleddau river in the Gelli-Llandre Bridge area (on the Carmarthenshire-Pembrokeshire border). Alluvium dominated (Quaternary: Holocene).
Break of slope at edge river floodplain / terrace/ drift filled valley systems
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2006b, Explorer Map OL36 (1:25, 000). INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1976, Wales Sheet 228 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1914, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO.

St. Clears
Very gently undulating triangular area between the Cynnin and Afon Dewi Fawr valleys. Dominated by glacial clays (Quaternary: Pleistocene) with areas of Ordovician mudrock bedrock showing through.

Trelech - Rhos
xtensive area of dissected plateau dominated by Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks, stretching from Trelech in the W to beyond Rhos in the NE. Typically over 200m, rising to over 300m locally in the N. Dissected by deeply incised branching valleys in the S, where an escarpment feature is developed, rising above lower areas bordering the Cywyn and Towy valleys. Northern escarpment feature also developed especially from the Moelfre area to beyond Rhos, including the upper parts of incised systems
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a., Explorer Map 177 (1:25, 000); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2007, Sheet 211, 1:50,000 Geological Series; WILBY, P.R. 2008, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 211, NERC. INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1967, Sheet 229, 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1909, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Explorer Map 183 (1:25, 000).

Treasgell
Section of promontary between the Afon Cynin and Afon Dewi Fawr valleys. Rising higher than areas to the S and N (around 140m) due to presence of hard volcanic ash bands within Ordovician mudrocks. Steep sided feature continues to W and E (Llangynin and Meidrim areas) but is dissected by valleys.
Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry).Ensure that SSSI features are maintained in favourable condition by implementation of management plan.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a., Explorer Map 177 (1:25, 000); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1967, Sheet 229, 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1909, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO. RUSHTON, A.W.A. et al. 1999, Geological Conservation Review Series 18, JNCC;

Allt Trafel-yr-ych
Steep-sided incised cwm cutting into the Ordovician slaty mudrock escarpment of the Garllegan area.

Llansteffan
Undulating hilly area dominated by 'Old Red Sandstone' mudrocks (Upper Silurian-Devonian) rising to around 130m and dissected by valleys, frequently with a glacial clay infil (Quaternary: Pleistocene). To NW and SE (near Llansteffan) includes steep marginal slopes - the latter probably former cliffs
Coastal slope. Slope. Hill top. Spring. Urban / industrial development

Penternewydd
Rounded, low domed peninsula rising up to around 90m on the E side of the Taf estuary. NE part cut by an incised valley side.

Allt Hendre - Allt y Shed
Steep-sided incised cwm cutting into the Llangynog Precambrian-Cambrian inlier. Geology very varied including sandstones, volcanic rocks and shales. 'Old Red sandstone' mudrocks to the S (latest Silurian).
Includes part of the Llangynog Precambrian-Cambrian inlier.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a., Explorer Map 177 (1:25, 000); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1967, Sheet 229, 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1909, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO. COPE, J.C.W. and RUSHTON, A.W.A. 1992, Geological Magazine 129, 543-552.

Llangaith
Undulating massif dominated by 'Old Red sandstone mudrocks (latest Silurian-Devonian) rising to around 100m with relatively level top. Cut by Towy estuary to S and E with steeper slopes.

Fernhill Brook - Coombe
Broad glacial clay (Quaternary: Pleistocene) filled depresion in the Fernhill Brook area - perched within a solid geology massif - and linked glacial clay valley fills and slope aprons, including in the Cwm area, and around the base of slopes to Pentowyn, and cwms in the Dolau Brook and Llansteffan areas.

Pwntan Mawr - Coch-y-barlys cwm
Glacial clay clay (Quaternary: Pleistocene) apron and cwm fill on the E side of the Llangaith massif and adajacent to the Towy estuary.
Break of slope at edge of drift filled depression or valley systems and base of valley sides / escarpment above/ Break of slope at edge river floodplain / terrace feature and base of bedrock slopes above.

Dolaucothi-Derwen Fawr
Terrace features and cwm fills on the E of the Coth valley, including glacial clays, sands and gravels (Quaternary Pleistocene).
Break of slope at edge river floodplain / terrace feature and base of bedrock slopes above.

Llandilo-abercowin - Cwmcoch
Broad gently sloping apron to the NW and W part of the Pen plan, etc, massif passing down to the Cymyn river valley. Dominated by glacial clays (Quaternary: Pleistocene) with small areas of outcrop of Ordovician mudrocks, etc - th largest being in the Penlan area,

Y Glyn
Silted-up inlet or creek on the N side of the Towy estuary. Flat, mainly now marsh. Separated from the main estuary by a narrow barrier-like structure (spit?).
Additional Level 4 features include: Marsh/bog/fen

Afon Cymyn
Flood plain and active river channel system. Upper part relatively narrow, branching (including the Nantgwyn and the Afon Pontgarreg valleys) within steep, incised sides, daring the Trelech, etc massif. To the S valleys coalese to form a broad floodplain from the Felin Ricket area with a meandering channel (and frequent flood protection banks) until tidal limit reached.
River channel / canal (artificial). River channel (natural). Flood plain
Break of slope at edge river floodplain / terrace/ drift filled valley systems
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a., Explorer Map 177 (1:25, 000); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1967, Sheet 229, 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1909, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO. BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2007, Sheet 211, 1:50,000 Geological Series; WILBY, P.R. 2008, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 211, NERC. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003b; Explorer Map 185 (1:25, 000).
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Meander; Flood defence bank/works;

Garllegan
Platform-like feature below the southern escarpment of the Trelech, etc area. Cut by the incised cwm of Allt Trafel-yr-ych and river vallesy to W and E; low escarpment to S.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a., Explorer Map 177 (1:25, 000); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1967, Sheet 229, 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1909, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO. BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2007, Sheet 211, 1:50,000 Geological Series; WILBY, P.R. 2008, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 211, NERC.

Oernant
Relatively low vale-like area between the massifs of Llandilo-abercowin - Cwmcoch and Treasgell. Dominated by Ordovician mudrocks. Cut by river valleys to W and E. Continuation of the Meidrim area.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Road/railway cutting.

Meidrim
Relatively low vale-like area between the massifs of 103 and Penbigwrn on the S side of the Cwm Cynnen valley, along which the Cwm Cynnen fault system passes. Dominated by Ordovician mudrocks. Cut by river valleys to W and E. Continuation of the Oernant area. Steep sided adjacent o the Cilcoed valley

Penbigwrn
E-W steep-sided massif rising to around 150m and formed form Ordovician mudrocks with relatively hard volcanic ash bands. Dissected by streams.

Carmarthen
Low platform/ terrace-like areas on the N side of the Towy valleys with intense urban development. Includes less developed areas to the W with similar glacial deposit (mainly sand and gravel) and County show ground.
Area highly modified by urban / industrial development.
Ensure that no surviving features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry).

Preswylfa-Gwarfed
Valleys and cwms with glacial clay dominated fill. Includes a broad basin in the Presmylfa -Brynder Farm area and valleysleading to Pantybrodr and S in the Bancyfelin direction.

Llys Onnen - Gwarwenallt
Broadly SSW-NNE orientated massif of Ordovician mudrocks on the W side of the Cywyn valley, S of the Cwm Cynnen Fault. In the S rises to around 90m; in the N to around 140m due to the presence of hard volcanic ash bands. Steep sided to the N and E. Includes a lower area of similar bedrock on the W side of the Cywyn valley in the Wenallt area.

Cilcoed
Dissected platform-like feature composed of Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks, immediately N of the Cwm Cynnen Fault. Steep sided valleys to E and W. relatively level top at around 130m.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a., Explorer Map 177 (1:25, 000); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1967, Sheet 229, 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1909, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO. BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2007, Sheet 211, 1:50,000 Geological Series; WILBY, P.R. 2008, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 211, NERC.

Bron-y-gaer
Broadly E-W massif of Ordovician mudrocks with harder volcanic ash bands forming several parallel ridges and highest in the N (around 118m). Steep valley sides in N and E, cut by cwms in the E.

Pen Ffynnon
WSW-ENE platform/ low ridge dominated by Lower Silurian sandstone at around 205-220m. Includes an escarpment below above the Pnrhiwronw area. Cut by steep cwms, including in the Quarry Farm area and Cwm Einon to the E.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2007, Sheet 211, 1:50,000 Geological Series; WILBY, P.R. 2008, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 211, NERC. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003b; Explorer Map 185 (1:25, 000).

Clingwyn - Trefenty
Extensive area of low undulating terrain dominated by glacial clays (Quaternary: Pleistocene) filling depessions between low round hills of Ordovician mudrock bedrock (often with a broadly WSW-ENE trend). Forms a wedge-shaped area between the Afon Dewi Fawr and Afon Cynin valleys.

Afon Dewi Fawr cwms (W)
Steep-sided incised western slopes of the Afon Dewi Fawr valley, cutting into the Upper Ordovician slaty mudrock massif of Trelech, etc area.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a., Explorer Map 177 (1:25, 000); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2007, Sheet 211, 1:50,000 Geological Series; WILBY, P.R. 2008, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 211, NERC. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003b; Explorer Map 185 (1:25, 000).
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry;

Afon Dewi Fawr cwms (E)
Steep-sided incised eastern slopes and cwms of the Afon Dewi Fawr valley, cutting into the Upper Ordovician slaty mudrock massif of the Trelech, etc area.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Explorer Map 183 (1:25, 000); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a., Explorer Map 177 (1:25, 000); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2007, Sheet 211, 1:50,000 Geological Series; WILBY, P.R. 2008, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 211, NERC.

Cywyn cwms
Deeply incised valley sides and tributary cwms draining the Trelech, etc, massif of Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks. Includes the incised cwm linking the Talog area to Cynwyl Elfed in the Cwmduad valley in the E (Blaen-ffynnon cwm to Nant Rory cwm).
River channel (natural). Flood plain. Slope. Spring
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2007, Sheet 211, 1:50,000 Geological Series; WILBY, P.R. 2008, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 211, NERC. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a., Explorer Map 177 (1:25, 000); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003b; Explorer Map 185 (1:25, 000).

Ffynnon-Wen
Relatively small, incised, steep-side cwm with bird-foot shape. Cuts into an escarpment of Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003b; Explorer Map 185 (1:25, 000); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2007, Sheet 211, 1:50,000 Geological Series; WILBY, P.R. 2008, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 211, NERC.

Abernant
Dissected platform-like feature composed of Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks, immediately N of the Cwm Cynnen Fault and below an escapment of the Trelech, etc, areas above. Rises to around 150m and cut by the Henllan stream with valley systems to E and W (incised in former area).
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2007, Sheet 211, 1:50,000 Geological Series; WILBY, P.R. 2008, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 211, NERC. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a., Explorer Map 177 (1:25, 000); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1967, Sheet 229, 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1909, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Explorer Map 183 (1:25, 000).

Afon Cych cwms
Steep, incised valley sides and tributary valleys of the Cych river system cut into Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks, including the Afon Sylgen, Afon Manog and Afon Barddu.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003b; Explorer Map 185 (1:25, 000); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2007, Sheet 211, 1:50,000 Geological Series; WILBY, P.R. 2008, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 211, NERC. BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006a, Sheet 194, 1:50,000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007a, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 194, NERC.

Afon Cych
Floodplain and channel of the Afon Cych between the valley of the Afon Manog and Forge Cych, marking the NW boundary of the County. General overal NNW flow to the Afon Teifi.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003b; Explorer Map 185 (1:25, 000); ); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 199 (1:25, 000); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2007, Sheet 211, 1:50,000 Geological Series; WILBY, P.R. 2008, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 211, NERC.

Afon Dwrog
Relaitively straight, WSW flowing structurally controlled valley system, now raised ('hanging') above the Afon Cych into which it flows via steep sections of stream. Base broad but gently sloping and includes a range of fluvial, glacial and preiglacila deposits (Quaternary: Pleistocene-Holocene).
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2007, Sheet 211, 1:50,000 Geological Series; WILBY, P.R. 2008, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 211, NERC. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003b; Explorer Map 185 (1:25, 000).

Nant Gochen cwms
Steep, incised sides and tributary cwms of a dendritic stream system which includes the Nant Grochen (a tributary of the Gwlli) and other valleys such as that of the Afon Fawr. Streams drain the Trelech, etc, massif and flow generally SE to join the Gwlli. Cut into Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003b; Explorer Map 185 (1:25, 000); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2007, Sheet 211, 1:50,000 Geological Series; WILBY, P.R. 2008, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 211, NERC.

Afon Duad cwms
Deeply incised cwms cut into Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks draining the Trelech, etc, massif. General dendritic form and southwards flowing to join the Afon Gwlli. Includes cwms N and E of Cynnyl Elfed. Natural rocks outcrops present in the Blaenduad area.

Afon Gwlli cwms (W and S)
Steep-sided, incised sides cut into Ordovician slaty mudrocks (including meanders) of the Afon Gwlli river between Cwm Gwachel and Bronwydd Arms. Includes tributary cwms including the realtively broad Cwmdwyfran. Quarries prominent in the Pentre Morgan - Blaenffrwdcwm area.

Afon gwlli cwms (N and E)
Steep-sided, incised sides cut into Ordovician slaty mudrocks (including meanders) on the N side of the Afon Gwlli river in the Bronwydd Arms to Dol-Gwlli area and the S side to near Llanpumsaint. Includes an area of glacial deposit filled cwm NE of Bronwydd Arms.

Afon gwlli cwms (N)
Steep northern sides of the Afon Gwlli system between Cynwyl Elfed and near Llanpumsaint. . Cut into Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks.

Cwm Einon
Incised, steep valley sides of stream draining the Trelech, etc, massif into the Llanpumsaint area. Cut into Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks.

Cilgwyrn (Goitre)
Slightly domed plateau-like feature isolated from adjacent sections of the same platform feature (of Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks) by incised valley systems to W, N and S and a shallower, truncated valley to the E. Rises to around 190m and Cwm Cynnen Fault defines southern steep slope.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2007, Sheet 211, 1:50,000 Geological Series; WILBY, P.R. 2008, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 211, NERC. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003b; Explorer Map 185 (1:25, 000). ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a., Explorer Map 177 (1:25, 000).

Nant-gwyn cwms / Cwm Cynnen (N)
Steep northern side of Cwm Cynnen (fault controlled) and contiguous slopes of the Nant-gwyn valley and cwms to the N to Bwlchnewydd. Cut into Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a., Explorer Map 177 (1:25, 000); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2007, Sheet 211, 1:50,000 Geological Series; WILBY, P.R. 2008, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 211, NERC. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Explorer Map 183 (1:25, 000).
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry;

Nant Cynnen cwms (S)
Steep southern side of Cwm Cynnen (fault controlled) including cwms. Cut into Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a., Explorer Map 177 (1:25, 000); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2007, Sheet 211, 1:50,000 Geological Series; WILBY, P.R. 2008, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 211, NERC.

Newchurch - Castell Dwyran
Section of undulating terrain of Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks heavily dissected by incised valleys (including to W, N and S) and with low escarpment to S (in Castell Dwyen - Waungochen area. Forms a WSW-ENE elongated massif with virtually radial drainage. Top surface levels of and becomes plateau-like, rising to around 220-230m in the E.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2007, Sheet 211, 1:50,000 Geological Series; WILBY, P.R. 2008, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 211, NERC. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003b; Explorer Map 185 (1:25, 000). ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a., Explorer Map 177 (1:25, 000); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Explorer Map 183 (1:25, 000).

Blaen-y-coed
Area comprising two parallel ridges, with slightly lower section between, cut by steep sided incised valleys which virtually surround it. Rises to around 220m in N. Area has structurally controlled WSW-ENE orientation and forms part of the core of a major syncline with Lower Silurian slaty mudrocks and sandstones.

Sychpant
Narrow and realtively small N-S promontary-like feature between two steep, incised valleys (Afon Pontgarreg and Afon Cywyn). Surface broadly domed; bedrock is Lower Silurian slaty mudrocks and sandstones.

Penrhiwronw
Dissected plateau feature dominated by Lower Silurian slaty mudrocks, up to !50-160m and to the S of the ridge of Pen Ffynnon. Cut to the S by the incised Gwlli system and Afon Duad cwms to the W. WSW-ENE orientation is structural.

Newton Park
Narrow N-S promontary-like feature between two valleys (Afon Gochen and Afon Duad). Developed on Lower Silurian slaty mudrocks and sandstones. Incised slopes to W and E.

Drysgol goch
Realatively small peninsula feature between two incised cwms. Top domed; includes an escarpment in the S above Drysgol goch.
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif / junction with valley systems. Break of slope / base of escarpment at boundary with adjacent solid geology area.

Bwlch Bychan - Pen-hill
E-W elongated hills forming a ridge. Steep sided to N and W; to E rises from the glacial deposit filled basin of the Llampumsaint area. The Pontarsais Fault forms the southern, virtually straight edge to the massif.
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif / junction with valley systems. Break of slope / base of escarpment at boundary with adjacent solid geology area.

Llwyn-croes
Massif of Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks cut by the steep, gorge-like gwlli valley on its S side and rising above the glacial deposit filled depression of the Lampumsaint area to the E. Rises to around 200m with gently domed sub level top. Cut by the Portarsais Fault to the N.
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif / junction with valley systems. Break of slope / base of escarpment at boundary with adjacent solid geology area.

Afon Teifi
Major mature river system with broad flood plain and meandering channel (Quaternary: Holocene). Forms much of the northern border of the County. Valley sides above steep where bedrock is present or lower where glacial drift borders the floodplain. Course heavily modified by ice sheets and some incised meanders now abandoned and river has cut new course through Ordovician bedrock of former spur (e.g. near Henllan).
Break of slope at edge river floodplain / terrace.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2007, Sheet 211, 1:50,000 Geological Series; WILBY, P.R. 2008, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 211, NERC. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003b; Explorer Map 185 (1:25, 000). ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 199 (1:25, 000); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003a, Explorer Map 186 (1:25, 000); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006a, Sheet 194, 1:50,000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007a, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 194, NERC. BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006b, Sheet 195, 1:50 000 Geolog

Penlan Village
Broadly triangular area within the between the Teifi and Cych at their confluence. Forms a platform-like feature up to around 85m with streams cutting into an extensive cover of glacial deposits which includes lake sediments (Quaternary: Pleistocene). Cut by river cliff to N.
Former lake (e.g. silted up). Urban / industrial development. Slope
Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry). Assess RIGS status of the classic Teifi river system showing features and safeguard using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping.
Break of slope at edge of lake/depositional basin sediment fill/ platform.
Part of the classic Teifi river system showing features related to ice-sheet diversion (including CRMRTGL132--136, 139-143, 146)
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2007, Sheet 211, 1:50,000 Geological Series; WILBY, P.R. 2008, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 211, NERC. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003b; Explorer Map 185 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006a, Sheet 194, 1:50,000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007a, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 194, NERC. WALKER, M.J.C. and McCARROLL, D. 2001, The Quaternary of West Wales: Field Guide, Quaternary Research Association.

Allt Goch
Small but significant area of river cliff in Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks, which cuts into platform with glacial deposit cover (Quaternary: Pleistocene).
Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry). Assess RIGS status of the classic Teifi river system showing features and safeguard using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping.
Part of the classic Teifi river system showing features related to ice-sheet diversion (including CRMRTGL132--136, 139-143, 146).
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2007, Sheet 211, 1:50,000 Geological Series; WILBY, P.R. 2008, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 211, NERC. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003b; Explorer Map 185 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006a, Sheet 194, 1:50,000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007a, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 194, NERC. WALKER, M.J.C. and McCARROLL, D. 2001, The Quaternary of West Wales: Field Guide, Quaternary Research Association.

Cenarth
Abandoned incised meander of the Teifi with fill of glacial lake deposits (Quaternary: Pleistocene).. Formed due to ice sheet diversion of the river system.
Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry). Assess RIGS status of the classic Teifi river system showing features and safeguard using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping.
Part of the classic Teifi river system showing features related to ice-sheet diversion (including CRMRTGL132--136, 139-143, 146).
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2007, Sheet 211, 1:50,000 Geological Series; WILBY, P.R. 2008, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 211, NERC. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003b; Explorer Map 185 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006a, Sheet 194, 1:50,000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007a, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 194, NERC.

Allt y Felin
Southern part former spur of Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks on incised of major inside meander of the Teifi river... Now dissected by new course to N to form hill between the new active channel and the abandoned meander to the S... New course of river forms narrow gorge to N...
Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e...g... due to development or forestry)... Ensure that SSSI features are maintained in favourable condition by implementation of management plan... Assess RIGS status of the classic Teifi river system showing features and safeguard using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping...
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2007, Sheet 211, 1:50,000 Geological Series; WILBY, P...R... 2008, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 211, NERC... ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003b; Explorer Map 185 (1:25, 000)... BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006a, Sheet 194, 1:50,000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J...R... 2007a, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 194, NERC...

Aber-Arad cwm
Incised, steep sided, N facing cwm on the S side of the Teifi river and above Newcastle Emlyn. Cut into Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks. Some glacial/ periglacial deposits in base (Quaternary: Pleistocene).

Cwm Sarah
Relatively small incised cwm entering to the NNW into the Newcastle Emyn area on the S side of the Teifi valley. Cut into Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks.

Allt Pen-rhiw-olau
Section of steep valley sides / rivercliff, partly within abandoned meander and partly along active Tefi system (S side) in the Gelligathis area. Cut into Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks.
Assess RIGS status of the classic Teifi river system showing features and safeguard using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2007, Sheet 211, 1:50,000 Geological Series; WILBY, P.R. 2008, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 211, NERC. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003b; Explorer Map 185 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006a, Sheet 194, 1:50,000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007a, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 194, NERC. WALKER, M.J.C. and McCARROLL, D. 2001, The Quaternary of West Wales: Field Guide, Quaternary Research Association

Newcastle Emlyn
Glacial deposit platform and gently sloping apron on the S side of the Teifi valley in the Newcastle Emlyn area (Quaternary: Pleistocene). . Includes a sand and gravel terrace which virtually blocks the valley and on which much of the town is built.
Part of the classic Teifi river system showing features related to ice-sheet diversion (including CRMRTGL132--136, 139-143, 146).
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2007, Sheet 211, 1:50,000 Geological Series; WILBY, P.R. 2008, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 211, NERC. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003b; Explorer Map 185 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006a, Sheet 194, 1:50,000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007a, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 194, NERC.

Bronhydden
Former spur of Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks on inside of major incised meander of the Teifi river. Now dissected by new course to N to form hill between the new active channel and the abandoned meander to the S. Rises to around 75-88m.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2007, Sheet 211, 1:50,000 Geological Series; WILBY, P.R. 2008, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 211, NERC. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003b; Explorer Map 185 (1:25, 000). WALKER, M.J.C. and McCARROLL, D. 2001, The Quaternary of West Wales: Field Guide, Quaternary Research Association.

Llysnewydd
Southern part former spur of Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks on inside of major incised meander of the Teifi river. Now dissected by new course to N to form hill between the new active channel and the abandoned meander to the S. New course of river forms narrow gorge to N. Rises to around 88m.
NPart of the classic Teifi river system showing features related to ice-sheet diversion (including CRMRTGL132--136, 139-143, 146).
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2007, Sheet 211, 1:50,000 Geological Series; WILBY, P.R. 2008, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 211, NERC.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003b; Explorer Map 185 (1:25, 000).

Waungilwen
Abandoned incised meanders of the Teifi with complex fill of glacial deposits including lake sediments giving a slightly undulating surface (Quaternary: Pleistocene). Formed due to ice sheet diversion of the river system. Includes drift-filled floors of three tributary valleys to the S.
Flood plain. Urban / industrial development
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Meander; Marsh/bog/fen.

Cwm hiraeth
Incised sides of the upper part of the Nant Bran valley, draining the Moelfre, etc, massif in a NNE direction towards the Afon Teifi. Cut into Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks.

Nant Esgair - Nant Bargoed cwms
Incised sides of the Nant Bargoed and Nant Esgair valleys, draining the Moelfre, etc, massif iand joining just before entering the abandoned incised meander of the Teifi system in the Waungilwen area. Cut into Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks.

Pentre-cwrt
Embayment-like depression on the S side of the Teifi valley, dominated by glacial lake deposits (Quaternary: Pleistocene). Undulating surface gently slopes towards the E and is cut by streams.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2007, Sheet 211, 1:50,000 Geological Series; WILBY, P.R. 2008, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 211, NERC. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003b; Explorer Map 185 (1:25, 000). WALKER, M.J.C. and McCARROLL, D. 2001, The Quaternary of West Wales: Field Guide, Quaternary Research Association.

Afon Sied - Nant Einon cwms
Incised stream valley cut into Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks, flowing northwards to the Teifi river system

Nant Gwydil cwm
Incised steep sided cwm cut into Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks and flowing northeawrds to join the Teifi river system via the Tyweli.

Penrhiwfawr
Incised slopes on the S side of the Afon Teifi and Afon Tyweli at their confluence. Cuts into the glacial deposit covered platform of the Pentre-cwrt area to the W and the Upper Ordovician slaty mudrock massif of the Saron area to the E.
Part of the classic Teifi river system showing features related to ice-sheet diversion (including CRMRTGL132--136, 139-143, 146, etc).

Nant gwyddil - Heol y Derwen
Sloping apron or terrace-like feature domeinated by glacial deposits (Quaternary: Pleistocene) at the confluenec of the Teifi and Tyweli valleys. Includes drift fill to the Nant Gwyddil valley.

Mackwith Castle
NW-SE orientated massif dominated by Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks. SW side cut by the Tyweli river system and northern part is promontary/ spur on the inside of an incised meander of the Tefi river. NE part is 'cut-out' by another, now abandoned meander. Rises to around 200m.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2007, Sheet 211, 1:50,000 Geological Series; WILBY, P.R. 2008, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 211, NERC. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003b; Explorer Map 185 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006a, Sheet 194, 1:50,000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007a, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 194, NERC.

Nant Wern-macwydd
Abandoned incised meander of the Teifi with fill of glacial clay deposits (Quaternary: Pleistocene). Formed due to ice sheet diversion of the river system. Includes remains of now dissected spur on incide of bend (Graigwrtheym) composed of Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks.
Part of the classic Teifi river system showing features related to ice-sheet diversion (including CRMRTGL132--136, 139-143, 146, etc).
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2007, Sheet 211, 1:50,000 Geological Series; WILBY, P.R. 2008, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 211, NERC. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003b; Explorer Map 185 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006a, Sheet 194, 1:50,000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007a, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 194, NERC. WALKER, M.J.C. and McCARROLL, D. 2001, The Quaternary of West Wales: Field Guide, Quaternary Research Association

Afon Tyweli slopes (N)
Steep northern sides of the Tyweli valley and on a linked section of the main Teifi valley opposite Llandysul (cut into Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks). Includes a small area of river terrace at Pomt-Tyweli (Quaternary: Holocene?).

Allt Tan-fforest
Relatively short but prominent and high, steep valley slopes on the S side of the Teifi - the last such feature upstream along the river system within Carmarthenshire (cut into Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks).

Nant Gran cwms
Steep, incised valley sides and cwms on the E side of the Tyweli between Pen-y-banc and Dolgran. Mainly cut into Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks.

Pencader
Level to gently sloping glacial drift fill to upper part of the Nant Gran valley and associated tributaries (Quaternary: Pleistocene) - including the Dolgran and Pencader areas. Includes some alluvial deposits (Holocene) along active streams and adajcent sloping terrace-like features.

Afon Talog - Lleuther Neuadd
Level to gently sloping valley floor of the Afon Talog, with stream flowing SW to the Pencader area where it joins the Tyweli and flows to the NW. Also includes the tributary valleys of the Afon Gorwydd, Afon Gilwydeth and Afon Gwyddgrug, in part draining the Mynydd Rhos-wen massif. Fill is mainly alluvial (Quaternary: Holocene).
Break of slope at edge river floodplain / terrace.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2007, Sheet 211, 1:50,000 Geological Series; WILBY, P.R. 2008, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 211, NERC. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003b; Explorer Map 185 (1:25, 000). ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003a, Explorer Map 186 (1:25, 000).

Nant Aeron cwms
Steep, incised sides of the head of the Nant Aeron stream and associated tributaries. Flows to the S draining part of the Rhos massif. Cut into Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks and Lower Silurian sandstones and slaty mudrocks.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry; Road/railway cutting

Glaneuadd
N-S ridge like promontary between the Auran and Cwm-Einon valleys. Incised to the NW, other wise with rounded section. Includes a channel feature in the S.

Nant-y-boncath
Isolated low hill of Lower Silurian sandstones rising above the glacial deposit filled depression of the Llanpumsaint area.

Llanpumsaint
Extensive area of glacial deposits(Quaternary: Pleistocene) in broad valley system around Llanpumsaint and linked tributary valleys in the Alltwalis ares, beyond Llanllawddog and S to the Bronwydd Arms area. Surface of main valley fill irregular and cut by streams. Glacial lake deposits dominate and well-developed pingoes are present. Some minor mounds of Lower Silurian bedrock emerge locally.
Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry). Ensure that GCR/ RIGS features are maintained in favourable condition by implementation of management plan and safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping.
Includes GCR / SSSI features of national / international importance. Includes RIGS features of at least regional importance.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2007, Sheet 211, 1:50,000 Geological Series; WILBY, P.R. 2008, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 211, NERC. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003b; Explorer Map 185 (1:25, 000). ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003a, Explorer Map 186 (1:25, 000).
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Marsh/bog/fen; Pingoes.

Nant Alltwalis cwms
Steep valley sides and cwms N of Nant Alltwis at the NE margin of the Llanpumsaint depression and cutting into the Lower Silurian massif of Mynydd Rhos-wen, etc. (slaty mudrocks dominate).

Pant-y-llyn
Dissected massif dominated by Lower Silurian slaty mudrocks, cut to the W and SE by incised valleys and rising to around 140-265m. Top levels of but sides generally steep.

New Inn
Lower NW slopes of the Mynydd Tre-beddau massif, below the main escarpment. Falls from around 220m-265m to around 150m. Slopes locally have some glacial clay veneer (Quaternary: Pleistocene) over Lower Silurian slaty mudrocks and sandstones which locally emerge as knolls. Cut by NW flowing valleys, often with a glacial clay infill.
Break of slope at top and base of slope.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2007, Sheet 211, 1:50,000 Geological Series; WILBY, P.R. 2008, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 211, NERC. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003b; Explorer Map 185 (1:25, 000). ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003a, Explorer Map 186 (1:25, 000).

Mynydd Rhos-wen - Banc Melen
Major NW facing escarpment in Lower Silurian sandstones which dominates the central northern part of the county. Area rises to nearly 400m in places but forms a plateau averaging around 310m, although falling away gently to the SE. Latter area is dip slope-like in character and heavily dissected by incised, dendritic river and stream systems, draining towards the Towy valley.
Slope. Hill top. Scarp slope. Dip slope. Peat bog. Spring. Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit
Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry). Survey area for preserved features and designate RIGS if appropriate (safeguard using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping).
Major upland area in Carmarthenshire, potentially with surviving periglacial, etc features.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2007, Sheet 211, 1:50,000 Geological Series; WILBY, P.R. 2008, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 211, NERC. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003b; Explorer Map 185 (1:25, 000). ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003a, Explorer Map 186 (1:25, 000); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry; Marsh/bog/fen.

Nant Hafren cwms
Steep sided cwms and valley sides N of Llanllawddy and forming part of the margins of the Llanpumsaint depression. Cut into Lower Silurian sandstones.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2007, Sheet 211, 1:50,000 Geological Series; WILBY, P.R. 2008, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 211, NERC. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003b; Explorer Map 185 (1:25, 000). ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003a, Explorer Map 186 (1:25, 000);

Afon Gwili - Afon Duad
River system with dominantly upland character although course is lower in altitude. Drains uplands of the the Rhos and Mynydd tre-beddau etc areas and frequently has a narrow incised course with steep sides above (these features are especially well developed in the gorge-like section W of Pentre Morgan. Downstream of the latter the floodplain broadens and the river becomes lowland in style and flows into the Towy near Carmarthen
River channel (natural). Waterfall / rapids. Flood plain. River terrace. Urban / industrial development
Break of slope at edge river floodplain / terrace.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2007, Sheet 211, 1:50,000 Geological Series; WILBY, P.R. 2008, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 211, NERC. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003b; Explorer Map 185 (1:25, 000). ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a., Explorer Map 177 (1:25, 000); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1967, Sheet 229, 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1909, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Meander.

Pont-an-gothi
Low domed massif of Ordovician mudrocks in the Lletty Stud farm area and a connected elongate, low feature on the S side of the Cothi valley, NE of Pont-an-gothi. Rises to around 80m to the N. Slopes beside the Cothi steeper, elsewhere low passing down to surrounding glacial clay dominated areas (Quaternary, Pleistocene).
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003a, Explorer Map 186 (1:25, 000); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series.

Pant traso
The largest of several low hills of bedrock which rise above the glacial deposit filled depression of the Llanpumsaint area (composed of Upper Ordovician slaty mudrock in this case).

Brechfa Forest
W-E orientated ridge of Lower Silurian sandstones rising to around 250m with a steep fault defined northern face.

Rhydargaeau - Peniel
Broad dominantly upland massif, forming a sub-rectangular block with a general WSW-ENE orientation. Bedrock is dominated by Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks. Rises to around 320m in the NE but lower to the W; centrally typically around 250-280m. Slope steep to the N with WSW-ENE fault controlled escarpment and valley which separates the area from similar massifs to the N. S side with steep but more rounded slopes, rising above a lower terrace like feature below. Forms a watershed with short inc
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2007, Sheet 211, 1:50,000 Geological Series; WILBY, P.R. 2008, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 211, NERC. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003b; Explorer Map 185 (1:25, 000). ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003a, Explorer Map 186 (1:25, 000); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a., Explorer Map 177 (1:25, 000); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1967, Sheet 229, 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1909, Memoirs of the Geologi

Nant Pencnwc
Broad, level to gently sloping valleys floors E of Peniel dominated by glacial clay with local areas of alluvium associated with streams (Quaternary: Pleistocene-Holocene).
Flood plain. Slope. Urban / industrial development
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a., Explorer Map 177 (1:25, 000); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1967, Sheet 229, 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1909, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO. BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2007, Sheet 211, 1:50,000 Geological Series; WILBY, P.R. 2008, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 211, NERC. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003b; Explorer Map 185 (1:25, 000). ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003a, Explorer Map 186 (1:25, 000);

Gellyglyd
Low domed massif of Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks cut by small stream valleys and surrounded by glacial clay filled valleys.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2007, Sheet 211, 1:50,000 Geological Series; WILBY, P.R. 2008, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 211, NERC. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003b; Explorer Map 185 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2007, Sheet 211, 1:50,000 Geological Series; WILBY, P.R. 2008, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 211, NERC. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003b; Explorer Map 185 (1:25, 000).

Merlin's Hill
Massif dominated by Ordovician slaty mudrocks with general E-W oreientation to N and S margins, parallelling the Towy valley immediately to the S. Rises to around 160m, slopes of Towy valley steep.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a., Explorer Map 177 (1:25, 000); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1967, Sheet 229, 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1909, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO. BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2007, Sheet 211, 1:50,000 Geological Series; WILBY, P.R. 2008, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 211, NERC.

Lower Towy
Tidal lowest part of the River Towy system between the tidal limit in the Carmarthen area and open estuary NE of Llansteffan. Higher part includes broad flood plain - partly built on at Carmarthen - with meandering tidal channel. Flood defence banks present although marsh areas (upper saltmarsh?) extensive. Downstream the channel rapid broadens to occupy most of the valley and marginal saltmarsh areas present.
Marsh / saltmarsh. Lower saltmarsh / mudflat. Upper saltmarsh / grazing marsh. River channel (natural). Flood plain. Urban / industrial development
Edge of estuarine channel and marginal saltmarsh upstream to NTL.
Forms part of the Taf-Towy-Gwendraeth estuary system which includes the Carmarthen Bay GCR site.
Additional Level 4 features include: Meander; Flood defence bank/works

Cwm Cynnen - Castell Howell
Complex of valley systems with level to gently sloping infill, mainly of glacial clay (Quaternary: Pleistocene) largely surrounding the Merth massif. Includes the floor of the fault-controlled WSW-ENE Cwm Cynnen and its exetension to the Waunllanau area and adjacent side cwms. Extends southwards form here to the Castell Howard area and ultimately to near Ffynnonsaint.
Superficial deposits. Structural features. Active processes. Past processes

Esgerhir cwm
Steep sides of cwms on the N side of the Nant Cynnen valley, including that of the Nant Hir. Cut into Upper Ordovician slaty mudrock.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a., Explorer Map 177 (1:25, 000); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2007, Sheet 211, 1:50,000 Geological Series; WILBY, P.R. 2008, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 211, NERC. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003b; Explorer Map 185 (1:25, 000).

Lan-y-gors
Broad valley or vale E of Carmarthen dominated by alluvial deposits with some glacial clays and extensive marshly areas including peat.
Break of slope at edge of drift filled depression.

Merth
Relatively low undulating terrain with steep sides to the N corresponding to the Cwm Cynnnen Fault. Forms a broadly WSW-ENE massif domainated by Ordovician mudrocks surrounded by drift filled valley systems.

Trevaughan Hill
Low hill of Ordovicain mudrocks rising to around 120m and cut by drift-filled valleys with virtually radial pattern.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2007, Sheet 211, 1:50,000 Geological Series; WILBY, P.R. 2008, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 211, NERC. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a., Explorer Map 177 (1:25, 000); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1967, Sheet 229, 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1909, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO.

Penlan
Low domed massif of Ordovician mudrocks rising up to around 165m. S side partly occupied by development of Carmarthen.

Llysogen Road
Gently sloping apron and valley fills of glacial deposits - including clays, sands and gravels - on the S side of the Merth massif (Quaternary: Pleistocene).

Tre-fechan fach
Alluvial basin (Quaternary: Holocene) on the N side of Carmarthen occupying a depression between higher areas of Ordovician bedrock.
Break of slope at edge of drift filled depression

Ferry Point
Low coastal platform in the Ferry Point area and sand dune in front of Llansteffan town. Low cliff-like feature in former area may expose glacial deposits (Quaternary: ?Pleistocene-Holocene).
Stabilised sand dune. Urban / industrial development

Ganfawr
Platform-like feature of Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks cut by stream valleys on the N side of the Cwm Cynnen Fault - continuation of same feature to W. Rises to around 200m.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a., Explorer Map 177 (1:25, 000); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2007, Sheet 211, 1:50,000 Geological Series; WILBY, P.R. 2008, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 211, NERC. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003b; Explorer Map 185 (1:25, 000).

River Towy
Major river system with wide floodplain - 1km in places - and well developed meandering channel with frequent ox-bow lakes (Quaternary: Holocene). Valley structurally controlled with WSW-ENE (Caledonian orientation) changing to W-E (Variscan) allignment south-westwards to the coast via the tidal limit near Carmarthen. Includes the lowest part of the Afon Sawdde before its confluence with the Towy and the Afon Bran as far upstream as the Cynghordy area.
River channel (natural). Flood plain. Abandoned channel / Ox Bow lake. River terrace. Spring
Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry). Assess RIGS status of major river system with well developed meander belt including point bar, etc features (e.g. 'ERS' - Exposed Riverine Sediments) and safeguard using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping.
Major river system with well developed meander belt including point bar, etc features (e.g. 'ERS' - Exposed Riverine Sediments).
RDNANCE SURVEY 2005a., Explorer Map 177 (1:25, 000); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1967, Sheet 229, 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1909, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO. BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2007, Sheet 211, 1:50,000 Geological Series; WILBY, P.R. 2008, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 211, NERC. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003a, Explorer Map 186 (1:25, 000); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series. ORDNANCE SURVEY
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Meander; Marsh/bog/fen; Flood defence bank/works

Tanglwst
Section of slopes above the Cych valley, below thr Trelech, etc, massif (separated from adjacent similar areas by incised valleys. Falls form around 200m to 150m; bedrock is Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks.

Penrherber
Undulating terrain of Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks with rounded hills and between the Cych river systems to the W and the Teifi system to the N (and below a higher escarpment of the Moelfre, etc, massif). Cut by streams valleys, in part incised. Includes at escarpment-like feature to the NW.

Allt Hiiraeth
Broadly N-S promontary-like feature between Cwm Hiraeth and Cwmpensaig, sloping towards the Tefi valley from around 180m to 100m. Bedrock is Upper Ordovician slaty mudrock.

Pen y Garn
Distinctive steep sided, level-topped hill rising from the Penrherber area to nearly 290m. Bedrock is Upper Ordovician slaty mudrock.

Penboyr
Wedge shaped section of N sloping terrain between the incised cwms of Nant Esgair and Nant Bargoed. Falls from around 200 to 150m; bedrock is Upper Ordovician slaty mudrock.

Saron
Broad undulating slopes falling form around 200m to 110m between the escarpment of the Trelech etc area and the Teifi valley to the N. Cut by incised stream valleys; bedrock is Upper Ordovician slaty mudrock.

Afon Gilwydeth cwm
Steep-side incised cwm draining to the NW from the escarpemnt of the Mynydd Tre-beddau area. bedrock is Lower Silurian slaty mudrock.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2007, Sheet 211, 1:50,000 Geological Series; WILBY, P.R. 2008, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 211, NERC. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003a, Explorer Map 186 (1:25, 000);

Cwmdwyfran
Area of glacial clay, etc (Quaternary: Pleistocene) forming platform-like feature on the W side of the Afon Gwilli valley in the Bronwydd Arms area and the floor of Cwmdwyfran.

Llangunnor
Conjoined low knolls and ridge of Ordovician mudrock and sandstone bedrock on the S side of the Teifi valley opposite Carmarthen. Includes a central depression with glacial clay (Quaternary: Pleistocene)..
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a., Explorer Map 177 (1:25, 000); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1967, Sheet 229, 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1909, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO. BEVINS, R.S. and MASON, J.S. 1997, CCW Contract Science Report 156.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Mine shaft/adit;

Pen-sorn
Low platform at the base of the Llangunnor area and including Pensarn to the SW. Glacial clay, etc (Quaternary: Pleistocene) extensive over Ordovicain mudrocks.
Additional Level 4 features include: Road/railway cutting

Nant Pibr
Floodplain and channel (Quaternary: Holocene) of the Nant Pibw from its tidal confluenece with the Teifi to the W to the Gorfach Farm area. Flood plain narrow locally but broadens.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a., Explorer Map 177 (1:25, 000); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1967, Sheet 229, 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1909, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003a, Explorer Map 186 (1:25, 000); RUSHTON, A.W.A. et al. 1999, Geological Conservation Review Series 18, JNCC.

Cwmffrwd
Gently sloping, low lying area on the S side of the Nant Pibw and between solid geology massifs to the E and the River Towy system to the W. Surafce dominated by glacial clays (Quaternary: Pleistocene) with Ordovician, etc bedrock below.

Bwlchymynydd
Low domed area up to around 150m in the E with a low escarpoment in the W. Mainly blanketed by glacial clays (Quaternary: Pleistocene) over 'Old Red Sandstone' mudrocks (latest Silurian- Devonian?).
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a., Explorer Map 177 (1:25, 000); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1967, Sheet 229, 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1909, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003b; Explorer Map 185 (1:25, 000). RUSHTON, A.W.A. et al. 1999, Geological Conservation Review Series 18, JNCC.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Road/railway cutting

Capel Dewi (1)
Extensive raised area with glacial clay (Quaternary: Pleistocene) filling depressions in an undulating surface of mainly Ordovician slaty mudrocks. Areas of marsh and peat present. N part of area forms part of S margin of Towy river system.
Slope. Hill top. Peat bog. Spring. Urban / industrial development
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a., Explorer Map 177 (1:25, 000); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1967, Sheet 229, 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1909, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003a, Explorer Map 186 (1:25, 000); ORDNANCE SURVEY 1998b, Explorer Map 178 (1:25, 000).

Llanddarog - Banycoed
Broad massif of 'Old Red sandstone' mudrocks (latest Silurian-Devonian) with general E-W orientation, expanding to the W. Steep sided adjacent to the Towy valley to the W and the Gwendraeth Fach to the S. Surface undulates up to around 130-140m and is dissected by stream valleys but levels of on top.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 1998b, Explorer Map 178 (1:25, 000); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a., Explorer Map 177 (1:25, 000); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1967, Sheet 229, 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1909, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003a, Explorer Map 186 (1:25, 000).

Iscoed - Ferryside
Valley systems with glacial clay fill, typical level or gently sloping floors. Includes an apron of such deposits on the W side of the Llansaint massif in the Ferryside area and ther linked Iscoed valley inland.

Llansaint
Sub-crescent shaped ridge rising in the SW from the surface of the Llanddarog - Banycoed massif and then sloping steeply to the coast near Kidwelly. Dominated by 'Old Red Sandstone' sandstones (Devonian). Cut by incised cwm

Penallt
Coastal platform of glacial clay mainly (Quaternary: Pleistocene) at the base of the Llansaint massif W of Kidwelly. Also includes some blown sand.
Break of slope / base of escarpment at boundary with adjacent solid geology area and cliff etc seaward.

St Ismael
Steep coastal slope/ former seacliff between the St Ismael area and Ferryside. Largely vegetated but includes low rock cliff below Tregonning Hall. Also includes an incised cwm in the St Ismaels area.
Stratigraphic formation(s). Active processes. Past processes
Cliff. Slope. Urban / industrial development

Kidwelly (N)
Very gently sloping platform on the W side of the Gwendraeth Fach opposite Kidwelly. Bedrock includes Carboniferous limestone.
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development/forestry etc). Complete RIGS survey of Coalfield area (including Devonian-Carboniferous successions) and ensure that selected sites are safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping.
Break of slope/feature at base of solid geology massif and features at edge of valley systems.
No notable sites/landforms recorded and geomorphology typical of feature/process and not known to be exceptional or is widespread.

Llangyndeyrn (cwms)
Glacial clay and related deposits (Quaternary: Pleistocene) apron and cwm fill along the N side of the Gwendrateh Fach. Generally gently slopes towards the river. Includes an abandoned course of the river N of Tstrad Fawr.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 1998b, Explorer Map 178 (1:25, 000); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a., Explorer Map 177 (1:25, 000); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1967, Sheet 229, 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1909, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO.

Ystrad-fawr
Low hill of 'Old Red Sandstone' mudrock rising above the drift fill of the Gwendrathe valley.
; ORDNANCE SURVEY 1998b, Explorer Map 178 (1:25, 000); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1967, Sheet 229, 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1909, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO.

Llechdwnni
SW-NE orientated hills dominated by 'Old Red Sandstone' sandstones, rising up to around 190m on the S side of the Gwendraeth Fach valley. Slopes to latter valley include broad glacial clay filled depression (Quaternary: Pleistocene). SE side more abrupted and straight.
Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry). Complete RIGS survey of Coalfield area (including Devonian-Carboniferous successions) and ensure that selected sites are safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 1998b, Explorer Map 178 (1:25, 000); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1967, Sheet 229, 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1909, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO.

Ynys Isaf
Broad alluvium filled basin (Quaternary: Holocene) developed within the Gwendraeth Fach valley (WSW-ENE orientated) between Pont Alltycadno and the Porthrhyd area.
River channel (natural). Flood plain. Peat bog
Break of slope at edge of lake/depositional basin sediment fill.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1967, Sheet 229, 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1909, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO. ORDNANCE SURVEY 1998b, Explorer Map 178 (1:25, 000); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1977, Sheet 230 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; ARCHER, A.A. 1968, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain (England and Wales), (Sheets 229 pt, 230, 246), HMSO.

Lower Gwendraeth Fach
Floodplain and channel of the Gwendraeth Fach river between Pont Alltycadno and the tidal limit near Kidwelly (Quaternary: Holocene).
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1967, Sheet 229, 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1909, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO. ORDNANCE SURVEY 1998b, Explorer Map 178 (1:25, 000).

Kidwelly - Pontantwn
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1967, Sheet 229, 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1909, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO. ORDNANCE SURVEY 1998b, Explorer Map 178 (1:25, 000).

Carway opencast
Large opencast coal workings S of Carway village. Natural landscape removed including diversion of Afon Marlake.
Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit. Coal / mineral spoil tips. Urban / industrial development
Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry). Complete RIGS survey of Coalfield area (including Devonian-Carboniferous successions) and ensure that selected sites are safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping.
Active mineral working with geological exposure.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1967, Sheet 229, 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1909, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO. ORDNANCE SURVEY 1998b, Explorer Map 178 (1:25, 000).

Pembrey Marsh
Extensive area of reclaimed former marsh and saltmarsh (Quaternary: Holocene) associated with the estuary of the Gwendreath Fawr and behind the sand spit of Pembrey Forest.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1967, Sheet 229, 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1909, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO. ORDNANCE SURVEY 1998b, Explorer Map 178 (1:25, 000); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2003a, Sheet 246, 1:50,000 Geological Series.
Additional Level 4 features include: Marsh/bog/fen

Mynydd - Pen-bre
Sub triangular area of higher ground dominated by 'Coal Measures' sandstones (rising to around 190m) and adjacent to the coast above Burry Port. Includes prominaent NW facing escarpment and is cut by valleys, some glacial clay (Quaternary: Pleistocene) filled, on its S side. Some patches of similar clay on surface of massif also. Steep slopes on the southern side probaly include former seacliffs.
Slope. Hill top. Scarp slope. Dip slope. Spring. Urban / industrial development
Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry). Complete RIGS survey of Coalfield area (including Devonian-Carboniferous successions) and ensure that selected sites are safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2003a, Sheet 246, 1:50,000 Geological Series; ORDNANCE SURVEY 1998b, Explorer Map 178 (1:25, 000); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1967, Sheet 229, 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1909, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO. ORDNANCE SURVEY 1998b, Explorer Map 178 (1:25, 000); ARCHER, A.A. 1968, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain (England and Wales), (Sheets 229 pt, 230, 246), HMSO.

Burry Port - Llanelli (N)
Very gently sloping coastal platform intensively developed as Burry Port and continuing eastwards to Llanelli. Includes level drift filled valley floors to N also. Feature mainly formed of glacial deposits, especially clays (Quaternary: Pleistocene).
Urban / industrial development. Engineered topography
Area highly modified by urban / industrial development.
Break of slope at edge of developed drift platform and base of valley sides / escarpment above.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1967, Sheet 229, 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1909, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO. BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2003a, Sheet 246, ORDNANCE SURVEY 1998b, Explorer Map 178 (1:25, 000); ARCHER, A.A. 1968, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain (England and Wales), (Sheets 229 pt, 230, 246), HMSO.

Cefn Padig
Extensive area of mud and sand developed on the N side of the Loughor estuary, S and W of Llanelli. Includes and banks and mudflats with channels and minor areas of gravel banks and foreshore (e.g. in the Pembrey harbour and Machynys area).
Sand / shingle foreshore. Mud-dominated foreshore. Sand beach
ORDNANCE SURVEY 1998b, Explorer Map 178 (1:25, 000); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2003a, Sheet 246, 1:50,000 Geological Series; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1972, Sheet 247 (Solid and Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; ARCHER, A.A. 1968, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain (England and Wales), (Sheets 229 pt, 230, 246), HMSO.

Trimsaran
Undulating slopes below the escarpment of the Mynydd - Pen-bre area and the Gwendraeth Fawr former estuary-marsh system. Generally blanketed by glacial clays with patches of Upper Carboniferous 'Coal Mesures' bedrock locally showing through. Includes part of the Afon Morlake river with a narrow alluvial floodplain and an area of former opencast coal workings near Ty Coch.
Flood plain. Slope. Coal / mineral spoil tips. Urban / industrial development
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1967, Sheet 229, 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1909, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO. ORDNANCE SURVEY 1998b, Explorer Map 178 (1:25, 000); ARCHER, A.A. 1968, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain (England and Wales), (Sheets 229 pt, 230, 246), HMSO.

Bancffosfelen (S) - Meinciau
SW-NE orientated ridge with slope on the NW side of the Gwendraeth Fawr valley, between Kidwelly and Capel Seion. Slopes generally blanketted by glacial clay (Quaternary: Pleistocene) and gently undulate. Patches of bedrock show through locally, mainly Upper Carboniferous 'Millstone' Grit sandstones and shales. Area rises to the NE to around 200m.
Break of slope at edge river floodplain / terrace feature below and base of bedrock slopes above, etc.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1977, Sheet 230 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1967, Sheet 229, 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1909, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO. ORDNANCE SURVEY 1998b, Explorer Map 178 (1:25, 000).
ARCHER, A.A. 1968, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain (England and Wales), (Sheets 229 pt, 230, 246), HMSO.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry; Mine shaft/adit; Road/railway cutting

Mynydd y Garreg
Crest of SW-NE ridge up to around 200m in places. Surface intensively pocked marked by limestone quarrying (Lower Carboniferous) and karstic features including 'swallow holes' (dolines). Also includes Upper Carboniferous 'Millstone Grit' sandstones along SE side through which karstic features may penetrate.
Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry). Complete RIGS survey of Coalfield area (including Devonian-Carboniferous successions) and ensure that selected sites are safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping. Ensure that SSSI features are maintained in favourable condition by implementation of management plan.

Ammanford (Gorsedd)-Glanaman (Maesyglyn)
Gently sloping terrace features and platforms on the N side of the Amman valley between Ammanford and Glanamman. Includes river terrace deposits with glacial clay above and some glacial sand and gravel (Quaternary: Pleistocene).
Break of slope at edge river floodplain and base of bedrock slopes above.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1977, Sheet 230 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; ARCHER, A.A. 1968, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain (England and Wales), (Sheets 229 pt, 230, 246), HMSO. ORDNANCE SURVEY 1998b, Explorer Map 178 (1:25, 000); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2002a, Explorer Map OL12 (1:25, 000).

Alltycadw
'Old Red Sandstone' mudrock bedrock (Devonian) knoll rising above the drift infill of the S side of the gwendraeth Fach valley, E of Pontantwn.

Burry Port - Llanelli (S)
Level coastal plain between Burry Port and SE of Llanelli. Largely reclaimed (former marsh/ saltmarsh and sand dune: Quaternary, Pleistocene) with coastal sea wall. Locally extensively developed including for both industry and recreation. Area to E is former saltmarsh assocaietd with the estuary of the Afon Liedl. Some low mounds of glacial clay present in the same area (Quaternary: Pleistocene-Holocene?).
Lake / reservoir (artificial). Coastal defence works. Reclaimed land. Urban / industrial development
Coastal defence / edge dense urban areas etc.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 1998b, Explorer Map 178 (1:25, 000); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2003a, Sheet 246, 1:50,000 Geological Series; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1972, Sheet 247 (Solid and Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; ARCHER, A.A. 1968, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain (England and Wales), (Sheets 229 pt, 230, 246), HMSO.

Nantgaredig
Broad platform in the Nantgaredig area on the N side of the Towy mainly representing a section of preserved river terrace (Quaternary, Pleistocene?). Raised above active floodplain area, very gently sloping to the W and NE.
Break of slope at edge river floodplain / terrace feature and base of bedrock, etc slopes above.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1967, Sheet 229, 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1909, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003a, Explorer Map 186 (1:25, 000); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series.

Pil Dafen
Area of active saltmarsh on the N side of the Loughor estuary and S of Llanelli (Quaternary: Holocene).
Marsh / saltmarsh. Lower saltmarsh / mudflat
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1972, Sheet 247 (Solid and Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2001, Explorer Map 164 (1:25, 000).

Penrhyn Gwyn
Narrow coastal strip representing a shingle spit heavily modified by coastal protection works (sea wall, hard point structures, etc) (Quaternary: Holocene).
Sand / shingle foreshore. Gravel / shingle ridge. Beach. Coastal defence works
MHW/ coastal defence works and MLW/ edge of gravel area.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2001, Explorer Map 164 (1:25, 000); ORDNANCE SURVEY 1998b, Explorer Map 178 (1:25, 000); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2003a, Sheet 246, 1:50,000 Geological Series.

Castell Dryslwyn
Undulating lowland area east of the (Court Henry) Afon Dulas valley forming a low domed massif of Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks with a connected short, WSW-ENE ridge on the the N side pof the Towy valley SE of Dryslwyn.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series. INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1977, Sheet 230 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; ARCHER, A.A. 1968, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain (England and Wales), (Sheets 229 pt, 230, 246), HMSO. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003a, Explorer Map 186 (1:25, 000).

Harddfan
Low domed hill E of Llanelli, with Ridge of Upper Carboniferous 'Coal Measures' sandstones emerging through general glacial clay cover (Quaternary: Pleistocene).
coast to W, urban area to E / base of slopes etc.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2001, Explorer Map 164 (1:25, 000); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1972, Sheet 247 (Solid and Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series.
Additional Level 4 features include: Disused quarry; Mine shaft/adit

Glynea marsh
Small area of saltmarsh on the W side of the Loughor Estuary adjacent to Bythea (Quaternary: Holocene).
Marsh / saltmarsh. Lower saltmarsh / mudflat
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1972, Sheet 247 (Solid and Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2001, Explorer Map 164 (1:25, 000).
Additional Level 4 features include: Mine shaft/adit

Loughor estuary
Estuary of the River Loughor between tidal limit and Loughor Bridge. Extensive areas of mud and sand typical with some small areas of active marginal salt marsh (Quaternary: Holocene).
Sand / shingle foreshore. Mud-dominated foreshore. Marsh / saltmarsh. Lower saltmarsh / mudflat
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1972, Sheet 247 (Solid and Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2001, Explorer Map 164 (1:25, 000). INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1977, Sheet 230 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; ARCHER, A.A. 1968, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain (England and Wales), (Sheets 229 pt, 230, 246), HMSO.

Morlais Junction
Level area of reclaimed saltmarsh on the W side of the Loughor estuary in the Llangennech area (Quaternary: Holocene). Seawall separates form active estuary.
Reclaimed land. Urban / industrial development
Rural area with no significant development. Reclaimed.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1977, Sheet 230 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; ARCHER, A.A. 1968, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain (England and Wales), (Sheets 229 pt, 230, 246), HMSO. INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1972, Sheet 247 (Solid and Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2001, Explorer Map 164 (1:25, 000).

Dyffryn
The largest of several small mounds of glacial clay (Quaternary: Pleistocene) emerging through the reclaimed satmarshes of the Llwynhendy area.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1972, Sheet 247 (Solid and Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2001, Explorer Map 164 (1:25, 000).
Additional Level 4 features include: Mine shaft/adit

Llanelli
Intensely developed urban and industrial areas of Llanelli town, including Cwmcarnhywell and the less developed Bynea area. Mainly constructed on a coastal platform of glacial clay, locally spreading onto adjacent areas of reclaimed estuarine alluvium (i.e. former saltmarsh) (Quaternary: Pleistocene-Holocene). Some small areas of Upper Carboniferous sandstone bedrock emerge locally. Includes the former floodplain alluvium of the Afon Liedl.
Features and deposits mainly modified or concealed by development.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2003a, Sheet 246, 1:50,000 Geological Series; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1972, Sheet 247 (Solid and Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; ARCHER, A.A. 1968, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain (England and Wales), (Sheets 229 pt, 230, 246), HMSO. 1:50,000 Geological Series; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2001, Explorer Map 164 (1:25, 000).

Parc Howard
Low domed area od Upper Carboniferous sandstone emerging through the glacial clay dominated platform of the Llanelli area. Intensely developed also.

Cynheidre - Tumble
SW-NE, NW-facing escarpment capped by Upper Carboniferous 'Coal Measures' sandstone, rising to around 200-230m. Includes former opencast coal workings near Isawel.
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif / junction with valley systems/ drift dominated areas.

Afon Liedl - Cwm Liedl (reservoir)
Valley floor of Cwm Liedl, partly flooded beneath two reservoirs. Small areas of floodplain (Quaternary: Holocene) survice locally but are likely to have been significantly modified.
Lake / reservoir (artificial). River channel (natural). Flood plain
Break of slope at edge river floodplain / reservoirs and base of bedrock slopes above.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 1998b, Explorer Map 178 (1:25, 000); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1972, Sheet 247 (Solid and Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; ARCHER, A.A. 1968, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain (England and Wales), (Sheets 229 pt, 230, 246), HMSO. INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1977, Sheet 230 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series.

Hengoed
Upper Carboniferous 'Coal Measures' sandsteone dominated massif NW of Llanelli. Steepest slopes are on S side above Llanelli and area rise to around 175m. Includes the N-S Treheddrod cwm.
RITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2003a, Sheet 246, 1:50,000 Geological Series; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1972, Sheet 247 (Solid and Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; ARCHER, A.A. 1968, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain (England and Wales), (Sheets 229 pt, 230, 246), HMSO. INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1967, Sheet 229, 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1909, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO. INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1977,

Five Roads
Broad glacial clay (Quaternary: Pleistocene) dominated terrain within the Upper Carboniferous dominated massis of the Hengoed and Mynydd - Pen-bre, etc area. Surface irregular with clay dominated areas, esepcially to the W where ground may be marshy although small areas of bedrock emerge locally. Includes the Afon Dulas stream valley which drains the core of the sandstone-dominated high ground.
Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry).Complete RIGS survey of Coalfield area (including Devonian-Carboniferous successions) and ensure that selected sites are safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping.
Break of slope around till covered area, including base of steeper slopes above.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1977, Sheet 230 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; ARCHER, A.A. 1968, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain (England and Wales), (Sheets 229 pt, 230, 246), HMSO. ORDNANCE SURVEY 1998b, Explorer Map 178 (1:25, 000).

Mynydd Sylen
SW-NE ridge of Upper Carboniferous sandstone rising above the glacial-clay covered platform of the Llannon area to around 284m. Area broader to the SW and is cut across by the Afon Morlais.
Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry).Complete RIGS survey of Coalfield area (including Devonian-Carboniferous successions) and ensure that selected sites are safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 1998b, Explorer Map 178 (1:25, 000); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1977, Sheet 230 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; ARCHER, A.A. 1968, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain (England and Wales), (Sheets 229 pt, 230, 246), HMSO.

Llangennech
Platform-like feature dominantly of glacial deposits with urban development of Llangennech to the SW (partly on reclaimed estuary alluvium) (Quaternary: Pleistocene-Holocene).
Features and deposits mainly modified or concealed by development.
Break of slope at edge of terrace feature and base of bedrock slopes above.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1977, Sheet 230 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; ARCHER, A.A. 1968, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain (England and Wales), (Sheets 229 pt, 230, 246), HMSO. INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1972, Sheet 247 (Solid and Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series. ORDNANCE SURVEY 1998b, Explorer Map 178 (1:25, 000).

Carnhwrdd
Low raised area dominated by Upper Carboniferous 'Coal Measures' sandstone, with glacial clay in low ground around.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1972, Sheet 247 (Solid and Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series. ORDNANCE SURVEY 1998b, Explorer Map 178 (1:25, 000). INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1977, Sheet 230 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; ARCHER, A.A. 1968, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain (England and Wales), (Sheets 229 pt, 230, 246), HMSO.
Additional Level 4 features include: Disused quarry; Mine shaft/adit.

Porth-Dafen
Glacial clay (Quaternary: Pleistocene) dominated vale NE of Llanelli and linked valley floors to the Llangennech area. Includes stream with narrow floodplain/alluvium.
Flood plain. Slope. Urban / industrial development
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1972, Sheet 247 (Solid and Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series. INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1977, Sheet 230 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; ARCHER, A.A. 1968, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain (England and Wales), (Sheets 229 pt, 230, 246), HMSO.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Mine shaft/adit.

Swiss Valley
Undulating raised surface within the Upper Carboniferous sandstone dominated massif N of Llanelli. Characterised by knolls and ridges of sandstone emerging from glacial clay cover (Quaternary: Pleistocene).
Break of slope at base of solid geology massifs above and junction with valley systems below.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 1998b, Explorer Map 178 (1:25, 000). INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1977, Sheet 230 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; ARCHER, A.A. 1968, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain (England and Wales), (Sheets 229 pt, 230, 246), HMSO.

Cefn Twrch
Highest section of the Black Mountains ridge in Carmarthenshire, rising to 781m at Fan Foel. Area has steeper slopes than those below and is highest to the N and is cut by the cliff of Bannau Sir Gaer. Dip slope southwards has many streams. Surface of area includes seveal areas of natural rock exposure and scattered surface blocks, suggesting periglacial activity and possibly slope/ head deposits (Quaternary: Pleistocene). Bedrock dominated by 'Old Red Sandstone' sandstones.
Highest point in Carmarthenshire capping the Bannau Sir Gaer cliff (AA269).
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1977, Sheet 230 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; ARCHER, A.A. 1968, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain (England and Wales), (Sheets 229 pt, 230, 246), HMSO. BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2002a, Explorer Map OL12 (1:25, 000); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1979, Sheet 231 (Solid and Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2005b, Sheet 213, 1:50,000 Geological
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Natural crags and inland outcrops; Block slopes/ surface stone

Bremendra
Slightly undulating low platform formed of glacial deposits - mainly clays - on the S side of the Towy valley W of Llanarthne (Quaternary: Pleistocene).
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1977, Sheet 230 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; ARCHER, A.A. 1968, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain (England and Wales), (Sheets 229 pt, 230, 246), HMSO. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003a, Explorer Map 186 (1:25, 000).
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003a, Explorer Map 186 (1:25, 000

Allt Pistyll Dewi
E-W steep N-facing slope / former river cliff feature on the S side of the Towy river between Llanarthne and the Gelli Aur Country Park. Middle - Upper Silurian mudrocks dominate.
STRAHAN, A. et al. 1907, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1977, Sheet 230 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003a, Explorer Map 186 (1:25, 000).

Afon Gwynno
Relatively short section of stream valley with alluvium dominated floodplain, flowing northwards from the National Botanic Gardens of Wales area to Llanarthne. Peat present in upper part of valley (Quaternary: Holocene).
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1977, Sheet 230 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; ARCHER, A.A. 1968, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain (England and Wales), (Sheets 229 pt, 230, 246), HMSO. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003a, Explorer Map 186 (1:25, 000).

Gorswen
Glacial clay (Quaternary: Pleistocene) filled depression linking the Gwendraeth Fach valley to the S to the Towy valley in the Llanarthne area. Depression is relatively broad in the National Botanic Gardens of Wales area. Includes a low terrrace-like feature in the Llanarthne area.
Slope. Peat bog. Urban / industrial development
STRAHAN, A. et al. 1907, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1977, Sheet 230 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003a, Explorer Map 186 (1:25, 000). ORDNANCE SURVEY 1998b, Explorer Map 178 (1:25, 000);

Golden Grove
Lower less steep slopes below the escarpment of the Allt Pistyll Dewi area. Glacial clay (Quaternary: Pleistocene) cover extensive although several areas of Ordovician and Middle Silurian bedrock protrude (e.g. in the Carbery Mount and Golden Grove Park area).
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003a, Explorer Map 186 (1:25, 000). INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1977, Sheet 230 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1907, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO.

Llethyglyn
Broad, low terrace-like feature dominated by glacial clay (Quaternary: Pleistocene) on the S side of the Towy valley between Allt pant-glas and Ffairfach.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1977, Sheet 230 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; ARCHER, A.A. 1968, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain (England and Wales), (Sheets 229 pt, 230, 246), HMSO. STRAHAN, A. et al. 1907, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003a, Explorer Map 186 (1:25, 000).

Penrhigoch - Maesybont
Sloping but undulating lowland area dominated by 'Old Red Sandstone' mudrock bedrock (latest Silurian-Devonian) rising above glacial clay dominated areas to E and W and from the escarpment of the Allt Pistyll Dewi southards towards a ridge of Carboniferous limestone and sandstone (reaches 230-240m locally). Cut by several streams. Extensive glacial clay cover centrally and to SW.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1977, Sheet 230 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; ARCHER, A.A. 1968, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain (England and Wales), (Sheets 229 pt, 230, 246), HMSO. STRAHAN, A. et al. 1907, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003a, Explorer Map 186 (1:25, 000).
Additional Level 4 features include: Disused quarry; Cave

Penycoed
E-W to ENE area, in the W forming a narrow sloping area at the top of the Allt Pistl Dewi escarpment and to the E broadening to form a low ridge between the Towy valley and the Afon Cennen before their confluence at Ffairfach. Bedrock includes Ordovician shales and sandstones and Upper Silurian mudrocks.
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif / top of slopes.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1977, Sheet 230 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; ARCHER, A.A. 1968, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain (England and Wales), (Sheets 229 pt, 230, 246), HMSO. STRAHAN, A. et al. 1907, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO; ORDNANCE SURVEY 1998b, Explorer Map 178 (1:25, 000). RUSHTON, A.W.A. et al. 1999, Geological Conservation Review Series 18, JNCC.

Warren Wood
E-W elongated knoll rising to around 187m between the Temple Bar and penycoed areas. Mainly 'Old Red Sandstone' mudrocks (?latest Silurian).
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1977, Sheet 230 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; ARCHER, A.A. 1968, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain (England and Wales), (Sheets 229 pt, 230, 246), HMSO. STRAHAN, A. et al. 1907, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003a, Explorer Map 186 (1:25, 000).

Temple Bar
Broad vale or valley dominated by glacial clays with some small areas of 'Old Red Sandstone' mudrocks, etc (latest Silurian-Devonian) emerging. Forms lower ground E of the Penrhigoch - Maesybont area and slopes gently down to the Afon Cennen valley to the E.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1977, Sheet 230 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; ARCHER, A.A. 1968, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain (England and Wales), (Sheets 229 pt, 230, 246), HMSO. STRAHAN, A. et al. 1907, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003a, Explorer Map 186 (1:25, 000). ORDNANCE SURVEY 1998b, Explorer Map 178 (1:25, 000).

Llangather
SW-NE low ridge-like feature rising to around 140m on the N side of the Towy valley and dominantly composed of Middle Ordovician mudrocks with minor limestones and sandstones. To the NE includes a low platform.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1977, Sheet 230 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; ARCHER, A.A. 1968, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain (England and Wales), (Sheets 229 pt, 230, 246), HMSO. STRAHAN, A. et al. 1907, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003a, Explorer Map 186 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series.

Mynydd Llangyndeyrn
WSW-ENE crest to broad ridge, rising slightly above surrounding areas. Very distinctive with ground excavated by many quarries in Lower Carboniferous limestones, also rock outcrops, including of overlying Upper Carboniferous 'Millstone Grit' sandstones and surface scatter of rocks/blocks. Karstic features such as dolines ('sink' or 'swallow holes') probably also present.
Slope. Hill top. Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit
Key area of karstic development and limestone exposure requiring RIGS assessment.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 1998b, Explorer Map 178 (1:25, 000); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1977, Sheet 230 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; ARCHER, A.A. 1968, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain (England and Wales), (Sheets 229 pt, 230, 246), HMSO. STRAHAN, A. et al. 1907, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1967, Sheet 229, 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1909, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and
Additional Level 4 features include: Disused quarry; Natural crags and inland outcrops

Crwbin
'Old Red Sandstone' sandstone (Devonian) dominated slopes below and to the N of the Mynydd Llangyndeyrn ridge on the S side of the Gwendraeth Fach valley./
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1967, Sheet 229, 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1909, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO. ORDNANCE SURVEY 1998b, Explorer Map 178 (1:25, 000);
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1977, Sheet 230 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; ARCHER, A.A. 1968, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain (England and Wales), (Sheets 229 pt, 230, 246), HMSO. STRAHAN, A. et al. 1907, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and

Glynhir
Narrow terrace-like feature dominated by glacial clay (Quaternary: Pleistocene) on the N side of the Gwendraeth Fawr valley opposite Pont-Henri.

Pontyates - Tumble
Relatively gentle lower slopes below escarpment of the Cynheidre-Tumble area on the S side of the Gwendraeth Fawr valley. Dominated by Upper Carboniferous 'Coal Measures' mudrocks with some areas of glacial clay (Quaternary: Pleistocene).
Slope. Hill top. Coal / mineral spoil tips. Urban / industrial development
ORDNANCE SURVEY 1998b, Explorer Map 178 (1:25, 000). INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1967, Sheet 229, 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1909, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO.

Foelgastell
Low domed hill NW of Cross Hands rising to around 190m and dominated by Upper Carboniferous 'Millstone Grit' sandstones.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1977, Sheet 230 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; ARCHER, A.A. 1968, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain (England and Wales), (Sheets 229 pt, 230, 246), HMSO. STRAHAN, A. et al. 1907, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO; ORDNANCE SURVEY 1998b, Explorer Map 178 (1:25, 000).
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Block slopes/ surface stone

Gwendraeth Fawr
Middle section of the Gwendrath Fawr between the tidal limit Pont-newydd and Cwm-mawr. Well-developed broad alluvial floodplain (Quaternary: Holocene) downstream but narrowing upstream: flow generally WSW. Modified by industroal sctivity at Pont-Henri.
River channel (natural). Flood plain. Coal / mineral spoil tips. Urban / industrial development
Fluvial deposits: active floodplain [QUATERNARY: HOLOCENE]
ORDNANCE SURVEY 1998b, Explorer Map 178 (1:25, 000). INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1977, Sheet 230 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; ARCHER, A.A. 1968, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain (England and Wales), (Sheets 229 pt, 230, 246), HMSO. STRAHAN, A. et al. 1907, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1967, Sheet 229, 1:50,000 Geological Series; STRAHAN, A. et al. 1909, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and
Additional Level 4 features include: Meander

Cross Hands
Lower valley slopes and depressions with glacial clay cover or infill (Quaternary: Pleistocene). Includes the lower slopes of the Upper Carboniferous 'Coal Measures' escarpment in the Cwm Mawr - Cefneithon area and continues to Gwen fawr and the W side of the Gwlli valley and southwards from near Cross Hnads to NW of Fforest and W to Llannon. In the latter area peat development in basins is widespread. Occasional small outcrops of 'Coal Measures' bed rock, including in the Durchawedd area wher
Slope. Peat bog. Spring. Urban / industrial development
ORDNANCE SURVEY 1998b, Explorer Map 178 (1:25, 000). INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1977, Sheet 230 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; ARCHER, A.A. 1968, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain (England and Wales), (Sheets 229 pt, 230, 246), HMSO. STRAHAN, A. et al. 1907, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO;
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Mine shaft/adit; Marsh/bog/fen

Afon Loughor - Afon Amman
Broad floodplain, meandering channel and alluvium (Quaternary: Holocene) of the Loughor between the tidal limit near Pontardulais and the Ammanford area (Carmarthenshire side only). Includes similar features along the Amman from its confluence with the Amman at Ammanford and the Cwmllynfell - Ystradowen area where the valley floor broadens and peat deposits are present. Includes the lower alluvium filled part of several tributary valleys also.
River channel (natural). Flood plain. Urban / industrial development
ORDNANCE SURVEY 1998b, Explorer Map 178 (1:25, 000). INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1977, Sheet 230 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; ARCHER, A.A. 1968, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain (England and Wales), (Sheets 229 pt, 230, 246), HMSO. STRAHAN, A. et al. 1907, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2002a, Explorer Map OL12 (1:25, 000).

Caedelyn
Narrow terrace-like feature on the W side of the Loughor between Fforest and Erw-wasted-fach. Dominated by glaciall clays with sand and gravel to the N (Quaternary: Pleistiocene).
ORDNANCE SURVEY 1998b, Explorer Map 178 (1:25, 000).
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1977, Sheet 230 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; ARCHER, A.A. 1968, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain (England and Wales), (Sheets 229 pt, 230, 246), HMSO. STRAHAN, A. et al. 1907, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO.

Afon Gwll
Broad floodplain, meandering channel and alluvium (Quaternary: Holocene) of the Loughor between the southwards flowing Afon Gwll from SE of Cross Hands to the tidal limit near Hendy. Valley significantly modified by road construction and related infrastructure in the Pont-Abraham area.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 1998b, Explorer Map 178 (1:25, 000). INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1977, Sheet 230 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; ARCHER, A.A. 1968, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain (England and Wales), (Sheets 229 pt, 230, 246), HMSO. STRAHAN, A. et al. 1907, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO.

Fforest
Broadly y-shaped area of Upper Carboniferous 'Coal Measure' sandstone outcrop creating a low rim to the S part of the raised, glacial clay-dominate platform of the Capel Hendre -Tycros area and steep sides to the Gwlli and Loughor valleys to the W and E respectively. Rises to around 140m- 150m.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 1998b, Explorer Map 178 (1:25, 000). INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1977, Sheet 230 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; ARCHER, A.A. 1968, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain (England and Wales), (Sheets 229 pt, 230, 246), HMSO. STRAHAN, A. et al. 1907, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO;
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Mine shaft/adit; Marsh/bog/fen; Road/railway cutting

Goitte- Brynmaer
Undulating wedge-shaped section of terrain between the Gwlli and Morlais valleys. Comprises several low knolls of Upper Carboniferous 'Coal Measures' sandstone with glacial clay (Quaternary: Pleistocene] between and around. Generally rises form S to N. Largest knoll, in the Brynmaer area, risies to around 193m above surrounding platform.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 1998b, Explorer Map 178 (1:25, 000). INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1977, Sheet 230 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; ARCHER, A.A. 1968, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain (England and Wales), (Sheets 229 pt, 230, 246), HMSO. STRAHAN, A. et al. 1907, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO;
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Mine shaft/adit; Meander; Marsh/bog/fen

Afon Morlais
Narrow floodplain-channel system between near Llannon and Llanger of SSE flowing river system, draining the top of the Upper Carboniferous 'Coal Measures' sandstone escarpment of the Tumble, etc area. Includes a narrow section in the Gelli-wen area where no signifcant alluvium is present (cuts through bedrock??).

Bannau Sir Gaer
High cliff feature - over 100m high - at back of well developed glacial cwm / cirque (Waun Sychlwch Cwm). Rises up to nearly 780m and forms a very prominent N-facing W-E scar on the N side of Cefn Twrch. Cut into Devonian 'Old Red Sandstone' sandstone.
Break of slope at top and base of steep cliff/ slope.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2005b, Sheet 213, 1:50,000 Geological Series; BARCLAY, W.J. 2005, Sheet explanation of the British Geological Survey, 1:50,000 Sheet 213, NERC. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2002a, Explorer Map OL12 (1:25, 000); CAMPBELL, S. and BOWEN, D.Q. 1989, Geological Conservation Review: Quaternary of Wales, NCC; GREGORY, K.J. (ed.) 1997, Geological Conservation Review Series 13, JNCC.
Aspect Area lies within the Fforest Fawr European Geopark and the Brecon Beacons National Park. Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Natural crags and inland outcrops.

Bryn teg
WSW-ENE orientated band of level terrain occupying a slight depression between the Upper Carboniferous 'Coal Measures' sandstone escarpment of the Tumble, etc, area and higher 'upland' ridges of sandstone to the SE. Dominated by glacial clays with extensive areas of peat (Quaternary: Pleistocene-Holocene). Some minor exposures of bedrock probably also present. Includes level floor of valleys penetrating the adjacent upland areas also.
Peat bog. Urban / industrial development
Complete RIGS survey of Coalfield area (including Devonian-Carboniferous successions) and ensure that selected sites are safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 1998b, Explorer Map 178 (1:25, 000). INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1977, Sheet 230 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; ARCHER, A.A. 1968, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain (England and Wales), (Sheets 229 pt, 230, 246), HMSO. STRAHAN, A. et al. 1907, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO.

Llandeilo
Low bedrock massif with level to gently undulating surface rising to around 80m on the N side of the river Towy. Dominated by Middle Ordovician murdrocks with some sandstone anf limestone. Includes a rivercliff feature to the S. A classic geological region, the historical type area of the Llandeilo 'Series' and the Llandeilian (regional) Stage of the Ordovician time Period. Includes urban Llandeilo.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003a, Explorer Map 186 (1:25, 000). ; RUSHTON, A.W.A. et al. 1999, Geological Conservation Review Series 18, JNCC.

Esgair Hir - Garreg Lag (1)
N-S ridge like feature forming part of the Black Mountains ridge. Sides moderately steep in contrast to glacial deposit blanketed slopes to the S. Surface characterised by natural rocks exposures and scattered blocks (glacially or periglacially moved?). Includes Lower Carboniferous limestone area to the N (Carreg Ogof) with limestone pavement preserved and Garreg Lag area to the S with surface blocks and some exposures/ crags of Upper Carboniferous 'Millstone Grit' sandstones. Many dolines ('s
Slope. Hill top. Landslip (ancient). Doline
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif /karstic area.
Key area of karstic development and limestone exposure requiring RIGS assessment.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1977, Sheet 230 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; ARCHER, A.A. 1968, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain (England and Wales), (Sheets 229 pt, 230, 246), HMSO. STRAHAN, A. et al. 1907, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2002a, Explorer Map OL12 (1:25, 000).
Additional Level 4 features include: Natural crags and inland outcrops; Block slopes/ surface stone. Aspect Area lies within the Fforest Fawr European Geopark and the Brecon Beacons National Park.

Pwlla
Section of Lower Carboniferous limestone outcrop SW of Carmel area., with WSW-ENE orientation. Relatively low, forming a narrow 'vale' between 'Old Red Sandstone' to the N and Millstone Grit sandstone to the S. Quarries prominent throughout. Includes ?dry valley features around the Caeffwrn and Pant-y-llyn areas, probably with some periglacial head depositsand important polje (or 'turlough' - seasonal karstic lake) developed at Pant-y-llyn. Glacial clay present in low areas (Quaternary: Pleis
ORDNANCE SURVEY 1998b, Explorer Map 178 (1:25, 000). INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1977, Sheet 230 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; ARCHER, A.A. 1968, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain (England and Wales), (Sheets 229 pt, 230, 246), HMSO. STRAHAN, A. et al. 1907, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO; CAMPBELL, S. and BOWEN, D.Q. 1989, Geological Conservation Review: Quaternary of Wales, NCC.
Additional Level 4 features include:Disused quarry

Caeffwm
Bluff-like section of Lower Carboniferous limestone outcrop in the Carmel area separated from remainder of ridge by ?dry valley features. Quarries prominent throughout. Includes some 'Old Red Sandstone' sandstones to th N (Devonian). Rises to around 250m.
Additional Level 4 features include: Disused quarry; Cave

Pant-y-llyn
Bluff-like section of Lower Carboniferous limestone outcrop in the Carmel area separated from remainder of ridge by ?dry valley features. Large quarry prominent in the S. Includes some 'Old Red Sandstone' sandstones to th N (Devonian). Rises to around 250m.200 and 250m to the E.
Slope. Hill top. Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit
Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry). Ensure that SSSI features are maintained in favourable condition by implementation of management plan. Complete RIGS survey of Coalfield area (including Devonian-Carboniferous successions) and ensure that selected sites are safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping.
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif

Pentre Gwenlois
Broadly E-W and relatively narrow ridge between Bwlch and Pentre Gwenlois, rising up to around 273m. (check). Quarries, natural crags and a surface scatter of blocks typical of Upper Carboniferous 'Millstone Grit' sandstone typical. Dolines ('swallow holes') characteristic, indicating karstic system below.
Block fields on surface of presumed periglacial origin: RIGS assessment required.
Additional Level 4 features include: Disused quarry; Block slopes/ surface stone

Llyn Llech
WSW-ENE ridge to the W and slopes to SSE facing slopes in E (where the Pentre Gwenlois area forms the crest of the ridge). Dominated by Upper Carboniferous 'Millstone Grit' sandstone; some surface blocks present but not as stony as the Pentre Gwenlois area.
Lake / reservoir (artificial). Slope. Urban / industrial development
Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry).Complete RIGS survey of Coalfield area (including Devonian-Carboniferous successions) and ensure that selected sites are safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping.
Break of slope at base of low solid geology massif .
ORDNANCE SURVEY 1998b, Explorer Map 178 (1:25, 000).
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1977, Sheet 230 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; ARCHER, A.A. 1968, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain (England and Wales), (Sheets 229 pt, 230, 246), HMSO. STRAHAN, A. et al. 1907, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO;
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Road/railway cutting

Pen-y-groes
Broad gently undulating platform dominated by Upper Carboniferous 'Coal Measures' mudrock bedrock between the 'Millstone Grit' ridge of the Llyn Llech area to the N and higher sandstone-dominated to the S in the Fforest area. Areas of glacial clay cover widespread, including on valleys slopes to the W and E; local areas of peat also (Quaternary: Pleistocene-Holocene). Industrial and urban development significant, including opencast coal mining near Tycroes.
Slope. Hill top. Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit. Urban / industrial development
Additional Level 4 features include: Mine shaft/adit.

Carn Powell - Pen Arthur
WSW-ENE ridge with steep NW facing escarpment formed by Upper Silurian sandstones with gentler slopes to the SE dominated by Upper Silurian to Lower Devonian mudrocks ('Old Red Sandstone'). Ridge rises to around 415m and its creast includes rocky crags with blocks on slopes below.
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2002a, Explorer Map OL12 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series.
Additional Level 4 features include: Disused quarry; Natural crags and inland outcrops; Marsh/bog/fen

Mynydd y Betws
Upland plateau formed of Upper Carboniferous 'Coal Measures' sandstone at around 300-330m and crossing the County boundary to the S. NW facing escarpment overlooks Ammanford and slopes below showing a transistion to lowland style and includes areas of landslip.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 1998b, Explorer Map 178 (1:25, 000). INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1977, Sheet 230 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; ARCHER, A.A. 1968, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain (England and Wales), (Sheets 229 pt, 230, 246), HMSO. STRAHAN, A. et al. 1907, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2002a, Explorer Map OL12 (1:25, 000).

Pantyffynon
Lower slopes on the W side of the Mynydd y Betws massif, below the maisn sandstone escarpment above. Dominated by Upper Carboniferous 'Coal Measures' mudrocks.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 1998b, Explorer Map 178 (1:25, 000). INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1977, Sheet 230 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; ARCHER, A.A. 1968, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain (England and Wales), (Sheets 229 pt, 230, 246), HMSO. STRAHAN, A. et al. 1907, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO.

Brynceithi
Lower slopes on the E side of the Mynydd y Betws massif, rising above the Glanamon-Garnant area. Dominated by Upper Carboniferous 'Coal Measures' mudrocks with probably some glacial clay (Quaternary: Pleistocene). Disused coal mine workings typical.
Break of slope at top and base of slopes
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2002a, Explorer Map OL12 (1:25, 000).
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Mine shaft/adit;

Pontamman
Glacial clay (Quaternary: Pleistocene) dominated lowest slopes / apron around the Mynydd y Bettws massif and on the S side of the Afon Amman valley. Generally very gently sloping with significant areas of urban and industrial development, including disused coal mine workings (bed rock - locally exposed to the W is Upper Carboniferous 'Coal Measures' mudrocks). Includes the glacial clay-dominated fill of Cwm Garenig.
Slope. Coal / mineral spoil tips. Urban / industrial development
Complete RIGS survey of Coalfield area (including Devonian-Carboniferous successions) and ensure that selected sites are safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2002a, Explorer Map OL12 (1:25, 000).

Betws
Terrace feature (Quaternary: Holocene) on the E side of the Afon Amman, S of Ammanford and adjacent to its confluence with the Loughor.

Ammanford
Main urban development of Ammanford town, largely situated on a level river terrace feature (Quaternary: Holocene) forming a low promontary on the inside of the Loughor-Amman confluence. Some development may encroach on adjacent fluvial alluvium areas, however (i.e. floodplain).
Area highly modified by urban / industrial development.

Heol-ddu
Low WSW-ENE ridge feature (up to around 179m) dominated by Lower Carboniferous limestone with prominent quarrying and cut by A48 road in the E.
Additional Level 4 features include: Disused quarry; Road/railway cutting

Llandybie
Glacial sand and gravel (Quaternary: Pleistocene) fill blocking the broad valley N of Ammanford, between the Afon Loughor system (to the S) and Afon Cennen valley to the N. Surface slightly undulating and cut by streams, including the upper Loughor.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 1998b, Explorer Map 178 (1:25, 000). INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1977, Sheet 230 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; ARCHER, A.A. 1968, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain (England and Wales), (Sheets 229 pt, 230, 246), HMSO. STRAHAN, A. et al. 1907, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003a, Explorer Map 186 (1:25, 000).

Wern Ty-isaf
Segment of Lower Carboniferous limestone -ridge on the E side of the Llandybie valley. General WSW-ENE orientation with quarries in the S and smouther slopes with Devonian 'Old Red Sandstone' to the N. Section of parallel Upper Carboniferous 'Millstone Grit' to S.
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif

Y Garn
Segment of Upper Carboniferous 'Millstone Grit' ridge on the E side of the Llandybie valley. General WSW-ENE orientation with some quarries in the N. Section of parallel Lower Carboniferous limestone ridge to N.
Additional Level 4 features include: Disused quarry;

Carreg Dwfn
Segment of Upper Carboniferous 'Millstone Grit' ridge on the E side of the Llandybie valley. General WSW-ENE orientation with quarries, rock exposures and surface blocks typical. Section of parallel Lower Carboniferous limestone ridge to N.
Additional Level 4 features include: Disused quarry; Natural crags and inland outcrops

Craigyrodyn (quarry)
Relatively narrow segment of Lower Carboniferous limestone ridge E of the Llandybie valley. General WSW-ENE orientation with many quarries and probably also natural crags. Minor Devonian 'Old Red Sandstone' to the N. Section of parallel Upper Carboniferous 'Millstone Grit' to S.
Additional Level 4 features include: isused quarry; Natural crags and inland outcrops?

Afon Twrch
Valley forming the SE border of the County with sides varying in steepness, locally with small landslips. Coal Mines and tips present to S. Bedrock dominated by Upper Carboniferous 'Millstone Grit' sandstones to the N and 'Coal Measures' mudrocks to the S. Includes minor areas of narrow floodplain and extensive areas of glacial clay (Quaternary: Pleistocene-Holocene).
Flood plain. Slope. Landslip (active). Coal / mineral spoil tips
Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry). Complete RIGS survey of Coalfield area (including Devonian-Carboniferous successions) and ensure that selected sites are safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping. Ensure that SSSI features are maintained in favourable condition by implementation of management plan.
Break of slope at top and base of steep valley sides / county boundary.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1977, Sheet 230 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; ARCHER, A.A. 1968, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain (England and Wales), (Sheets 229 pt, 230, 246), HMSO. STRAHAN, A. et al. 1907, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2002a, Explorer Map OL12 (1:25, 000). CLEAL, C.J. and THOMAS, B.A. 1996, Geological Conservation Review Series 11, Chapman and Hall.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream. Aspect Area lies within the Fforest Fawr European Geopark and the Brecon Beacons National Park.

Ystradowen
Gently sloping terrace-like feature on the S side of the Black Mountain massif and on the N side of the Afon Amman. Includes the level Ystradowen area. Dominated by glacial clays (Quaternary: Pleistocene) with some sand and gravel.
Flood plain. Slope. Urban / industrial development
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1977, Sheet 230 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; ARCHER, A.A. 1968, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain (England and Wales), (Sheets 229 pt, 230, 246), HMSO. STRAHAN, A. et al. 1907, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2002a, Explorer Map OL12 (1:25, 000).
Aspect Area lies within the Fforest Fawr European Geopark and the Brecon Beacons National Park. Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Mine shaft/adit

Brynamman
Lowest and realtively gentle slopes of the Black Mountain massif on the N side of the Amman valley in the Brynamman area. Developed mainly on Upper Carboniferous 'Coal Measures' mudrocks with some areas of glacial clay cover. Significant urban and industrial development evident.
Slope. Spring. Coal / mineral spoil tips. Urban / industrial development
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2002a, Explorer Map OL12 (1:25, 000).
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Block slopes/ surface stone. Aspect Area lies within the Fforest Fawr European Geopark and the Brecon Beacons National Park.

Gellifiog
Relatively small area of Lower Old Red Sandstone sandstone outcrop (Lower Devonian) forming the steep slopes at the base of the Brecon Beacons (Black Mountains) escarpment. Cut by a steep-sided stream valley to the N.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1977, Sheet 230 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; ARCHER, A.A. 1968, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain (England and Wales), (Sheets 229 pt, 230, 246), HMSO. STRAHAN, A. et al. 1907, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2002a, Explorer Map OL12 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream. Aspect Area lies within the Fforest Fawr European Geopark and the Brecon Beacons National Park.

Foel Deg - Drysgol - Mynydd Isaf
Southern and eastern slopes of the Black Mountain upland massif and valley sides to the east. Includes the Mynydd Isaf promontary tot the W. Steep to moderately steep and dominated by glacial clays and probably also locally extensive periglacial deposits (head, block fields, etc) (Quaternary: Pleistocene). Bedrock locally exposed in streams, occasional natural crags and as low mounds within the slopes (e.g. Drysgol and Foel Deg) (includes Upper Carboniferous 'Coal Measures' sandstones and mud
Break of slope at top and base of slopes.
Extensive area of slopes with possible periglacial features: RIGS assessment required.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1977, Sheet 230 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; ARCHER, A.A. 1968, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain (England and Wales), (Sheets 229 pt, 230, 246), HMSO. STRAHAN, A. et al. 1907, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2002a, Explorer Map OL12 (1:25, 000). INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1979, Sheet 231 (Solid and Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; BARCLAY, W.J. 1998., Memoir of the British Geologica
Aspect Area lies within the Fforest Fawr European Geopark and the Brecon Beacons National Park. Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Natural crags and inland outcrops; Block slopes/ surface stone.

Dre-fach - Forge Mill -Goetre
Lower, lowland character slopes to the W of the Black Mountain massif and E of the Llandybie valley. Most of area blanketed with glacial clay (Quaternary: Pleistocene) but small areas of bedrock show through locally (including Upper Carboniferous 'Coal Measures' sandstones and mudrocks). Includes the upper part of the Loughor river with narrow floodplain and terrace deposits (Quaternary: Holocene). Also includes parts of the southern valley sides of the Afon Cennen in the Forge Mill and Goetr
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2002a, Explorer Map OL12 (1:25, 000). ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003a, Explorer Map 186 (1:25, 000).

Cefn y Truman - Brest Cwm Llwyd
North facing, steep escarpment of the Black Mountains, dominated by 'Old Red Sandstone' sandstones. Includes a platform-like area around Cefn y Truman at around 530m. Some quarries, natural crags present and extensive areas of periglacial slope deposits (head, etc).
Waterfall / rapids. Slope. Hill top. Scarp slope
Break of slope at top and base of escarpment.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1977, Sheet 230 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; ARCHER, A.A. 1968, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain (England and Wales), (Sheets 229 pt, 230, 246), HMSO. STRAHAN, A. et al. 1907, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2002a, Explorer Map OL12 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry; Natural crags and inland outcrops; Mine shaft/adit; Block slopes/ surface stone.

Garreg Lag (2)
Area of Carboniferous limestone and 'Millstone Grit' sandstone outcrop forming an irregular platform, raised above adjacent areas (to over 320m). Rock platforms extensive and quarries charateristic.
Key area of karstic development and limestone exposure requiring RIGS assessment.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1977, Sheet 230 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; ARCHER, A.A. 1968, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain (England and Wales), (Sheets 229 pt, 230, 246), HMSO. STRAHAN, A. et al. 1907, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2002a, Explorer Map OL12 (1:25, 000).
Additional Level 4 features include: Disused quarry; Natural crags and inland outcrops; Block slopes/ surface stone. Aspect Area lies within the Fforest Fawr European Geopark and the Brecon Beacons National Park.

Tair Carn - Cefn Carn Fadog
Extensive broadly E-W upland ridge, with lower valley areas between peaks and generally sloping to the S (dip slope), forming the crest of the Black Mountain massif. Ranges from around 414m in the W to 616m towards the E. Dominated by Upper Carboniferous 'Millstone Grit' sandstones with Lower Carboniferous limestones forming an escarpment in the N. Surface exposures / rock platforms and crags extensive and surface scattter of blocks characteristic (periglacial block fields or glacial eraitics?
Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). Slope. Hill top. Doline
Feature at edge of area of dense surface outcrop / surface stone.
Key area of karstic development and limestone exposure requiring RIGS assessment. Block fields on surface of presumed periglacial origin: RIGS assessment required.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1977, Sheet 230 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; ARCHER, A.A. 1968, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain (England and Wales), (Sheets 229 pt, 230, 246), HMSO. STRAHAN, A. et al. 1907, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2002a, Explorer Map OL12 (1:25, 000).
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry; Natural crags and inland outcrops; Block slopes/ surface stone. Aspect Area lies within the Fforest Fawr European Geopark and the Brecon Beacons National Park.

Cwm Sawdde Fechan
Part of north-facing Black Mountains escarpment rising to nearly 400 m in places. Surface covered in a blanket of glacial clays (Quaternary, Pleistocene) with small areas of Old Red Sandstone bedrock outcropping in places (Devonian). Surface blocks scatter suggests periglacial activity. Cut by steep sided upper part of the Afon Sawdde valley.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1977, Sheet 230 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; ARCHER, A.A. 1968, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain (England and Wales), (Sheets 229 pt, 230, 246), HMSO. STRAHAN, A. et al. 1907, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2002a, Explorer Map OL12 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Marsh/bog/fen; Block slopes/ surface stone. Aspect Area lies within the Fforest Fawr European Geopark and the Brecon Beacons National Park.

Brownhill
Relatively small but significant feature capping the end of the Mynydd Isaf peninsula. Comprises a slightly raised stony platform with quarries developed on an outcrop of Upper Carboniferous 'Millstone Grit' sandstones emerging through a general glacial clay cover.
Additional Level 4 features include: Disused quarry; Block slopes/ surface stone. Aspect Area lies within the Fforest Fawr European Geopark and the Brecon Beacons National Park.

Afon Sawdde (cwm)
Deep and steep-sided valley draining northwards from the Black Mountain escarpment, and cutting into glacial clay covered slopes below (Quaternary, Pleistocene). Loacl exposures of Devonian. Old Red Sandstone', sandstone bedrock. Tributary of the Afon Sawdde.
Break of slope at top and base of slope / steep valley sides.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2002a, Explorer Map OL12 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream. Aspect Area lies within the Fforest Fawr European Geopark and the Brecon Beacons National Park.

Sychlwch (cwm)
Lower more gentle slopes surrounding the upper part of the valley of the Afon Sychlwch at the base of the Black Mountains escarpment. Dominated by glacial clays (Quaternary: Pleistocene).
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2002a, Explorer Map OL12 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series.BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2005b, Sheet 213, 1:50,000 Geological Series; BARCLAY, W.J. 2005, Sheet explanation of the British Geological Survey, 1:50,000 Sheet 213, NERC.

Capel Dewi (2)
Section of 'Old Red Sandstone' sandstone (Devonian) escarpment, facing northwards, Lower Carboniferous limestones and Upper Carboniferous 'Millstone Grit' sandstone capping. Some glacial clay present (Quaternary: Pleistocene).
Break of slope at top and base of slope / valley sides.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 1998b, Explorer Map 178 (1:25, 000). INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1977, Sheet 230 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; ARCHER, A.A. 1968, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain (England and Wales), (Sheets 229 pt, 230, 246), HMSO. STRAHAN, A. et al. 1907, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003a, Explorer Map 186 (1:25, 000).

Garn Fawr
Lower steep slopes of the Black Mountains escarpment, north facing and dominated by 'Old Red Sandstone' sandstone (Devonian). Rises to over 300 m in places.
Break of slope at top and base of slope / steep valley sides.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2002a, Explorer Map OL12 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series. BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2005b, Sheet 213, 1:50,000 Geological Series; BARCLAY, W.J. 2005, Sheet explanation of the British Geological Survey, 1:50,000 Sheet 213, NERC.

Banc Wernwgan
Section of N-facing WSW-ENE escarpment of 'Old Red Sandstone' (Devonian) sandstone rising above the S side of the Afon Cennen valley opposite Carreg Cennen Castle.
Aspect Area lies within the Fforest Fawr European Geopark and the Brecon Beacons National Park.

Afon Cennen
Alluvial floodplain (Quaternary: Holocene) and channel of the Afon Cennen from its confluence with the Towy near Ffairfach to the Carreg Cennen Castle area. Highest part occupies narrow valley, gorge-like in places, and has a more upland stsyle (but not altitude). Flow is WSW to the Derwydd area where the system ia defelcted to the NW and then NE towards Ffairfach. Floodplain broader in these latter areas and the river is of lowland style.
Includes minor part of GCR / SSSI features of national / international importance.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1977, Sheet 230 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; ARCHER, A.A. 1968, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain (England and Wales), (Sheets 229 pt, 230, 246), HMSO. STRAHAN, A. et al. 1907, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2002a, Explorer Map OL12 (1:25, 000). ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003a, Explorer Map 186 (1:25, 000). RUSHTON, A.W.A. et al. 1999, Geological Conservation Review Series 18, JNCC.

Trapp
Glacial clay (Quaternary: Pleistocene) dominated gentle but uneven slopes on the N side of the Afon Cennen valley in the Trapp area. Includes minor exposures of 'Old Red Sandstone' mudtone-dominated bedrock (Devonian).
Break of slope at top and base of till dominated slope / steep valley sides.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1977, Sheet 230 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; ARCHER, A.A. 1968, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain (England and Wales), (Sheets 229 pt, 230, 246), HMSO. STRAHAN, A. et al. 1907, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003a, Explorer Map 186 (1:25, 000).

Castell - Carreg Cennen
Irregular platform-like feature on the N side of the Cennen valley and SE of the 'Tilestones' ridge. Surface irregular with an incipient steeper-sided ridge in the S. Bedrock dominated by Devonian' Old Red Sandstone' mudrocks and sandstone.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1977, Sheet 230 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; ARCHER, A.A. 1968, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain (England and Wales), (Sheets 229 pt, 230, 246), HMSO. STRAHAN, A. et al. 1907, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2002a, Explorer Map OL12 (1:25, 000). ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003a, Explorer Map 186 (1:25, 000).
Additional Level 4 features include:Natural crags and inland outcrops; Cave. Aspect Area lies within the Fforest Fawr European Geopark and the Brecon Beacons National Park.

Crug-du Banc
SW-NE escarpment with relatively steep NW face, rising to over 250m in places but generally of a lowland character. Top is a relatively sharp and narrow ridge feature controlled by highest Silurian sandstones, including a conspicuous line of pits (e.g. near Hengwm) representing historical excavation of the 'Tilestones'. Some glacial clay (Quaternary: Pleistocene), especially on slopes of Upper Silurian silty mudrocks to the N.
Break of slope at top and base of slope / valley sides.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003a, Explorer Map 186 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series. INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1977, Sheet 230 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; ARCHER, A.A. 1968, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain (England and Wales), (Sheets 229 pt, 230, 246), HMSO. STRAHAN, A. et al. 1907, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2002a, Explorer Map OL12 (1:25, 000).

Tregeyb
Broad undulating slopes between the Afon Cennen and Afon Sawdde valleys, passing generally downwards to the the NW and the Towy valley. Rises to 250m locally and down to around 60m to the NW. Cuts by several stream valleys. Dominated by a glacial clay cover (Quaternary: Pleistocene), with local areas of bedrock exposure (including Ordovician and Silurain mudrocks and sandstones, e.g. in the Maesydderna area).
Break of slope at top and base of drift covered slope / valley sides / depression.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003a, Explorer Map 186 (1:25, 000).

Maerdy
Low gently sloping / undulating terrace-like feature on the S side of the Towy valley opposite Llandeili and E of the Cennen valley at Ffiarfach. Glacial clay dominated with some glacial sand and gravel (Quaternary: Pleistocene).
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1977, Sheet 230 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; ARCHER, A.A. 1968, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain (England and Wales), (Sheets 229 pt, 230, 246), HMSO. STRAHAN, A. et al. 1907, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO. BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003a, Explorer Map 186 (1:25, 000).

Heigwm
Broad glacial clay (Quaternary: Pleistocene) filled depression at the top of the 'Tilestones' escarpment, Very gently sloping falt surface.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series.

Gellybevan
Lower slopes of the Black Mountain massif in the Nant-fforchug-waun - Llwydarea. Slopes less steep than above and dominated by 'Old Red Sandstone' sandstone (Devonian) with some glacial clay (Quaternary: Pleistocene).
Break of slope at top and base of slope / valley sides.

Carnaugwyniau
Lowest glacial clay (Quaternary: Pleistocene) covered slopes on the N side of the Black Mountain massif. Some minor exposures of 'Old Red Sandstone' bedrock (Devonian) show through.
Rural area with no significant development. Complete RIGS survey of Coalfield area (including Devonian-Carboniferous successions) and ensure that selected sites are safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping.
Break of slope at top and base of drift covered slope / valley sides / depression.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series.

Cefn Farm
Wedge shaped, steep sided to NW only, flat topped massif of Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks on the E side of the Afon Bran valley. Rises to around 230m in the NNE and narrows and descends to the SSW forming a low platform between the tributary Crychan valley and the main e Afon Bran valley.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series. BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2005b, Sheet 213, 1:50,000 Geological Series; BARCLAY, W.J. 2005, Sheet explanation of the British Geological Survey, 1:50,000 Sheet 213, NERC. ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999a, Explorer Map 187 (1:25, 000).

Waun Sychlwch
Sloping floor of the Waun Sychlwch - Bannau Sir Gaer glacial cwm and stream valleys below, cut into the 'Old Red Sandstone' sandstone (Devonian) escarpment of the Black Mountains. Northern part slopes steeply towards a river valley to the N. Floor is dominated by glacial clay and possible moraine (= 'hummocky glacial deposits' and areas of peat are also present (Quaternary: Pleistocene-Holocene). Also includes Lyn y Fan Fach lake. Cwm is noted for a range of important geomorphological features
Scree / talus. Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). Slope. Cwm/corrie
Break of slope at edge of drift filled depression .
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2002a, Explorer Map OL12 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2005b, Sheet 213, 1:50,000 Geological Series; BARCLAY, W.J. 2005, Sheet explanation of the British Geological Survey, 1:50,000 Sheet 213, NERC. CAMPBELL, S. and BOWEN, D.Q. 1989, Geological Conservation Review: Quaternary of Wales, NCC; GREGORY, K.J. (ed.) 1997, Geological Conservation Review Series 13, JNCC.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Block slopes/ surface stone

Mynydd y Llan
Slightly uneven surface at around 350-400m developed across the outcrop of 'Old Red Sandstone' mudrocks (Devonian) between the 'Tilestones' escarpment to the N and the base of the Brownstones escarpment to the S. Includes extensive areas of blanket bog with peat deposits.
Waterfall / rapids. Slope. Hill top. Peat bog
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2002a, Explorer Map OL12 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series. BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2005b, Sheet 213, 1:50,000 Geological Series; BARCLAY, W.J. 2005, Sheet explanation of the British Geological Survey, 1:50,000 Sheet 213, NERC.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream. Marsh/bog/fen. Aspect Area lies within the Fforest Fawr European Geopark and the Brecon Beacons National Park.

Usk Reservoir
W and N parts of the Usk Reservoir (which spans the county boundary). No features of geological/ geomorphological value visible.
Ensure that no further features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry).
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2002a, Explorer Map OL12 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2005b, Sheet 213, 1:50,000 Geological Series; BARCLAY, W.J. 2005, Sheet explanation of the British Geological Survey, 1:50,000 Sheet 213, NERC.

Cefn Disgwylfa
Small section of the of 'Old Red Sandstone' sandstone (Devonian) Black Mountain escarpment adjacent to the county boundary to the E of Waun Sylchlwch.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2002a, Explorer Map OL12 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2005b, Sheet 213, 1:50,000 Geological Series; BARCLAY, W.J. 2005, Sheet explanation of the British Geological Survey, 1:50,000 Sheet 213, NERC.

Afon Clydach (cwm)
Steep gorge-like valley sides along the upper part fo the Afon Clydach as it drains (to the NW) the 'Old Red Sandstone' mudrock-dominated (Devonian) uplands of the Mynydd y Lan area. Valley is deflected to SW by the 'Tilestones' ridge (upper Silurian sandstones and silty mudrocks)
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2002a, Explorer Map OL12 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2005b, Sheet 213, 1:50,000 Geological Series; BARCLAY, W.J. 2005, Sheet explanation of the British Geological Survey, 1:50,000 Sheet 213, NERC.

Mynydd Myddfai
Prominent SW-NE, NW-facing escarpment with steep face rising to around 430-440m and forming a narrow ridge on the N side of the 'Old Red Sandstone' mudrock-dominated (latest Silurian-Devonian) uplands of the Mynydd y Lan area to the S. Includes a remarkable straight line of pits following the outcrop of the 'Tilestones' sandstone (Upper Silurian). Escarpment below mainly in Upper Silurian silty mudrocks, etc..
Includes remarkable line of 'Tilestones' excavations: RIGS assessment advised.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2002a, Explorer Map OL12 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2005b, Sheet 213, 1:50,000 Geological Series; BARCLAY, W.J. 2005, Sheet explanation of the British Geological Survey, 1:50,000 Sheet 213, NERC.

Sawdde-Sychlwch cwms
Level to gently sloping floor of the Sawdde and Suchlwch valleys with a fill of glacial and fluvial deposits (clay, alluvium, etc: Quaternary, Pleistocene-Holocene). Includes higher sections where glacial clay dominates and downstream areas with local, narrow active floodplains and probably terrace deposits. Includes the floor of the narrow Sawwde Gorge where bedrock exposure is present in the river bed as the narrow Tilestones ridge (Upper Silurian sandstones dominated) is dissected (see Aspe
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2002a, Explorer Map OL12 (1:25, 000).ALDRIDGE, R.J. et al. 2000, Geological Conservation Review Series 17 (JNCC). DINELEY, D.L. and METCALF, S.J. 1999, Geological Conservation Review Series 16, JNCC.

Mawnbwll Lloi
Broad valley depression on the Mynydd y Lan massif adajacent to the county boundary. Dominated by glacial clays (Quaternary: Pleistocene) and includes ?valley mire and possible peat deposits. Includes the highest part of the Usk close to its source (as an upland stream).
Break of slope at edge of drift filled depression or valley systems and base of valley sides / escarpment above / county boundary.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2002a, Explorer Map OL12 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2005b, Sheet 213, 1:50,000 Geological Series; BARCLAY, W.J. 2005, Sheet explanation of the British Geological Survey, 1:50,000 Sheet 213, NERC.

Gelli-onen
Steep valley sides to the N of the river draining the Lyn y Fan Fach cwm, and cut into the 'Old Red Sandstone' mudrock-dominated (latest Silurian-Devonian) Mynydd y Lan massif.
Break of slope at top and base of slope / steep valley sides.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series.ORDNANCE SURVEY 2002a, Explorer Map OL12 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2005b, Sheet 213, 1:50,000 Geological Series; BARCLAY, W.J. 2005, Sheet explanation of the British Geological Survey, 1:50,000 Sheet 213, NERC.

Afon Clydach
Floodplain alluvium (Quaternary: Holocene) and channel of the upper part of the Afon Clydach developed from the base of the Mynydd y lan plateau and cutting through the 'Tilestones' ridge of the Mynydd Myddfai area. Floodplain soon dissappears dowmstream.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2002a, Explorer Map OL12 (1:25, 000).

Cefn Arthen
Steep sided SW-SE escarpment feature with narrow flattened top marking the border of the County and develop between the parallel Cwm Grennol and the Nant y Dresglen valleys. Dominated by Middle Silurian mudrocks and sandstones.
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif / junction with valley systems / county boundary.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2002a, Explorer Map OL12 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2005b, Sheet 213, 1:50,000 Geological Series; BARCLAY, W.J. 2005, Sheet explanation of the British Geological Survey, 1:50,000 Sheet 213, NERC. ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999a, Explorer Map 187 (1:25, 000);

Cwm Gwennol
Level to gently sloping floor of broad glacially-enlarged SW-NE Cwm dominated by glacial clay (Quaternary: Pleistocene). Includes parallel depression within the adjacent Banc Cefngarreg - Craigyrwyddon, within similar glacial fill
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2005b, Sheet 213, 1:50,000 Geological Series; BARCLAY, W.J. 2005, Sheet explanation of the British Geological Survey, 1:50,000 Sheet 213, NERC. ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999a, Explorer Map 187 (1:25, 000).

Afon Gwydderig
Floodplain alluvium (Quaternary: Holocene) and channel of the Afon Cwydderig, flowing in a NW direction from the uplands of the Carmarthenshire-Powys border area. Valley sides above are steep giving an upland character. River course bends sharply to the SW in the Dolaugwynin area, becoming wider and developing meanders, before joining the Towy near Llandovery - floodplain also widens in this area.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series. BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2005b, Sheet 213, 1:50,000 Geological Series; BARCLAY, W.J. 2005, Sheet explanation of the British Geological Survey, 1:50,000 Sheet 213, NERC. ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999a, Explorer Map 187 (1:25, 000);
Additional Level 4 features include: Meander;

Afon Gwydderig cwms (S)
Glacial clay (Quaternary: Pleistocene) dominated apron and cwm fills along the S side of the Gwydderig valley. Extends around the base of the bedrock massif of the Ferdre area (Aspect Area 333) where it includes a broader area of glacial clay covered slopes SE of Llandovery.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series. BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2005b, Sheet 213, 1:50,000 Geological Series; BARCLAY, W.J. 2005, Sheet explanation of the British Geological Survey, 1:50,000 Sheet 213, NERC. ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999a, Explorer Map 187 (1:25, 000);

Allt Llannerch-goch
SW-NE escarpment, partly developed on the SE side of the Nant-y-beudy valley. Rises from around 250m to the SW to 300m in the NE. Cut by several NW flowing stream valleys/ cwms. Forms an irregular surfaced 'step' below the main 'Tilestones' escarpment to the SE. Dominated by Middle Silurian mudrocks and sandstones.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2002a, Explorer Map OL12 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series. BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2005b, Sheet 213, 1:50,000 Geological Series; BARCLAY, W.J. 2005, Sheet explanation of the British Geological Survey, 1:50,000 Sheet 213, NERC. ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999a, Explorer Map 187 (1:25, 000);

Ferdre
Broad undulating platform dominated by Middle Silurian mudrocks and dissected by stream valleys and drift filled cwms. Rises from around 230m to over 270m to SE - dominantly lowland character.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2002a, Explorer Map OL12 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series. BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2005b, Sheet 213, 1:50,000 Geological Series; BARCLAY, W.J. 2005, Sheet explanation of the British Geological Survey, 1:50,000 Sheet 213, NERC. ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999a, Explorer Map 187 (1:25, 000);

Allt Llwyn-y-berlian
L-shaped ridge partly along the NE side of the Gwydderig valley and partly forming a ridge on the NW side of Cwm Gwennol, where it is steepest sided. Up to around 200-220m high and encloses two sides of the raisedglacial deposit dominated Babel basin. Dominated by Lower to Middle Silurian slaty mudrocks.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2005b, Sheet 213, 1:50,000 Geological Series; BARCLAY, W.J. 2005, Sheet explanation of the British Geological Survey, 1:50,000 Sheet 213, NERC. ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999a, Explorer Map 187 (1:25, 000);

Babel
Complex of broad glacial deposit (Quaternary: Pleistocene) filled depressions and valleys/ valley sides within a late Ordovician to Middle Silurian bedrock massif NE of Llandovery. Includes the broad, raised basin of the Babel areaand linked valleys to the W and NW - in part representing softer mudrock geology preferentially eroded leaving harder sandstone-dominated units as ridges and knolls. Possible glacial moraine deposits present (= 'hummocky glacial deposits'). Minor bedrock outcrops loc
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series. BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2005b, Sheet 213, 1:50,000 Geological Series; BARCLAY, W.J. 2005, Sheet explanation of the British Geological Survey, 1:50,000 Sheet 213, NERC. ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999a, Explorer Map 187 (1:25, 000).

Mwmffri
Comprises two knoll-like features composed of Lower Silurian slty mudrocks with sandstone bands: Mwmfri to the S rises to 302m and the linked v-shaped Allt Nanyygollen area to the N to around 280m. Western and southern slopes steepest, separting valley to the E filled with glacial clay, etc.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2005b, Sheet 213, 1:50,000 Geological Series; BARCLAY, W.J. 2005, Sheet explanation of the British Geological Survey, 1:50,000 Sheet 213, NERC. ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999a, Explorer Map 187 (1:25, 000).

Cefn Crug
Wedge shaped steep sided but flat topped massif of Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks on the E side of the Afon Bran valley, E of Llandovery. Rises to around 220m in the NNE and narrows to the SSW and the confluence of the Gwydderig with the Afon Bran.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series. BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2005b, Sheet 213, 1:50,000 Geological Series; BARCLAY, W.J. 2005, Sheet explanation of the British Geological Survey, 1:50,000 Sheet 213, NERC. ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999a, Explorer Map 187 (1:25, 000).

Banc Cefngarreg - Craigyrwyddon
Zig-zag shaped massif formed due to presence of folded sandstone-dominated Lower Silurian rocks. NW part comprises two parallel SW-NE steep-sided ridges with a narrow drift filled valley between. In the Crychan Forest area the ridges bend sharply to the SSW and the massif broadens towards the Babel area and then swings and narrows to the NE and the Cefn-bewog area. varies from 200-300m in the NW, 340m in the N and 400m in the S.
Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry). Ensure that SSSI features are maintained in favourable condition by implementation of management plan. Ensure that RIGS are safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping.
Includes GCR / SSSI features of national / international importance. Includes RIGS features of at least regional importance.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2005b, Sheet 213, 1:50,000 Geological Series; BARCLAY, W.J. 2005, Sheet explanation of the British Geological Survey, 1:50,000 Sheet 213, NERC. ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999a, Explorer Map 187 (1:25, 000). ALDRIDGE, R.J. et al. 2000, Geological Conservation Review Series 17 (JNCC); BEVINS. BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2005, Sheet 196, 1:50 000 Geological Series; SCHOFIELD, D.I. 2004, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 196, NERC.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry; Natural crags and inland outcrops; Road/railway cutting

Sugarloaf - Cefn Coch Lletherhir
Slightly undulating upland plateau varying from around 340m to nearly 400m dominated by Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks. Includes SW-NE orientated promontary-like features between glacially enhanced valleys in the N (e.g. the Sugarloaf area) and the uneven surface of the uplands, including in the Brynffo Farm area (surface is dissected by stream and other valleys). Includes the Sugar Loaf knoll in the Sugar-Loaf valley. Includes steep sides of broadly WSW U-shaped glacial valley of the Nant Hi
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2005b, Sheet 213, 1:50,000 Geological Series; BARCLAY, W.J. 2005, Sheet explanation of the British Geological Survey, 1:50,000 Sheet 213, NERC. ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999a, Explorer Map 187 (1:25, 000).
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2005, Sheet 196, 1:50 000 Geological Series; SCHOFIELD, D.I. 2004, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 196, NERC.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Natural crags and inland outcrops; Road/railway cutting

Nant Cwm-neuadd - Afon Bran
Broad depression with glacial clay (Quaternary: Pleistocene) fill within the Upper Ordovician slaty mudrock dominated ridge on the E side of the Afon Bran valley and including tributary streams.

Bryn Nicol (Coed Ifan)
Promontary like extension of upland plateau into Carmarthenshire between the Sugar Loaf (Afon Gwyddon) and Afon Lwynor glacial valleys. Developed in Upper Ordovician sandstone-rich rocks. Steep sided especially to the E where the character is incised (both sides of promontary represent the sides of glacial valleys. Relatively flat top surface at around 400-460m.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999a, Explorer Map 187 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2005, Sheet 196, 1:50 000 Geological Series; SCHOFIELD, D.I. 2004, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 196, NERC.

Afon lwynor cwm - Gwyddon
Level to gently sloping floors of three glacial valleys entering the Afon Bran valley close together and linked by an low sloping area on the E side of the latter valley. S and central valleys (Afon Hirgwm and Afon Gwyddon) have best developed glacial style U cross section and limited drift, with N (Afon Lwynor) most extensive drift glacial drift (Quaternary Pleistocene) infil. Bedrock dominated by Upper Ordovician slaty mudrock
Rural area with no significant development. Assess RIGS potential of glacial valley systems.
Break of slope at edge of valley floor / base of valley sides above.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999a, Explorer Map 187 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2005, Sheet 196, 1:50 000 Geological Series; SCHOFIELD, D.I. 2004, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 196, NERC.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Road/railway cutting

Cwar Glas
Section of WSW-ENE 'Tilestones' ridge between the Sawdde and Clydach valleys - in two sections, cut by and linked by the incised Cwm Taldrum valley. Dominated by Upper Silurian sandstones. Rises to around 350m with a steep NW escarpment and more gentle slopes to the SE.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2002a, Explorer Map OL12 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series. ALDRIDGE, R.J. et al. 2000, Geological Conservation Review Series 17 (JNCC).

Cynghordy-Cwm Gefail
Complex of glacial clay-filled cwms and blanketed slopes between the Bran and Towy valleys, NE of Llandovery. Includes a low terrace-like feature in t he Cynghordy area. Local small areas of bedrock outcrop (Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks).
Waterfall / rapids. Slope. Urban / industrial development
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series. BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2005b, Sheet 213, 1:50,000 Geological Series; BARCLAY, W.J. 2005, Sheet explanation of the British Geological Survey, 1:50,000 Sheet 213, NERC. ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999a, Explorer Map 187 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2005, Sheet 196, 1:50 000 Geological Series; SCHOFIELD, D.I. 2004, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 196, NERC. BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006b, Sheet 195, 1:50 000 Geolo

Fwng
Section of upland plateau extending promontary-like into county. Sides steep and forming part of glacial valleys of the Afon Lwynor (E) and upper Afon Bran; top relatively level. Dominated by Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999a, Explorer Map 187 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2005, Sheet 196, 1:50 000 Geological Series; SCHOFIELD, D.I. 2004, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 196, NERC.

Afon Bran - Cynant
Level to gently sloping base of the broadly U-shaped, glacially enhanced Upper Bran and Cynant valleys. Includes areas of glacial clay (Quaternary Pleistocene) and areas of bedrock outcrop (Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks).

Afon Mynys - Nant Fran cwms
Extensive area of glacial clay-filled valleys on the W side of the Towy between Glan-Mynys and the Cilycwm area. Includes drift aprons on either side of the Afon Mynys valley, broad level-floored cwms to the NW and the broad depression of the Nant Fran area (which includes bogs). Minor areas of Upper Ordovician, ect bedrock emerge locally.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series. ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999a, Explorer Map 187 (1:25, 000).

Twynllanau
Broad undulating area of outcrop of Devonian, Old Red Sandstone mudrocks developed between the 'Tilestones' ridge to the NW and the Black Mountains escarpment to the SE. Cut by stream valleys. Rises up to 50m locally adajacent to the escarpment but dominantly of lowland character and is below 200m to the SW.
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif / junction with valley systems/ higher areas.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2002a, Explorer Map OL12 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2005b, Sheet 213, 1:50,000 Geological Series; BARCLAY, W.J. 2005, Sheet explanation of the British Geological Survey, 1:50,000 Sheet 213, NERC. BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series.

Llanerchindda
Inverted Y-shaped area of bedrock geology (Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks) forming the W side of the Afon Bran valley N of Cynghordy and a linked low promontary to the W rising above an area of extensive glacial clay cover.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2005, Sheet 196, 1:50 000 Geological Series; SCHOFIELD, D.I. 2004, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 196, NERC. BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006b, Sheet 195, 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007b, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 195, NERC. ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999a, Explorer Map 187 (1:25, 000).

Llyn Brianne
Very small section (i.e. within Carmarthenshire) of the Lynn Brianne reservoir. Flooded, no natural features.
Ensure that no further features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry).
ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999a, Explorer Map 187 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2005, Sheet 196, 1:50 000 Geological Series; SCHOFIELD, D.I. 2004, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 196, NERC. BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006b, Sheet 195, 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007b, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 195, NERC.

Dinas
Small but distinctive knoll around 330m high, adjacent to the county boundary on the N side of the Nant y Ffin valley at its confluence with the Towy. Dominated by Lower Silurian sandstones leading to the development of natural rock exposures and a cliff / crag around its top.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006b, Sheet 195, 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007b, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 195, NERC. ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999a, Explorer Map 187 (1:25, 000).

Ruddallt
Two conjoined hills,slightly elongated and together forming a SW-NE ridge (Cefn Isaf in NE and the more rocky Rhuddallt to SW). Former rises above the Nant Brianne reservoir, the access road to which cuts between the two knolls. Dominated byLower Silurian sandstones and slaty mudrocks. Includes a small triangular and level area of glacial clay (Quaternary: Pleistocene) E of Cefn Isaf,adjacent to the county boundary.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2005, Sheet 196, 1:50 000 Geological Series; SCHOFIELD, D.I. 2004, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 196, NERC. BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006b, Sheet 195, 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007b, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 195, NERC. ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999a, Explorer Map 187 (1:25, 000).
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry; Natural crags and inland outcrops; Road/railway cutting

Nant y fflin
Relatively broad level floor of a SW-NE valley cut into an area of upland plateau and slightly raised above the level of the Towy valley into which it joins. Fill of valley dominated by glacial deposits (Quaternary: Pleistocene). Occupied by small stream (Nant y fflin).
Flood plain. Slope. Alluvial fan (ancient)
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2005, Sheet 196, 1:50 000 Geological Series; SCHOFIELD, D.I. 2004, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 196, NERC. BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006b, Sheet 195, 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007b, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 195, NERC. ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999a, Explorer Map 187 (1:25, 000).

Cefn Ystrad-ffin
Section of the Cambrian Mountains upland plateau cut by glacially enhanced valleys with a SW orientation. Latter include the steep sided upper Afon Bran and Cynant valleys to the SE and the high Nant y fflin valley to the NW. Plateau above gently rises from around 480m to 610m in the NE (where it is flatest). To the SW the Towy valley cuts SSE, virtually at 90o to the orientation of the massif: valley sides are also steep and high. Dominated by Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks. Significant area
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2005, Sheet 196, 1:50 000 Geological Series; SCHOFIELD, D.I. 2004, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 196, NERC. BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006b, Sheet 195, 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007b, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 195, NERC. ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999a, Explorer Map 187 (1:25, 000). BEVINS, R.S. and MASON, J.S. 1997, CCW Contract Science Report 156.

Neuadd Deg - Mountain Gate
Broadly WSW-ENE orientated ridge-like feature on the N side of the Afon Talog valley and separating it from the Teifi to the N. Includes a connected area to S forming a step-like area on the S side of thre Talog valley, below the escarpment of the Mynydd Llanllwnl area. Rises form around 220m centrally to around 260 to the E and dominated by Lower Silurian salty mudrocks with sandstones to the E, creating the slightly higner ground. Sides of feature realaively rounded, top relatively level cen
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003a, Explorer Map 186 (1:25, 000). ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003b; Explorer Map 185 (1:25, 000); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2007, Sheet 211, 1:50,000 Geological Series; WILBY, P.R. 2008, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 211, NERC. BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series.

Pant-y-gogledd
Isolated low hill (177m) of Lower Silurian slaty mudrocks and sandstone bedrock rising above the glacial deposit dominated basin of the Llanellwni area.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003a, Explorer Map 186 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006a, Sheet 194, 1:50,000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007a, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 194, NERC.

Pen Cil-garn
Irregular promontary like area of Lower Silurian slaty mudrocks and sandstone forming a 'step' at the base of the Mynydd Llanllwnl escarpment and rising above the glacial deposit dominated areas below.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003a, Explorer Map 186 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006b, Sheet 195, 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007b, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 195, NERC. BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006a, Sheet 194, 1:50,000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007a, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 194, NERC. BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series.

Llanfihangel-ar-arth
Glacial clay (Quaternary: Pleistocene) dominated base of a valley linking the Teifi in the Llanfihangel-ar-arth area to a tributary valley to the S. Represents a former course of the latter, now blocked.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2007, Sheet 211, 1:50,000 Geological Series; WILBY, P.R. 2008, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 211, NERC. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003a, Explorer Map 186 (1:25, 000). ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 199 (1:25, 000).
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Road/railway cutting;

Aber-Giar - Llanybyther
Extensive glacial drift (Quaternary: Pleistocene) covered area on the S side of the Teifi valley in the Maesycrugiau - Llanybyther area and below the Mynydd Llanybyther upland escarpment. Deposits fill low areas between promontaries and knolls of bedrock geology giving a very irregular outline. Glacial clay dominates in the N with glacial sand and gravel to the SW. Some possible moraine deposits also present and areas of wet grassland and peat.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006b, Sheet 195, 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007b, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 195, NERC. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003a, Explorer Map 186 (1:25, 000). ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 199 (1:25, 000); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006a, Sheet 194, 1:50,000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007a, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 194, NERC.

Pen y gaer
Isolated low hill (c.200m) of Lower Silurian slaty mudrocks and sandstone bedrock rising above the glacial deposit dominated basin of the Llanybyther area, immediately S of the town itself.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006b, Sheet 195, 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007b, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 195, NERC. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003a, Explorer Map 186 (1:25, 000). ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 199 (1:25, 000).

Pistyll Gwyn
Low promontary-like area of Lower Silurian slaty mudrocks and sandstone forming a 'step' at the base of the Mynydd Llanllwnl escarpment and rising above the glacial deposit dominated areas below.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006b, Sheet 195, 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007b, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 195, NERC. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003a, Explorer Map 186 (1:25, 000).

Brechfa Forest cwms
Extensive and dendritic complex of deeply incised, steep-sided cwms and valley sides draining the Mynydd tre-beddau massif southwards. Includes the incised cwms and steep valley sides of the Afon Pib, Afon marlais, Afon Clydach and Nant y Ffin valleys. Branching valleys 'interlock' in places leaving knoll-like 'islands' of the massif separated from the rest of the upland feature. Some minor glacial and fluvial deposits in valleys (Quaternary: Pleistocene-Holocene); bedrock dominated by Lower S
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series. BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2007, Sheet 211, 1:50,000 Geological Series; WILBY, P.R. 2008, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 211, NERC. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003a, Explorer Map 186 (1:25, 000).

Gilfachgoch
Sub-rectangular low massif rising like an island above the drift infil of the valleys W of Brechfa (c.188m).
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003a, Explorer Map 186 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series.

Allt Llystyn
Sub-rectangular low massif rising like an island above the drift infil of the valleys N of Brechfa (c.181m)
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003a, Explorer Map 186 (1:25, 000).

Allt Llainoleu
Island-like steep-sided plateau feature on the N side of the Afon Cothi valley representing a section of the Mynydd tre-beddau upland massif / plateau to the N isolated from the remainder by fluvial downcutting.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003a, Explorer Map 186 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series.

Afon Gorlech cwms
SE flowing, steep-sided, incised valley draining the Mynydd tre-beddau massif and entering the Cothi valley at Abergorlech. In S narrow fluvial floodplain only, in N base of valley has more extensive drift infil and is breached to the NE towards the Rhydcymerau area.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003a, Explorer Map 186 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series.

Derlwyn - Blaen-byderwyn
Low-domed massif of Lower Silurian sandstones and slaty mudrocks on the S side of the Teifi valley and forming a platform-like feature below the Mynydd Pencarreg massif. Glacial clay filled valleys to the W and a central depression filled with similar material. Sides of area with relatively gentle slope
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003a, Explorer Map 186 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006b, Sheet 195, 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007b, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 195, NERC.

Mynydd Pencarreg
Section of upland plateau of Lower Silurian sandstones and slaty mudrocks dissected and separated from adjacent and similar areas by valleys, typically with glacial clay, etc infill. Rises up to around 415m. Includes an escarpment feature to the NW although most slopes reLAtively rounded (i.e. convex section) and only locally steep or with incised form (e.g. the Afon Morlais valley above Maespwll).
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006b, Sheet 195, 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007b, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 195, NERC. BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003a, Explorer Map 186 (1:25, 000). ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 199 (1:25, 000).

Pantycelyn
Level to gently undulating surfaced massif of Lower Silurian sandstones and slaty mudrocks with glacial deposit filled valleys mainly on its S and E sides. Sides moderately steep and area rises to around 300-320m (c. 350m maximum).
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 199 (1:25, 000); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003a, Explorer Map 186 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006b, Sheet 195, 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007b, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 195, NERC.

Tan-y-coed
Isolated knoll of Lower Silurian sandstones on the NE side of the Afon Marais valley rising to 266m above glacial deposit cover of the Ffaldybrenin - Cwm Dawe area.

Banc Pistyll-gwyn
Moderately steep sided massif levelling of to a gently undulating surface at around 280-290m. Rises above surrounding glacial deposit dominated areas and includes central broad valley with similar infill.

Nant Geidrych
SW-NE elongated depression to the SW of the Sawdde valley in the Rhy-y-fach area, between parallel ridges of bedrock. Dominated by hummocky glacial deposits (Quaternary: Pleistocene).
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003a, Explorer Map 186 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series. BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006b, Sheet 195, 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007b, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 195, NERC.

Cwmann - Parc-y-rhys
Extensive glacial drift (Quaternary: Pleistocene) covered area on the S side of the Teifi valley including the valleys of the Parc-y-rhos area and Cwman and the Dolgwm area. Slopes generally very low and surface gently undulating locally.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006b, Sheet 195, 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007b, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 195, NERC. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003a, Explorer Map 186 (1:25, 000). ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 199 (1:25, 000);

Bryn Mawr
SW-NE steep NW sides of Cwm Twrch and section of upland plateau above (at 400-470m) along county boundary. Natural rock exposures / crags typical. Continues to the S as a lower ridge in the Blaen Waun area (at c.360m). Dominated by Lower Silurian sandstones and slaty mudrocks with some areas of peat on plateau,
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 199 (1:25, 000); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006b, Sheet 195, 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007b, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 195, NERC.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Natural crags and inland outcrops; Marsh/bog/fen

Bryn Gareg
Section of upland plateau of Lower Silurian sandstones and slaty mudrocks with gently undulating top at around 350-360m. Sides relatively gentle and rounded.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006b, Sheet 195, 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007b, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 195, NERC. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 199 (1:25, 000).

Llancrwys
Sloping platform area of Lower Silurian sandstones and slaty mudrocks up to around 280m on the W side of the upper Twrch valley with steeper E side.
Break of slope at top and base of slope .
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 199 (1:25, 000); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006b, Sheet 195, 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007b, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 195, NERC.

Blaen-clawdd
Section of upland plateau (at around 330-340m) of Lower Silurian sandstones and slaty mudrocks separated by glacial deposit filled valley form main areas to E and N. Sides moderately steep and surface undulates slightly. Shows general SW-NE structural orientation.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006b, Sheet 195, 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007b, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 195, NERC.ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 199 (1:25, 000);

Cwm Twrch
Relatively broad level to gently sloping floor of Cwm Twrch valley with structurally controlled SW-NE orientation. Steep NW side and more gentle SE slopes. Infil of valley includes fluvial alluvium centrally with a gently glacial clay surface to the SE.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, Explorer Map 199 (1:25, 000); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006b, Sheet 195, 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007b, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 195, NERC.

Afon Twrch - Morais - Cothi
Includes upper part of the Afon Cothi river system and its tributary the Twrch with narrow alluvial floodplain and meandering channel flowing from upland in the N of the county to Pumsaint where the floodplain dramatically widens. Includes some small areas of river terrace.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006b, Sheet 195, 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007b, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 195, NERC. BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series.ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003a, Explorer Map 186 (1:25, 000).
Additional Level 4 features include: Meander;

Cors Blaencothi
Upper section of Cothi valley including within a broad depression within the upland plateau that dominates the N of the county. Also includes adjacent areas typically with glacial clay fill and developing bogs and peat deposits (including Blaencothi and Cors y Crug bogs) and the slightly raised but distinct basin S of the Cefn y Cae and Nant y Gerddinen streams.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006b, Sheet 195, 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007b, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 195, NERC. ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999a, Explorer Map 187 (1:25, 000).

Esgair Hendre
Irregular surfaced upland massif of Lower Silurian sandstones and slaty mudrocks rising to around 440m with steep sides to NW and SE and surrounded by glacial clay filled valleys, etc. Top surface includes many natural rock exposures / crags.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream;Natural crags and inland outcrops; Marsh/bog/fen

Cefn Branddu - Carn Nant yr ast
Broadly triangular section of upland plateau dominated by Lower Silurian sandstones and slaty mudrocks at typically around 400-440m. Surface relatively level but slightly uneven with natural rock crags locally and small areas of glacial clay and peat (Quaternary: Pleistocene-Holocene). Sides steep where cut by valleys on the Southern and NE sides.
Waterfall / rapids. Slope. Hill top. Peat bog

Felindre
Broad river terrace feature developed between the Sawdde and Towy rivers downstream of their confluence (Quaternary: Pleistocene). Passes to gentle sloping apron to the SW, at base of bedrock massif to the SE.
River terrace. Slope. Urban / industrial development
Break of slope at edge river floodplain / terrace feature and base of slopes above.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series. INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1977, Sheet 230 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; ARCHER, A.A. 1968, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain (England and Wales), (Sheets 229 pt, 230, 246), HMSO. STRAHAN, A. et al. 1907, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2002a, Explorer Map OL12 (1:25, 000).

Nant Gurney
Level river terrace feature on the W side of the Towy NE of Llandeilo and between Llandeilo and the Nant Gurney valley. Includes a connected low vale dominated by glacial clay N of Llandeilo (Quaternary: Pleistocene).

Cwenffrwd - Psgprwr Fawr cwms
Steep sides and incised cwms of the Gwenffrwd, Cothi and Psgowr Fawr valleys around the SE and NE sides of the Carn Nant yr ast massif - cut into Lower Silurian sandstones and slaty mudrocks. Probably formed due to both fluvial abd glacial erosion. Rocky crags frequent especially in the upper part of slopes.

Banc Griag
Steep and high sides SE sides of the Cefn Branddu massif including on the N side of the Afon Cothi valley. Lower Silurian sandstones and slaty mudrocks dominate. Probably formed due to both fluvial abd glacial erosion. Rocky crags frequent especially in the upper part of valley side.

Pen Allt-yr-hebog
Separated section of heavily dissected upland plateau, rising island-like above the glacial and fluvial drift fill of surrounding valleys systems (including of the Cothi and Fangoed). Rises up to around 342m and dominated by Lower Silurian sandstones and slaty mudrocks.

Felindre-Glan Myddyfi
Glacial clay (Quaternary: Pleistocene) filled depressions and valleys between the Dulas valley at Felindre and N of Llandeilo. Area runs broadly parallel to the Towy valley to the S and includes marginal drift covered aprons to the latter nears Cilsan and Felindre.
River channel (natural). Flood plain. River terrace. Slope
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003a, Explorer Map 186 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series. INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1977, Sheet 230 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; ARCHER, A.A. 1968, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain (England and Wales), (Sheets 229 pt, 230, 246), HMSO. STRAHAN, A. et al. 1907, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO.

Bethlehem
Low ridge-like feature on the S side of the Towy valley, rising above the Terrace of the Felindre area. Ordovician slaty bedrock.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003a, Explorer Map 186 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2002a, Explorer Map OL12 (1:25, 000). RUSHTON, A.W.A. et al. 1999, Geological Conservation Review Series 18, JNCC.

Gwenffrwd cwms (S)
Steep sides and incised cwms on the SW and S sides of the Gwnffrwd valley betweewn Rhandirrinwy Bridge and Craig Diferion. Cwms drain the Mynyd Mallaen massif to the S (Lower Silurian sandstones and slaty mudrocks).

Rhawdirmwyn
Gently sloping apron at base of steep valley sides and terrace-like features dominated by glacial deposits (Quaternary: Pleistocene), including possible moraine, on the W side of the Towy valley in the Rhandirmwyn area. Includes area of glacial infill of the Nant y Bal valley with mine workings.
Superficial deposits. Active processes. Past processes. Other
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006b, Sheet 195, 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007b, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 195, NERC. ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999a, Explorer Map 187 (1:25, 000). BEVINS, R.S. and MASON, J.S. 1997, CCW Contract Science Report 156.

Troed-y-rhiw
Glacial clay dominated apron and cwm fill (Quaternary: Pleistocene) at base of steep valley sides on the N of the Gwenffrwyd valley.

Troedrhiw (S)
Glacial clay dominated apron and cwm fill (Quaternary: Pleistocene) at base of steep valley sides on the S side of the Gwenffrwyd valley, between Craig Diferion and Rhandinowy Bridge and along the Towy to the Dolachddu area. Expands as a broad platform to Aberwenglais and around the Cae'r-belli knoll.

Penfedw Fawr
Isolated knoll of Lower Silurian sandstones and slaty mudrock bedrock surrounded by glacial clay, etc, cover on the W side of the Towy valley NE of Cilycwm.

Cwm Fran-ganol - Cwm-y-Rhiadr
Deeply incised, steep and high cwms and valley slopes cutting into the S side of the Mynydd Mallaen massif (deepest in the Cwm Merchon area between Pen Lifau and Cwm y Rhiadr). Cut into Lower Silurian sandstones and slaty mudrock bedrock.
Waterfall / rapids. Slope. Coal / mineral spoil tips
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006b, Sheet 195, 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007b, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 195, NERC. ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999a, Explorer Map 187 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series.

Cwm-y-Rhiadr
Lower more gentle slopes of the Mynydd Mallaean upland massif in the Cwm-y-Rhiadr area. Includes periglacial deposits over Lower Silurian slaty mudrock bedrock.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999a, Explorer Map 187 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006b, Sheet 195, 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007b, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 195, NERC. BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series.

Maesygroes-Gwernogle cwms
Valley floor fills of cwms in the Maesygroes area, draining down from the Mynydd Rhos-wen - Banc Melen massif (Aspect Area 165) towards the N side of the Cothi valley. Domianted by glacial clays (Quaternary: Pleistocene).
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003a, Explorer Map 186 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006b, Sheet 195, 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007b, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 195, NERC.

Dugoedydd
Extensive section of the Towy valley N of Llandovery - and the connected Cillycwm valley - with broad terrace like fill of glacial sand and gravel (Quaternary: Pleistocene).
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006b, Sheet 195, 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007b, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 195, NERC. ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999a, Explorer Map 187 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series.

Afon Cothi cwms (S)
Glacial clay dominated apron and cwm fill (Quaternary: Pleistocene) at base of steep valley sides on the SE side of the Cothi valley and the NW side of the Mynydd Mallaen massif.

Mynydd Mallaen
Upland massif of Lower Silurian sandstones and slaty mudrocks with gently undulating surface at around 440-450m. Separated from other sections of the same plateau by the Cothi - Gwenffrwyd valleys to the N and with a steep, high face with deep cwms cut in to the SE and E. Slopes to the W more gentle and rounded. Continues SW to the Caio and Pigyn Shon-Nicholas area (at around 320m) via the SSW-NNE elongated ridge fo Banc Bronffin to Banc Goleougoed.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006b, Sheet 195, 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007b, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 195, NERC. ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999a, Explorer Map 187 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Natural crags and inland outcrops; Mine shaft/adit; Marsh/bog/fen;

Glan Mynys - Lanwrda
Broad, low terrace feature on the NW side of the Towy between Aber Morlais and Ystrad House (Quaternary: Pleistocene or Holocene). Sparated from the actice river floodplain by a low feature. Includes the floor of the linked lower part of the Afon Mynys valley with periglacial head and alluvial fan deposits(Quaternary: Pleistocene to Holocene?).
ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999a, Explorer Map 187 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2002a, Explorer Map OL12 (1:25, 000).

Allt Penarth
Isolated rounded hill of Lower Silurian sandstones and slaty mudrocks rising to around 320m above glacial deposit cover of the Ffaldybrenin - Cwm Dawe area.
Glanyrafon Formation [SILURIAN, LLANDOVERY, TELYCHIAN] dominates.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006b, Sheet 195, 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007b, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 195, NERC. BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003a, Explorer Map 186 (1:25, 000).

Pen Lan-dolau
SW-NE orientated level topped ridge of Lower Silurian sandstones and slaty mudrocks rising above glacial and fluvial deposit filled valleys of the Pumsaint area.Rises to around 280m with steepest sides to the E and S above the Cothi valley.

Afon Cothi (N) - Fanagoed cwms
Glacial clay dominated apron and valley fills (Quaternary: Pleistocene) around the bases and between the bedrock massifs E and NE of Pumsaint and Ffarmers (including the Fangoed valley, and sections on the N side of the Cothi and S side of Cwm Twrch).
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006b, Sheet 195, 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007b, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 195, NERC. ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999a, Explorer Map 187 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003a, Explorer Map 186 (1:25, 000).

Bryn-Bran
WSW-ENE orientated massif on the N side of the Fangoed and Nant y Garth valleys. Relatively steep to the S but more gentle to the S. Rises to around 300-320m and dominated by Lower Silurian slaty mudrocks with sandstones to the SE.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006b, Sheet 195, 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007b, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 195, NERC. ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999a, Explorer Map 187 (1:25, 000). ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003a, Explorer Map 186 (1:25, 000).

Ffaldybrenin - Cwm Dawe
Extensive area of glacial deposit filled valleys and depressions leaving bedrock outcrops as isolated knolls (e.g. Brynreghwys Fawr and Allt maes-troyddyn). Larger areas separated as Aspect Areas. Glanyrafon Formation dominates [SILURIAN, LLANDOVERY, TELYCHIAN].
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2006b, Sheet 195, 1:50 000 Geological Series; DAVIES, J.R. 2007b, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 195, NERC. BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003a, Explorer Map 186 (1:25, 000).

Pentre Parr
Realtively small WSW-ENE ridge of Middle Ordovician mudrock-dominated bedrock on the E side of the Towy valley, E of Llandeilo. Rises to around 80m with a level top.

Carn Goch
Narrow WSW-ENE ridge dominated by Middle Ordovician sandstones with some volcanic rocks, to the W of the Sawdde valley. NW slopes steepest; crest with characteristic rocky outcrops and surface blocks (although modified within major archaeological site to the SW), rising to around 230 m.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2002a, Explorer Map OL12 (1:25, 000).

Capel Tydist
Low ridge-like feature of Middle Ordovician mudrock-dominated mudrock rising on the S side of the Towy (NE of Llandeillo) to around 130-150 m. Drops slightly to a valley to the SE.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003a, Explorer Map 186 (1:25, 000). ORDNANCE SURVEY 2002a, Explorer Map OL12 (1:25, 000).

Allt-y-Fedw (Sawdde Gorge)
Lower slopes of the 'Tilestones' escarpment to the SW of the Sawdde Gorge and including part of the SW sides of the gorge. Dominated by Middle Silurian sandstones, rising to around 250m below the escarpment above.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2002a, Explorer Map OL12 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series.

Ffinnant (1)
Section of relatively low escarpment feature formed of Middle Silurian sandstones forming a platform below the high 'Tilestones' ridge between the Sawdde valley and the Myddfai area. Rises to around 240m locally and includes a section of steep sides on the NE side of the Sawdde gorge; Cut by several small valleys.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2002a, Explorer Map OL12 (1:25, 000). ALDRIDGE, R.J. et al. 2000, Geological Conservation Review Series 17 (JNCC).
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry; Mine shaft/adit; Marsh/bog/fen.

Mandinam
Undulating slopes between the Sawdde sandstone escarpment of the Ffinnant area to the SE (Aspect Area 411) and the Llangadog vale to the NW (Aspect Area 413). Surface dominated b y a cover of glacial clay (Quaternary, Pleistocene) with minor areas of Silurian bedrock exposure. Rises to around 150m below the escarpment above.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2002a, Explorer Map OL12 (1:25, 000).

Llangadog
Broad low vale developed to the E of the confluenece of the Sawdde and Towy rivers. Dominated by river terrace deposits in the Llangadog area (although the village itself sits on a small outcrop of Ordovician bedrock) and surrounding a broad alluvial basin to the E (Quaternary, Pleistocene-Holocene). Includes the linked SW-NE and relatively wide valley below Myddfai, to the NE.
Flood plain. River terrace. Slope. Alluvial fan (ancient). Urban / industrial development

Talley
Glacial clay fill (Quaternary, Pleistocene) to the W of N / E of S orientated Talley valley, including associated cwms, cutting into adjacent bedrock massifs.
Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). Slope. Urban / industrial development

Cwm Tynewydd
Gently sloping platform on the S side of the Myddfai valley and connected glacial clay filled depression in the Sarnau-Cwmclyd area (Quaternary, Pleistocene).
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2002a, Explorer Map OL12 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2005b, Sheet 213, 1:50,000 Geological Series; BARCLAY, W.J. 2005, Sheet explanation of the British Geological Survey, 1:50,000 Sheet 213, NERC.

Banc Cwm Hywel
Upland block, separated from similar adjacent areas by drift-filled valley systems. Incised on SW side and less steep to the NE (above the Afon Morlais), levelling of to form a fairly level surface at around 300m. Dominated by Ordovician slaty mudrocks.

Nant-y-bendy
Short section of level to gently sloping valley floor dominated by glacial clays (Quaternary, Pleistocene) at the base of the Middle Silurian sandstone escarpment of the Ferdre area (Aspect Area 332).

Gwaun-gyd
Relatively level-topped bedrock massif dominated by Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks, rising steeply above the E side of the Towy, N of Llangadog (locally to around 110m). More gentle slopes to S and E adjacent to the broad vale of the Llangadog area.

Cilgwyn Wood - Troedyrhiw Telych
SW-NE ridge feature, broader to the SW and with a steeper face / escarpment to the NW. SW face steep also, rising above the Myddfai depression. Dominated by Silurian sandstones, etc. relatively level top at up to around 230 m; cut by several streams.
Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry).Ensure that SSSI features are maintained in favourable condition by implementation of management plan. Ensure that RIGS are safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2002a, Explorer Map OL12 (1:25, 000). ALDRIDGE, R.J. et al. 2000, Geological Conservation Review Series 17 (JNCC).

Pentir-bach - Cefryr-allt
SW-NE ridge-like feature, dominated by Ordovician to Lower Silurian sandstone, etc, bedrock, to the SE of the Towy Valley, S of Llandovery. NW slopes steepest, rising to around 160-170 m. Includes a lobe-shaped extension to the SW which curves, hook-like, to the WNW due to bedrock folding (here rising to just under 200 m).
oleugoed Formation to NE [SILURIAN, LLANDOVERY, RHUDDANIAN, ETC?] with some Chwerfi Formation [ORDOVICIAN, ASHGILL, LATEST HIRNANTIAN - SILURIAN, LLANDOVERY], also Cribarth Formation [ORDOVICIAN, ASHGILL: RAWTHEYAN], Ciliau Formation [ORDOVICIAN, ASHGILL: HIRNANTIAN], Cwmcringlyn Formation [ORDOVICIAN, ASHGILL: HIRNANTIAN], Garth House Formation [ORDOVICIAN, ASHGILL:, latest HIRNANTIAN], etc, especially to SW..
Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry).Ensure that RIGS are safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping.
Ensure that RIGS are safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping.

Afon Ydw - Afon Gwydderig cwms (S)
Gently sloping glacial clay-dominated slopes (Quaternary, Pleistocene) on the NE side of the Llangadog vales and linked valleys floors to the NE and an gently sloping apron to the Pentir bach, etc, massif (Aspect Area 421) adjacent to the Towy floodplain. Includes some local areas of mudrock bedrock exposure (mainly Ordovician).

Abercrychan
Broad level area on the E side of the Afon Bran, NE of Llandovery. Low feature separates the AA form the active floodplain system to the W, suggesting a river terrace feature (Quaternary, ?Pleistocene-Holocene).
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series. BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2005b, Sheet 213, 1:50,000 Geological Series; BARCLAY, W.J. 2005, Sheet explanation of the British Geological Survey, 1:50,000 Sheet 213, NERC.

Llandovery
River terrace feature (Quaternary, Pleistocene) forming a broad platform between the Towy And the Bran rivers at their confluence, now largely occupied by urban Llandovery. A small knoll of Upper Ordovician sandstone is occupied by Llandovery Castle.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2002a, Explorer Map OL12 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series. ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999a, Explorer Map 187 (1:25, 000).

Fforest
Dominant upland massif between the Towy and Bran valleys N of Llandovery and composed of Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks. Comprises two sub-parallel SSW-NNE ridges which are linked to the SW to form a broad horse-shoe shape with a central NNE directed glacial drift filled valley. Western ridge steep sided with a relatively narrow top, and passes northwards to a more irreagular extension in the Cwynfaes area.

Allt Cefrgefail
S by W-N by E ridge-like feature on the W side of the Bran valley NE of Llandovery, rising to around 200 m and isolated form similar areas by glacial calys. Dominated by Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks with a steep face to the valley below.

Allt Mes
Relatively small knoll of Upper Ordovician slaty mudrock bedrock rising to around 200m on the W side of the Bran valley, N of the : Allt Cefrgefail ridge. Dominated by a large disused quarry.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series. ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999a, Explorer Map 187 (1:25, 000).BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2005b, Sheet 213, 1:50,000 Geological Series; BARCLAY, W.J. 2005, Sheet explanation of the British Geological Survey, 1:50,000 Sheet 213, NERC.
Additional Level 4 features include: Disused quarry;

Garth
Irregular group of hills forming a broad, level topped ridge feature between Cwm Mynys and the Towy valley, W of Llandovery (where slopes are steepest). Upper Ordovician slaty mudrock bedrock. Cut by several galcail drift filled cwms.

Plas bach
Bedrock knoll composed of Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks rising above the glacial clay blanket of the Maesygroes-Gwernogle area (Aspect Area 347).

Troed-y-rhiw
Upland area between the Mynys and Dulais valleys, significantly dissected by parallel WSW-ENE cwms to the NE given a virtually serrated outline. Dominated by Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks, levelling of at around 270-280 m and with an escarpment to the S.

Banc Bwlchdrebannau
WSW-ENE steep side and relatively narrow ridge of Lower Silurian conglomerates, dissected by two steep sided valleys. Natural rock crags typical especially within central section.
Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry). Prominent conglomerate ridge with surface exposure: RIGS assesment recommended.
Prominent conglomerate ridge with surface exposure: RIGS assessment recommended.
Additional Level 4 features include:Disused quarry; Natural crags and inland outcrops; Block slopes/ surface stone

Cilfara
Undulating area of Ordovician slaty mudrocks with glacial clay filled cwms (Quaternary, Pleistocene) of the N side of the Towy between the Dulais and Mynys valleys. Forms a platform-like feature rising to around 200m below the southern escarpment of the Troed-y-rhiw area (Aspect Area 429) to the N.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2002a, Explorer Map OL12 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series. ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999a, Explorer Map 187 (1:25, 000).

Pen Lifan
Upland block dominated by Lower Silurian slaty mudrocks rising to around 340-350 m with steep incised sides, especially to the E, and gently undulating surface. Surrounded by glacial clay-filled valleys.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Natural crags and inland outcrops;

Caeo Forest
Rounded knoll of Lower Silurian slaty mudrocks rising to around 300-320m above the glacial clay dominated valley of the upper Llanwrda Dulais (Aspect Area 446). Slopes steepest to S and E.

Nant Clowdd-mawr
Broad level river terrace area on the N side of the Towy floodplain between Pont Dulais and the Manordeilo area and separate from the floodplain by a low feature (Quaternary, ?Pleistocene). Also includes an area of hummocky glcail deposits to the NE.

Afon Dulais (Cwmdu Dulais)
Broadly southwards flowing river system with a broad floodplain area centrally (Maedy area) (Quaternary, Holocene) within wider galcail clay-dominated valley. Tributary of the Towy.
Additional Level 4 features include: Meander;

Cwmifor
Broad relatively gentle slopes at the base of the Pantyffynon massif, to the N of the Towy river system and E of the Dulais valley, near their confluence. Surface glacial clays (Quaternary, Pleistocene). with small areas of Upper Ordovician slaty mudrock outcrop.

Pantyffynon
WSW-ENE ridge, narrow to the NE but much broader to the SW, formed around outcrop of Upper Ordovician sandstones, with surrounding slaty mudrocks. Steepest slopes to the NW and rises to around 130-135 m.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003a, Explorer Map 186 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2002a, Explorer Map OL12 (1:25, 000).

Manordeilo
Undulating slopes of Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks on the NE side of the Pantyffynon massif, passing down to the Towy valley in the Manordeilo area (from around 80-90 m max).
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2002a, Explorer Map OL12 (1:25, 000). ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003a, Explorer Map 186 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series

Bryngwyn
Low domed massif of Upper Ordovician sandstones and slaty mudrocks, slightly elongated to the SW and cut by glacial clay filled cwms to the SW. Steepest slopes to the NE and rising to a broadly level top at around 240-265 m.

Bancylan
Platform-like feature at the base of the higher Bryngwyn massif, rising from around 100 m in the S to around 200 m in the N. Relatively steep sides to the Se and E, but levelling of to a gently undulating surface. Dominated by of Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks,
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003a, Explorer Map 186 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2002a, Explorer Map OL12 (1:25, 000).

Llansadwrn
Undulating area of Upper Ordovician slaty mudrock oucrop on the N side of the Towy valley, rising from around 160 m in the S to around 190 m in the N. Cut into by glacial clay filled valleys (Quaternary, Pleistocene). Forms part of platform like feature below the escarpment of Mynydd Llansadun to the N (Aspect Area 447).
ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999a, Explorer Map 187 (1:25, 000). ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003a, Explorer Map 186 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2002a, Explorer Map OL12 (1:25, 000).

Froodvale
Broad terrace-like ffeature on the W side of the Cothi valley and linked gently sloping floor of the Cwm Einon valley to the W. Dominated by glacial clays with minor glacial sand and gravel, head, fluvial alluvium, etc (Quaternary, Pleistocene-Holocene).

Cors Farlais
Broad depression at the head of the valley system of Afon Morlais (Aspect Area 461) and surrounded by bedrock massifs on 3 sides. Glacial clay fill with development of peat bog / rhos pasture (Quaternary, Pleistocene-Holocene).
ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999a, Explorer Map 187 (1:25, 000). ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003a, Explorer Map 186 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series.

Pen-y-banc
Platform-like feature of Upper Ordovician to Lower Silurian slaty mudrocks to the E side of the Banc Bwlchdrebannau ridge (Aspect Area 430) and sloping down to the glacial clay dominated basin of Afon Mynys - Nant Fran cwms area to the E (Aspect Area 347).

Afon Dulais (Llanwrda Dulais)
Section of relatively straight and narrow valley floodplain and river channel (Quaternary, Holocene) draining upland areas of eastern Carmarthenshire, flowing essentially to the S.

Llanwrda-Dulais cwms
Glacial clay (Quaternary, Pleistocene) filled valleys, cwms and depressions to the E and W of the upper (Llanwrda) Dulais area, rising to around 300m in the N.
Break of slope at edge of drift filled depression or valley systems and base of valley sides / escarpment above (and locally floodplain / river terrace below).

Mynydd Llansadun
Domed upland massif of Upper Ordovician slaty mudrock rising to around 345 m on the W side of the Llanwrda Dulais valley. Steepest sides to the E; to W is the wetland dominated depression of Cors Farlais.

Penlan
Continuation of the Mynydd Llansadun feature to the SW (Aspect Area 447) although separated by the wetland dominated depression of Cors Farlais. Cut by glacial clay filled cwms to the W and SW; rises to a broadly level top at around 270-300 m (Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks).
ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999a, Explorer Map 187 (1:25, 000). ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003a, Explorer Map 186 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series.

Llantynydd
Low spur-like feature of Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks between the Sannen and Felindre valleys, at the base of the escarpment of the Pen-y-garn area (Aspect Areas 464).

Dolaucothi Gold Mines
Prominent straight and steep-sided SW-NE ridge of Upper Ordovician to Lower Silurian slaty mudrocks forming a promontory on the western side of the Mynydd Mallaen massif (Aspect Area 400). Crest rises from around 200 m to the SW to 350 m to the NE and is relatively narrow but flattened. Cut by glacial clay filled cwms to the NW. Includes the historical and famous Dolaucothi gold mines.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999a, Explorer Map 187 (1:25, 000). ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003a, Explorer Map 186 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series. BEVINS, R.S. and MASON, J.S. 1997, CCW Contract Science Report 156.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry; Mine shaft/adit

Pen y Ddinas
Subtriangular area dominated by Upper Ordovician and Lower Silurian slaty mudrocks with major sandstone unit forming the north- westernmost part of a WSW-ENE ridge on the N side of the Cothi valley (and separated form the remainder by a narrow glacial clay filled valley. Rises to around 190m and with major quarry feature.

Banc Beili Tew
WSW-ENR broad ridge dominated by Upper Ordovician and Lower Silurian slaty mudrocks with a major sandstone unit on the N side of the Cothi valley. Rises up to nearly 280m, with a steep upper slope along the SW side and a more gentle apron-like slope below.

Llygas-yr-ych
Platform-like feature at around 200m, developed on Lower Silurian slaty mudrocks on the W side of the Cothi valley (with a low ridge extending to the NE) and below the escarpment of the Banc Pistyll-gwyn area to the N (Aspect Area 371).

Rhydcymeran
Broad area of interconnected glacial clay filled valleys and depressions form the Llansawel area to Rhydcymerau, Trawscoed and the Afon Morlais to the NE. Includes occasional low ares of Ordovician-Silurian bedrock, the largest at Llethr Bledng. Includes a low terrace-like feature at the confluence of the Afon Morlaos and Melinddwr valleys.
Break of slope at edge of drift filled depression or valley systems and base of valley sides / escarpment above (and locally floodplain / river terrace below).

Lan Ddu Cilwenau
Upland massif comprising Lower Silurian sandstones and slaty mudrocks. Cut by deep incised valleys to the W which separate it form similar upland massifs to the W and NW (including he Mynydd Rhos-wen - Banc Melen area, Aspect Area 165). Undulating surface rising to 300-320 m.

Edwinsford
Relatively small terrace-like feature on the W side of the Cothi valley and E of the Pen y Ddinas ridge. Includes both river terrace deposits and glacial clay (Quaternary, Pleistocene).
Break of slope at edge river terrace feature and base of bedrock slopes above.

Blaenresgair
Level to gently undulating platform and depression between the Lan Ddu Cilwenau (Aspect Area 455) and the Banc Beili Tew - Pen-y-Ddinas ridge (Aspect Areas 451, 452). Partly underlain by glacial clays (Quaternary, Pleistocene) with some Lower Silurian slaty mudrock bedrock.
Break of slope at edge of drift filled depression or valley systems and base of valley sides / escarpment above (and locally floodplain / river terrace below).

Fferm Typicca
Level to very gently sloping terrace feature at around 18-20m on the N side of the Towy and W of the Court Henry, Afon Dulas (Quaternary, Pleistocene?) . Separated form the active river floodplain by a low features. Includes a small raised area of Middle Ordovician bedrock at Fferm Typicca.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1977, Sheet 230 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; ARCHER, A.A. 1968, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain (England and Wales), (Sheets 229 pt, 230, 246), HMSO. STRAHAN, A. et al. 1907, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO. BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series.

Crugybar
Uneven and relatively gentle slopes on the E side of the Cothi valley in the Crygybar and below upland areas further E. Generally with a glacial clay (Quaternary, Pleistocene) blanket but occasional low areas of Upper Ordovician to Lower Silurian slaty mudrocks emerge

Afon Annell (1)
Broadly SW flowing valley system with relatively wide level to gently sloping floor dominated by glacial clays (Quaternary, Pleistocene). Includes some marginal cwms and originates in the glacial valley between the Dolaucothi Gold Mines and Mynydd Mallaen upland massif (Aspect areas 450 and 400). Includes a terrace-like level promomatry between the Cothi and Annell rivers at theis confluence.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999a, Explorer Map 187 (1:25, 000). ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003a, Explorer Map 186 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series

Felindre - Afon Morlais
Glacial clay (Quaternary, Pleistocene) filled valleys and broad depressions between the Cemdu Dulais and Morlais rivers, including a linked broad, WSW-ENE valley between the Pantyffynon-Manordeilo and Bancylan bedrock massifs (Aspect Areas 437/438 and 440). Passes northwards to the Cors Farlais area.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999a, Explorer Map 187 (1:25, 000). ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003a, Explorer Map 186 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2002a, Explorer Map OL12 (1:25, 000).

Mynydd Cynros
Upland massif, composed of Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks, rising up to around 310 m with a level surface. Steepest slopes to the NE above the Talley valley and with an escarpment-like feature to the S.

Moelfre
WSW-ENE platform-like feature of Upper Ordovician to Lower Silurian slaty mudrocks to the N of the Mynydd Cynros massif (Aspect Area 462) and on the S side by the Cothi valley at around 180 m. The latter cuts into the area forming steep incised slopes and a cwm. Includes the low knoll feature of Moelfre itself at its NE limit.

Pen-y-garn
Extensive upland area of Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks S of the Cothi valley, rising to around 300-320 m with a level to gently undulating upper surface. Cut by steep, incised valley sides to the W and NW and a deep cwm to the S. Short escarpment feature separates from lower areas to the south.

Graig-ddu
Steep valley sides and cwms cut into Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks on the W and NW sides of the Pen-y-garn massif (Aspect Area 464) as cut along the Cothi valley.

Ffinnant (2)
Lower, gentler slopes at the base of steep north-western slopes of the Pen-y-garn massif (Aspect Area 464). Glacial clay dominated (Quaternary, Pleistocene).

Llantynydd (cwm)
Steeply incised valley cut into Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks on the S side of the Pen-y-garn massif (Aspect Area 464), N and W of Llantynnydd.

Mynydd Figyr
Upland massif developed on Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks steep sides where cut by valleys to the NE and SW and a level to gently flexed upper surface.

Pant Glas
Area of undulating terrain on Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks between the Cothi and Afon Felindre, etc, valleys comprising several coalescing ridge-like hills with a NE-SW orientation. Rises up to around 180m and includes a small northern area with a level surface at around 230m, immediately beow the escarpment of the Pen-y-garn massif above (Aspect Area 464),

Cefn-hermin
Undulating lowland area underlain by Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks and forming a low promontory between the Nant Cellyn and Afon Dulas valleys. Rises form around 60 m in the S to around 100 m in the N.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003a, Explorer Map 186 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series. INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1977, Sheet 230 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; ARCHER, A.A. 1968, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain (England and Wales), (Sheets 229 pt, 230, 246), HMSO. STRAHAN, A. et al. 1907, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1977, Sheet 230 (Drift), 1:50,000 Geological Series; ARCHER, A.A. 1968, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain (England and Wales), (Sheets 229 pt, 230, 246), HMSO. STRAHAN, A. et al. 1907, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (England and Wales), HMSO.

Ffos-las
Small area of Upper Ordovician slaty mudrock bedrock forming a platform or terrace on the N side of the Cwmdu depression (Aspect Area 474, part) and at the base of the Mynydd Cynros (Aspect Area 462).
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2007, Sheet 211, 1:50,000 Geological Series; WILBY, P.R. 2008, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 211, NERC. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003a, Explorer Map 186 (1:25, 000).

Taliaris Park
WSW-ENE ridge formed of Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks with a major, thick conglomerate unit and rising to around 290m. Steep sided to the NW and SE and with a slightly levelled top. Cut by a conspicuous curved valley to the SW.
Lake / reservoir (artificial). Slope. Hill top
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry; Natural crags and inland outcrops;

Salem
Extensive area of undulating lowland terrain developed over Upper Ordovician slaty mudrock bedrock developed between the Court Henry Dulas and the Dulais valleys, N of Llandeilo. Rises to around 180 m, falling to the SW and with low mounds of bedrock rising above local areas of glacial clays (Quaternary, Pleistocene). Includes a platform in the Taliaris area formed of Upper Ordovician sandstone dominated rocks with a steep SE face cut by several short cwms.

Cwmdu
Level to gently sloping glacial clay (Quaternary, Pleistocene) filled valleys and low areas, including of the Nant Franc, Nant Gwen and Afon Myddyn as far SW as the Hafod area.

Disgwylfa
Relatively short and low WSW-ENE ridge of Upper Ordovician slaty mudrock bedrock rising above the glacial clay dominated of the Cwmdu area (Aspect Area 474). Steeper sided to the S along a stream valley.

Rhosmaen
Broad undulating and gently sloping area on the W side of the Dulais valley, below an escarpment of the Salem massif (Aspect Area 473) to the W. Cut by streams and includes a narrow terrace-like area below the Taliaris area. Bedrock dominated by Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks but glacial clay cover (Quaternary, Pleistocene) probably extensive. Includes the low, level Gurreg Bank area NW of Llandeilo.

Llwyn-march
SW-NE sub-upland, narrow ridge rising to a narrow platform at around 240-250m on the E side of the upper part of the Court Henry, Afon Dulas. Dominated by Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks.

Afon Dulas (Court Henry Dulas)
Glacial clay (Quaternary, Pleistocene) dominated fill of relatively broad, straight, parallel sided and level to gently sloping floor of the SSW flowing Dulas valley, NE of Court Henry (between Cwmgwaunhendy and Abersannan). Head of the valley is at around 180m ands relatively blunt. Tributary valley of the Towy.
River channel (natural). Flood plain. River terrace. Slope
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Marsh/bog/fen;

Afon Felindre - Llanfynydd
Glacial clay fill (Quaternary, Pleistocene) to bifurcating valley system in the Llanfynydd area (Sannan and Afon Felindre valleys) and linked areas NE to Sawdowen and the SW-NE Nant Cwmwrddu valley. Valleys floors generally level to gently sloping.

Penyllwynau
Undulating lowland massif on the N side of the Towy e of Carmarthen. Dominated by Middle Ordovician mudrocks, rising to around 120-150m. Steep sided to the S and broadly elongated E-W.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2007, Sheet 211, 1:50,000 Geological Series; WILBY, P.R. 2008, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 211, NERC. BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series.

Upton Hall
Terrace-like feature dominated by glacial clays (Quaternary, Pleistocene) on the E side of the Cothi valley, developed form the Upton Hall area northwards. Surface level to very gently sloping.

Nant Cellyn
Broad areas of glacial clay (Quaternary, Pleistocene) fill to the Cellyn valley and linked cwm. Includes a platform like feature on the E side of the Cothi valley where the latter river is defelcetd to the SW to the Pont-an-gothi area. Possibly represents blocked former river course leading to diversion.

Waun-garanod
Undulating lowland area with dissecting streams developed over Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks. Forms a promontory between the Cothi and Cloidacxh valleys at around 160-170 m with a short escarpment below the Banc-y-Darren area to the N (Aspect Area 485).

Cothi cwms (S)
Steep, incised valley sides on the W of the Cothi where it cuts into the bedrock massif of the Waun-garanod and Waun-garanod areas (Aspect Areas 484, 485). Dominated by Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks.

Banc-y-Darren
Upland block rising to around 250-290m, developed on Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks between the Cothi and Cloidach valleys. Cut by steep gorge-like valley sides to the E (Cothi valley) and with a short escarpment to the S.

Allt-y-gelau
Narrow promontory of Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks between the Cloidach and Afon Llammarch valleys and below a short section of the S facing escarpment of the Rhydargaeau - Peniel area (Aspect Area 171).

Felingwmucaf cwm
S flowing bifurcating valley system with level to gently sloping floor with glacial clay fill (Quaternary, Pleistocene) and side cwms.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003a, Explorer Map 186 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series. BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2007, Sheet 211, 1:50,000 Geological Series; WILBY, P.R. 2008, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 211, NERC.

Esgernoliw
Undulating N-S platform of Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks rising to around 200m and seaparting the Cloidach-Llammarch and Annell valleys. Steep sides locally associated with cwms on either side.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2007, Sheet 211, 1:50,000 Geological Series; WILBY, P.R. 2008, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 211, NERC. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003a, Explorer Map 186 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series.

Bryn hawddgar
Domed massif of Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks with E, S and W sides incised by river valleys including the Afon Annell. Rises to around 225m.

Afon Annell (2)
Level to gently sloping glacial clay (Quaternary, Pleistocene) fill of the relatively broad Afon Annell valley, which drains the Rhydargaeau - Peniel upland (Aspect Area 171). Flow is initially to the S and then divertedto the WSW, joining the Towy valley at White Mill.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2003a, Explorer Map 186 (1:25, 000). BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2008, Sheet 212, 1:50,000 Geological Series. ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a., Explorer Map 177 (1:25, 000).

Darren-fawr
Relatively small area of glacial clay apron on the W side of the Cothi valley below the steep slopes of the gorge-like incised valley (Aspect Area 484).

Nant Hirgwm cwm
Steeply incised sides of a broadly WSW directed glacial valley with a blunt NE termination. Dominated by Upper Ordovician slaty mudrocks.
Rural area with no significant development. Assess RIGS potential of glacial U-shaped valley.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2005, Sheet 196, 1:50 000 Geological Series; SCHOFIELD, D.I. 2004, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 196, NERC. ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999a, Explorer Map 187 (1:25, 000).

Ystradffin
Very steep and high valley sides (200m in places) rising above the Nant y fflin valley to the N (Aspect Area 353) and curving aroundinto the upper Towy valley below Pen y Darren. Rocky outcrops characteristic. Dominated by Upper Ordovician to Lower Silurian slaty mudrocks.

Esgair Berfedd cwms
Steep sides to a SW orientated valley system draining the Cambrian mountains of the Carmarthenshire-Powys borders.
Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or forestry). Assess RIGS potential of glacial valley systems.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2005, Sheet 196, 1:50 000 Geological Series; SCHOFIELD, D.I. 2004, Sheet explanation, 1:50,000 Sheet 196, NERC. ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999a, Explorer Map 187 (1:25, 000).
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Natural crags and inland outcrops; Mine shaft/adit;

Upper Towy
Level floodplain and probable low terrace deposits (?Pleistocene-Holocene) of the upper part of the Towy valley in Carmarthenshire (including adjacent to the Powys border). Includes tributary valley of the Gwenffrwd. Upland style with steep incised valley sides above. Valley blocked downstream by glacial deposits of Dugoedydd area (Aspect Area 398).
Break of slope at edge of floodplain / low terrace system.

Upper Ebbw valley
Steep-sided U shaped valley in Westphalian (Upper Carboniferous) South Wales Pennant Formation (Upper Pennant Measures) sandstones, with no dominant physical features... Boulder clay in valley floor, alluvium in flood plain & river terrace... Disused sandstone quarries, closed colliery shafts & waste tips...
Upland plateau. Active upland river or stream channel system. Ancient upland river / stream systems
Glacial U-shaped valley. River channel / canal (artificial). River channel (natural). Flood plain. Urban / industrial development
Upper parts of glacial valley in good condition; river system altered by urban and industrial development and therefore in poor condition... No continued deterioration noted.
Upper parts of glacial valley in good condition; river system altered by urban and industrial development and therefore in poor condition... Maintain natural systems and ensure that RIGS are safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping and that other features of particular geological or geomorphological significance in the area are not lost/ further damaged due to development, etc.
Boundaries correspond to watershed of glacial valley in Pennant sandstones...
Upper part of glacial valley in widespread Pennant sandstone geology... River system altered by urban and industrial development. Three RIGS sites for Carboniferous stratigraphy.
1:25 000 Explorer Map 152 Newport and Pontypool; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 249 Newport, SwD, 1975; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency... Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); Squirrell, H...C... and Downing, R...A..., 1969... Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part I, the country around Newpor
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry; Natural crags and inland outcrops...

Nant Gwyddon
Steep-sided symmetrical V-shaped valley dissected in upland plateau of N- and W-dipping, South Wales Pennant Formation sandstones (Upper Carboniferous). Upper Pennant sandstones form valley sides, & lower Pennant siltstones the valley floor.
Upland plateau. Active upland river or stream channel system
Neutral - Upland area with no significant development.
Conserve as existing - Upland area with no significant development. Forestry operations have potential to create useful geological exposures which may have some educational potential.
Boundary corresponds to watershed of tributary valley in Pennant sandstones.
V-shaped valley in widespread Pennant sandstone succession.
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 249 Newport, SwD, 1975; 1:25 000 Explorer Map 152 Newport and Pontypool; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); Squirrell, H.C. and Downing, R.A., 1969. Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part I, the country around Newport, (Mon.). M

Upper Sirhowy valley
Steep-sided U-shaped valley, where gently S-dipping Pennant sandstones (Upper Carboniferous) form vallley sides & siltstones the valley floor. Valley widens N outside RCTCB. Disused sandstone quarries, closed colliery shafts, adits & waste tips. Boulder clay along lower valley sides, head, glacial sand & gravel in valley floor, overlain by alluvium.
Upland plateau. Active upland river or stream channel system. Ancient upland river / stream systems
Glacial U-shaped valley. Landslip (ancient). Coal / mineral spoil tips. River channel / canal (artificial). River channel (natural). Flood plain. Hill top. Urban / industrial development
Neutral - Limited development although river course appears to be locally modified artificially.
Conserve as existing - Limited development although river course appears to be locally modified artificially. Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost due to future development/modification of river system.
Watershed of glacial valley in Pennant sandstones and UA boundary form AA boundaries.
Widespread Pennant sandstone succession in upper part of valley with some disused quarries.
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 232 Abergavenny, S&D, 1990; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); Barclay, W.J., 1989. Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part II, the country around Abergavenny. Memoir of British Geological Survey, Sheet 232, HMSO, 3rd edition, 1

Lower Sirhowy valley
Steep-sided U-shaped valley, with with N-, S- and W-dipping Pennant sandstones (Upper Carboniferous) forming valley sides. Valley swings from N-S to E-W above junction with Ebbw. Boulder clay, glacial sands/gravel & alluvium in valley floor, also an alluvial fan. Disused sandstone quarries, closed colliery shafts & waste tips.
Active upland river or stream channel system. Ancient upland river / stream systems. Mass movement. Mineral workings
Alluvial fan (active). Glacial U-shaped valley. Landslip (ancient). Coal / mineral spoil tips. Lake / reservoir (artificial). River channel / canal (artificial). River channel (natural). Flood plain. Urban / industrial development
Neutral - Widespread Pennant sandstone succession in glacial valley with river system in places affected by urban/industrial development.
Conserve as exisiting - ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost due to future development.
AA corresponds to the Pennant sandstone geology of the lowerpart of the Sirhowy glacial valley.
Widespread Pennant sandstone succession in glacial valley with river system in places affected by urban/industrial development - some quarries present.
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 249 Newport, SwD, 1975; 1:25 000 Explorer Map 152 Newport and Pontypool; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Squirrell, H.C. and Downing, R.A., 1969. Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part I, the country around Newport, (Mon.). M

Lower Ebbw valley
Broad steep-sided U-shaped river valley cut through regional ridge forming SE margin of Coalfield, in W-dipping Dinantian limestones (Lower Carboniferous), up to mudstone dominated Coal Measures Group (Upper Carboniferous). Closed colliery shaft, & disused limestone quarries in slopes of both sides of valley. Valley floor with alluvium in flood plain & terrace.
Glacial U-shaped valley. River channel / canal (artificial). River channel (natural). Flood plain. Slope. Urban / industrial development
River valley altered by industrial/urban development - SSSI protected by national legislation.
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost due to development and that SSSI is maintained in favourable condition by implementation of management plan.
Boundaries correspond to the watershed of the glacial valley in Lower Carboniferous to lower Coal Measures Group geology.
Dan-y-Graig SSSI is a nationally important site for Lower Carboniferous stratigraphy.
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 249 Newport, SwD, 1975; 1:25 000 Explorer Map 152 Newport and Pontypool; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); Squirrell, H.C. and Downing, R.A., 1969. Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part I, the country around Newport, (Mon.). M

Risca - Ruperra
ENE-WSW sandstone ridge with scarp slope facing SSE across irregularly dissected plain of 'Old Red Sandstone' (Devonian) marls with morainic cover... Ridge & plain dissected by open, meandering valleys of Ebbw & Rhymney... Boulder clay forms hummocky mounds associated with an end-moraine...
Lowland escarpment. Lowland dip slope. Lowland till plain / field. Active upland river or stream channel system
Ridge. Moraine. River channel / canal (artificial). Flood plain. Slope. Hill top. Scarp slope. Drumlin / Drumlin field. Urban / industrial development
Some urban development but mainly open countryside...
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost due to development, including in active or disused quarries...
AA boundaries correspond to the Old Red sandstone ridge and plain...
Ridge and dissected plain in widespread Old Red Sandstone geology, plain covered by hummocky moraine - quarries present. RIGS site present including for landscape features.
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 249 Newport, SwD, 1975; 1:25 000 Explorer Map 166 Rhondda and Merthyr Tydfil; 1:25 000 Explorer Map 152 Newport and Pontypool; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency... Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Squirrell, H...C... and Downing, R...A..., 1969... Geology of the So

Uppermost Rhymney valley
Broad, moderately steep-sided valley controlled by S-dipping mud-dominated Coal Measures (Upper Carboniferous), opening northwards into gentle S-facing dip slope formed by Namurian Basal Grit conglomerates (Upper Carboniferous)... Extensive boulder clay cover with loose gritstone blocks (clitter)... Numerous colliery waste tips & partially reclaimed opencast workings... Lower House stream section (Blean Rhymney) SSSI...
upland karst. Mineral workings. Other. Active upland river or stream channel system. Ancient upland river / stream systems
Dip slope. Coal / mineral spoil tips. Reclaimed land. Lake / reservoir (artificial). River channel / canal (artificial). Flood plain. Urban / industrial development
Partly open countryside but with significant urban/industrial development in valley...
Partly open countryside but with significant urban/industrial development in valley - ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost due to future development and maintain SSSI in favourable condition by implementing management plan...
AA corresponds to upper glacial valley in Namurian Grit dip slope and Productive Coal Fm mudstones...
Partly open countryside but with significant urban/industrial development in valley - includes nationally important Lower House stream section (Blaen Rhymney) SSSI (Namurian (Upper Carboniferous) stratigraphy)...
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 232 Abergavenny, S&D, 1990; 1:25 000 Explorer Map OL12 Brecon Beacons National Park, Western and Central Regions ; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency... Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Barclay, W...J..., 1989... Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part II, the co

Upper Rhymney and Bargoed Rhymney valley
Steep-sided valleys trending NW-SE cut into South Wales Pennant Formation sandstones (Upper Carboniferous), separated by ridge representing remnant of high-level plateau... Valley floor contains alluvium & glacial sand/gravel; boulder clay in the form of hummocky moraine, and head on higher ground... Numerous derelict mine workings, shafts & adits...
Upland plateau. Active upland river or stream channel system. Ancient upland river / stream systems. Mass movement. Mineral workings
Ridge. Moraine. Landslip (ancient). Coal / mineral spoil tips. Lake / reservoir (artificial). River channel / canal (artificial). River channel (natural). Flood plain. Slope. Hill top. Urban / industrial development
Some urban/industrial development and local modification of river system - also open countryside...
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost due to future development. Proposed new opencast coal mine at Nant Llegg north of Fochriw mzay provide opportunities for scientific study and conservation.
AA corresponds to the Pennant sandstone outcrop of upper part of glacial valleys...
Upper valleys dissected in widespread outcrop of Pennant sandstones - some quarries present...
:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 249 Newport, SwD, 1975; 1:25 000 Explorer Map 166 Rhondda and Merthyr Tydfil; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency... Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Squirrell, H...C... and Downing, R...A..., 1969... Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part I, the country around
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry; Natural crags and inland outcrops...

Gelligaer - Blackwood
E-W 'corridor' in upland plateau across NW-SE trending Rhymney & Sirhowy valleys, produced by erosion of mud-dominated upper Pennant sandstones (Upper Carboniferous) above Mynyddislwyn coal. Low angle dips produce N & S-facing dip slopes, cut by NW-SE Gelligaer, Llanfabon & Pandaron faults. Extensive mine workings in the Mynyddislwyn & Rider seams. Boulder clay cover extensive.
Active upland river or stream channel system. Ancient upland river / stream systems. Glacial mountain valley. Mineral workings
Dip slope. Coal / mineral spoil tips. Lake / reservoir (artificial). River channel / canal (artificial). River channel (natural). Flood plain. Urban / industrial development
Includes significant industrial/urban development which has modified much of the river valleys.
Includes significant industrial/urban development which has modified much of the river valleys - ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost due to future development.
AA corresponds to synform exposing softer, mudstone dominated succession in Pennant sucession of upland plateau, above Mynyddislwyn coal seam.
Regional E-W synform in widespread outcrop of upper Pennant mudstone/siltstone succession.
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 249 Newport, SwD, 1975; 1:25 000 Explorer Map 166 Rhondda and Merthyr Tydfil; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Squirrell, H.C. and Downing, R.A., 1969. Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part I, the country around Newport, (Mo

Middle Rhymney valley
Steep-sided U shaped valley cut into dissected high-level plateau of S- and N-dipping South Wales Pennant Formation (Upper Carboniferous) sandstones in regional E-W antiform... N-S trending valley swings E-W in southern part, N of the Caerphilly basin (area CynonGL012)... E end of high-level fault valley, Nelson-Ystrad Mynach, filled with glacial sands & gravels... & boulder clay (area CynonGL051)...
Upland plateau. Active upland river or stream channel system. Ancient upland river / stream systems. Mineral workings
Glacial U-shaped valley. River channel / canal (artificial). River channel (natural). Flood plain. Urban / industrial development
Urban/industrial development has led to some modification of river system but generally landscape has not been significantly altered...
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost due to future development and that SSSI features are maintained in favourable condition by implementation of management plans and ensure that RIGS are safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping.
AA corresponds to glacial valley cutting Pennant sandstone antiform...
Significant urban/industrial development has led to some modification of river system - includes Llanbradach Quarry SSSI, nationally important for Upper Carboniferous palaeobotany...Also two RIGS site for Quaternary land froms and industrial features.
:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 249 Newport, SwD, 1975; 1:25 000 Explorer Map 166 Rhondda and Merthyr Tydfil; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency... Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Squirrell, H...C... and Downing, R...A..., 1969... Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part I, the country around

Nant yr Aber valley
Relatively short NW-SE tributary to the Rhymney Valley, which has bends in the northern part, but is steep-sided, U-shaped & straight where fault-controlled further S. Valley dissected through Pennant sandstones (Upper Carboniferous), extensively filled with drift. Very thick boulder clay on W side & at head of valley; glacial sand/gravel in lower valley, with eskers at Abertridwr; & younger alluvium & alluvial fan at Abertridwr.
Active upland river or stream channel system. Ancient upland river / stream systems. Mineral workings. Other
Glacial U-shaped valley. Urban / industrial development
Urban/industrial development in valley with more open countryside above.
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost due to development.
AA corresponds to glacial tributary valley in Pennant sandstone succession.
Fault controlled glacial valley in outcrop of widespread Pennant sandstones.
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 249 Newport, SwD, 1975; 1:25 000 Explorer Map 166 Rhondda and Merthyr Tydfil; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Squirrell, H.C. and Downing, R.A., 1969. Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part I, the country around Newport, (Mo

Caerphilly Basin
E-W valley filled with glacial sediments, occupying core of regional Caerphilly Synform, cut by NW-SE Caerphilly/Energlyn fault system. Rolling, uneven upland formed by glacial cover & areas of hummocky moraine.
Active upland river or stream channel system. Ancient upland river / stream systems. Upland glacial outwash plain / field. Mineral workings. Other
Upland glacial outwash plain in regional fold valley - largely concealed by urban and industrial development.
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost due to future development.
AA corresponds to synformal valley in mudstone dominated Coal Measures, with thick fill of glacial deposits.
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 249 Newport, SwD, 1975; 1:25 000 Explorer Map 166 Rhondda and Merthyr Tydfil; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Squirrell, H.C. and Downing, R.A., 1969. Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part I, the country around Newport, (Mo

L Taff L Rhymney Ridgeway
Satellite Imagery Interpretation. Phase 1 Habitat Survey & Seasonal Change Maps. Policies, plans & information resources
E-W ridge formed by moderately to steeply N-dipping Carboniferous Limestone (Lower Carboniferous)... Bounded by scarp & dip slopes with Upper Carboniferous to N and Dinantian Lower Limestone Shale Group calcareous mudstones to S... Old Red Sandstone (Devonian) in E-W antiform core in E Rhymney valley floor & side, beneath alluvium... Prominent NW-SE Caerphilly fault zone, with boulder clay & glacial sand/gravel locally developed along fault zone & N-dipping slopes...
Active upland river or stream channel system. Ancient upland river / stream systems. Other
Scarp slope. Dip slope. Ridge. Coal / mineral spoil tips
Dominantly rural area with limited significant development although forestry may be an issue locally for geological and geomorphological features.
Maintain natural systems and ensure that RIGS are safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping and that other features of particular geological or geomorphological significance in the area are not lost/damaged due to development, forestry, etc.
AA corresponds to steep-sided limestone ridge feature...
Limestone ridge is significant geomorphological feature, old quarry sections have some scientific/educational potential and high concerntration of RIGS sites (x5).
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 249 Newport, SwD, 1975; 1:25 000 Explorer Map 166 Rhondda and Merthyr Tydfil; 1:25 000 Explorer Map 152 Newport and Pontypool; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency... Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Squirrell, H...C... and Downing, R...A..., 1969... Geology of the So

Lower Rhymney valley
OS Data, Aerial Photographs. Satellite Imagery Interpretation. Phase 1 Habitat Survey & Seasonal Change Maps. Policies, plans & information resources
E-W valley & ridge features in N-dippping, mudstone and sandstone dominated Coal Measures Group (Upper Carboniferous), forming S boundary to the Caerphilly basin, with numerous derelict coal mine sites... NW-SE Caerphilly fault zone controls high-level valley filled with glacial sand/gravel in hummocky morainic mounds
Active upland river or stream channel system. Ancient upland river / stream systems. Mass movement. Mineral workings. Other
Scarp slope. Dip slope. Ridge. Moraine. Landslip (ancient). Coal / mineral spoil tips. River channel (natural). Flood plain. Urban / industrial development
Scattered development in dominantly rural area... Some forestry may potentially be an issue locally for geological and geomorphological features.
Maintain natural system and maintain SSSI in favourable condition by implementation of management plans and ensure that RIGS are safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping and that other features of particular geological or geomorphological significance in the area are not lost/damaged due to development, including forestry.
AA corresponds to tract of dip and scarp topography in Coal Measures of lower Rhymney valley...
Scattered development in dominantly rural area, includes Wern Ddu SSSI (Lower Rhymney Valley), nationally important for Westphalian (Upper Carboniferous) stratigraphy...Also includes RIGS site for Carboniferous stratigraphy.
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 249 Newport, SwD, 1975; 1:25 000 Explorer Map 166 Rhondda and Merthyr Tydfil; 1:25 000 Explorer Map 152 Newport and Pontypool; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency... Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Squirrell, H...C... and Downing, R...A..., 1969... Geology of the So

Taff valley
OS Data, Aerial Photographs. Satellite Imagery Interpretation. Policies, plans & information resources
N-S valley, glacially eroded into high-level plateau in N- and S- dipping Pennant sandstones (Upper Carboniferous) & controlled by NNW-SSE Daren Ddu Fault S of Pontypridd, Hanging tributary Nant Caer Dudwig & Nant Llan valleys... Boulder clay in hollows in high ground & beneath sand/gravel in valley floor... Alluvium extensive in terraces... Major colliery tips, some restored & several closed mine shafts... Large working Glyn Coch Pennant sandstone quarry...
Upland plateau. Active upland river or stream channel system. Ancient upland river / stream systems. Mass movement. Mineral workings. Other
Glacial U-shaped valley. Glacial hanging valley. Coal / mineral spoil tips. River channel / canal (artificial). River channel (natural). Flood plain. River terrace. Hill top. Dip slope. Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit. Urban / industrial development
Scattered development in upland rural areas and dominant in Taff valley where river system is affected..
Maintain natural systems and ensure that RIGS are safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping and that other features of particular geological or geomorphological significance in the area are not lost/damaged due to development, forestry, etc.
AA corresponds to the lower part of a glacial valley in Pennant sandstones...
Part of extensive, dissected Pennant sandstone plateau of lower Taff valley - working quarry unassessed, but may be of at least regional geological significance...Concentration of RIGS sites (x5).
:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 248 Pontypridd, S&D, 1975
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 249 Newport, SwD, 1975; 1:25 000 Explorer Map 166 Rhondda and Merthyr Tydfil; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency... Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977Squirrell, H...C... and Downing, R...A..., 1969... Geology

Nant Clydach
Tributary hanging valley to the Taff, dissected into gently NE-dipping Pennant sandstones (Upper Carboniferous) & partly controlled by NW-SE fault. Interbedded siltstones form terraced hillsides to NE of valley. Valley with boulder clay in higher part & in hanging tributaries, with Old Red Sandstone (Devonian) erratics, & glacial sand/gravel in lower reaches overlain by river alluvium. Major landslip at Cyrnau, with distinctive release scar.
Active upland river or stream channel system. Ancient upland river / stream systems. Mass movement. Other
Scarp slope. Dip slope. Stepped topography. Landslip (ancient). Glacial hanging valley. Coal / mineral spoil tips. Lake / reservoir (artificial). River channel (natural). Waterfall / rapids. Flood plain. Urban / industrial development
Neutral - Upland area including forestry with development concentrated in main valley.
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost due to development.
AA boundaries are the watershed to the glacial tributary valley in Pennant sandstones.
Geomorphologically important fault controlled glacial hanging valley in Pennant sandstone succession.
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 248 Pontypridd, S&D, 1975; 1:25 000 Explorer Map 166 Rhondda and Merthyr Tydfil; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Woodland, A.W. and Evans, W.B., 1964. Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part IV, the country around Pontypridd a

Lower Cynon valley - E
Straight, NW-SE U-shaped valley floor & adjacent NE steep valley side, deeply cut into NE and S-dipping Pennant sandstones (Upper Carboniferous) of high-level plateau. Valley narrows to SE & is mainly filled with glacial sand/gravel, with an alluvial fan at Cwm Pennar. River terrace & alluvium extending along tributary valley floors. Patchily developed boulder clay on valley slope & in high valleys. Landslips, colliery tips, disused quarries & old mine workings.
Upland plateau. Active upland river or stream channel system. Ancient upland river / stream systems. Mineral workings
River terrace. Alluvial fan (active). Glacial U-shaped valley. Landslip (ancient). Coal / mineral spoil tips. River channel / canal (artificial). River channel (natural). Flood plain. Urban / industrial development
Natural valley side and top with upland style with river floodplain and channel showing some development/intervention below.
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost due to future development.
AA corresponds to east side of lower Cynon valley in Pennant sandstones and river floodplain/channel.
Lower part of valley in widespread Pennant sandstone succession, including river floodplain and channel showing some development/intervention.
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 248 Pontypridd, S&D, 1975; 1:25 000 Explorer Map 166 Rhondda and Merthyr Tydfil; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Woodland, A.W. and Evans, W.B., 1964. Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part IV, the country around Pontypridd a

Aman valley
SW slopes of Lower Cynon valley cut into Pennant sandstones (Upper Carboniferous) of high-level plateau, together with E trending tributary Aman valley, cut into Coal Measures mudstones (Upper Carboniferous) & controlled by NW-SE trending Llanwonno & Ty Nant faults. Aman valley filled with boulder clay below line of prominent cirque cliffs. Major landslips at Pant Waun & in upper Aman valley. Disused sandstone quarry, colliery tips and mine shafts present.
Upland valley slope. Active upland river or stream channel system. Ancient upland river / stream systems. Mountain glacial-erosion terrain. Mass movement. Other
Cwm/corrie. Landslip (ancient). Coal / mineral spoil tips. Slope. Hill top. Urban / industrial development
Dominantly upland character with urban/industrial development mainly on lower slopes.
Dominantly upland character with urban/industrial development mainly on lower slopes - ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost due to future development including through RIGS designation.
AA corresponds to the SW slopes of the lower Cynon valley in Coal Measures Group geology
Geomorphological importance: Glacial cirques in Pennant sandstone.
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 248 Pontypridd, S&D, 1975; 1:25 000 Explorer Map 166 Rhondda and Merthyr Tydfil; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Woodland, A.W. and Evans, W.B., 1964. Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part IV, the country around Pontypridd a

Upper Cynon valley- E
E side of upper Cynon valley, controlled by the Werfa fault, with steep upper parts cut into gently S-dipping Pennant sandstones (Upper Carboniferous). Valley floor underlain by mudstones of the Namurian, Lower & Middle Coal Measures (Upper Carboniferous). Valley floor opens northwards onto the S dip slope of Namurian Basal Grit conglomerates, with prominent swallow holes. Extensive boulder clay cover. Disused sandstone quarries, colliery tips & shafts.
Upland plateau. Active upland river or stream channel system. Ancient upland river / stream systems. Mass movement. upland karst. Mineral workings. Other
Alluvial fan (active). Glacial U-shaped valley. Landslip (ancient). River channel / canal (artificial). River channel (natural). Flood plain. Doline. Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit. Coal / mineral spoil tips. Urban / industrial development
Upper slopes with limited development, urban/industrial development on floor of river valley, northern part of AA includes Namurian, Basal Grit outcrop with important karstic features including prominent swallow holes.
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost due to development, etc., in particular karstic features which may of be regional importance (i.e. potential RIGS sites).
AA corresponds to Namurian, Basal Grit and mudstone dominated Coal Measures of the eastern side of upper part of the glacial valley.
Northern part of AA includes Namurian, Basal Grit outcrop with important karstic features including prominent swallow holes which may be of RIGS importance.
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 231 Merthyr, S&D, 1979; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 248 Pontypridd, S&D, 1975; 1:25 000 Explorer Map OL12 Brecon Beacons National Park, Western and Central Regions ; 1:25 000 Explorer Map 166 Rhondda and Merthyr Tydfil; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quater

Upper Cynon valley - W
U-shaped valley with steep slopes in gently S-dipping Pennant sandstones (Upper Carboniferous), containing well-preserved glacial cirques in Cwm Dare & Craig y Bwlch... Lower slopes underlain by Productive Coal Fm mudstones covered by extensive boulder clay and patches of peat, infilling glacial lake at Hirwaun Ponds... Alluvial fan developed at mouth of Cwm Dare... Dip slope in Namurian (Upper Carboniferous) with swallow holes & clitter... Major NNW faults at low angle to valley trend... Part
Upland valley slope. Active upland river or stream channel system. Ancient upland river / stream systems. upland karst. Mineral workings. Engineered features and reclaimed / infilled land
Alluvial fan (active). Cwm/corrie. Glacial U-shaped valley. Landslip (ancient). Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit. Lake / reservoir (artificial). Slope. Hill top. Scarp slope. Alluvial fan (ancient). Doline. Coal / mineral spoil tips. Urban / industrial development
Neutral - Dominantly upland area with limited development...
Dominantly upland area with limited development - Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development and protect RIGS sites using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping...
AA corresponds to W slopes of upper part of glacial valley developed primarily in Westphalian geology...
Landscape with important glacial features of at least regional importance (including RIGS site), including cirques in Pennant sandstones (Cwm Dare & Craig y Bwlch) and glacial lake at Hirwaun..
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 231 Merthyr, S&D, 1979; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 248 Pontypridd, S&D, 1975; 1:25 000 Explorer Map OL12 Brecon Beacons National Park, Western and Central Regions ; 1:25 000 Explorer Map 166 Rhondda and Merthyr Tydfil; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency... Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quat

Penderyn
Dip slope of S- and N-dipping Dinantian limestones (Lower Carboniferous), with swallow holes, to S of Neath fault zone... Minor strike valley filled by boulder clay on Lower Limestone Shale Group forms part of Cwm Cadlan, with underground drainage... Limestone dip steepens westwards to zone of folding fault zone at Moel Penderyn & Neath-Mellte SSSI... Large working limestone Penderyn Quarry & many disused limestone quarries...
Upland valley slope. Upland plateau. upland karst. Mineral workings
Doline. Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit
Upland area with limestone stratigraphy well exposed in working quarry: dominantly rural area with limited significant development.
Maintain natural system and maintain SSSI in favourable condition by implementation of management plans and ensure that RIGS are safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping and that other features of particular geological or geomorphological significance in the area are not lost/damaged due to development, etc.
AA corresponds to outcrop of Carboniferous limestone and Lower Limestone Shale south of a major fault zone...
Includes important exposure of Lower Carboniferous limestone in working quarry and karstic features, also Dyffrynoedd Nedd a Mellte, a Moel Penderyn SSSI and RIGS for Carboniferous stratigraphy.
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 231 Merthyr, S&D, 1979; 1:25 000 Explorer Map OL12 Brecon Beacons National Park, Western and Central Regions; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency... Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Barclay, W...J..., Taylor, K... and Thomas, L...P... 1988... Geology of the South Wal

Cefn Sychbant
Upland area in Old Red Sandstone (Devonian) S dip slope, passing eastwards into western side of Taff valley. Bounded to NW by Neath fault zone. Extensive boulder clay cover with patches of peat.
Upland valley slope. Active upland river or stream channel system. Ancient upland river / stream systems. Glacial mountain valley
Dip slope. Glacial U-shaped valley. Slope. Hill top
Conserve as existing - Upland with no development - Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are damaged by forestry operations.
AA corresponds to Old Red Sandstone ridge feature.
Upland underlain by very widespread Old Red Sandstone geology.
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 231 Merthyr, S&D, 1979; 1:25 000 Explorer Map OL12 Brecon Beacons National Park, Western and Central Regions ; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Barclay, W.J., Taylor, K. and Thomas, L.P. 1988. Geology of the South Wales coalfield.

Neath Fault Zone
Upland eastern part of ENE trending Neath fault zone, with complex fold & fault pattern developed in Old Red Sandstone (Devonian), Dinantian, Namurian & lower Coal Measures (all Carboniferous)... N & S dip slopes bound ridge features... Widespread boulder clay and peat cover... Numerous swallow holes & extensive areas of loose sandstone/conglomerate blocks overlying Namurian basal Grit outcrop... Area from upper Taff valley in ENE, across upper Cynon, to Neath valley in SW...
Upland plateau. Active upland river or stream channel system. Ancient upland river / stream systems. Glacial mountain valley
River terrace. Scarp slope. Dip slope. Glacial U-shaped valley. Doline. Lake / reservoir (artificial). River channel (natural). Waterfall / rapids
Neutral - Upland area with no development and important karstic features, also Dyffrynoedd Nedd a Mellte, a Moel Penderyn SSSI...
Maintain natural system and maintain SSSI in favourable condition by implementation of management plans and ensure that RIGS are safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping and that other features of particular geological or geomorphological significance in the area are not lost/damaged due to development, etc.
Boundaries correspond to UA borders and edge of Neath Fault Zone...
Upland area with no develop ment and important karstic features, also Dyffrynoedd Nedd a Mellte, a Moel Penderyn SSSI and Neath Fault Zone and RIGS for karstic features.
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 231 Merthyr, S&D, 1979; 1:25 000 Explorer Map OL12 Brecon Beacons National Park, Western and Central Regions ; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency... Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Barclay, W...J..., Taylor, K... and Thomas, L...P... 1988... Geology of the South Wa

Pen moelallt
Western slopes of gently S-dipping Namurian (Upper Carboniferous) in upper Taff valley, with steep slope into valley. Basal Grit of Namurian exposed in high crags & cliff lines, covered by boulder clay across lower slopes.
Upland valley slope. Active upland river or stream channel system. Ancient upland river / stream systems
Glacial U-shaped valley. Slope. Hill top
Neutral - Forestry covered slopes with natural exposures of Basal Grit succession - no additional development.
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are damaged by forestry operations.
AA corresponds to Namurian outcrop S of Carboniferous limestone outcrop belt in Taff valley.
Forestry covered slopes with natural exposures of Basal Grit succession, as seen elsewhere in the district.
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 231 Merthyr, S&D, 1979; 1:25 000 Explorer Map OL12 Brecon Beacons National Park, Western and Central Regions ; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Barclay, W.J., Taylor, K. and Thomas, L.P. 1988. Geology of the South Wales coalfield.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Natural crags and inland outcrops.

Rhondda Fach valley
Major U-shaped tributary valley to Rhondda Fawr, eroding high-level plateau & crossing regional E-W Gelligaer synform. Valley narrows through Pennant sandstones (Upper Carboniferous); cliffs to SW have incipient cirques. Valley floored by upper Coal Measure Group mudstones (Upper Carboniferous), overlain by boulder clay in N, & with glacial sand/gravel, terraces & alluvium in S. Extensive landslips of sandstones in steep valley sides. Disused Pennant sandstone quarries & closed colliery shaf
Active upland river or stream channel system. Ancient upland river / stream systems. Mineral workings
Glacial U-shaped valley. Landslip (ancient). Lake / reservoir (artificial). River channel / canal (artificial). River channel (natural). Flood plain. Slope. Hill top. Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit. Coal / mineral spoil tips. Urban / industrial development
Valley sides with natural crags although floor extensively modified by industrial and urban activity.
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance, including natural crags, are lost due to future development.
Boundaries correspond to watershed of glacial tributary valley in Pennant sandstone geology.
Glacial valley dominated by widespread Pennant succession.
1:25 000 Explorer Map 166 Rhondda and Merthyr Tydfil; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 231 Merthyr, S&D, 1979
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 248 Pontypridd, S&D, 1975; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Barclay, W.J., Taylor, K. and Thomas, L.P. 1988. Geology of

Upper Rhondda Fawr - E
East side of the asymmetric Upper Rhondda Fawr U-shaped valley, with tributary Orci hanging valley... Valley floor in gently S-dipping Productive Coal Fm (Upper Carboniferous), with steep valley sides in Pennant sandstones (Upper Carboniferous), extensively landslipped... Valley floor covered with boulder clay & overlying glacial sand/gravel & alluvium... Cwm Orci has thick boulder clay fill & incipient cirque form... Disused colliery shafts & waste tips...
Active upland river or stream channel system. Ancient upland river / stream systems. Mass movement. Mineral workings
Glacial U-shaped valley. Landslip (ancient). Glacial hanging valley. Coal / mineral spoil tips. Slope. Hill top. Urban / industrial development
Floor of valley extensively modified by urban and industrial development, upper part of sides with upland character and forestry, although trend reported as constant...
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged by development/forestry, etc... and that SSSIs are maintained in favourable condition by implementing management plans...
AA corresponds to W slopes of upper part of glacial valley in Pennant sandstone geology...
Includes nationally important sites for Wesphalian stratigraphy (Upper Carboniferous - Blaen Rhondda road cutting SSSI and edge of Craig y Llyn SSSI)...
:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 231 Merthyr, S&D, 1979; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 248 Pontypridd, S&D, 1975; 1:25 000 Explorer Map 166 Rhondda and Merthyr Tydfil; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency... Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Woodland, A...W... and Evans, W...B..., 1964... Geology

Upper Rhondda Fawr - W
side of asymmetric Upper Rhondda Fawr U-shaped valley cut into high-level sandstone plateau, with several hanging tributary valleys ringed with exceptionally well-preserved cirques... Valley floors cut in Productive Coal Fm (Upper Carboniferous), wiith steep valley side in Pennant sandstones (Upper Carboniferous), and with extensive land slipping... NW Dinas fault isolates buttresses along the main valley... Valley floor with morainic boulder clay, & alluvium in Blaen Cwm, with alluvial fan
Active upland river or stream channel system. Ancient upland river / stream systems. Mass movement. Mineral workings. Other
Cwm/corrie. Glacial U-shaped valley. Landslip (ancient). Glacial hanging valley. Coal / mineral spoil tips. Urban / industrial development
Dominantly upland area with limited development pressure, valley floor affected by development, although not reported as prejudicing glacial geomorphology...
Maintain natural system and maintain SSSI in favourable condition by implementation of management plans and ensure that RIGS are safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping and that other features of particular geological or geomorphological significance in the area are not lost/damaged due to development, etc.
AA corresponds to W side of upper part of glacial valley in Pennant sandstone geology with well developed cirques...
Dominantly upland area with exceptional glacial geomorphology in the form of well preserved cirques... Includes Mynydd Ty Isaf SSSI and RIGS for geomorphology and Carboniferous stratigraphy.
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 248 Pontypridd, S&D, 1975; 1:25 000 Explorer Map 166 Rhondda and Merthyr TydfilDigital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency... Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Woodland, A...W... and Evans, W...B..., 1964... Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part IV, the country around Po

Rhigos
S margin of the NE-SW Upper Neath valley, S of the Neath fault zone (including part of SSSI Dyffrynoedd Nedd a Mellte, a Moel Penderyn SSSI)... Steep scarp slope in gently S-dipping Pennant sandstones (Upper Carboniferous), eroded into prominent cirque with landslips in Craig y Llyn SSSI... Lower gentle slopes in Productive Coal Fm (Upper Carboniferous), covered with extensive boulder clay & patches of peat, which fills a glacial lake at Hirwaun Ponds... NW-SE Hirwaun fault zone... Coal Measur
Active upland river or stream channel system. Ancient upland river / stream systems. Mass movement. Mineral workings. Other
Scarp slope. Landslip (ancient). Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit. Reclaimed land. Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). Lake / reservoir (artificial). Slope. Hill top. Former lake (e.g. silted up). Cwm/corrie. Coal / mineral spoil tips
Southern area includes edge of plateau with well developed cirques - lower ground to north with some development, but not threatening former...
AA corresponds to Pennant sandstone outcrop of the upper Neath valley...
Southern area includes edge of plateau with well developed cirques - includes Dyffrynoedd Nedd a Mellte, a Moel Penderyn and Craig y Llyn SSSIs with interests including Westphalian stratigraphy (Upper Carboniferous) and RIGS for glacial geomorphology and Carboniferous stratigraphy.
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 231 Merthyr, S&D, 1979; 1:25 000 Explorer Map OL12 Brecon Beacons National Park, Western and Central Regions ; 1:25 000 Explorer Map 166 Rhondda and Merthyr Tydfil;
Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency... Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Barclay, W...J..., Taylor, K.

Lower Rhondda valley
Lower part of U-shaped Rhondda valley, deeply incised into Pennant sandstones (Upper Carboniferous) of the high-level plateau, with prominent cliff lines & steep slopes. NW-SE faults cut valley obliquely. Valley floor with extensive boulder clay & alluvium in broad flood plain with terrace in lower part. Boulder clay-filled tributaries, with that at Trebanog representing ice overflow into Ely valley. Numerous disused sandstone quarries, closed colliery shafts & waste tips.
Active upland river or stream channel system. Ancient upland river / stream systems. Mass movement. Mineral workings
Glacial U-shaped valley. Landslip (ancient). Coal / mineral spoil tips. Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit. Urban / industrial development. River channel / canal (artificial). River channel (natural). Flood plain. River terrace
Valley sides and ridge above largely undeveloped, although lower sides and base extensively covered by industrial and urban development; river channel and flood plain largely controlled and developed. - condition recorded as constant.
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost due to future development, in particular key exposures in crags and disused quarries.
AA corresponds to Pennant sandstones outcrop in the lower part of the glacial Rhondda Fawr valley.
Glacial valley underlain by widespread Pennant sandstone geology - some quarries/exposures of potential interest present however.

Mid Rhondda Fawr - W
W side of asymmetric Mid Rhondda Fawr U-shaped valley cut into high-level sandstone plateau, with several tributary valleys with degraded cirques... Steep valley sides in N- and S-dipping Pennant sandstones (Upper Carboniferous), with extensive landslips... NW-SE Dinas fault subparallel to the main valley... Floors of tributary valleys covered by boulder clay up to high levels... Disused sandstone quarries, colliery shafts & waste tips...
Ancient upland river / stream systems. Mineral workings. Other. Active upland river or stream channel system
Cwm/corrie. Glacial U-shaped valley. Landslip (ancient). Coal / mineral spoil tips. Urban / industrial development
Upper slopes andridge generally undeveloped, although lower slopes and base extensive covered by urban/industrial development - trend recorded as constant...
Maintain natural systems and ensure that RIGS are safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping and that other features of particular geological or geomorphological significance in the area are not lost/damaged due to development, etc.
AA corresponds to Pennant geology on W slopes of glacial valley...
Industrialized glacial valley with widespread Pennant sandstone geology, although disused quarries may be of some scientific/educational interest, including RIGS for geomorphology and structural geology.
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 248 Pontypridd, S&D, 1975; 1:25 000 Explorer Map 166 Rhondda and Merthyr Tydfil; 1:25 000 Explorer Map 166 Rhondda and Merthyr Tydfil; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency... Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Woodland, A...W... and Evans, W...B..., 1964... Geology of t

Pen y Graig
Col connecting Rhondda Fawr with upper part of the Ely valley, cut into gently-dipping Pennant sandstones (Upper Carboniferous) parallel with NW-SE trending Dinas fault zone... Steep slope with rock cliff line & several disused sandstone quarries... Colliery waste tip... Valley floored with boulder clay...
Mountain glacial-erosion terrain. Mineral workings. Other
Landslip (ancient). Coal / mineral spoil tips. Urban / industrial development
Development in base of valley, more rural above - trend reported as constant...
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost due to development, in particular ensure that the gross morphology of the col is not concealed or damaged...
AA defines glacial col between valleys...
Geomorphologically important as a glacial col between two major valleys...
:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 248 Pontypridd, S&D, 1975; 1:25 000 Explorer Map 166 Rhondda and Merthyr Tydfil; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency... Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Woodland, A...W... and Evans, W...B..., 1964... Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part IV, the country around

Upper Ely
Upper Ely valley system, cut into Pennant sandstones (Upper Carboniferous) folded into regional E-W antiform & synform... N-dipping Pennant scarp N of Tonyrefail forms E-W ridge to the N of E-W strike valley in thrust-thickened strata... Extensive thick boulder clay cover with unmodified glacial form including ice gap with recessional moraine at Talbot Green & sand/gravel aprons... Patches of peat on higher ground but with glacial sand/gravel & alluvium in valleys... Numerous closed mine worki
Glacial U-shaped valley. Landslip (ancient). Coal / mineral spoil tips. River channel / canal (artificial). River channel (natural). Flood plain. Slope. Hill top. Scarp slope. Scarp. Urban / industrial development
Dominantly rural area with some urban centres...
AA corresponds to lower part of glacial valley system in Pennant geology, including regional fold structures...
Widespread Pennant sandstone succession, with regional fold structures and thrust zone; also glacial features including moraine including small section of RIGS for geomorphology and structural geology.
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 248 Pontypridd, S&D, 1975; 1:25 000 Explorer Map 166 Rhondda and Merthyr Tydfil; 1:25 000 Explorer Map Sheet 151Cardiff & Bridgend, 1998; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency... Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Woodland, A...W... and Evans, W...B..., 1964... Geology o

U Ogwr Fawr valley
Upper part of glaciated U-shaped Ogwr Fawr valley eroded into mud-dominated N- and S- dipping Coal Measures (Upper Carboniferous) in core of Maesteg antiform... Steep upper slopes cut into Pennant sandstones (Upper Carboniferous) forming rock exposures below high-level plateau and prominent cirque at Craig Ogwr... Several NW-SE faults locally control valley sides... Numerous disused sandstone quarries & closed colliery shafts & waste tips... Boulder clay on lower slopes with alluvium along riv
Cwm/corrie. Glacial U-shaped valley. Landslip (ancient). Coal / mineral spoil tips. River channel / canal (artificial). River channel (natural). Flood plain. Urban / industrial development
Although valley floor extensively developed, higher sides in open upland-type area...no significant change noted.
AA corresponds to the upper part of a glacial valley in Pennant sandstones, including cirque...
Glacial valley with Pennant sandstone cliffs and significant cirque (Craig Ogwr) including RIGS site for geomorphology.
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 248 Pontypridd, S&D, 1975; 1:25 000 Explorer Map 166 Rhondda and Merthyr TydfilDigital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency... Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Woodland, A...W... and Evans, W...B..., 1964... Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part IV, the country around Po

U Garw valley
Upper part of glaciated U-shaped Garw valley eroded into N- and S- dipping mud-dominated Productive Coal Fm (Upper Carboniferous) in core of Maesteg antiform. Valley obliquely cut by NW-SE Blaengarw/Tablelands fault zone which locally controls cliff lines cut into Pennant sandstones (Upper Carboniferous) below high-level plateau, with well-developed cirque at Blaen Garw. Disused sandstone quarries, colliery shafts & waste tips present. Limited zone of boulder clay & alluvium along valley floor
Glacial U-shaped valley. Landslip (ancient). Coal / mineral spoil tips. River channel / canal (artificial). River channel (natural). Flood plain. Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit. Urban / industrial development
Valley floor affected by extensive industrial/urban development, although high sides above largely unaffected.
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development or forestry, especially glacial cirque - evaluate potential RIGS status.
AA corresponds to upper part of glacial valley in Coal Measures geology.
Includes well developed glacial cirque (Blaen Garw) in Pennant sandstone cliffs.

U Llynfi valley
Glaciated U-shaped Llynfi valley eroded into mud-dominated Productive Coal Fm (Upper Carboniferous) in core of Maesteg antiform. N part of valley controlled by Pen y Castell fault & S part by Moel Gilau fault zone. Steep valley sides with cliff lines in Pennant sandstones (Upper Carboniferous) beneath high-level plateau with a cirque at Daren y Bannau. Closed colliery shafts & waste tips. Extensive thick boulder clay in valley floor with alluvium & alluvial fan in S.
Cwm/corrie. Glacial U-shaped valley. Landslip (ancient). Coal / mineral spoil tips. River channel / canal (artificial). River channel (natural). Flood plain. Urban / industrial development
Industrialised base to glacial valley with open undeveloped areas above.
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development, forestry, etc..
AA corresponds to upper part of glacial valley in Coal Measures geology with an anticlinal structure.
Industrialised glacial valley with widespread Coal Measures / Pennant sandstone geology and eroded glacial cirque at Daren y Bannau.

U Ogwr Fach
Glaciated U-shaped upper valley system eroded into N- and S- dipping Pennant sandstones (Upper Carboniferous) folded by E-W Maesteg antiform to N and Caerphilly synform to S. Bedding dips moderately S on shared fold limb. Tributary valleys between Ogwr Fach and Cwm Dimbarth controlled by WNW-ESE Tyn y Nant fault zone. Steep valley sides with cliff lines in sandstones beneath high level plateau. Closed collieries and waste tips. Boulder clay extensive in Ogwr Fach valley, overlain by glacial sa
Glacial U-shaped valley. Landslip (ancient). Coal / mineral spoil tips. River channel (natural). Flood plain. Urban / industrial development
Neutral - Valley with dominantly upland character and relatively limited industrial/urban development.
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development, forestry, etc.
AA corresponds to upper part of glacial valley with tributaries in Pennant sandstone geology.
Valley with widespread Pennant succession and relatively limited industrial/urban development.

Mid Ogwr Fawr
Glaciated U-shaped valley eroded into Pennant sandstones (Upper Carboniferous) beneath high-level plateau & folded by Caerphilly synform. N sector contolled by Tableland fault. Valley cuts E-W Moel Gilau fault zone. Disused quarries & closed colliery shafts & waste tips present. Valley floored with boulder clay with glacial sand/gravel & alluvium.
Glacial U-shaped valley. Landslip (ancient). Coal / mineral spoil tips. River channel / canal (artificial). River channel (natural). Flood plain. Urban / industrial development
Valley floor and lower parts of sides with some industrial/urban development, more open above.
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development, forestry, etc.
AA corresponds to middle part of glacial valley in Pennant sandstone geology.
Widespread Pennant sandstone geology in fault controlled valley with some industrial/urban development.

L Garw valley
Glaciated U-shaped valley above confluence with Ogwr valley eroded into N- and S- dipping Pennant sandstones (Upper Carboniferous) beneath high-level plateau & folded by Caerphilly synform. Valley cuts E-W Moel Gilau fault zone. Disused quarries . Valley floor with narrow strip of alluvium & no glacial deposits.
Glacial U-shaped valley. Landslip (ancient). River channel / canal (artificial). River channel (natural). Flood plain. Urban / industrial development
Some urban/industrial development, mainly on valley floor, higher parts of sides generally rural.
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development, forestry, etc..
AA corresponds to the lower part of a glacial valley in the Pennant sandstone plateau.
Glacial valley with widespread Pennant sandstone geology and some urban/industrial development.
:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 248 Pontypridd, S&D, 1975; 1:25 000 Explorer Map 166 Rhondda and Merthyr Tydfil; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 35 West Glamorgan, 1990; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Woodland, A.W. and Evans, W.B., 1964. Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part IV, the country around Pontypridd and Maesteg. Memoir

L Llynfi valley
U-shaped valley, in places narrow, steep sided eroded into N- and S-dipping Pennant sandstones (Upper Carboniferous) beneath high-level plateau, but broadens S of Maesteg across the Caerphilly synform & associated Moel Gilau fault zone in mud-dominated Productive Coal Fm. (Upper Carboniferous). Valley in part eroded along Felin Arw fault zone. Disused quarries. Valley floored with boulder clay in N & overlain by alluvium, with alluvial fan at Cwm Felin & with a drift-free melt water channel in
Urban / industrial development. Glacial U-shaped valley. Landslip (ancient). River channel / canal (artificial). River channel (natural). Flood plain
Dominantly rural area with some development adjacent to river floodplain and on lower part of valley sides.
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development, forestry, etc.
AA corresponds to glacial valley above confluence with Ogwr, in Coal Measures geology.
Lower part of glacial valley with widespread Coal Measures Group geology.
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 248 Pontypridd, S&D, 1975; 1:25 000 Explorer Map 166 Rhondda and Merthyr Tydfil; 1:25 000 Explorer Map Sheet 151Cardiff & Bridgend, 1998; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 35 West Glamorgan, 1990; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Woodland, A.W. and Evans, W.B., 1964. Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Pa

L Ogwr valley
Policies, plans & information resources. Fieldwork
Lower reaches of Ogwr & Ewenny valleys... Mature, meandering valleys, with extensive development of glacial sand/gravel & both floodplain & terraced alluvium with patches of head... Below Ogmore castle the flood plain deposits are estuarine silts/clays...
Flood plain. River channel / canal (artificial). River channel (natural). Urban / industrial development
River system largely modified or constrained by extensive urban and industrial development associated with floodplain areas - trend reported as constant although there is evidence of further development which is potentially damaging to the river system.
Ensure that no significant, surviving features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development, etc..., including areas with potentially important Quaternary sediments, especially in estuarine sections of the system...
AA corresponds to floodplain of rivers...
River system largely modified or constrained by extensive urban and industrial development associated with floodplain areas, although includes areas with potentially important Quaternary sediments, especially in estuarine sections of the system... RIGS makes minor contribution to area and is not a significant landscape-scale feature.
1:25 000 Explorer Map 166 Rhondda and Merthyr Tydfil; 1:25 000 Explorer Map Sheet 151Cardiff & Bridgend, 1998; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 248 Pontypridd, S&D, 1975; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet E261, and parts of 262 Bridgend (S&D) 1990; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency... Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geo

Tondu
E-W strike valley along outcrop of Productive Coal Fm & Upper Namurian Middle Shales Fm (both Upper Carboniferous), thickened by Margam/Kenfig thrust zone... Valley bounded to N by Pennant sandstones (Upper Carboniferous) scarp slope & to S by Namurian sandstone dip slope... Patch of boulder clay in W & glacial lake deposits in E... Disused colliery shaft & waste tip at Kenfig Hill... Extensive opencast mining at Llanilid in East & Parc Slip in W...
Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit. Coal / mineral spoil tips. Urban / industrial development
Wide valley/vale in process of being removed by opencast coal mining.
Ensure that no significant and potentially conservable features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development; adopt a strategy of temporary exposure recording to ensure that significant geological features exposed in opencast sites are recorded and samples conserved in recognised institutions, if appropriate...
AA corresponds to the mudstone outcrop belt of the plateau, which forms a broad vale...
Large exposures of Coal Measures mudstones in opencast sites, although only whilst operational...
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 248 Pontypridd, S&D, 1975; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet E261, and parts of 262 Bridgend (S&D) 1990; 1:25 000 Explorer Map 166 Rhondda and Merthyr Tydfil; 1:25 000 Explorer Map Sheet 151Cardiff & Bridgend, 1998; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency... Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geo

U Ewenny valley
Dissected E-W scarp in moderately N-dipping Pennant sandstones (Upper Carboniferous), cut by steep-sided V-shaped cwms. Several disused colliery shafts & waste tips. Small area of boulder clay in E.
Cwm/corrie. Landslip (ancient). Scarp. Coal / mineral spoil tips. Slope. Hill top. Scarp slope. Urban / industrial development
Neutral - Rural area with small scattered settlements.
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development, forestry, etc..
AA corresponds to a section of the Pennant escarpment with well developed cwms.
Widespread Pennant succession of escarpment cut by cwm valleys.
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 248 Pontypridd, S&D, 1975; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet E261, and parts of 262 Bridgend (S&D) 1990; 1:25 000 Explorer Map Sheet 151Cardiff & Bridgend, 1998; 1:25 000 Explorer Map 166 Rhondda and Merthyr Tydfil; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geolo

Kenfig Hill
E-W Cefn Cribwr ridge between Kenfig Hill & Pencoed, formed of moderately steeply N-dipping Namurian sandstones & siltstones/shales (Upper Carboniferous). Dip slope bounded to N by Productive Coal Fm (Upper Carboniferous) S-facing scarp slope. Disused sandstone quarries.
Scarp slope. Dip slope. Ridge. Slope. Hill top. Scarp. Urban / industrial development
Prominant ridge with some settlements, general rural character.
AA corresponds to prominent Namurian sandstone ridge.
Namurian sandstone ridge - geology widespread in region, although disused quarries may be of some scientific/educational value.
1:25 000 Explorer Map Sheet 151Cardiff & Bridgend, 1998; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 248 Pontypridd, S&D, 1975; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 35 West Glamorgan, 1990; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Woodland, A.W. and Ev

Bridgend Plain
Undulating Lower Liassic (Lower Jurassic!) low-level plateau to both sides of lower Ogwr valley & formed of S-dipping interbedded limestones & shales, calcareous shales & conglomerates (marginal facies)... Folded by E-W synform & cut by major E-W Bridgend fault... Dissected by steep-sided incised cwms e...g... Cwm Cwintin, filled with head... Disused quarry ...
Active processes. Stratigraphic formation(s). Superficial deposits
Dominantly rural area with limited significant development, although includes part of Bridgend...
Ensure that no significant and potentially conservable features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development, in particular rare exposures of Lower Lias; adopt a strategy of temporary exposure recording to ensure that significant geological features exposed in temporary excavations are recorded and samples conserved in recognised institutions... Ensure that RIGS are safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping,
AA corresponds to a plateau formed of Liassic rocks...
Dissected Liassic plateau with head filled cwm valleys, exposure limited, but Jurassic geology potentially regionally important and including RIGS site for Carboniferous stratigraphy.
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet E261, and parts of 262 Bridgend (S&D) 1990; 1:25 000 Explorer Map Sheet 151Cardiff & Bridgend, 1998; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency... Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Wilson, D..., Davies, J...R..., Fletcher, C...J...N..., and Smith, M..., 1990... Geology of th

Porthcawl/N. Cornelly
K...N... Page (Geodiversity and Landscape Specialist) in conjunction with L...Cherns (University of Cardiff) at the change detection stage of the monitoring process and with input from the local planning authority (2012-2013)...
Policies, plans & information resources. OS Data, Aerial Photographs. Fieldwork
Description. Evaluation. Condition & Trend. Recommendations. Boundaries
Low-level plateau in S- and N-dipping Dinantian limestones (Lower Carboniferous) overlain unconformably by Triassic marginal deposits & dissected by head-filled cwms......... Limestone folded & thrust into Cowbridge antiform & associated synform & cut by NW-SE Newton fault zone......... Patches of glacial sand/gravel......... Major working limestone quarries & disused haematite mines & waste tips.........
Mineral workings. Rock cliff and shore. Coastal flat
Plateau. Coal / mineral spoil tips. Cliff. Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). Slope. Hill top. Scarp slope. Scarp. Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit. Urban / industrial development
Dominantly rural area with excellent geological exposure in quarries.........
Maintain natural system and maintain SSSI in favourable condition by implementation of management plans and ensure that RIGS are safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping and that other features of particular geological or geomorphological significance in the area are not lost/damaged due to development, etc...
AA corresponds to outcrop of Carboniferous limestone, excluding sand dune and foreshore areas.
Important area of Carboniferous limestone, uncomformably overlain by Triassic - includes nationally important site for Triassic geology at Stormy Down SSSI, also four RIGS for Carboniferous stratigraphy...
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet E261, and parts of 262 Bridgend (S&D) 1990; 1:25 000 Explorer Map Sheet 151Cardiff & Bridgend, 1998; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency......... Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency......... Sheet 35 West Glamorgan, 1990; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S s
South Wales RIGS survey (2013); LANDMAP monitoring project (2012-2013)...
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry.........

Merthyr Mawr
This record has been updated following monitoring work, there was a real change in the aspect area
OS Data, Aerial Photographs. Policies, plans & information resources. Fieldwork
Description. Evaluation. Condition & Trend. Recommendations. Boundaries
Area of high coastal sand dunes (Merthyr Mawr SSSI) overlying Dinantian limestones (Lower Carboniferous) exposed in small outcrops, with unconformable cover of marginal Triassic deposits (exposed at Newton Point & Black Rocks)...
Rock cliff and shore. Soft-sediment cliff and shore
Sand / shingle foreshore. Active sand dune. Stabilised sand dune. Wave-cut platform. Dune slack. Sand beach. Urban / industrial development
Area of coastal sand dunes and foreshore exposures protected within Merthyr Mawr SSSI and Newton Point & Black Rocks SSSI...
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development, coastal defence, etc... and that geological or geomorphological features within SSSIs are maintained in favourable condition by implementing management plans...
AA corresponds to extent of sand dune systems and excludes developed areas and areas stabilised/levelled by agricultural activities.
Area of coastal sand dunes with limited intervention, also foreshore exposures of important marginal Triassic rocks unconformably overlying Carboniferous... Includes Merthyr Mawr SSSI and Newton Point & Black Rocks SSSI...
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet E261, and parts of 262 Bridgend (S&D) 1990; 1:25 000 Explorer Map Sheet 151Cardiff & Bridgend, 1998; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency... Sheet 35 West Glamorgan, 1990; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Wilson, D..., Davies, J...R..., Fletcher, C...J...N..., and Smith, M..., 1990... Geology of the South Wales Coalf

Kenfig Burrows
This record has been updated following monitoring work, there was a real change in the aspect area
OS Data, Aerial Photographs. Policies, plans & information resources. Fieldwork
Description. Evaluation. Condition & Trend. Recommendations. Boundaries
Wide coastal plain of blown sand in dunes, overlying Dinantian limestones (Lower Carboniferous) unconformably overlain by Triassic marginal facies deposits, which are exposed in limited exposures of coastal wave-cut platform... Strips of storm gravels on rock platform...
Active sand dune. Stabilised sand dune. Wave-cut platform. Sand / shingle foreshore. Dune slack. Sand beach. Sand. Lake / reservoir (artificial)
Natural dune system in good condition (including biological SSSI - Kenfig Pool and dune]; geomorphological significance suggests RIGS designation is appropriate...
Confirm status of any potential RIGS sites in the area and protect using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping... Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development, including coastal defence works...
AA corresponds to coastal dune field and excludes developed areas and areas levelled for agriculture.
Natural dune system in good condition (including biological SSSI - Kenfig Pool and dune]; geomorphological significance suggests RIGS designation is appropriate (not listed in 2013).
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet E261, and parts of 262 Bridgend (S&D) 1990; 1:25 000 Explorer Map Sheet 151Cardiff & Bridgend, 1998; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency... Sheet 35 West Glamorgan, 1990; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Wilson, D..., Davies, J...R..., Fletcher, C...J...N..., and Smith, M..., 1990... Geology of the South Wales Coalf

Hendre/Shelf
Dissected topography in sandstones & conglomerates of marginal Triassic of Mercia Mudstone Group... Minor valleys, some fault related, with steep sides & filled with head... [S edge of Landmap area, Aspect Area truncated at edge]
Domimantly rural area with scattered settlements...
AA corresponds to outcrop of marginal Triassic rocks in a dissected plateau...
Marginal Triassic geology with head-filled steep valleys - no notable exposures... RIGS not a significant landscape-scale feature.
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet E261, and parts of 262 Bridgend (S&D) 1990; 1:25 000 Explorer Map Sheet 151Cardiff & Bridgend, 1998; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency... Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Wilson, D..., Davies, J...R..., Fletcher, C...J...N..., and Smith, M..., 1990... Geology of th

Llanharry-Pontyclun
ORS and Dinantian (Lower Carboniferous) in E-W low strike ridges separated by strike valleys, overlain unconformably by gently-dipping Triassic marginal facies conglomerates... Topography dissected by Ely valley, filled with glacial silts & clays, head & alluvium... Boulder clay extensive with hummocky moraine & peat... Disused limestone quarries & iron mines...
Active upland river or stream channel system. Ancient upland river / stream systems. Mineral workings
Scarp slope. Dip slope. Ridge. Coal / mineral spoil tips. Moraine. Urban / industrial development
AA corresponds to outcrop of Carboniferous limestone with marginal Triassic deposits...
Mosaic of settlements and rural landscapes with nationally important site for Lower Carboniferous stratigraphy (Brofiscin Quarry SSSI) and six RIGS sites including for mineralogy.
:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet E261, and parts of 262 Bridgend (S&D) 1990; 1:25 000 Explorer Map Sheet 151Cardiff & Bridgend, 1998; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency... Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid ; Wilson, D..., Davies, J...R..., Fletcher, C...J...N..., and Smith, M..., 1990... Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part 6, the country around Bridgend... Memoir of the British

Pencoed
E-W striking ridge of N-dipping Namurian sandstones & shales (Upper Carboniferous) with dip & scarp slopes, features dying out eastwards, where dissected by broad Ewenny river valley & tributaries, & into partly restored Llanilid opencast. Boulder clay extensive in E of area.
Scarp slope. Dip slope. Ridge. Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit. Reclaimed land. Urban / industrial development
Ensure that no significant and potentially conservable features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development; adopt a strategy of temporary exposure recording to ensure that significant geological features exposed in opencast sites are recorded and samples conserved in recognised institutions, if appropriate.
AA corresponds to limits of Millstone Grit ridge.
Ridge of widespread geological unit (Millstone Grit) - significance of exposures in opencast not recorded.
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet E261, and parts of 262 Bridgend (S&D) 1990; 1:25 000 Explorer Map Sheet 151Cardiff & Bridgend, 1998; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;
Wilson, D., Davies, J.R., Fletcher, C.J.N., and Smith, M., 1990. Geology of the South Wales Coa

Nelson-Treharris
High-level straight, fault-bounded (Gelligaer fault zone) valley (col) linking Taff system to the Rhymney valley... Cut into upper Pennant sandstones (Upper Carboniferous) of high-level plateau... Col filled with glacial sand/gravel in the form of esker ridges, silt/clay and peat, possibly resting on boulder clay... Disused mine shafts & colliery waste...
Coal / mineral spoil tips. Esker. Slope. Urban / industrial development
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development, forestry, etc..., in particular sensitive glacial features such as esker ridges can be protected as RIGS, using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping...
AA corresponds to glacial col feature across watershed between major valleys...
Includes significant geomorphological features, in particular a glacial col with esker ridges, cut into Pennant sandstones...
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 249 Newport, SwD, 1975; 1:25 000 Explorer Map 166 Rhondda and Merthyr Tydfil; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency... Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Squirrell, H...C... and Downing, R...A..., 1969... Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part I, the country around N

Kenfig Sands-Traeth yr Afon
K.N. Page (Geodiversity and Landscape Specialist) in conjunction with L.Cherns (University of Cardiff) at the change detection stage of the monitoring process and with input from the local planning authority (2012-2013). New Aspect Area created to separate foreshore area of Level 3 status from adjacent sand dunes systems assigned to different Level 3 category.
Classification. Description. Evaluation. Condition & Trend. Recommendations. Boundaries
Foreshore area of Kenfig Burrows (Kenfig Sands), Porthcawl (including Rest Bay and Sandy Bay) and Merthyr-mawr Warren (Traeth yr Afon). Dominated by sand with areas of limestone platform between Sker Point and Black Rocks.
Rock cliff and shore. Soft-sediment cliff and shore
Cliff. Wave-cut platform. Boulder. Sand / shingle foreshore. Sand beach. Beach. Rock platform. Sand. Shingle / gravel
Foreshore area with limited associated coastal defence works, including SSSI areas.
Mean Low Water mark and base of cliff/ edge of sand dune system.
Includes sections of SSSIs and RIGS sites for Carboniferous stratigraphy and sand dune systems.
Ordnance Survey Explorer 151: Cardiff and Bridgend (1998). See CynonGL046 and CynonGL047 for additional sources.

Prestatyn Hillside
Carboniferous limestone escarpment with reef mounds at the southern end. The summit of the reef mound at Graig Fawr has a limestone pavement. The central to north-eastern end of the escarpment has several disused quarries showing the stratigraphy, faults and possibly Miocene pocket deposits.
Stratigraphic formation(s). Past processes. Structural features
"Fossil" cliff line. Hill top. Ridge. Rock pavement. Cliff. Coal / mineral spoil tips. Sea-cave / cave. Scarp slope. Made ground
Current management is appropriate. Clearance of gorse, 'garden escapes' and rubbish in disused quarries should be carried out at regular intervals.
Extent of the lowland escarpment and reef knoll feature
The combination of a prominent landscape feature with 4 RIGS and industrial archaeological remains makes this a unique site in NE Wales
BEVINS, R.E. & MASON, J.S. 1999. Welsh Metallophyte and metallogenic evaluation project: Results of a Minesite Survey of Clwyd. National Museums & Galleries of Wales.
BRITISH GEOLGICAL SURVEY, 1999, Flint, 1:50,000 England and Wales Sheet 108 (Solid & Solid and Drift), British Geological Survey
BRITISH GEOLGICAL SURVEY, 1994, Wrexham, 1:50,000 England and Wales Sheet 121 (Solid and Drift), British Geological Survey
BRITISH GEOLGICAL SURVEY, 1993, Corwen, 1:50,000 England and Wales Sheet 120 (S

Pen-y-rhos
Extensive area of glacial clay, sand and gravel blanketed terrain which covers the Carboniferous, Dinantian limestone ridge of north-eastern Denbighshire and then slopes north-eastwards towards the Dee estuary with incipient terraces created by buried escarpments of Carboniferous, Namurian sandstones. Locally incised by generally north-east flowing river and stream valleys except the stream at Dyserth which flows west. There are scattered outcrops of Carboniferous, Dyserth Limestone bedrock.
Lowland river gorge. Undulating lowland hill terrain. Active upland river or stream channel system. Mineral workings
Limestone gorge. Slope. Hill top. Spring. Coal / mineral spoil tips. Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). Dip slope. Dry valley. Drumlin / Drumlin field. Sea-cave / cave. Gorge/gully/ravine
Rural area, farming and forestry predominates
General Quaternary drift topography which has had little development
Refs
BEVINS, R.E. & MASON, J.S. 1999. Welsh Metallophyte and metallogenic evaluation project: Results of a Minesite Survey of Clwyd. National Museums & Galleries of Wales.
BRITISH GEOLGICAL SURVEY, 1999, Flint, 1:50,000 England and Wales Sheet 108 (Solid & Solid and Drift), British Geological Survey
BRITISH GEOLGICAL SURVEY, (previously; Institute of Geological Sciences) 1970, Rhyl, 1:50,000 England and Wales Sheet 95 (Solid & Solid and Drift), British Geological Survey
CAMPBELL, S. and BOWEN
Additional Level 4 features include: stream; mine shaft/adit; marsh/bog; dry valley, caves.

Moel Hiraddug/Marian Ffrith
Prominent, fault-bounded, upland hill trending N-S which rises steeply from surrounding terrain. There is a limestone pavement on the northern edge of the hill, which has been partially quarried. Dissected by a dry valley, a possible glacial channel. Extensive Fe mineralisation which has been quarried leaving spoil heaps which still contain interesting minerals.
upland karst. Mineral workings. Other. Upland plateau. Upland valley slope. Mountain glacial-erosion terrain. Glacial mountain valley
Cliff. Sea-cave / cave. Slope. Hill top. Scarp slope. Ridge. Glacial U-shaped valley. Scarp. Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit. Coal / mineral spoil tips. Rock pavement
The calcareous grasslands are grazed by cattle, sheep and horses, this maintains the rural nature of the southern end of the AA. Moel Hiraddug quarries and minerals sites would need to be cleared if educational use is required; Moel Hiraddug Minerals & quarry (RIGS No 75, at the northern end of the AA is disused and the quarry faces are deteriorating. Pentre Bach GCR: Vegetation covers part of the site. This could be removed, but exposure of the locality is not require
Stabilisation of the quarry faces and regular monitoring of the GCR site & RIGS. Ensure that the GCR & RIGS are appropriately assessed and safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping and that other significant features of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are not lost/damaged due to development, etc.
GCR Site: Pentre Bach, Carboniferous plants: Moel Hiraddug Limestone pavement (RIGS No 112) Moel Hiraddug Minerals & quarry (RIGS No 75); Pentre Bach (RIGS No 117) Ysgubor Cwmn (RIGS No 259)
BEVINS, R.E. & MASON, J.S. 1999. Welsh Metallophyte and metallogenic evaluation project: Results of a Minesite Survey of Clwyd. National Museums & Galleries of Wales.
BRITISH GEOLGICAL SURVEY, 1999, Flint, 1:50,000 England and Wales Sheet 108 (Solid & Solid and Drift), British Geological Survey
BRITISH GEOLGICAL SURVEY, (previously; Institute of Geological Sciences) 1970, Rhyl, 1:50,000 England and Wales Sheet 95 (Solid & Solid and Drift), British Geological Survey
CAMPBELL, S. and BOWEN, D.Q.

Mynydd y Cwm
Rounded, glacial upland hills with steep northern and western sides and shallower eastern side. The southern edge is undulating and bound by the Rhuallt Fault. The northern 'tail' forms the sides of a fault-bounded glacial cwm and valley. The area is cut by small streams.
Stratigraphic formation(s). Structural features. Active processes. Past processes. Superficial deposits
Other. Undulating upland terrain. Upland plateau. Ancient upland river / stream systems. Glacial mountain valley
Slope. Hill top. Scarp slope. Dip slope. Spring. Dry valley
Within the Clwydiuan Range AONB. The condition of the AA is stable
Ensure that RIGS is appropriately assessed and safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping and that other significant features of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are not lost/damaged due to development, etc.
Maintenance of the current regime
Glacial upland with several glacial landforms and 1 RIGS
CAMPBELL, S. and BOWEN, D.Q. 1989. Geological Conservation Review; The Quaternary of Wales. Nature Conservancy Council, Peterborough, p237
Clwyd-Powys Archaeological Trust, 1992-93, Clwyd and Powys Meta

Rhedyn Coch
Glacial, plateau-like area dissected by stream valleys. Surface undulates and slopes gently eastwards to a broad, drift-covered basin-like section of DNBGH 002 (Pen-y-rhos) & FLNT105 (Gronant-Helyg-Garmel).
Stratigraphic formation(s). Past processes. Structural features. Active processes. Superficial deposits
Lowland dip slope. Lowland valley slope / escarpment. Undulating lowland hill terrain
Slope. Spring. Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit. Coal / mineral spoil tips. Dry valley
Dominantly rural area managed by farming, partly within the Clwydian Range AONB
Classic Quaternary topography with extensive area of drift cover with few notable sites recorded
BRITISH GEOLGICAL SURVEY (previously; Institute of Geological Sciences) 1973, Denbigh, 1:50,000 England and Wales
Sheet 107 (Solid and Drift), British Geological Survey
BRITISH GEOLGICAL SURVEY, (previ

Pennant
Steep-sided narrow valley with extensive mine workings adjoining a 1.5 km road-cut that exposes sections through a significant part of the Silurian Wenlock and Lower Ludlow rocks. The road-cut follows the line of the Rhuallt Fault and exposes an anticline-syncline pair.
Mineral workings. Upland valley slope. Upland glacial outwash plain / field. Glacial mountain valley. Engineered features and reclaimed / infilled land
Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit. Coal / mineral spoil tips. Cwm/corrie. Glacial hanging valley
Overgrown & interest no longer visible/accessible
Clearance if and when research is instigated
BRITISH GEOLGICAL SURVEY (previously; Institute of Geological Sciences) 1973, Denbigh, 1:50,000 England and Wales
Sheet 107 (Solid and Drift), British Geological Survey
BRITISH GEOLGICAL SURVEY, (previ

Nant Hall
Low-lying beach deposits with sand dunes, runnels, shingle ridges and storm deposits with some sea defences. The shingle ridges are dynamic, with the beach profile changing from summer to winter. Sand dunes modified to a golf course
Past processes. Active processes. Superficial deposits
Sand dune. Saltmarsh. Engineered features and reclaimed / infilled land. Artificial water bodies and channels. Soft-sediment cliff and shore. Spits, bars and ridges
Stabilised sand dune. Lower saltmarsh / mudflat. Creek. Upper saltmarsh / grazing marsh. Sand. Shingle / gravel. Sand / shingle foreshore. Active sand dune
Limit snad sune modification by the golf course
Geomorphology has been altered by the golf course
Sheet 107 (Solid and Drift), British Geological Survey
BRITISH GEOLGICAL SURVEY, (previously; Institute of Geological Sciences) 1970, Rhyl, 1:50,000 England and Wales Sheet 95 (Solid & Solid and Drift), British Geological Survey
CAMPBELL, S. and BOWEN, D.Q. 1989. Geological Conservation Review; The Quaternary of Wales. Nature Co

Gronant Dunes
Dynamic system of sand dunes and shingle ridges with a muddy foreshore at the mouth of Prestatyn Gutter. The shingle ridges are dynamic, with the beach profile changing from summer to winter. The shingle ridges are composed of pebbles from N-E Wales, Scotland, The Lake District and the Irish Sea transported by ice and long-shore drift. Potential RIGS as the only such area within NE Wales
Spits, bars and ridges. Saltmarsh. Artificial water bodies and channels
Active sand dune. Stabilised sand dune. Sand beach. Spit . Gravel / shingle ridge. Beach. Sand / shingle foreshore. Mud-dominated foreshore. River channel / canal (artificial)
Biological SSSI, managed by Denbighshire Countryside Services
Dynamic dune and shingle ridge system, the only such area within NE Wales
CAMPBELL, S. and BOWEN, D.Q.

Upper Prestatyn
Gently sloping terrain below the limestone escarpment, which is an ancient coastline, draped with glacial till.
Superficial deposits. Structural features. Past processes
Lowland glacial outwash plain / field. Engineered features and reclaimed / infilled land. Other
Further development would damage the remaining features
Dominantly a built-up area, geomorphological interest generally lost to development, Gently sloping terrain below the limestone escarpment, which is an ancient coastline, draped with glacial till.
BEVINS, R.E. & MASON, J.S. 1999. Welsh Metallophyte and metallogenic evaluation project: Results of a Mine site Survey of Clwyd. National Museums & Galleries of Wales.
CAMPBELL, S. and BOWEN, D.Q

Top Nant
Fault-bounded limestone escarpment terrain rising to lowland hills with undulating hills dissected by streams
Stratigraphic formation(s). Structural features. Past processes. Superficial deposits
Lowland dip slope. Lowland till plain / field. Mineral workings
Escarpment terrain rising to lowland hills with undulating hills and glacial till dissected by streams
BRITISH GEOLGICAL SURVEY, 1994, Wrexham, 1:50,000 England and Wales Sheet 121 (Solid and Drift), British Geological Survey
BRITISH GEOLGICAL SURVEY, 1993, Corwen, 1:50,000 England and Wales Sheet 120 (S

Meliden
Low-lying glacial/glacio-fluvilal terrain sloping gently to NW dissected by stream and and drains.
Ancient lowland river flood plain system. Lowland glacial outwash plain / field
River channel / canal (artificial). Flood plain. Urban / industrial development. Abandoned channel / Ox Bow lake
Rural area adjacent to urban development
BRITISH GEOLGICAL SURVEY, 1994, Wrexham, 1:50,000 England and Wales Sheet 121 (Solid and Drift), British Geological Survey
BRITISH GEOLGICAL SURVEY, 1993, Corwen, 1:50,000 England and Wales Sheet 120 (S

Prestatyn-Rhyl
Low-lying, coastal, alluvial, glacial and aeolian area dissected by streams and drains
Soft-sediment cliff and shore. Ancient lowland river flood plain system. Lowland glacial outwash plain / field. Engineered features and reclaimed / infilled land. Active lowland river-flood plain system
Stabilised sand dune. Lower saltmarsh / mudflat. Lake / reservoir (artificial). River channel / canal (artificial). Coastal defence works. Urban / industrial development. Engineered topography. Former saltmarsh / marsh
Continuing coastal zone development damages the geological/geomorphological features
A combination of fluvial/glacial/marine and aeolian processes, but with limited access to the features due to urbanisation

Rhyl-Prestatyn beach
Sandy beach between low and high water mark. Dynamic marine processes.
hallow marine erosional and depositional processes.
Sand / shingle foreshore. Sand beach. Coastal defence works. Engineered topography
Increased erosion by waves and public is damaging the RIGS
Conserve the RIGS by reducing erosion and damage by beach users. Ensure that RIGS is appropriately assessed and safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping and that other significant features of geological or geomorphology
Erosional & depositional shoreline with a Holocene submerged forest
CAMPBELL, S. and BOWEN, D.Q. 1989. Geological Conservation Review; The Quaternary of Wales. Nature Conservancy Council, Peterborough, p237
ELLIS, N. V. (ed), BOWEN, D.Q., CAMPBELL, S., KNILL, J.L., McKIRDY, A.P., PROSSER, C.D., VICENT, M.A. and WILSON, R.C.L. 1996. An Introduction to the Geological Conservation Review Seri

Clwyd Estuary
Tidal estuary dominated by mud flats and salt marsh
Active lowland river-flood plain system. Artificial water bodies and channels. Engineered features and reclaimed / infilled land. Saltmarsh
Mud-dominated foreshore. Flood plain. River channel (natural)
Stabilisation of the river banks and flood prevention
Continue current regime and ensure that the area is appropriately assessed and safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping and that other significant features of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are not lost/damaged due to development
CAMPBELL, S. and BOWEN, D.Q. 1989. Geological Conservation Review; The Quaternary of Wales. Nature Conservancy Council, Peterborough, p237
Clwyd-Powys Archa

Tytywyrch
Low-lying, flat, alluvial plain on the western-side of the River Clwyd. Reclaimed, farmed land
Lowland till plain / field. Engineered features and reclaimed / infilled land. Other. Ancient lowland river flood plain system
Lower saltmarsh / mudflat. River channel (natural). Former saltmarsh / marsh. River terrace. Alluvial fan (ancient)
Ancient alluvial fan damaged by land reclamation
Urbanisation or development would further damage the ancient alluvial fan
Clwyd-Powys Archae

Bodelwyddan
Gentle, north-facing slope of Westphalian Coal Measures with undulating topography, blanketed with Quaternary tilll. The slope is down from the limestone ridge in the south to the coastal plain and the alluvial Clwyd estuary.
Superficial deposits. Past processes. Structural features. Active processes
Lowland till plain / field. Ancient lowland river flood plain system. Artificial water bodies and channels
Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). Urban / industrial development. River terrace. Alluvial fan (ancient)
Dominantly rural area with localised urban and industrial development.
Continue current regime. Dominantly rural area with localised urban and industrial development.
Classic glacial terrain transition from limestone upland to estuarine/floodplain. Extensive drift cover
Clwyd-Powys Archae

The Roe
Gently undulating flood plain on the western side of the Elwy and Clwyd rivers. This AA is draped with alluvium with some river terraces
River channel (natural). Flood plain. River terrace. Alluvial fan (ancient)
Dominantly rural area with localised urban and industrial development
Clwyd-Powys Archae

Clwyd-Elwy Rivers
Extensive area of active rivers with a dynamic flood-plain system in the base of the, extension tectonics, half-graben, glacially-enlarged U-shaped Vale of Clwyd.
Gorge/gully/ravine. River channel (natural). Abandoned channel / Ox Bow lake. River terrace. Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). Waterfall / rapids. Flood plain
Clwyd-Elwy Rivers with river terraces, ox-bow lakes and other fluvial features. Potential for research into dynamic river systems within glacial valleys

Waen Gloeugoed
Extensive till covering the undulating and gently westward-sloping sides of the eastern side of the half-graben and glacially-widened U-shaped Vale of Clwyd. A glacial terminal moraine is cut by the River Clwyd and streams.
Active lowland river-flood plain system. Lowland glacial outwash plain / field. Ancient lowland river flood plain system
River channel (natural). Flood plain. Moraine
Periglacial features including a possible terminal moraine and alluvial fans

Dyserth-Cwm
Till-covered slope on the eastern side of the Vale of Clwyd, cut by streams
Active lowland river-flood plain system. Lowland till plain / field
River channel (natural). Slope. Alluvial fan (ancient). Spring. Urban / industrial development
Agricilture has tended to conserve the feature
Glacial features of the flanks of the Vale of Clwyd

Tremeirchion
Outcrops of Silurian, Wenlock Series, Lower Nantglyn Flags group and the westerly dipping fault-bounded Carboniferous Dyserth Limestone. Glacial deposits on the steep, eastern flank of the Vale of Clwyd. U-shaped valleys on the slopes of the Clwydian Range with glacial and minor glacio-fluvial deposits.
Lowland valley slope / escarpment. Lowland escarpment
Sea-cave / cave. River channel (natural). Scarp slope. Cwm/corrie. Glacial U-shaped valley. Spring
Ensure that GCR`site is appropriately assessed and safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping and that other significant features of geological or geomorphology
GCR site Tremeirchion, Quaternary caves in Carboniferous Limestone
CAMPBELL, S. and BOWEN, D.Q.

Cefn Du
Silurian, Ludlow, Elwy Formation mudstones form the upland which have been eroded by ice to form rounded hills and till draped cwns & possible nivation cirques on the eastern and western flanks.
Sea-cave / cave. River channel (natural). Scarp slope. Ridge. Cwm/corrie. Glacial U-shaped valley
Fault-bounded Silurian mudstones & sandstones with glacial features

Coed yr Hirdir
A small, meandering glacio-fluvial channel through undulating glacially eroded upland with cwms and possible nivation cirques. Glacio-fluvial ice-contact deposits and till draping the eastern side of the valley.
Mineral workings. Lowland valley slope / escarpment. Lowland glacial outwash plain / field. Other
Hill top. Glacial U-shaped valley. Gorge/gully/ravine. Spring. Dry valley. Slope
Glacial channel with cwms and possible nivation cirques

Bodfari
Rounded, glacially-moulded lowland hills. Steep slopes on all sides to a glacial out flow valley. Slopes are draped with ice-contact deposits and till
Ancient lowland river flood plain system. Lowland valley slope / escarpment. Lowland Karst. Mineral workings
Glaciofluvial ice contact deposits, sand and gravel, with post-glacial river terraces. Significant glacial/fluvioglacial ice contact deposits draping a fault bounded Carboniferous limestone outlier. An unusual, prominent limestone outcrop at the western end of a glacial outflow channel through the Clwydian Range with glaciofluvial ice contact deposits. Possible RIGS for glaciofluvial process pending independent assessment of potential RIGS status of features.

Pentre Uchaf
A gorge on the north side of the Wheeler Valley which dissects the Silurian mudstone plateau. The gorge is steep sided and relatively short.
Dominantly rural area with no significant development...
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost or damaged. Maintain fluvial systems in good condition by preventing contamination and disturbance, including of ground water.
Significant gorge which feeds nationally important tufa systems, including part of Caerwys Tufa SSSI with potential RIGS for gorge which feeds nationally important tufa systems, including part of Caerwys Tufa SSSI, pending independent assessment of potential RIGS status of features.

Llanbedr Dyffyn-Clwyd (DC)
Steep side of the eastern side of the Valle of Clwyd extending from Moel y Parc in the north to Nant y Garth in the south. Faulted slope, extensively draped with glacial tills, fluvio-glacial sheet and lacustrine delta deposits. There are several glacial valleys joining the Vale of Clwyd. There are also several fault-bounded contacts with the Carboniferous Limestone and some outcrops of Permian-Triassic, Kinnerton and Erbistock Sandstones. River and stream valleys contain head, sands and g
Lowland valley slope / escarpment. Lowland glacial outwash plain / field
Superficial deposits. Active processes. Past processes. Stratigraphic formation(s). Structural features
Active lowland river-flood plain system. Ancient lowland river flood plain system. Lowland valley slope / escarpment
Dry valley. Slope. Scarp slope. Alluvial fan (ancient). Cwm/corrie. Glacial U-shaped valley
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost or damaged.
Faulted contacts with Carboniferous Limestone and Permian-Triassic Kinnerton & Erbistock Sandstones. Glacial till, Glacio-fluvial ice contact and glacio-lacustrine deposits which drape the scarp, faulted slope and fill with small cwms of the western side of the Clwydian Range. Several river and stream valleys contain head, sands and gravels

Wheeler Valley
Distinct, flat-bottomed flood plain in base of wide glacially-enhanced valley, with river terraces, alluvial fan deposits, alluvium and tufa. There are also ice-conatct deposits on the sides of the valley. The valley broadly separates the Silurian Clwydian Range from the Carboniferous limestone ridge of western Flintshire. There is a meandering river channel within the confines of the U-shaped subglacial valley.
Active lowland river-flood plain system. Other. Mineral workings
River channel (natural). Former saltmarsh / marsh. Flood plain. River terrace. Alluvial fan (active). Alluvial fan (ancient)
Increasing the footprint of existing quarrying would damage this AA
Distinct, flat-bottomed flood plain in base of wide glacially-enhanced valley, with river terraces, alluvial fan deposits, alluvium and tufa. There are also ice-conatct deposits on the sides of the valley. The valley broadly separates the Silurian Clwydian Range from the Carboniferous limestone ridge of western Flintshire. There is a meandering river channel within the confines of the U-shaped subglacial valley. Potential RIGS for glaciofluvial features such as sub-glacial river with oxbow l

Waen Aber Wheeler
Ancient, alluvial plain with ice-contact deposits and river terraces adjacent to the low-lying Wheeler river flood plain.
Active lowland river-flood plain system. Ancient lowland river flood plain system
Former saltmarsh / marsh. River terrace. Alluvial fan (ancient)
Maintain rural area with little development
Ancient, alluvial plain with ice-contact deposits and river terraces adjacent to the low-lying Wheeler river flood plain. Potential RIGS for ancient alluvial plain with ice-contact deposits pending independent assessment of potential RIGS status of features.

Llandyrnog
Extensive area of gently sloping eastern side of the Vale of Clwyd cut by streams and small rivers. Draped with glacial till with head, glacio-fluvial sheet deposits and alluvium. Some outcrops of Permian-Triassic Kinnerton and Erbistock Fms
Lowland valley slope / escarpment. Lowland glacial outwash plain / field. Other
Glacial slope with glaciofluvial and glaciolacustrine deposits. Extensive area of gently sloping eastern side of the Vale of Clwyd cut by streams and small rivers. Draped with glacial till with head, glacio-fluvial sheet deposits and alluvium. Some outcrops of Permian-Triassic Kinnerton and Erbistock Fms

St Asaph
Line of SSW-NNE trending, undulating, lowland hills between the Clwyd & Elwy rivers, cut by several streams. The eastern side has steeper slopes than the western side.
Superficial deposits. Past processes. Active processes
Urban / industrial development. Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). River channel (natural). River terrace. Spring
Development should be limited so as not to damage the geomorphology
Hills between the Clwyd & Elwy rivers draped with till

Cefn Meiriadog
North west-south east trending limestone ridge with limestone exposed at several localities. There are several caves in the limestone and a wooded limestone pavement at the southern end.
Slope. Hill top. Scarp slope. Sea-cave / cave. Rock pavement. Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit
Industrial and urban development - Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development, etc. Any loss of features of at least regional significance would not be acceptable.

Elwy Gorge
Northwest-southeast trending river gorge through limestone with a narrow, flat, valley bottom and steep sides with land slips
Superficial deposits. Active processes. Past processes. Stratigraphic formation(s)
Active lowland river-flood plain system. Ancient lowland river flood plain system. Mass movement
Sea-cave / cave. River channel (natural). Waterfall / rapids. Flood plain. River terrace. Landslip (active). Landslip (ancient)

Pencraig
North and northeast trending steep-sided river gorge with glacial features
Stratigraphic formation(s). Active processes. Past processes. Superficial deposits. Structural features
Lowland escarpment. Lowland valley slope / escarpment. Active upland river or stream channel system. Upland gorge. Mass movement
Sea-cave / cave. River channel (natural). Scarp slope. Landslip (active). Landslip (ancient)
Cefn and Galltfaenan Caves GCR site, Pleistocene Vertebrata, Cefn & Galltfaenan Caves GCR site, Quaternary of Wales
Excellent fault-bounded glacial and fluvial valley and potential RIGS for possible unroofed cave pending independent assessment of potential RIGS status of features.

Denbigh
Lowland, gently sloping from the western edge of the Vale of Clwyd to the valley bottom. Prominent outcrops of carboniferous Limestone. Draped with till with drumlins to the north and south of the town
Undulating lowland hill terrain. Lowland valley slope / escarpment. Lowland glacial outwash plain / field. Mass movement. Other
Slope. Dip slope. Landfill. Drumlin / Drumlin field. Urban / industrial development
Management of the northern part of this AA is to maintain rural character. In the south, development of Denbigh has had some impact of the geomorphology
Management of the northern part of this AA should maintain rural character. In the south, development of Denbigh should try to reduce the impact on the geomorphology
Representative of the western side of the Vale of Clwyd

Henllan
Northwest-southeast trending limestone ridge, in places draped with till. Drumlins are present in the north of this AA.
Lowland valley slope / escarpment. Lowland Karst
Sea-cave / cave. Hill top. Ridge. Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit. Scarp slope. Dip slope. Drumlin / Drumlin field. Urban / industrial development
Dominantly rural area with localised urban and industrial development.
Ensure that the GCR site is appropriately assessed and safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping and that other significant features of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are not lost/damaged due to development, etc.
2 GCR sites: Cefn & Galltfaenan Cave (Pleistocene Vertebrata), Cefn & Galltfaenan Caves (Quaternary of Wales) and additional potential RIGS for Quaternary caves pending independent assessment of potential RIGS status of features.

Green Isaf
Western side of the broad valley floor of the Vale of Clwyd, cut by the River Clwyd. The land rises gently to the west with an undulating, glacial topography with drumlins.
Active lowland river-flood plain system. Lowland glacial outwash plain / field
River channel (natural). Flood plain. River terrace. Moraine. Drumlin / Drumlin field
Ensure that the area is appropriately assessed and safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping and that other significant features of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are not lost/damaged due to development, etc.
This AA is representative of a glacial valley bottom cut be a post-glacial river

3 alluvial terraces of a meandering post-glacial river cutting a glacial valley bottom
Ancient lowland river flood plain system. Lowland glacial outwash plain / field
Marsh / saltmarsh. River channel (natural). Flood plain. River terrace. Peat bog. Alluvial fan (active)
Rural area with little development. This area has the potential to be a RIGS

Broadleys
Undulating lowland rising to the west up to the Denbigh Moors, with abundant drumlins and cut by streams with alluvium and river terraces. Glacial sands and gravels and several landslips
River channel (natural). River terrace. Drumlin / Drumlin field. Landslip (ancient)
Current regime conserves the character of the AA
Ensure that the area is appropriately assessed and safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping and that other significant features of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are not lost/damaged due to development, etc.
Drumlin field with glacio-fluvial channel, post-glacial alluvium, river terraces and landslips

Ystrad Gorge
Steep-sided, sub-glacial, gorge cutting trough undulating glacial upland. Occasional exposures of Silurian Elwy Formation mudstones in river banks. 3 river terraces with alluvium . Several landslips in valley sides.
Gorge/gully/ravine. River channel (natural). River terrace. Landslip (active). Landslip (ancient)
Active lowland gorge. Steep-sided, sub-glacial, gorge cutting trough undulating glacial upland. Occasional exposures of Silurian Elwy Formation mudstones in river banks. 3 river terraces with alluvium . Several landslips in valley sides.

Nantglyn Village
Flat, glacial valley floor with meandering river cut into surrounding uplands. U-shaped valley with fluvio-glacial sands and gravels. Recent fluvial incision including river terraces and alluvium
Dominantly rural area with very localised development.
Flat, glacial valley floor with meandering river cut into surrounding uplands. U-shaped valley with fluvio-glacial sands and gravels. Recent fluvial incision including river terraces and alluvium. Flat, U-shaped valley with undifferentiated river terrace deposits - Potential RIGS for recent fluvial incision including river terraces and alluvium pending independent assessment of potential RIGS status of features.

Waen-dilan
Undulating lowland hills with hillsides sloping down to the associated valleys.
Lowland valley slope / escarpment. Lowland glacial outwash plain / field

Llwyn
Low-lying, till-draped, gently undulating area with several drumlins, on western side of Vale of Clwyd sloping gently up to the south west
Drumlin / Drumlin field. River channel (natural)
Dominantly rural area with little development
Extensive area of drift cover, with few notable sites recorded, but general Quaternary drift topography and several drumlins.

Prion
Undulating, rounded hills, with abundant drumlins. Cut by river gorges and small streams with river terrace deposits alluvim and some fluvio-glacial deposits. There are also several landslips in the Quaternary cover.
Active lowland river-flood plain system. Ancient lowland river flood plain system. Other
Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). Lake / reservoir (artificial). River channel (natural). Flood plain. River terrace. Drumlin / Drumlin field. Landslip (active). Landslip (ancient). Spring. Coal / mineral spoil tips. Hill top. Rock pavement
RIGS, St Dyfnog's Well for faulted contact between Carboniferous Limestone and Permo-Triassic sandstones, and tufa deposits. Extensive area of drift cover with abundant drumlins. Underlain by limestone with tufa deposition and a limestone pavement that is a potential RIGS. River terraces associated with streams and some fluvio-glacial deposits in the valleys. there are also several landslips in the Quaternary cover.

Pentre-Llanrheadr
Gently sloping fan-shaped area at the mouth of the Nant Mawr river on the westerns side of the Vale of Clwyd. Extensive post glacial deposits with fluvio-glacial sands and gravels, alluvial fan deposits, and 1st and 2nd river terraces.
Marsh / saltmarsh. Flood plain. River terrace. Alluvial fan (ancient)
Ensure that the area is appropriately assessed and safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping and that other significant features of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are not lost/damaged due to development
Ancient alluvial fan delta and river terraces. Extensive Pleistocene and recent deposits including fluvio-glacial sands and gravels, alluvial fan deposits and 1st and 2nd river terraces. Potential RIGS for ancient alluvial fan delta and river terraces pending independent assessment of potential RIGS status of features.

Llanynys
Lowlying, elongate hills trending NW-S, between the Clwyedog and Elwy rivers. River terrace deposits with glacial till on hilltops and pockets of peat
Flood plain. River terrace. Drumlin / Drumlin field. Peat bog
Unusual glacial hills, between 2 rivers in a wide half-graben/glacially-enhanced vale. Hills of glacial till with peat and river terrace deposits. Potential RIGS for glacially formed rounded hills, possibly large drumlins pending independent assessment of potential RIGS status of features.

Clwydian Range
NNW-SSE trending ridge of undulating upland with numerous cwms and nivation cirques cut in the north and south by sub-glacial valleys. The Range has a very steep western side defined by the Vale of Clwyd Fault and a less steep eastern side.
Upland escarpment. Mountain glacial-erosion terrain. Glacial mountain valley
Boulder. Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). Lake / reservoir (artificial). River channel (natural). Dry valley. Hill top. Plateau. Peat bog. Cwm/corrie. Glacial U-shaped valley. Glacial hanging valley. Spring. Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit
Clwyd-Powys Archaeological Trust, 1992-93, Clwyd and Powys Met

Llanferres
Cwms, nivation cirques and slopes of the eastern side of the Clwydian Range. Extensive glacio-fluvial and till deposits with some head development. Faulted by the Alyn Valley Fault and bounded by the uplands on the west and the Alyn Valley on the east.
Superficial deposits. Active processes. Past processes. Other
Active lowland river-flood plain system. Glacial mountain valley
Marsh / saltmarsh. Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). Lake / reservoir (artificial). River channel (natural). Flood plain. Dry valley. Moraine. Glacial U-shaped valley. Landslip (active). Spring
Classic U-shaped glacial valleys and glacial valley slope. Cwms, nivation cirques and slopes of the eastern side of the Clwydian Range. Extensive glacio-fluvial and till deposits with some head development. Faulted by the Alyn Valley Fault and bounded by the uplands on the west and the Alyn Valley on the east.

Pwll-y-blawd
Gently sloping, valley bottom & flood plain draped with fluvioglacial deposits and isolated small outcrops of Carboniferous Llanarmon Limestone
Lowland glacial outwash plain / field. Other

Alyn Valley
Fault-controlled river valley flowing though limestone gorges with meanders, river terraces, fluvio-glacial deposits and recent alluvium.
Stratigraphic formation(s). Structural features. Active processes. Past processes. Superficial deposits
Ancient lowland river flood plain system. Mineral workings
River channel (natural). Waterfall / rapids. Flood plain. River terrace. Scarp slope. Rock pavement. Limestone gorge. Coal / mineral spoil tips
The river flows are very seasonal. Any change to this seasonality would be detrimental to the character of the area
Contains 3 RIGS including 2 type sections for Carboniferous Limestone and an extensive limestone pavement

Mount Pleasant
Prominent, stepped limestone escarpment trending approximately north-south, cut by several glacial and fluvial valleys. Several outcrops of the Dinantian Leete, Llanarmon, Loggerheads and Cefn Mawr Formations with potential RIGS for the contacts between these formations
Dry valley. Hill top. Scarp slope. Dip slope. Cwm/corrie. Spring. Scarp. Coal / mineral spoil tips
Extensive outcrops of Leete, Llanarmon, Loggerheads and Cefn Mawr Fms with potential RIGS for the conformable contacts between these formations pending independent assessment of potential RIGS status of features.

Moel Findeg-Nercwys
Rounded Carboniferous, sandy-limestone and sandstone ridge trending N-S. There are several outcrops of the Visean to Namurian Minera and Cefn -y-Fedw Formations with several RIGS potential RIGS. This AA marks a significant part of the western boundary of the county.
Undulating upland terrain. Upland gorge. Mineral workings
Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). Dry valley. Hill top. Scarp slope. Dip slope. Plateau. Ridge. Rock pavement
Maintenance of geomorphological features and monitoring of quarrying
D066 Moel Findeg. Minera & Cefn y Fedw Formations

Maeshafn
N-S trending, wooded, limestone ridge with many quarries and mineral workings. Extensive outcrops of Llanarmon, Loggerheads and Cefn Mawr Formations. Three extensive limestone pavements, RIGS, and limestone outcrops. Cut by several dry glacial valleys with extensive head deposits.
Stratigraphic formation(s). Superficial deposits. Structural features. Past processes. Other
Glacial mountain valley. upland karst. Mineral workings. Other
Dry valley. Ridge. Rock pavement. Stepped topography. Glacial U-shaped valley. Landslip (active). Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit. Coal / mineral spoil tips. Urban / industrial development
The limestone quarrying is of limited extent & part of surrounding area is nature reserve & RIGS
To conserve the areas adjacent to the quarries and no further quarrying
Extensive outcrops of Minera and Cefn-y-fedw Fms Formations. Three extensive limestone pavements, RIGS, and limestone and sandy-limestone outcrops, also RIGS . Cut by several dry glacial valleys with extensive head deposits.

Eryrys
Stepped limestone upland with extensive outcrops of the Dinantian Llanarmon and Loggerheads Formations. Prominent escarpments capped with several extensive limestone pavements. Cut by glacial features such as cwms and dry valleys.
Upland escarpment. Mountain glacial-erosion terrain. Glacial mountain valley. Mineral workings
Gorge/gully/ravine. Boulder. Scree / talus. Dry valley. Slope. Hill top. Scarp slope. Dip slope. Plateau. Moraine. Rock pavement. Cwm/corrie. Glacial U-shaped valley. Landslip (active). Glacial hanging valley. Spring. Limestone gorge. Coal / mineral spoil tips. Urban / industrial development
Conservation of pavements and protection by Limestone Pavement Orders
Exceptional limestone karstic landscape with 7 RIGS & potential RIGS for karst & limestone outcrops with excellent examples of faults and folds. Many glacial features such as cwms, dry valleys and erratics.

Bryn yr Ogof
Undulating valley slope with outcrops of the Carboniferous, Dinantian, Leete Formation and cut by many faults. Several small dry glacial valleys and draped with glacial and glacio-fluvial deposits
Superficial deposits. Structural features. Active processes. Past processes
Sea-cave / cave. Boulder. Dry valley. Slope. Hill top. Scarp slope

Graianrhyd
A valley and wetland in the surrounding rounded limestone & sandstone hills. Outcrops of the Carboniferous, Namurian Minera and Cefn-y-Fedw Formations. The valley and wetland is draped by glacial till with peat and alluvium.
Stratigraphic formation(s). Superficial deposits. Structural features. Past processes. Other
Outcrops of the Carboniferous, Namurian Minera and Cefn-y-Fedw Formations with a conformable contact between the Minera & Cefn y fedw Fms. The valley and wetland is draped by glacial till with peat and alluvium.

Rhyd-y-ceirw
Steep-sided E-W trending valley that runs into the Terrig valley. The Terrig valley in the south of this AA is a gorge with steep sides. The sides of the gorge opens out to the north with gentler slopes on the western side and steep slopes on the eastern side
Active lowland river-flood plain system. Ancient lowland river flood plain system. Lowland valley slope / escarpment
Potential RIGS (pending independent assessment of potential RIGS status of features) for deep, lowland glacial gorges and valleys cutting through the Carboniferous, Namurian Cefn y Fedw Sandstone. Valley and slopes draped with till with some head deposits.

Moel Garegog
Undulating upland sandstone massif which rises above the surrounding valleys. Prominent cherty beds within the sandstone. Cut by glacial valleys with extensive peat deposits.
Marsh / saltmarsh. Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). Lake / reservoir (artificial). River terrace. Dry valley. Slope. Hill top. Scarp slope. Dip slope. Spring. Coal / mineral spoil tips
Undulating upland sandstone massif with prominent cherty beds. Cut by glacial valleys with extensive peat deposits. Glacial till drapes the flanks of the massif with some glacial-fluvial deposits and some alluvium in the valleys.

Creigiog Ucha
Prominent undulating Carboniferous, Dinantian Cefn Mawr Limestone Formation valley slope, cut by many faults. Limestone upland with glacial rounded hills and dry valleys.
Stratigraphic formation(s). Structural features. Active processes. Past processes. Other
Undulating upland terrain. upland karst. Mineral workings
Marsh / saltmarsh. Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). Dry valley. Slope. Hill top. Scarp slope. Dip slope. Peat bog
Prominent undulating Carboniferous, Dinantian Cefn Mawr Limestone Formation forming the valley slope and cut by many faults. Limestone upland with glacial rounded hills and dry valleys.

Gwernol
Gentle westerly slope of Ordovician, Ashgill, Dolhir Formation with isolated hills of Carboniferous, Namurian Minera Formation limestone outcrops exposed due to the extensive faulting of the Bala Lineament. Glacial features include valleys with glacio-fluvial deposits, peat and alluvium
Westerly slope of Ordovician, Ashgill, Dolhir Formation with isolated hills of Carboniferous, Namurian Minera Formation limestone outcrops exposed due to the extensive faulting of the Bala Lineament. Glacial features include valleys with glacio-fluvial deposits, peat and alluvium

Llandegla
Flat valley bottom between limestone hills and outcrops. The valley and lower slopes of the hills are draped with glacial till which is cut by alluvium.
Superficial deposits. Structural features. Active processes. Past processes. Stratigraphic formation(s)
Marsh / saltmarsh. River channel (natural). Flood plain. Spring
Lowland river & alluvial system cutting Carboniferous, Dinatian Loggerheads, Cefn Mawr and Minera limestone outcrops and hills which are cut by several faults.

Llanarmon-yn-Ial
Low-lying, undulating valley sides on the flanks of the Clwydian Range uplands with isolated limestone outcrops draped by glacial, fluvio-glacial deposits and alluvium
Ancient lowland river flood plain system. Lowland glacial outwash plain / field
Marsh / saltmarsh. Flood plain. Dry valley. Slope. Hill top. Spring
Lowland glaciofluvial valley slope with isolated outcrops of Carboniferous, Dinantian, Llanarmon Limestone Formation. Vadose cave in the limestone.

Rhen Wylfa
NE-SW trending series of Carboniferous, Dinantian Leete, Llanarmon, Loggerheads and Cefn Mawr Formation limestone ridges. Cut by faults with glacial valleys with till and recent alluvium
Sea-cave / cave. Marsh / saltmarsh. Dry valley. Stepped topography. Spring
Stepped limestone topography. NE-SW trending series of Carboniferous, Dinantian Leete, Llanarmon, Loggerheads and Cefn Mawr Formation limestone ridges. Cut by faults with glacial valleys with till and recent alluvium. Potential RIGS for unusual
stepped limestone topography pending independent assessment of potential RIGS status of features.

Tomen Rhodwy
Elongate, low-lying valley area between the flanks of the Clwydian Range and the stepped limestone topography
Marsh / saltmarsh. Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). River channel (natural). Spring

Graigfechan
Fault-bounded, isolated N-S trending limestone ridge of Carboniferous, Dinantian Cefn Mawr and Minera Fornmation
Hill top. Scarp slope. Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit
maintain current regime, but sme clearance of the quarry to expose the geological feature would be beneficial
RIGS for the enigmatic fossil Saccamina. Fault-bounded limestone ridge by the Vale of Clwyd Fault and other smaller faults. Excellent exposures in small quarries.

Ruthin-Llanfair Dyffryn Clwyd (DC)
Low-lying, undulating bottom of the glacial Vale of Clwyd with some outcrops of Permo-Triassic Erbistock and Kinnerton Fms. Draped by glacial till with fluvio-glacial deposits. River terraces with alluvium.
Ancient lowland river flood plain system. Other
Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). Lake / reservoir (artificial). River channel (natural). Flood plain. River terrace. Drumlin / Drumlin field. Alluvial fan (ancient). Spring. Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit. Made ground. Landfill. Urban / industrial development. Engineered topography
Dominantly rural area with localised urban and industrial development
Maintain current regime with development limited to urban area

Coed Marchon
A prominent elongated NNW-SSE trending hill rising from the floor of the Vale of Clwyd. The western side of the hill is considerably steeper than the eastern side
Hill top. Scarp slope. Dip slope. Ridge. Rock pavement. Spring
Forestry should not damage the limestone pavement and karstic character
2 Limestone pavement RIGS, faulted karstic lowland hill

Llwyn Gwern
Small valley and lowland, with small hills of Silurian Elwy Fm, surrounded by larger hills of the Silurian Elwy Formation and Carboniferous Limestone. Small glacial valleys with till and some glacio-fluvial deposits
Active lowland river-flood plain system. Lowland river gorge
Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). River channel (natural). Hill top. Drumlin / Drumlin field
Rural area, farming & forestry predominates. Forestry can damage glacial features
Forestry can damage glacial features, care should be taken during planting and harvesting
Glacio-fluvial valley with outcrops of Silurian Elwy Fm with glacial deposits.

Rhewl
Gently sloping, ancient alluvial fan where the Afon Clwyedog and flows out of the Clwyedog Gorge and the into the Vale of Clwyd
Active lowland river-flood plain system. Lowland glacial outwash plain / field
River terrace. Alluvial fan (ancient). Urban / industrial development
Rural area with little development. Any future development should take into account geomorphological features
Potential RIGS for ancient alluvial fan deposits of sands and gravel and cut by recent alluvium pending independent assessment of potential RIGS status of features.

Myndd-llech
Undulating hills of Silurian Elwy Fm sloping down, to the east, to the bottom of the Vale of Clwyd. Draped by glacial till with glacio-fluvial deposits. There are several north trending drumlins
Undulating lowland hill terrain. Lowland till plain / field
Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). River channel (natural). River terrace. Hill top. Drumlin / Drumlin field. Alluvial fan (ancient). Spring
Slope on the western side of the Vale of Clwyd half graben with isolated hills and glacial features

Nant Mawr Gorge
Narrow, meandering, river gorge cutting through Silurian, Elwy Formation mudstones and sandstones. Several, fault-controlled, steep-sided tributary valleys with landslips. Glacio-fluvial and till deposits.
Active upland river or stream channel system. Ancient upland river / stream systems. Mass movement
Marsh / saltmarsh. Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). Lake / reservoir (artificial). River channel (natural). Flood plain. Drumlin / Drumlin field. Landslip (active). Landslip (ancient)
Narrow, meandering, river gorge cutting through Silurian, Elwy Formation mudstones and sandstones with potential RIGS pending independent assessment of potential RIGS status of features.. Several, fault-controlled, steep-sided tributary valleys with landslips. Glacio-fluvial and till deposits.

Foel Gasyth
Undulating E-W trending upland,dissected by small streams. Hilltops of Silurian Elwy Fm mudstone outcrops with sandstone units dipping north.
Dry valley. Hill top. Drumlin / Drumlin field. Spring
Typical Silurian upland moors with outcrops of north-dipping mudstone and sandstone cut by faults.
BRITISH GEOLGICAL SURVEY (previously; Institute of Geological Sciences) 1973, Denbigh, 1:50,000 England and Wales
BRITISH GEOLGICAL SURVEY, (previously; Institute of Geological Sciences) 1970, Rhyl, 1:50,000 England and Wales Sheet 95 (Solid & Solid and Drift), British Geolo

Cornych-Mawr
Westward-facing slope on the side of an active river valley. Silurian Elwy Formation mudstones cut by faults and in places draped with Quaternary till.
Marsh / saltmarsh. River channel (natural). Drumlin / Drumlin field. Landslip (active). Spring
Clwyd-Powys Archaeolog

Saron
Small depression in the Denbigh moors with upland on 3 sides and a valley to the north-east. Draped with Quaternary till with glacial features including drumlins. The northern slope has several landslips.
Marsh / saltmarsh. Drumlin / Drumlin field. Landslip (active). Landslip (ancient). Spring
Small wetland depression with glacial features including drumlins. Landslips on the northern edge of this AA
Clwyd-Powys Archaeolog

Bryn-lluarth
Glacio-fluvial system of 3 steep-sided, fluvial valley slopes in the Silurian Elwy Fm, draped with extensive Quaternary till . several drumlins on the valley sides with landslips. Some glacio-fluvial ice-contact sands and gravels in the eastern part of the valley system, with recent alluvium in the valley bottom.
River channel (natural). Drumlin / Drumlin field. Landslip (active). Landslip (ancient). Spring
Lowland glacial valley slope with glacio-fluvial deposits and features.
Clwyd-Powys Archaeolog

Moel Ytta
Deeply incised, undulating upland plateau in the Silurian Elwy Fm mudstones and sandstones. The flanks are draped with Quaternary till .
Marsh / saltmarsh. Creek. Lake / reservoir (artificial). River channel (natural). Hill top. Spring
Farmed upland with some outcrops of Silurian mudstones and sandstones and cut by faults causing repeated beds.

Foel Ganol-Foel Uchaf
Undulating Silurian Elwy Fm mudstone and sandstone upland deeply incised by N-S trending, fault-controlled fluvio-glacial valleys.
Upland plateau. Active upland river or stream channel system
Marsh / saltmarsh. Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). Lake / reservoir (artificial). River channel (natural). Hill top. Dip slope. Plateau. Spring
Silurian Elwy Fm mudstones and sandstones deeply incised by N-S trending, fault-controlled fluvio-glacial valleys.

Afon Clwedog Gorge
Extensive upland glacio-fluvial valley system with steep-sided river valleys and a river gorge through the Silurian Elwy Fm mudstones and sandstones and near its mouth, the Carboniferous Llanarmon and Leete Fms. The valleys contain river terraces ands glacio-fluvial features with several landslips in the Quaternary till.
Active upland river or stream channel system. Ancient upland river / stream systems. Upland gorge. Glacial mountain valley. Mass movement
Marsh / saltmarsh. Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). River channel (natural). Waterfall / rapids. Flood plain. River terrace. Glacial U-shaped valley. Landslip (active). Landslip (ancient). Spring
Excellent example of a glacial, carved valley with active fluvial processes. Unconformity between Silurian Elwy Fm & overlying Carboniferous Ffernant Fm (RIGS)
CAMPBELL, S. and BOWEN, D.Q. 198

Clogaenog Forest
Large area of undulating, upland of Silurian Elwy Fm and Upper and Lower Nantglyn Flags Fm. Large areas of outcrop, but in places, heavily forested. Dissected by glacio-fluvial gorges and rivers. Significant areas of Quaternary drift on the slopes with glacial features such as drumlins. Significant areas with landslips in the till. The valley bottoms contain river terraces and alluvium.
Active upland river or stream channel system. Upland gorge. Mountain glacial-erosion terrain. Upland glacial outwash plain / field. Upland till plain / field. Mass movement
Marsh / saltmarsh. Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). Lake / reservoir (artificial). River channel (natural). Waterfall / rapids. River terrace. Slope. Hill top. Plateau. Drumlin / Drumlin field. Peat bog. Glacial U-shaped valley. Landslip (active). Landslip (ancient). Spring
Rural area, forestry & farming predominates
Ensure that the area is appropriately assessed and safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping and that significant features of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are not lost/damaged due to forestry actvity
Large area of undulating, upland of Silurian Elwy Fm and Upper and Lower Nantglyn Flags Fm. Large areas of outcrop with numerous faults, but in places, heavily forested. Dissected by glacio-fluvial gorges and rivers. Significant areas of Quaternary drift on the slopes with glacial features such as drumlins. Significant areas with landslips in the till. The valley bottoms contain river terraces and alluvium. This is a rare example of dissected upland with multiple geological & geomorphol

Tyddyn uchaf
Steep-sided glacial valley with active river down-cutting through glacial veneer and Silurian, Elwy Fm mudstones and sandstones. The glacial veneer has suffered several landslips.
Upland valley slope. Ancient upland river / stream systems
Rock platform. River channel (natural). Slope. Drumlin / Drumlin field. Landslip (active). Landslip (ancient). Spring
Glacio-fluvial valley slope with outcrops of Silurian Elwy Fm exposed through the veneer of Quaternary glacial till which has been subject to several landslips. Potential RIGS for glaciofluvial valley slope pending independent assessment of potential RIGS status of features.
CAMPBELL, S. and BOWEN, D.Q. 198

Galltegfa
Undulating Silurian Elwy Fm mudstone and Carboniferous limestone lowland and valley slopes. Quaternary tills drape the area with glacial features such as drumlins. Streams and rivers cut though the till down to the Carboniferous Basement Beds
Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). River channel (natural). Waterfall / rapids. Hill top. Spring. Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit. Coal / mineral spoil tips
Active rivers cutting through glacial veneer & underlying geology to expose faults and Carboniferous Basement Beds.
BRITISH GEOLGICAL SURVEY, (previ

Efenechtyd
Steep-sided, east-facing valley slope of Silurian Elwy Fm mudstones upland to glacial valley bottom.
Waterfall / rapids. Scarp slope. Hanging (fluvial) valley. Spring
Glacial valley slope cut by streams and small rivers
BRITISH GEOLGICAL SURVEY (previously; Institute of Geological Sciences) 1973, D

Pen y gaer
Undulating Silurian Elwy Fm mudstone upland draped with Quaternary till with drumlins and channels
Gorge/gully/ravine. Slope. Hill top. Drumlin / Drumlin field
BRITISH GEOLGICAL SURVEY, 1993, Corwen, 1:50,000 England and Wales Sheet 120 (Solid and Drift), British Geological Survey
BRITISH GEOLGICAL SURVEY (previously; Institute of Geological Sciences) 1973, Denbigh,

Clogaenog Village
Steep-sided, U-shaped, flat-bottomed glacial valleys dissecting Silurian Elwy Fm upland. Some glacial landforms such as drumlins and isolated patches of alluvium in the valley floors.
Marsh / saltmarsh. River channel (natural). Drumlin / Drumlin field. Spring
U-shaped, flat-bottomed glacial valleys with glacial landforms cut by post-glacial rivers with recent alluvium. Potential RIGS for glacial features such as drumlins field, glacio-fluvial channel and river terraces pending independent assessment of potential RIGS status of features.
BRITISH GEOLGICAL SURVEY, 1993, Corwen, 1:50,000 England and Wales Sheet 120 (Solid and Drift), British Geological Survey
CAMPBELL, S. and BOWEN, D.Q. 1989. Geol

Pen-y-lon
North east-south west trending undulating Silurian Elwy Fm upland dissected by glacial valleys cut by streams with some river terraces. The upland is draped with Quaternary glacial till with glacial landforms.
Upland valley slope. Active upland river or stream channel system. Mass movement
Marsh / saltmarsh. Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). Peat bog. Landslip (active). Landslip (ancient). Spring
Rural area, farming and forestry predominates
Silurian Elwy Fm undulating upland dissected by glacio-fluvial processes. U-shaped glacial valleys with recent fluival processes. Potential RIGS for Quaternary features including undulating upland dissected by glacio-fluvial processes and U-shaped glacial valleys with recent fluival processes pending independent assessment of potential RIGS status of features.
BRITISH GEOLGICAL SURVEY, 1993, Corwen, 1:50,000 England and Wales Sheet 120 (Solid and Drift), British Geological Survey
CAMPBELL, S. and BOWEN, D.Q. 1989. Geol

Soar
Northeast-southwest trending U-shaped glacial valley with actively downcutting rivers in the valley floor and sides. The valleys are draped with till which has several landslips. The active river valleys contain fluvial deposits.
Active upland river or stream channel system. Ancient upland river / stream systems. Upland gorge
River channel (natural). Waterfall / rapids. Drumlin / Drumlin field. Glacial U-shaped valley. Landslip (active). Landslip (ancient). Spring
Rural area, farming and forestry predominates
Northeast-southwest trending U-shaped glacial valley with actively downcutting rivers in the valley floor and sides. The valleys are draped with till which has several landslips. The active river valleys contain fluvial deposits. Potential RIGS for glaciofluvial
valley pending independent assessment of potential RIGS status of features.

Gorsedd Bran
Undulating, forested, Silurian Nantglyn Flags and Elwy Fm mudstone upland with several northwest-southeast trending faults. Small depressions with peat and some Quaternary tills in valleys and on flanks of hillsides.
Marsh / saltmarsh. Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit. Coal / mineral spoil tips
RIGS for Silurian Nantglyn Flags with disturbed beds & glacial upland with peat development

Gors Maen LLwyd
Glacial upland, wetland on the edge of a reservoir with drumlins and peat deposits, draped with Quaternary till and dissected by a small river and streams and a small reservoir.
Marsh / saltmarsh. Lake / reservoir (artificial). River channel (natural). Flood plain. River terrace. Peat bog
Glacially-moulded upland wetland with glacial landforms and peat development. Small active rivers and streams with river terraces and alluvium. Potential RIGS for glacially-moulded upland wetland with glacial landforms and peat pending independent assessment of potential RIGS status of features.
CAMPBELL, S. and BOWEN, D.Q. 1989. Geol

Mynydd Hiraethog
NE-SW trending upland ridge of Silurian Denbigh Grits and Nantglyn Flags with disturbed beds. Peat development in depressions. Small faulted graben formed in Silurian Wenlock Denbigh Grits and Nantglyn Flags.
Marsh / saltmarsh. Rock platform. Slope. Hill top
Glacially-moulded upland with peat formation in depressions. Small faulted graben formed in Silurian Wenlock Denbigh Grits and Nantglyn Flags. Potential RIGS for glacially-moulded upland with peat formation in depressions pending independent assessment of potential RIGS status of features.

Aber Berbo
Low-lying glacially-moulded upland draped with Quaternary till with drumlins and some peat development.
Marsh / saltmarsh. Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). River channel (natural). Drumlin / Drumlin field
Low-lying glacially-moulded upland draped with Quaternary till with drumlins and some peat development. Potential RIGS for these features pending independent assessment of potential RIGS status of features.

Foel Goch
NE-SW trending, faulted, upland ridge of Silurian, Wenlock, Nantglyn Flags with Lower and Upper Mottled Mudstone. The flanks are draped with Quaternary till. Small pockets of peat in depressions on the ridge.
Marsh / saltmarsh. Rock platform. Slope. Hill top. Scarp slope. Dip slope
Glacially-moulded, fault-controlled, upland ridge with some peat in small depressions. Flanks draped with Quaternary till with drumlins. Potential RIGS for glacially-moulded, fault-controlled, upland ridge with some peat in small depressions pending independent assessment of potential RIGS status of features.

Derwydd Mawr
Upland hill outcrop of Ordovician, Ashgill, Maerdy Mudstone with several NW-SE trending faults. The hill flanks are draped with Quaternary till with glacial landforms including drumlins.
Mountain glacial features such as glacially-eroded and plucked escarpment possibly roche moutonee, glacial landforms such as drumlins.

Craig y Llechwedd
Undulating glacially-moulded upland with outcrops of Ordovician, Ashgill, Maerdy Fm showing faults and folds such as 2 phases of anticlines and synclines. Glacial features, drumlins and till, dissected by rivers and streams with landslips.
Upland plateau. Upland till plain / field
Marsh / saltmarsh. Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). River channel (natural). Hill top. Drumlin / Drumlin field. Peat bog. Spring
Undulating glacially-moulded upland with outcrops of Ordovician, Ashgill, Maerdy Fm showing faults and folds such as 2 phases of anticlines and syncluines. Glacial features, drumlins and till, dissected by rivers and streams with landslips. Includes potential RIGS sites for these features pending independent assessment of potential RIGS status of features.
Clwyd-Powys Archaeological Trust, 1992-93, Clwyd and Powys Metal Mines

Upper Alwen
Upland glacial gorge cut through the Ordovician, Ashgill, Maerdy Fm with post-glacial fluvial downcutting though Quaternary till. Extensive alluvium in the valley floor.
Upland valley slope. Glacial mountain valley
River channel (natural). Waterfall / rapids. Flood plain. Abandoned channel / Ox Bow lake. Landslip (ancient). Spring
Ensure that the area is appropriately assessed and safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping and that other significant features of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are not lost/damaged due to development
Glacio-fluvial valley with faults and folds with active fluvial processes cutting through Quaternary till. Potential RIGS for glaciofluvial valley with active fluvial processes pending independent assessment of potential RIGS status of features.

Afon Alwen
Base of a glacial U-shaped, fault-controlled valley with extensive alluvium and landslips in the Quaternary till
Flood plain. Abandoned channel / Ox Bow lake. River terrace. Dry valley. Spring
Ensure that the area is appropriately assessed and safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping and that other significant features of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are not lost/damaged due to development
Glacio-fluvial valley with faults and folds with active fluvial processes cutting through Quaternary till and deposition of alluvium. Potential RIGS for glaciofluvial valley etc pending independent assessment of potential RIGS status of features.
Clwyd-Powys Archaeological Trust, 1992-93, Clwyd and Powys Metal Mines

Mynydd Rhyd ddu
NE-SW trending ridge with Ordovician, Ashgill, Maerdy Fm and Denbigh Grits exposed in several places. There are numerous NW-SE trending faults with several small grabens and beds dipping NE. Depressions in the ridge contain Quaternary till with occasional drumlins and some peat.
Upland valley slope. Upland plateau. Upland till plain / field
Marsh / saltmarsh. Rock platform. Hill top. Scarp slope. Dip slope. Plateau. Ridge. Drumlin / Drumlin field. Tor. Spring
Ensure that the area is appropriately assessed and safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping and that other significant features of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are not lost/damaged due to developmen
Fault-controlled upland ridge of Ordovician Ashgill Maerdy Fm & Denbigh Grits with grabens, dipping beds synclines with overlying glacial landforms. Potential RIGS for fault-controlled bed-rock geology pending independent assessment of potential RIGS status of features.

Wern-ddu
East-facing glacial, valley slope that has been extensively quarried
Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit. Coal / mineral spoil tips. Urban / industrial development
Extensively quarried with large spoil tips. Industrial site
Clwyd-Powys Archaeological Trust, 1992-93, Clwyd and Powys Metal Mines

Upper Clwyd Valley
Steep-sided ravine though Ordovician, Ashgill, Maerdy Fm with an unconformable contact with the Silurian, Wenlock Denbigh Grits with active river in the bottom with alluvium deposited on Quaternary till.
River channel (natural). Waterfall / rapids. Abandoned channel / Ox Bow lake. River terrace. Drumlin / Drumlin field. Hanging (fluvial) valley. Glacial hanging valley. Spring
Steep-sided, glacial gorge with several faults through Ordovician and Silurian sediments with active river and alluvium. Potential RIGS for steep sided, glacial gorge, etc, pending independent assessment of potential RIGS status of features.

Nant-yr-erw-haidd
Undulating glacially-moulded, Silurian, Wenlock Nantglyn Flags upland with a valley slope SE towards the Dee valley cut by small rivers and streams. Hillside draped with glacial deposits with drumlins and some peat in depressions
Upland valley slope. Active upland river or stream channel system
Marsh / saltmarsh. River channel (natural). Slope. Drumlin / Drumlin field. Spring
Upland and valley slope of Silurian, Wenlock, Nantglyn Flags, fault-bounded to the NW with glacial landforms and peat. Potential RIGS for upland and valley slope of Silurian, Wenlock, Nantglyn Flags, etc, pending independent assessment of potential RIGS status of features.

Maerdy Mawr
Glacial valley bottom with Quaternary till, cutting through the Silurian Wenlock, Nantglyn Flags and Elwy Fm mudstones. Cut by faults with several drumlins and glacial landforms in the valley floor
Glacial mountain valley. Upland till plain / field
Marsh / saltmarsh. River channel / canal (artificial). Flood plain. Dry valley. Drumlin / Drumlin field. Coal / mineral spoil tips
Ensure that the area is appropriately assessed and safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping and that other significant features of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are not lost/damaged due to development,
Significant U-shaped, glacial valley through the Silurian Wenlock, Denbigh Grits with glacial landforms including drumlins in the valley floor. Potential RIGS for significant U-shaped, glacial valley pending independent assessment of potential RIGS status of features.

Nant Clwyd
Lowland U-shaped glacial valley cutting the Silurian, Wenlock, Nantglyn Flags and Elwy Fms with active river cutting through glacial till and deposition of alluvium. The valley is cut by several E-W trending faults
Active lowland river-flood plain system. Ancient lowland river flood plain system
Marsh / saltmarsh. River channel (natural). Waterfall / rapids. Abandoned channel / Ox Bow lake. River terrace. Spring
Significant lowland U-shaped glacial valley cutting the Silurian, Wenlock, Nantglyn Flags and Elwy Fms with active river cutting through glacial till and deposition of alluvium. The valley is cut by several E-W trending faults. Potential RIGS for significant lowland U-shaped glacial valley pending independent assessment of potential RIGS status of features.
CAMPBELL, S. and BOWEN, D.Q. 1989. Geological Conservation Review; The Quaternary of W

Gwyddelwern
West -acing valley slope of a glacial, U-shaped valley draped with veneer of till and some drumlins over Silurian Wenlock, Nantglyn Flags, cut by several faults.
Undulating upland terrain. Upland valley slope
River channel (natural). Slope. Hill top. Drumlin / Drumlin field. Spring
Glacial valley slope with small glacial hanging valleys and landforms. Potential RIGS for small glacial hanging valleys and landforms pending independent assessment of potential RIGS status of features.
CAMPBELL, S. and BOWEN, D.Q. 1989. Geological Conservation Review; The Quaternary of W

Mynydd Llanelidan
Undulating upland terrain of Silurian Wenlock, Nantglyn Flags and Elwy Fm, cut by faults with abundant glacial landforms and dissected by glacio-fluvial valleys
Upland valley slope. Mountain glacial-erosion terrain
Marsh / saltmarsh. Dry valley. Drumlin / Drumlin field. Cwm/corrie. Glacial U-shaped valley. Spring
Undulating glacial upland terrain of Silurian Wenlock, Nantglyn Flags and Elwy Fm, cut by faults with abundant glacial landforms and dissected by glacio-fluvial valleys. Potential RIGS for glacial upland terrain pending independent assessment of potential RIGS status of features.
CAMPBELL, S. and BOWEN, D.Q. 1989. Geological Conservation Review; The Quaternary of W

Rhewl-wen
Undulating upland with many glacial geomorphological features such as a drumlin field and post-glacial peat development
Upland plateau. Active upland river or stream channel system
Marsh / saltmarsh. Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). Lake / reservoir (artificial). River channel (natural). Abandoned channel / Ox Bow lake. Dry valley. Kettle hole. Drumlin / Drumlin field. Peat bog
Classic glacial upland with abundant glacial landforms including a drumlin field possible drainage channels and peat development in depressions
CAMPBELL, S. and BOWEN, D.Q. 1989. Geo

Mynydd Cricor
NE-SW trending, fault-controlled, undulating, ridge with outcrops of Silurian Denbigh Grits, Nantglyn Flags and Elwy Fms on the upper slopes of a large, fault-controlled glacial valley with till in depressions and glacial striations on exposed Elwy Fm
Undulating upland terrain. Upland till plain / field
Marsh / saltmarsh. Rock platform. Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). Lake / reservoir (artificial). River terrace. Slope. Hill top. Drumlin / Drumlin field. Peat bog. Spring

Afon Morwynion
Fault-controlled glacio-fluvial valley flowing north-east, with ice-contact sands and gravels with river terraces, alluvium, peat and isolated rock outcrops of Silurian, Wenlock, Nantglyn Flags and Elwy Fms
Active lowland river-flood plain system. Ancient lowland river flood plain system. Lowland glacial outwash plain / field
Marsh / saltmarsh. Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). Lake / reservoir (artificial). River channel (natural). River terrace. Spring

Llantysilio-Cyrn-y-Brain
Upland mountain terrain of Silurian, Nantglyn Flags with the 'slab horizon', trending NE-SW. The northern flank of the Llangollen Syncline and south of the Bryneglwys Fault. The slope is dissected by small, glacial, hanging valleys which are cut by active streams flowing north. There are pockets of Quaternary till in the smaller valleys
Mountain glacial-erosion terrain. Glacial mountain valley
Marsh / saltmarsh. Rock platform. Hill top. Scarp slope. Dip slope. Plateau. Glacial U-shaped valley. Glacial hanging valley. Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit. Coal / mineral spoil tips. Urban / industrial development
Rural area, farming predominates. Abundant evidence of quarrying
GCR site & bordering 2 others. Fault and Variscan orogenic folding-controlled, glacial mountain geomorphology
Clwyd-Powys Archaeological Trust, 1992-93, Clwyd and Powys Metal Mine

Horseshoe Pass-World's End
A series of connected deep, glacial U-shaped valleys in the Ordovician, Fron-Frys Fm Ty-draw Slates and Silurian Nantglyn flags on the northern limb of the Llangollen Syncline.
Upland valley slope. Active upland river or stream channel system. Ancient upland river / stream systems. Upland gorge. Mountain glacial-erosion terrain
Waterfall / rapids. Scarp slope. Dip slope. Rock pavement. Cwm/corrie. Glacial U-shaped valley. Glacial hanging valley. Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit
GCR sites. Glacial mountain geomorphology. A series of connected deep, glacial U-shaped valleys in the Ordovician, Fron-Frys Fm Ty-draw Slates and Silurian Nantglyn flags on the northern limb of the Llangollen Syncline.
Clwyd-Powys Archaeological Trust, 1992-93, Clwyd and Powys Metal Mine

Eglwyseg River
River valley in the base of deep glacial U-shaped valleys with active river downcutting with terrace deposits cutting down through Quaternary glacial till with deposition of alluvium.
Cliff. River channel (natural). River terrace. Glacial U-shaped valley
Active river in the floor of deep U-shaped glacial valleys with active fluvial processes cutting through till and river terraces development. Potential RIGS for active river pending independent assessment of potential RIGS status of features.
Clwyd-Powys Archaeological Trust, 1992-93, Clwyd and Powys Metal Mine

Eglwyseg Escarpment
Spectacular escarpment of Carboniferous Dinantian limestone with a series of rounded buttresses divided by deep faulted gullys, glacial screes and stepped profile. Extensive limestone pavements with important calcareous soils.
Upland escarpment. Mass movement. upland karst
Gorge/gully/ravine. Boulder. Scree / talus. Hill top. Scarp slope. Dip slope. Rock pavement. Stepped topography. Cwm/corrie. Glacial U-shaped valley. Rockslide (active). Rockslide (ancient). Polja. Spring
Spectacular, unique, Carboniferous limestone escarpment with a series of rounded buttresses divided by deep, faulted gullys, glacial screes and stepped topography with important limestone pavements and calcareous soils

Bryneglwys
Area of glacial clay-blanketed terrain which covers the sides of a NE-SW trending U-shaped valley. The till covers the Ordovician & Silurian sediments. Locally incised by north-east flowing stream valleys. Includes scattered small outcrops of Ordovician and Silurian bedrock.
Lowland valley slope / escarpment. Other
Marsh / saltmarsh. River channel (natural). River terrace. Slope. Drumlin / Drumlin field. Glacial U-shaped valley. Spring
Extensive area of drift cover, with few notable sites recorded, but classic glacial valley side
BRITISH GEOLGICAL SURVEY (previously; Institute of Geological Sciences) 1973, Denbigh

Dinas Bran-Fron Fawr
Glacially-moulded, undulating hills in the Silurian Ludlow, Elwy Fm and Dinas Bran Beds, with a transition from lowland to upland separated by U-shaped, glacial valleys with till.
Lowland valley slope / escarpment. Upland valley slope. Glacial mountain valley
Rock platform. Abandoned channel / Ox Bow lake. River terrace. Dry valley. Hill top. Scarp slope. Dip slope. Spring
Dinas Bran GCR SSSI for Silurian, Ludlow Dinas Bran Fm. Spectacular glacial geomorphology with pre-glaciation river terraces.

Bryn Howel-N bank, Llangollen
Flat-lying valley bottom with flood plain and river terraces on the meanders of the River Dee with glacio-fluvial sands and gravels on the banks of the Dee
River channel / canal (artificial). Flood plain. River terrace. Spring. Urban / industrial development. Lake / reservoir (artificial)
Well-developed glacio-fluvial river terrace deposits with glacio-fluvial sands and gravels. Potential RIGS for well-developed
glacio-fluvial river terrace deposits with glacio-fluvial sands and gravels pending independent assessment of potential RIGS status of features.

Afon Dyfdwy
Glacio-fluvial valley floor of deeply incised, meandering River Dee with alluvium and flood plain deposits flowing from the Denbighshire border in the west near Llandrillo to the eastern boundary at Trevor
Marsh / saltmarsh. Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). River channel / canal (artificial). River channel (natural). Waterfall / rapids. Flood plain. River terrace. Spring. Made ground. Engineered topography
River Dee GCR- Ancient and active river and flood plain system in the centre of the Llangollen Syncline with some fault-controlled sections, meanders that have cut 300m down through Silurian, Ludlow sandstones & mudstones with river terraces and alluvium.

Rhewl
Bases of deep, U-shaped glacial hanging valleys adjacent to U-shaped, glacial valley slopes in the Llangollen Syncline. Valley-fills of Quaternary till with active downcutting of small rives and streams.
Marsh / saltmarsh. Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). River channel (natural). River terrace. Dry valley. Glacial hanging valley. Spring
Dee Valley Geological SSSI as well as abandoned glacial-fluvial U-shaped valleys

Carrog
Northern valley slope of the glacial, meandering, U-shaped Afon Dyfdwy (Dee Valley). Also has associated glacial hanging valleys with cwms and active rivers.
Active upland river or stream channel system. Ancient upland river / stream systems. Mountain glacial-erosion terrain. Glacial mountain valley
Rock platform. River channel (natural). Waterfall / rapids. Stepped topography. Cwm/corrie. Glacial U-shaped valley. Glacial hanging valley. Spring. Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit
Ensure that the area is appropriately assessed and safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping and that other significant features of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are not lost/damaged
Valley slope of glacial U-shaped valley cut down through the Silurian Ludlow, Elwy Fm in the centre of the Llangollen Syncline, Dee Valley GCR site

Corwen-Gwyndyfdwy
Extensive sloping south-side of the U-shaped glacial Dee Valley with hanging glacial valleys on the southern flank of the Llangollen Syncline. The valleys have a veneer of Quaternary fill and are cut be active fluvial processes with some river terraces and alluvium
Glacial mountain valley. Active upland river or stream channel system. Ancient upland river / stream systems. Mountain glacial-erosion terrain
River channel (natural). Waterfall / rapids. Rock pavement. Peat bog. Cwm/corrie. Glacial U-shaped valley. Spring. Urban / industrial development. Flood plain. Abandoned channel / Ox Bow lake. River terrace. Landslip (ancient). Glacial hanging valley
Dominantly rural area with localised urban and industrial development.
Extensive glacial valley-slope on the southern flank of the Llangollen Syncline with large glacial U-shaped hanging valleys with abundant glacial landforms and till in the valleys cut by recent fluvial processes.

Moel Sych-Vivod Mountain
Open, glacially-moulded, rounded, mountain moorland of Silurian, Ludlow, Elwy Fm on the southern flank of the Llangollen Syncline, dissected by faults, streams, cwms and glacial valleys
Rock platform. Waterfall / rapids. Hill top. Plateau. Ridge. Tor. Peat bog. Arete. Cwm/corrie. Glacial U-shaped valley. Glacial hanging valley. Scarp
Rare, open, glacially-moulded, rounded, mountain moorland of Silurian, Ludlow, Elwy Fm on the southern flank of the Llangollen Syncline, dissected by faults, streams, cwms and glacial valleys. Several potential RIGS for Silurian Elwy Fm and
Upper and Lower Nantglyn Flags Fm.. Several potential RIGS for Silurian Elwy Fm and Upper and Lower Nantglyn Flags Fm. pending independent assessment of potential RIGS status of features.
EVINS, R.E. & MASON, J.S. 1999. Welsh Metallophyte and metallogenic evaluation project: Results of a Minesite Survey of Clwyd. National Museums & Galleries of Wales.

Afon Trystion
Large, U-shaped, partly fault-controlled, glacial valley with cwms and fluvial V-shaped gorge cutting the Ordovician, Ashgill, Dolhir Fm
Active upland river or stream channel system. Ancient upland river / stream systems. Upland gorge. Mountain glacial-erosion terrain
Lake / reservoir (artificial). River channel (natural). Waterfall / rapids. Glacial hanging valley. Cwm/corrie. Glacial U-shaped valley
Ensure that the area is appropriately assessed and safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping and that other significant features of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are not lost/damaged due to forestry
U-shaped, glacial, hanging-valley with many undisturbed glacial features and post-glacial, fluvial downcutting through Quaternary till. Several potential RIGS for Silurian Elwy Fm and Upper and Lower Nantglyn Flags Fm. pending independent assessment of potential RIGS status of features.
EVINS, R.E. & MASON, J.S. 1999. Welsh Metallophyte and metallogenic evaluation project: Results of a Minesite Survey of Clwyd. National Museums & Galleries of Wales.
CAMPBELL, S. and BOWEN, D.Q. 1989. Geological Conservation Review; The Quaternary of Wa

Cwm-uchaf
Glacially-moulded, undulating, valley slope draped with Quaternary glacial and ice-contact deposits
Marsh / saltmarsh. Rock platform. Slope. Hill top
Glacially-moulded, undulating, west-facing valley slope draped with outcrop of Ordovician, Ashgill, Dolhir Fm with Quaternary glacial and ice-contact deposits

Cynwyd
Shallow, sloping valley side at the base of the glacial, U-shaped Dee valley with glacial and glacio-fluvial sands and gravels
Active lowland river-flood plain system. Lowland valley slope / escarpment. Lowland glacial outwash plain / field
River channel (natural). Flood plain. River terrace. Alluvial fan (ancient). Spring
Lower glacial valley slope with glacial and glacio-fluvial sands and gravels. Valley controlled by a splay of the Bryneglwys Fault, part of the Bala Lineament. Potential RIGS for lower glacial valley slope and alluvial fan pending independent assessment of potential RIGS status of features.

Myndd Mynyllod
Undulating, dissected upland, NE-SW trending ridge of Silurian, Wenlock, Denbigh Grit Fm. The ridge trend is controlled by the Bala Lineament. Depressions in the ridge are filled in till with glacial features such as drumlins and glacial meltwater channels
Marsh / saltmarsh. Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). River channel (natural). Waterfall / rapids. Slope. Hill top. Scarp slope. Dip slope. Ridge. Drumlin / Drumlin field. Peat bog. Spring
Ensure that other significant features of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are not lost/dama
Tectonically controlled upland with important glacial and fluvio-glacial features such as drumlins and glacial meltwater channels. Potential RIGS for Denbigh Grits and glacial features such as drumlin field pending independent assessment of potential RIGS status of features.

Tyfos
Western slope of a glacial U-shaped NE-SW trending valley, between the valley bottom and the upland to the west. The slope is draped with glacial and fluvio-glacial deposits including drumlins with minor alluvium.
Marsh / saltmarsh. River channel (natural). Waterfall / rapids. Slope. Drumlin / Drumlin field. Cwm/corrie. Spring
Tectonically - controlled, glacial valley slope opposite DNBGH GL120, Cynwyd with glacial and fluvio-glacial deposits including drumlins and till cut by active streams. Potential RIGS for faulted contacts between Ordovician Dolhir Fm & Silurian Dolgau Mudstone Fm, Bettws Mudstoen Fm, Nantysgollen shales & Denbigh Grits pending independent assessment of potential RIGS status of features.

Four Crosses
Undulating lowland with glacial landforms including drumlins and glacial meltwater channels, and draped with till. Isolated hills with outcrops of Silurian Nantglyn Flags and an outlier of Carboniferous limestone.
Marsh / saltmarsh. Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). Flood plain. River terrace. Drumlin / Drumlin field. Spring
Carboniferous GCR site for an outlier of Carboniferous Limestone plus glacial features including drumlins and glacial meltwater channels.

Clawdd Poncen
Lowlying glacio-fluvial area between Afon Dyfdwy and Alwen with glacial and fluvio-glacial sands and gravels.
Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). Lake / reservoir (artificial). Flood plain. River terrace. Drumlin / Drumlin field. Spring. Urban / industrial development
Dominantly rural area with localised development, farming predominates
Glacial and fluvio-glacial sands, gravels with glacial and fluvio-glacial features with river terraces and drumlins. Potential RIGS for extensive glacio-fluvial and recent alluvial deposits pending independent assessment of potential RIGS status of features.

Bryniau Gleision
Undulating, dissected, glacial, mountain upland with a section of a large U-shaped valley and a glacial meltwater channel, draped with head and till.
Marsh / saltmarsh. Hill top. Peat bog. Cwm/corrie. Spring
Rural area forestry can damage glacial features
Limit forestry to conserve glacial features
Glacial mountain-terrain adjacent to Snowdonia National Park, part of a large glacial U-shaped valley with head and peat with glacial meltwater channels. Potential RIGS for glaciofluvial upland features and valleys with drainage channels drumlins and head pending independent assessment of potential RIGS status of features.
BRITISH GEOLGICAL SURVEY, 1986, Bala, 1:50,000 England and Wales Sheet 136 (Solid with Drift), British Geological Survey
CAMPBELL, S. and BOWEN, D.Q. 1989. Geological Conservation Review; The Quaternary of Wal

Cwn Pedew-Cwm Tywyll
A series of large, U-shaped, lobe-shaped glacial valleys extending from the valley bottom to the uplands with glacial meltwater channels, drumlins cut by active rivers.
Upland valley slope. Active upland river or stream channel system. Upland gorge. Mountain glacial-erosion terrain
Marsh / saltmarsh. River channel (natural). Waterfall / rapids. Peat bog. Glacial U-shaped valley. Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit
Rural area, farming and forestry predominate
Rural area. Forestry and other development could damage the geomorphological features
A system of ancient cwms and U-shaped glacial valleys and slopes with meltwater channels, glacial features, dissected by active fluvial processes. Potential RIGS for glaciofluvial upland with a system of ancient cwms and U-shaped valleys and hanging valleys with head, pending independent assessment of potential RIGS status of features.
BRITISH GEOLGICAL SURVEY, 1986, Bala, 1:50,000 England and Wales Sheet 136 (Solid with Drift), British Geological Survey
CAMPBELL, S. and BOWEN, D.Q. 1989. Geological Conservation Review; The Quaternary of Wal

Afon Llynor
Narrow valley with a deep, steep-sided river gorge cutting the Ordovician, Ashgill, Dolhir Fm, widening up-river to a U-shaped glacial valley... Draped with glacial till and active fluvial downcutting...
Ancient upland river / stream systems. Upland gorge. Mountain glacial-erosion terrain. Glacial mountain valley
River channel (natural). Waterfall / rapids. Glacial U-shaped valley. Spring
Ancient glacial valley with a deep gorge and active downcutting fluvial processes... Potential RIGS for ancient glacial valley etc pending independent assessment of potential RIGS status of features...
BEVINS, R...E... & MASON, J...S... 1999... Welsh Metallophyte and metallogenic evaluation project: Results of a Minesite Survey of Clwyd... National Museums & Galleries of Wales...
BRITISH GEOLGICAL SURVEY, 1986, Bala, 1:50,000 England and Wales Sheet 136 (Solid with Drift), British Geological Survey
CAMPBELL, S... and BOWEN, D...Q... 1989... Geological Conservation Review;

Maesmaelor
Depression in Carboniferous, Namurian, Cefn-y-Fedw Fm, upland draped with glacial sands gravels with peat and alluvium
Upland glacial outwash plain / field. Other
Marsh / saltmarsh. Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). Lake / reservoir (artificial). River channel (natural). Spring
Glacial upland with glacial and recent deposits

Eyarth
Rounded, N-S trending, wooded ridge of Carboniferous, Dinantian, Leete, Loggerheads and Cefn Mawr Fms, cut by NE-SW faults. Depressions are filled with glacial and fluvio-glacial deposits.
Lowland escarpment. Lowland dip slope. Other
hemical weathering of karst by rainwater.
Slope. Hill top. Scarp slope. Dip slope. Ridge. Rock pavement. Spring. Scarp. Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit
Rural area, farming predominates Ensure that RIGS is appropriately assessed and safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping and that other significant features of geological or geomorphology
Rural area, farming predominates continue current regime
Unusual lowland karst of Carboniferous, Dinantian, Leete, Loggerheads and Cefn Mawr Fms. Steep-sided, glacially-moulded prominent N-S trending hill. RIGS site also.
CAMPBELL, S. and BOWEN, D.Q. 1989. Geo

Nant y garth
A steep-sided, meandering gorge cutting and exposing the Ordovician Llandovery Ty-draw Slates and Silurian, Wenlock, Nantglyn Flags with an active river
River channel (natural). Waterfall / rapids
A steep-sided, meandering glacial gorge, possible sub-glacial, cutting and exposing the Ordovician Llandovery Ty-draw Slates and Silurian, Wenlock, Nantglyn Flags with an active river. Potential RIGS for a steep-sided, meandering glacial gorge, etc, pending independent assessment of potential RIGS status of features.

Tyddyn tlodion
Upper glacial valley slope on the eastern side of the Silurian, Wenlock, Elwy Fm, Clwydian Range, draped by extensive glacial till.
Superficial deposits. Past processes. Active processes
Marsh / saltmarsh. Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). Lake / reservoir (artificial). River channel (natural). Slope
Upland slope with glacial features such as small cwms and hanging valleys. Potential RIGS for faulted contact of Silurian, Ludlow, Elwy Group and Carboniferous Basement Beds and Foel Fm; part of the Alyn Valley Fault system pending independent assessment of potential RIGS status of features.

Flat-lying, glacial, valley bottom of a large U-shaped glacial valley with an ancient, meandering river and post-glacial alluvium.
Marsh / saltmarsh. River channel (natural). River terrace. Alluvial fan (ancient)
Glacial U-shaped, valley-bottom with active fluvial processes and post-glacial features and alluvium. Potential RIGS for large, glacial U-shaped, valley bottom with active fluvial processes and post-glacial features and alluvium pending independent assessment of potential RIGS status of features.
CAMPBELL, S. and BOWEN, D.Q. 1989. Geological Conservation Review; The Quaternary of Wal

Velvet Hill
A prominent, undulating N-S trending ridge/hill with glacial till draping the western flanks and glacio-fluvial deposits on the northern and eastern flanks.
Hill top. Spring. Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit
Ensure that RIGS is appropriately assessed and safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping and that other significant features of geological or geomorphology
Well-developed folds in the Silurian mudstones, site visited by Darwin
ELLIS, N. V. (ed), BOWEN, D.Q., CAMPBELL, S., KNILL, J.L., McKIRDY, A.P., PROSSER, C.D., VICENT, M.A. and WILSON, R.C.L. 1996. An Introduction to the Geological Conservation Review Series 1. Joint Nature Cons

Pengwern Vale
A rounded, glacially-moulded hill and ancient abandoned meander adjacent to the Afon Dyfdwy with glacial till and river terraces and recent alluvium in the valley bottom.
Lake / reservoir (artificial). River channel / canal (artificial). Former lake (e.g. silted up)
Ensure that potential RIGS is appropriately assessed and safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping and that other significant features of geological or geomorphology
Exceptional abandoned glacial and fluvial channel with glacial and fluvial deposits and river terraces on the southern limb of the Llangollen syncline - potential RIGS pending independent assessment of status of features.

Connah''s Quay-Oakenholt
Terrace and escarpment capped by glacial sand and gravel in the south-east, linking the laterally continuous and equivalent feature of FLNTGL196 to a short ridge of outcropping Carboniferous sandstones in the north-west.
Mainly rural character with limited development.
Ensure that significant features of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are not lost/damaged due to development, etc..
Boundaries correspond to base of terrace feature to the north-east and break of slope associated with contact with boulder clay cover to the south-west.
Forms part of landscape feature, although notable sites not recorded.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1999, Flint, 1:50,000 Sheet 108 (Solid and Drift); DAVIES, J.R., WILSON, D. and WILLIAMSON, I.T. 2004, Geology of the country around Flint, BGS; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2000, Explorer 265: Clwydian Range (1:25,000 scale).

Gronant-Helyg-Garmel
Extensive area of glacial clay blanketted terrain which covers the top of the Carboniferous ridge of Flintshire and then slopes north-eastwards towards the Dee estuary with incipient terraces created by buried escarpments of Carboniferous sandstones. Locally incised by north-east flowing river and stream valleys. Includes scattered small outcrops of Carboniferous bedrock.
Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). Slope. Hill top. Spring. Scarp. Coal / mineral spoil tips. Urban / industrial development
Ensure that potential RIGS site is appropriately assessed and safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping and that other significant features of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are not lost/damaged due to development, etc.
Boundaries in general correspond to break of slope surrounding positive features made by Carboniferous outcrops, also top of steep sides of main incised valleys, base of drift covered slopes at junction with estuarine alluvium of Dee estuary and county boundary.
Extensive area of drift cover, with few notable sites recorded, but includes Coed Pen-y-maes potential RIGS site (Carboniferous stratigraphy - reference section for Holywell Shale Formation).
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1999, Flint, 1:50,000 Sheet 108 (Solid and Drift); DAVIES, J.R., WILSON, D. and WILLIAMSON, I.T. 2004, Geology of the country around Flint, BGS; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1970, Rhyll, 1:63,360 Sheet 95 (Drift); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1975, Liverpool, 1:50,000 Sheet 96 (Drift);
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2000, Explorer 265: Clwydian Range (1:25,000 scale); WARREN,P.T., PRICE, D., NUTT, M.J.C. and SMITH, E.G. 1984, Geology of the country around Rhyl and Denbigh,
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Mine shaft/adit; Meander; Marsh/bog/fen.

Bedlwyn-Nant y Frith
Part of a Carboniferous sandstone massif which rises above the glacial drift covered platform of southernmost Flintshire. Includes the very high and steep northern side of the Nant y Frith valley. Geologically continuous with Hope Mountain (FLNTGL361) but separated by the River Cegidog valley.
Upland area with very limited development.
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development, modification of river/stream system, etc.
Boundaries correspond to that of county and margins of Carboniferous sandstone massif where break of slope marks contact with glacol drift cover.
Distinctive landscape feature with very deep (up to 180 m) gorge in sandstone.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1994, Wrexham, 1:50,000 Sheet 121 (Solid and Drift); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1999, Flint, 1:50,000 Sheet 108 (Solid and Drift); DAVIES, J.R., WILSON, D. and WILLIAMSON, I.T. 2004, Geology of the country around Flint, BGS; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2000, Explorer 256: Wrexham (1:25,000 scale).
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry; Natural crags and inland outcrops; Marsh/bog/fen.

Wepre Brook
Narrow steep sided incised valley, cutting through terrace of glacial sand and gravel and with no more than a very narrow floodplain in its lower reaches. Cuts through to underlying Carboniferous bedrock in places.
River channel (natural). Flood plain. Spring
Dominantly rural with limited development in valley.
Ensure that significant features of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are not lost/damaged due to development, etc.
Boundaries correspond to top of steep valley sides.
Typical incised valley for region with notable sites not currently recorded.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1999, Flint, 1:50,000 Sheet 108 (Solid and Drift); DAVIES, J.R., WILSON, D. and WILLIAMSON, I.T. 2004, Geology of the country around Flint, BGS; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2000, Explorer 266: Wirral & Chester (1:25,000 scale).

Dee Estuary
Broad estuary fo the River Dee with extensive sandbanks and mudflats exposed at low tide. Marginal areas include foreshore of sand and mud, the former more dominant towards the mouth of the estuary. Main channel from canalised Dee river migrates and position of sand banks, etc. not constant.
Sand / shingle foreshore. Mud-dominated foreshore. Sand beach. Lower saltmarsh / mudflat. Creek. Sand
Estuary system with developed margins fed by artificial river channel. System not pristine but can still locally naturally evolve (e.g. on north bank).
Allow natural systems to continue in current constrained context, including salt marsh development. Any dredging of the main river channel should ensure that adverse effects on saltmarsh development are avoided. Benefits could be geomorphological, ecological and potentially enhance flood protection. Consider managed retreat to increase areas of saltmarsh.
Boundary corresponds to OS county boundary and mean high water mark.
Estuary system fed by artificial river channel, with industrially developed margins including coastal/flood defence banks.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1999, Flint, 1:50,000 Sheet 108 (Solid and Drift); DAVIES, J.R., WILSON, D. and WILLIAMSON, I.T. 2004, Geology of the country around Flint, BGS; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1975, Liverpool, 1:50,000 Sheet 96 (Drift); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2000, Explorer 265: Clwydian Range (1:25,000 scale); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2000, Explorer 266: Wirral & Chester (1:25,000 scale).

Hawarden
Distinctive glacial sand and gravel capped scarp and terrace overlooking Queensferry and Shotton and with extensive development cover in the Hawarden area.
Scarp slope. Plateau. Peat bog. Spring. Scarp. Urban / industrial development
Feature is covered by extensive urban and industrial development.
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to continued development, etc.
Boundaries correspond to base of escarpment to the north and break of slope at contact with boulder clay or top of incised valley sides, to the south.
Distinctive terrace, but largely developed and currently without noted sites.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1999, Flint, 1:50,000 Sheet 108 (Solid and Drift); DAVIES, J.R., WILSON, D. and WILLIAMSON, I.T. 2004, Geology of the country around Flint, BGS; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2000, Explorer 266: Wirral & Chester (1:25,000 scale).

Holywell
Steep sided, incised stream valley cut through terrace in glacial drift cover. Includes a suite of artificial lakes in its lower course. Very small outcrops of Carboniferous bedrock also present.
Lake / reservoir (artificial). River channel / canal (artificial). River channel (natural). Urban / industrial development
Natural features of valley significantly modified by urban, etc., development, including construction of lakes/reservoirs.
Ensure that any surviving features of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are not lost/damaged due to further development, etc.
Boundaries correspond to top of steep valley sides.
Natural features of valley significantly modified by urban, etc., dvelopement, including construction of lakes/reservoirs.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1975, Liverpool, 1:50,000 Sheet 96 (Drift); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2000, Explorer 265: Clwydian Range (1:25,000 scale).
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Mine shaft/adit.

Afon Conwy-Walwen-Flint
alley system, deeply incised, with steep sides, mainly cut into the extensive drift-covered terrain that covers much of the county, especially through the broadly terraced slopes which lead down to the Dee estuary. Valleys tend to be deepest where the edges of these terraces are cut through. Flow now in at least four directions (north-eastwards to the coast at Walwen, Flint and from Waen-y-Balls, and southwards to the River Alyn valley) with watersheds within valleys and therefore indicating
Dominantly in rural areas with limited development.
Ensure valley complex is not damaged by inappropriate development, especially where key features related to its evolution are present (e.g. deposits, characteristic landforms, etc.). Ground survey required to identify such features.
Boundary corresponds to top of steep valley sides, which link all segments of the Aspect Area, In the extreme south, the valley floor is dominated by glacial and other deposits and therefore excluded.
River/stream valley system showing complex late/post glacial history including of capture.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1999, Flint, 1:50,000 Sheet 108 (Solid and Drift); DAVIES, J.R., WILSON, D. and WILLIAMSON, I.T. 2004, Geology of the country around Flint, BGS; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1975, Liverpool, 1:50,000 Sheet 96 (Drift); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2000, Explorer 265: Clwydian Range (1:25,000 scale).

Afon y Garth
Narrow, steep sided, incised stream valley system cutting into drift dominated coastward sloping topography to expose Carboniferous geology below. Valley is deepest where it cuts through the edge of a stepped/scarp-like feature and flattens out onto the coastal plain/alluvial platform below.
Lake / reservoir (artificial). Waterfall / rapids. Spring
Ensure that RIGS and potential RIGS sites are safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping. Encourage sensitive management of such sites, including development of management plans.
Correspond to top of steep sides of incised valley,
Includes regionally important sections through Upper Carboniferous geology (Nant Felin-blm stream section).
DAVIES, J.R., WILSON, D. and WILLIAMSON, I.T. 2004, Geology of the country around Flint, BGS; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1975, Liverpool, 1:50,000 Sheet 96 (Drift); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2000, Explorer 265: Clwydian Range (1:25,000 scale).

Calcot
Relatively small and undulating area of glacial clay, covering part of the top surface of the main limestone ridge that crosses the county and sloping into the valley with the stream that flows throiugh Ysceifiog gorge. Includes a former lake basin with lacustrine sediments.
Dominantly rural area with limited development.
Ensure that RIGS site is safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping and that other significant features of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are not lost/damaged due to development, etc.
Boundaries correspond to break of slope around positive features made by surrounding limestone areas and top of sides of adjacent gorge.
Small but significant area of glacial and post-glacial deposits including Calcot RIGS (Quaternary of Wales - glacial features).
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1999, Flint, 1:50,000 Sheet 108 (Solid and Drift); DAVIES, J.R., WILSON, D. and WILLIAMSON, I.T. 2004, Geology of the country around Flint, BGS; NEWRIGS 2005 (North East Wales RIGS Group database); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2000, Explorer 265: Clwydian Range (1:25,000 scale).
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; ?Disused quarry; Mine shaft/adit; Marsh/bog/fen.

River Terrig-Nant Brook
Branching river-stream valley system, now flowing to the main Alyn valley in three separate locations from near Mold to south of Hope. Typically steep-sided and incised through glacial clay cover to expose underlying Carboniferous solid geology. Minor, very narrow floodplain developed in places. Where the latter is more extensive in the south it is separated as the River Cegidog Aspect Area (FLNTGL986). Former workings for coal present.
River channel (natural). Flood plain. Landslip (ancient). Coal / mineral spoil tips
Dominantly rural area with limited development.
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged, for instance due to development or reclamation of former mine workings.
Boundaries correspond to top of steep, incised valley sides of river-stream complex.
River-stream system showing evidence of capture and significant former coal workings.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1994, Wrexham, 1:50,000 Sheet 121 (Solid and Drift); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1999, Flint, 1:50,000 Sheet 108 (Solid and Drift); DAVIES, J.R., WILSON, D. and WILLIAMSON, I.T. 2004, Geology of the country around Flint, BGS; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2000, Explorer 256: Wrexham (1:25,000 scale); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2000, Explorer 265: Clwydian Range (1:25,000 scale); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2000, Explorer 266: Wirral & Chester (1:25,000 scale).
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Mine shaft/adit.

Burntwood Pentre
Low massif dominated by Carboniferous sandstones, rising above glacial clay covered plain. Characterised by large quarries, some working, and some former mine workings. Edges of massif partly boulder clay covered.
Lake / reservoir (artificial). Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit. Coal / mineral spoil tips. Urban / industrial development
Current exposure in quarries believed to be good.
Ensure that RIGS sites is safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping and that other significant features of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are not lost/damaged due to development or infill.
Boundaries correspond to break of slope around margins of low massif dominated by Carboniferous sandstones,
Includes regionally important geological exposures for Upper Carboniferous stratigraphy and Quaternary glacial deposits (Lane End Pit RIGS).
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1999, Flint, 1:50,000 Sheet 108 (Solid and Drift); DAVIES, J.R., WILSON, D. and WILLIAMSON, I.T. 2004, Geology of the country around Flint, BGS; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2000, Explorer 266: Wirral & Chester (1:25,000 scale).
Additional Level 4 features include: Disused quarry; Mine shaft/adit.

White Sands
Saltmarsh (N.B. only ''Other'' in Estuary Level 2 classification).
Section of extensive saltmarsh system, acceting naturally and showing range of elements from intertidal to supratidal, also creeks and dendritic networks of minor channels. Contiguous with more extensive area to north, outwith county boundary. Constrained to east by sea-wall/flood defence and reclamation works.
altmarsh accretion.. Estuarine sediment transport and depostion..
Saltmarsh system in good condition despite reclamation to east. System appears to be accreting.
Ensure saltmarsh remains in good condition by preventing further loss to land reclamation and any other damaging works (e.g. inappropriate dredging programmes). Investigate regional status and possible RIGS designation. Benefits of maintaining system could be geomorphological, ecological and potentially enhance flood protection. Consider managed retreat to increase areas of saltmarsh.
Boundaries correspond to county boundary, mean low water on OS 1:25,000 mapping (2000) (subject to change as system evolves) and seawall/flood defence to east.
Saltmarsh system in good condition despite reclamation to east. Potential regional significance.

Maes-mynon-Nannerch
Broad apron of glacial sand and gravel flanking the Wheeler valley and passing southwards along the east side of the Clywidian Range, effectively forming a terrace. Includes well developed glacial landforms such as kettleholes. Valleys in both the Silurian Clywidian range and the Carboniferous limestone massif, to north-east, are filled by such deposits in their lower parts but typically pass upwards into boulder clay dominated deposits. Where such valleys drain the latter massif, extensive de
River channel (natural). Flood plain. River terrace. Kettle hole. Spring. Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit
Dominantly rural area with limited development, except quarrying which may lead to loss of geomorphological features or tufa resource.
Maintain SSSIs in favourable condition by implementation of management plans. Ensure that RIGS site is safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping. Ensure that other significant features of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are not lost/damaged due to development, etc. including quarrying.
Boundaries correspond to limits of glacial sand and gravel cover in the south and boundaries of glacial drift with solid geology on either side of valley. Level alluvium dominated floodplain of River Wheeler also excluded.
Exceptional area for Quaternary studies, including Caerwys Tufa SSSI and Ddol SSSI (Quaternary of Wales - tufa) and Nannerch Memorial Hall RIGS (Quaternary of Wales - glacial geomorphology).
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1999, Flint, 1:50,000 Sheet 108 (Solid and Drift); CAMPBELL, S. and BOWEN, D.Q. 1989, Geological Conservation Review Series 1, NCC; DAVIES, J.R., WILSON, D. and WILLIAMSON, I.T. 2004, Geology of the country around Flint, BGS; NEWRIGS 2005 (North East Wales RIGS Group database); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2000, Explorer 265: Clwydian Range (1:25,000 scale).

Dee Canal
Canalised, dominantly straight, river channel with marginal flood-defence banks.Channel widens slightyly where it enters into estuary system and very narrow marginal areas of saltmarsh have developed.
Lower saltmarsh / mudflat. River channel / canal (artificial). Coastal defence works
System is not natural therefore potential to re-develop natural features very limited. Allowing the continued presence of minor saltmarsh areas, however, provides some natural processes to exist in this context.
Correspond to mean high water level along artificial channel or base of flood defence where saltmarsh present. Also county boundary in east and A548 bridge in west.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1999, Flint, 1:50,000 Sheet 108 (Solid and Drift); DAVIES, J.R., WILSON, D. and WILLIAMSON, I.T. 2004, Geology of the country around Flint, BGS; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2000, Explorer 266: Wirral & Chester (1:25,000 scale).
Additional Level 4 feature: Flood defence bank/works.

Babell
Carboniferous limestone plateau dissected on three sides by deep gorges. Centre of massif covered by glacial drift, Northern part rises gently above drift cover beyond.
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost or damaged, including karstic system.
Aspect Area corresponds to Carboniferous outcrop and junction with glacial drift blanketed plateau to north marked by break of slope around positive feature formed by former. Top of steep slopes of adjacent gorges define other boundaries.
Segment of larger limestone feature with no key sites noted.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1999, Flint, 1:50,000 Sheet 108 (Solid and Drift); DAVIES, J.R., WILSON, D. and WILLIAMSON, I.T. 2004, Geology of the country around Flint, BGS; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2000, Explorer 265: Clwydian Range (1:25,000 scale).
Additional Level 4 features include: Mine shaft/adit.

Bryngwyn
Plateau-like area dissected by deep gorges, on the north side of Wheeler valley. Surface undulates and slopes gently in the north towards a broad, drift-covered basin-like section of FLNT105 (Gronant-Helyg-Garmel).
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost or damaged, including lacustrine deposits, which may justify assessment of regional, i.e. RIGS, significance.
Boundaries correspond to break of slope at edge of broad drift-covered platform to north, the top of the valley/gorge sides to the south and east and county boundary to the west.
Limestone outcrop with no significant sites currently noted, although lacustrine deposits may have some, unassessed, significance.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1999, Flint, 1:50,000 Sheet 108 (Solid and Drift); DAVIES, J.R., WILSON, D. and WILLIAMSON, I.T. 2004, Geology of the country around Flint, BGS; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1973, Denbigh, 1:50,000 Sheet 107 (Drift/Solid); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2000, Explorer 265: Clwydian Range (1:25,000 scale);
WARREN,P.T., PRICE, D., NUTT, M.J.C. and SMITH, E.G. 1984, Geology of the country around Rhyl and Denbigh, HMSO.

Friddoedd
Steep scarp in Carboniferous sandstone, blanketed by glacial drift to the south-east. Forms part of eastern margin of Carboniferous limestone ridge/plateau.
Maintain landscape feature. Ensure no loss of evidence of former mining.
Area corresponds to steep scarp slope. Boundary corresponds to significant break of slope above and below feature.
Small area of outcrop of widespread geological unit without noted exposures.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1975, Liverpool, 1:50,000 Sheet 96 (Drift); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2000, Explorer 265: Clwydian Range (1:25,000 scale).
Additional Level 4 features include: Disused quarry; Mine shaft/adit.

Gwespyr
Steep coastal escarpment rising sharply from flat alluvial plain to form rounded hills. Dominated by Upper Carboniferous sandstones in the east, cherts in the west and with a medial valle underlain by shales. Boulder clay present as an apron on lowest slopes in the east. Quarries and some evidence of mining present.
Waterfall / rapids. Slope. Hill top. Scarp slope. Urban / industrial development
Dominantly rural area with reduced development pressure.
Ensure that RIGS and potential RIGS sites are safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping. Encourage sensitive management of such sites, including development of management plans.
AA boundary corresponds to sharp break of slope at base of escarpment/junction with alluvial plain. Aspect Area corresponds to Carboniferous outcrop and junction with glacial drift blanketed plateau marked by break of slope around positive feature formed by former.
Major landscape feature with two regionally important stratigraphical type localities (Pentre Quarry RIGS and Gwespyr Quarry potential RIGS).
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1970, Rhyll, 1:63,360 Sheet 95 (Drift); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1975, Liverpool, 1:50,000 Sheet 96 (Drift); NEWRIGS 2005 (North East Wales RIGS Group database);
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2000, Explorer 265: Clwydian Range (1:25,000 scale); WARREN,P.T., PRICE, D., NUTT, M.J.C. and SMITH, E.G. 1984, Geology of the country around Rhyl and Denbigh, HMSO.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry; Mine shaft/adit; Meander.

Padeswood-Hope
Forms glacial sand and gravel dominate flanks of the broad River Alyn valley between Mold and Hope. Includes a complex area of moiunds and hollows - including a lake basin - in the Coppa House ares which may included kettleholes. Distinctive knoll of Carboniferous sandstone (Caer Estyn) also included on east side of Hope and separated from main outcrop to west by Alyn valley.
Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). Slope. Hill top. Spring. Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit
Dominantly rural area, although golf course and sand and gravel quarry present.
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to quarrying or expansion of golf course. Survey Coppa House area to assess potential regional significance of observed features/landforms.
Boundaries correspond to margins of floodplain of River Wheeler and break of slope at contact with boulder clay cover to north-east.
Includes complex of glacial features/deposits in the Coppa House area; also lacustrine deposits with probable climactic record, alluvial fans, etc.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1994, Wrexham, 1:50,000 Sheet 121 (Solid and Drift); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1999, Flint, 1:50,000 Sheet 108 (Solid and Drift); DAVIES, J.R., WILSON, D. and WILLIAMSON, I.T. 2004, Geology of the country around Flint, BGS; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2000, Explorer 256: Wrexham (1:25,000 scale); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2000, Explorer 266: Wirral & Chester (1:25,000 scale).
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; ?Disused quarry; Marsh/bog/fen.

Bryn Mawr-Moel y Gaer
Distinctive ridge of Pentre Chert Formation, with large quarries at one end (north-west) and a rounded knoll at the other (south-east). Includes areas with moorland characters and scattered shafts indicate former lead mining.
Slope. Hill top. Scarp slope. Ridge. Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit. Urban / industrial development
Dominantly rural area with excellent exposure in large quarries.
Ensure that RIGS sites is safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping and that other significant features of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are not lost/damaged due to development, etc.
Boundaries correspond to limits of Pentre Chert outcrop as marked by breaks of slope.
Significant landscape feature with regionally important exposures (Bryn Mawr / Pen yr Henblas RIGS - Carboniferous Stratigraphy, Pentre Chert).
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1999, Flint, 1:50,000 Sheet 108 (Solid and Drift); DAVIES, J.R., WILSON, D. and WILLIAMSON, I.T. 2004, Geology of the country around Flint, BGS; NEWRIGS 2005 (North East Wales RIGS Group database); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2000, Explorer 265: Clwydian Range (1:25,000 scale).

Hope Mountain
Distinctive steep-sided massive of sandstone-dominated Carboniferous, rising above Hope and the Alyn and Cegidog valleys. Some limestone to the south also. Flanks include boulder clay apron to the south-west and north-west and a glacial sand and gravel terrace to the south-east.
Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). Slope. Hill top. Spring
Dominantly rural area with limited development.
Ensure that RIGS sites is safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping and that other significant features of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are not lost/damaged due to development, infill, etc.
Boundary corresponds to break of slope at base of steep hill slopes where Carboniferous rocks are s in contact with glacial drift.
Major landscape feature; includes Caergwle Castle RIGS (Carboniferous stratigraphy, Cefn-y-fedw Sandstone Formation).
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1994, Wrexham, 1:50,000 Sheet 121 (Solid and Drift); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1999, Flint, 1:50,000 Sheet 108 (Solid and Drift); DAVIES, J.R., WILSON, D. and WILLIAMSON, I.T. 2004, Geology of the country around Flint, BGS; NEWRIGS 2005 (North East Wales RIGS Group database);
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2000, Explorer 256: Wrexham (1:25,000 scale); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2000, Explorer 266: Wirral & Chester (1:25,000 scale).

Bagilt Saltmarsh
Saltmarsh (N.B. Only ''Other'' in context of Level 2 as estuary).
Small area of surviving saltmarsh on the south side of the Dee estuary, including some channals and rills. Constrained landward by sea-wall/flood defence. Seaward sharp profile indicates erosion and deterioration of system.
altmarsh development.. estuarine sediment transport and deposition..
Remnant of saltmarsh system apparently in decline. No management apparent.
Investigate options for protecting surviving saltmarsh, including sediment capture systems and managed retreat.
Boundary corresponds to mean high water mark (seaward) and base of seawall/flood defence (landward).
Remnant of saltmarsh system apparently in decline.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1999, Flint, 1:50,000 Sheet 108 (Solid and Drift); Geology of the country around Flint, BGS; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1975, Liverpool, 1:50,000 Sheet 96 (Drift); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2000, Explorer 265: Clwydian Range (1:25,000 scale).

Kinnerton Moor
Flat ''moor'' with drainage ditches, underlain by lacustrine deposits, forming part of former lake basin.
Lacustrine deposits can included important climactic, vegetational and archaeological records - any significant proposed development in this area should therefore ensure that no features of at least regional significance are damaged by removal or sterilisation.
Boundary corresponds to edges of flat former lake basin, as marked by break of slope at base of gentle boulder clay slopes to the west (including terminations of stream valleys). Eastern boundary is county boundary.
Part of extensive former lake basin with potentially significant climactic/vegetational record.

Talacre
Alluvial plain developed between coastal sand dunes and steep coastal escarpment. Underlain by estuarine alluvium, some blown sand and gravel ridges of former storm beaches.
Stabilised sand dune. Lake / reservoir (artificial). Urban / industrial development
Coastal alluvial plain with no recorded notable sites but showing some natural features (gravel ridges, etc.), not apparently at significant risk from development.
Ensure that any ancient coastal features such as gravel ridges are not damaged or obscured by future development.
Boundaries correspond to edge of sand dune system to the north, county boundary to west, mean high water mark to the east and base of Carboniferous/part glacial drift covered escarpment to south.
Coastal alluvial plain with no recorded notable sites but showing some natural features (gravel ridges, etc.).
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1975, Liverpool, 1:50,000 Sheet 96 (Drift); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2000, Explorer 265: Clwydian Range (1:25,000 scale).

Gwysaney
Plateau-like area of glacial sand and gravel dissected by rivers. Gently slopes away from the Craboniferous limestone massif to the north-west and dominated by large sand and gravel pit.
Flood plain. River terrace. Slope. Plateau. Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit
Glacial sand and gravel exposure in working quarry.
Ensure that significant features of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are not lost/damaged due to development or infill. In particular, assessment of significance of exposures in sand and gravel quarry advisable before site restored or worked out.
Boundaries correspond to breaks of slope corresponding to margins of glacial sand and gravel outcrop and top of valley sides of FLNTGL207.
Glacial sand and gravel outcrop with exposure in working quarry - not currently noted as regionally significant.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1999, Flint, 1:50,000 Sheet 108 (Solid and Drift); DAVIES, J.R., WILSON, D. and WILLIAMSON, I.T. 2004, Geology of the country around Flint, BGS;, ORDNANCE SURVEY 2000, Explorer 265: Clwydian Range (1:25,000 scale).

River Alyn
Broad river flood plain system with river channel locally channelised. Locally narrows or has a complex relationship with glacial sand and gravel deposits which virtually fill sections of the valley in places. Includes a lake basin near Padeswood.
River channel / canal (artificial). River channel (natural). Flood plain. Former lake (e.g. silted up). Urban / industrial development
System significant modified in places by development, railway construction and canalisation although some more natural sections survive.
Ensure that surviving and significant features of geomorphological significance in the area are not lost/damaged due to development, especially on flood plain and including canalisation, etc.. Lacustrine deposits near Padeswood may have some significance for climactic, vegetational and archaeological studies and survey therefore needed to confirm status.
Boundaries correspond to margins of flood plain alluvium as marked by a break of slope.
System modified in places by development, railway construction and canalisation although some more natural stretches survive.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1999, Flint, 1:50,000 Sheet 108 (Solid and Drift); DAVIES, J.R., WILSON, D. and WILLIAMSON, I.T. 2004, Geology of the country around Flint, BGS; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2000, Explorer 265: Clwydian Range (1:25,000 scale); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2000, Explorer 266: Wirral & Chester (1:25,000 scale).
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Meander; Marsh/bog/fen; Flood defence bank/works.

Lead Brook
Small and typical incised, steep sided valley, deepest where cutting through rim of glacial sand and gravel terrace. Locally cuts through to underlying Carboniferous bedrock.
Ensure that significant features of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are not lost/damaged due to development, etc. and that the valley system continues to evolve naturally.
Boundary corresponds to top of incised valley sides.
Typical incised stream valley; notable sites not recorded.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1999, Flint, 1:50,000 Sheet 108 (Solid and Drift); DAVIES, J.R., WILSON, D. and WILLIAMSON, I.T. 2004, Geology of the country around Flint, BGS; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2000, Explorer 266: Wirral & Chester (1:25,000 scale);.

Old Warren
Terrace of glacial sand and gravel on east side of Warren Mountain. Dissected by streams. Includes some conifer planatation.
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development, foestry, etc.
Boundaries correspond to break of slope at edge of boulder clay dominated plain to east and base of dip slope of Carboniferous sandstone ridge to east. Dissected by incised river valley to the north.
Forms part of larger terrace; no significant sites currently noted.

Broughton Brook
Incised, steep-sided valley which cuts through the glacial sand and gravel terrace of FLNTGL101, FLNTGL196 and FLNTGL487. Valley shallows markedly to the east and passes into the broad plain of estuarine alluvium of FLNTGL752 near Hawarden Airport. In places small exposures of Carboniferous bed-rock revealed.
Lake / reservoir (artificial). River channel (natural). Waterfall / rapids. Flood plain. Alluvial fan (ancient). Landslip (ancient)
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development or other operations or activities.
Boundaries correspond to top of steep valley sides.
Typical incised stream valley; no notable features currently recorded.

Flint Sands
Saltmarsh (N...B... only other in Level 2 category ''Estuary'')...
Small surviving area of saltmarsh on the south side of the Dee estuary... Constrained shoreward by sea-defences/flood bank... Includes excavated area (possible borrow pit)... Seaward profile indicates erosion taking place...
altmarsh development.... Estuarine sediment transport and deposition....
Marsh / saltmarsh. Coastal defence works
Saltmarsh appears to be deteriorating as front is eroding... No management apparent...
Investigate options for protecting surviving saltmarsh, including sediment capture systems and managed retreat...
Boundary corresponds to mean high water mark (seaward) and base of seawall/flood defence (landward)...
Saltmarsh appears to be deteriorating as front is eroding...
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1999, Flint, 1:50,000 Sheet 108 (Solid and Drift); DAVIES, J...R..., WILSON, D... and WILLIAMSON, I...T... 2004, Geology of the country around Flint, BGS; ORDNANCE SURVEY Explorer 266: Wirral & Chester (1:25,000 scale)...

River Wheeler
Distinct flood plain in base of wide glacially-enhanced valley, which broadly separates the Silurian Clywydian Range form the Carboniferous limestone ridge of western Flintshire. River channel typically narrow and marginal.
Lake / reservoir (artificial). River channel (natural). Flood plain
River floodplain affected by some development, including railway embankment and fish farm (i.e. system no longer natural).
Ensure that no further features of geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to further floodplain development or modification of the river channel.
Boundaries correspond to margins of level flood plain of river.
River floodplain affected by some development, including railway embankment and fish farm.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1999, Flint, 1:50,000 Sheet 108 (Solid and Drift); DAVIES, J.R., WILSON, D. and WILLIAMSON, I.T. 2004, Geology of the country around Flint, BGS; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2000, Explorer 265: Clwydian Range (1:25,000 scale).
Additional Level 4 features include: Marsh/bog/fen.

Deeside Industrial
Extensive area of industrial development and made-ground on reclaimed former salmarsh. Includes some artificial lakes/pools and traces of possible borrow pits. Effectively enclosed by flood-defence bank, railway embankment and road system.
Urban / industrial development. Engineered topography. Lake / reservoir (artificial). Former saltmarsh / marsh. Coastal defence works. Made ground. Reclaimed land
Reclaimed former saltmarsh with extensive areas of made ground and industrial development. No management of surviving natural features apparent.
Large scale development schemes damage or sterilise important sediments or buried features. Appropriate site investigation or recording schemes as development of the area continues, would reduce such potential losses (including of climactic and archaeological record).
Boundaries correspond to margins of intensely industrialised area as marked by sea-wall/flood-defence bank, railway embankment, and road system.
Reclaimed former saltmarsh with extensive areas of made ground and industrial development.
Additional Level 4 features include: Flood defence bank/works.

Treuddyn
Broad undulating area dominated by glacial clays which slopes downwards from Carboniferous massifs to the south and west... Dissected by streams and rivers and includes several small areas of Carboniferous outcrop, including below Treuddyn village itself...
Lake / reservoir (artificial). Slope. Plateau. Spring. Coal / mineral spoil tips. Urban / industrial development
Dominantly rural area with limited development...
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development, forestry, etc...
Boundaries correspond to break of slope below Carboniferous massifs and top of valley sides of incised river/stream systems...
Part of widespread glacial drift covered region with no notable sites currently recorded...
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1994, Wrexham, 1:50,000 Sheet 121 (Solid and Drift); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1999, Flint, 1:50,000 Sheet 108 (Solid and Drift); DAVIES, J...R..., WILSON, D... and WILLIAMSON, I...T... 2004, Geology of the country around Flint, BGS; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2000, Explorer 256: Wrexham (1:25,000 scale); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2000, Explorer 265: Clwydian Range (1:25,000 scale); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2000, Explorer 266: Wirral & Chester (1:25,000 scale)...
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Mine shaft/adit; Meander; Marsh/bog/fen...

River Alyn gorge
Steep-sided and narrow gorge cutting the main Carboniferous limestone ridge that crosses the county.
River channel (natural). Flood plain. Slope. Limestone gorge
Rural area with limited development and includes beneficial management regime of SSSI.
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost or damaged and maintain SSSI in favourable condition by implementation of management plan.
Boundaries correspond to top of steep valley/gorge sides and county boundary in south.
Major landscape feature, including Alyn Valley Caves GCR site (Caves and Karst; Alyn Valley and Alyn Valley Caves SSSI).
RITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1994, Wrexham, 1:50,000 Sheet 121 (Solid and Drift); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1999, Flint, 1:50,000 Sheet 108 (Solid and Drift); DAVIES, J.R., WILSON, D. and WILLIAMSON, I.T. 2004, Geology of the country around Flint, BGS; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2000, Explorer 256: Wrexham (1:25,000 scale); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2000, Explorer 265: Clwydian Range (1:25,000 scale); WALTHAM, A.C., SIMMS, M.J., FARRANT, A.R. and GOLDIE, H.S. 1996, Geological Conservation Review Series 12, Chapman &
Additional Level 4 features include: Disused quarry; Cave.

Rhosesmor
Relatively small area of boulder clay cover forming a sloping platform with an incised valley on the south-east side of the Halkyn Mountain Carboniferous massif.
Slope. Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit
Ensure that RIGS site is safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping and that other significant features of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are not lost/damaged due to development, etc.
Boundary corresponds in north to beak of slope at edge of positive feature of Carboniferous limestone massf. In south-east junction with glacial sand and gravel oucrop also marked by beak of slope.
Area includes important Holywell Shales exposure (Ruby Brickworks RIGS - Carboniferous stratigraphy).
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1999, Flint, 1:50,000 Sheet 108 (Solid and Drift); DAVIES, J.R., WILSON, D. and WILLIAMSON, I.T. 2004, Geology of the country around Flint, BGS; NEWRIGS 2005 (North East Wales RIGS Group database); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2000, Explorer 265: Clwydian Range (1:25,000 scale).

Glol
Carboniferous limestone platform with two prominent knolls rising above glacial drift covered plateau.
Rural area without development. No effect on landscape noted.
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost or damaged by assessing regional (e.g. RIGS) significance of knoll-topography.
Aspect Area corresponds to Carboniferous outcrop and junction with glacial drift blanketed plateau marked by break of slope around positive feature formed by former.
Distinctive, discrete limestone outcrop with prominent knolls.

Mold
Eastwards sloping terrace of glacial deposits, characterised by a belt of glacial sand and gravel, surrounded by boulder clay. Includes urban and industrially developed areas around Mold, where a complex low topography is developed on low mounds of glacial sand and gravel with alluvium filled river channels between.
Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). Spring. Urban / industrial development
Dominantly rural although area around Mold intensively developed and natural features therefore obscured.
Ensure that significant features of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are not lost/damaged due to development, infill, etc.. Survey of areas prior to development for significant glacial geomorphological features is advisable.
Boundaries correspond to margins of floodplain alluvium of the River Alyn in the north-east, base of steep slopes/contact with Carboniferous massif to north-west and base of scarp-like feature of FLNTGL726 to the south-west.
Typical glacial deposit blanketed tography of the region.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1999, Flint, 1:50,000 Sheet 108 (Solid and Drift); DAVIES, J.R., WILSON, D. and WILLIAMSON, I.T. 2004, Geology of the country around Flint, BGS; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2000, Explorer 265: Clwydian Range (1:25,000 scale); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2000, Explorer 266: Wirral & Chester (1:25,000 scale).

Leeswood
Discrete platform with central dome, rising above flood plain of the River Alyn, to the north, and the River Terrig-Nant Brook system to the west and south. Also includes drift apron around the north-west part of Hope Mountain (FLNT361). Central dome delineated by curved outcrop of Carboniferous sandstones giving a northward facing scarp. Disused coal mines present.
Slope. Hill top. Coal / mineral spoil tips. Urban / industrial development
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development, industrial land reclamation, etc.
Boundaries correspond to break of slope at edge of River Alyn flood plain to north, top of steep sides of incised strreams to west and south and base of steep slopes of Hope Mountain at junction with boulder clay apron.
Section of extensive glacial drift cover; includes former coal mines but no notable sites currently recorded.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1994, Wrexham, 1:50,000 Sheet 121 (Solid and Drift); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1999, Flint, 1:50,000 Sheet 108 (Solid and Drift); DAVIES, J.R., WILSON, D. and WILLIAMSON, I.T. 2004, Geology of the country around Flint, BGS; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2000, Explorer 265: Clwydian Range (1:25,000 scale); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2000, Explorer 266: Wirral & Chester (1:25,000 scale).

Queensferry-Mostyn Quay
Narrow, low and level coastal alluvial strip dominated by industrial and urban development on reclaimed former saltmarsh, including made ground. Separated from modern estuary system by sea-wall/flood defence works. Also includes some fields on reclaimed areas, frequently marshy.
Marsh / saltmarsh. Lake / reservoir (artificial). Coastal defence works. Made ground. Reclaimed land. Urban / industrial development. Engineered topography
Reclaimed former saltmarsh, extensively covered by made-ground and industrial development. No management of natural features apparent.
Natural features of area could be enhanced by managed retreat to create new areas of saltmarsh. Benefits could be geomorphological, ecological and potentially enhance flood protection.
Boundary with estuary corresponds to base of sea-defences where saltmarsh survives or mean high water mark; landward boundary is base of slope of drift blanketed coastal slopes to south. South-east boundary is limit of intensive developed land and north-west at extreme narrowing/virtual disapperance of coastal platform.
Reclaimed former saltmarsh, extensively covered by made-ground and industrial development.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1999, Flint, 1:50,000 Sheet 108 (Solid and Drift); DAVIES, J.R., WILSON, D. and WILLIAMSON, I.T. 2004, Geology of the country around Flint, BGS; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1975, Liverpool, 1:50,000 Sheet 96 (Drift); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2000, Explorer 265: Clwydian Range (1:25,000 scale); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2000, Explorer 266: Wirral & Chester (1:25,000 scale).
Additional Level 4 features include: Flood defence bank/works.

Sealand
Broad flat plain with no more than local slight traces of undulation. Dominated by farmland with drainage ditches and enclosed by flood defence bank. Ploughed fields, in particular, show abundant traces of buried saltmarsh channel systems. Includes area in west, adjacent to unconstrained saltmarsh, with some surviving saltmarsh features including modified channel/creek.
Artificial water bodies and channels. Engineered features and reclaimed / infilled land
Upper saltmarsh / grazing marsh. Creek. Coastal defence works. Reclaimed land. Urban / industrial development
Reclaimed former saltmarsh system showing traces of channels. Management as farmland may be neutral.
The area may contain important sediment records of the evolution of the Dee estuary, including archaeological information. Large scale development schemes should, therefore, allow for recording of such sediments prior to damage or sterilisation under structures.
Boundary corresponds to that of county to north and east, sea-wall/flood defence banks in north-west and south and roads/railways delineating Deeside Industrial Park.
Reclaimed former saltmarsh system showing traces of channels.

Moel Findeg-Nercwys Mountain
Rounded, Upper Carboniferous sandstone-dominated ridge, trending virtually north-south and marking a significant section of the south-west boundary of the county. Includes extensive forested areas and traces of former mining, especially towards the south.
Coal / mineral spoil tips. Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). Slope. Hill top. Scarp slope. Ridge. Spring. Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit
Ensure that historical mineral workings are surveyed and safeguarded and that quarry and other exposures are assessed to determine their potential regional significance.
Correspond to county boundary and break of slope on east side of ridge at junction with glacial drift covered gentler slopes below.
Prominent landscape feature with geological exposures in a quarries and extensive evidence of metalliferous mining activity.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry; Natural crags and inland outcrops; Mine shaft/adit.

Cefn Mawr
Section of main limestone ridge, between the Alyn gorge and glacial drift blanketed areas to the east... Dominated by the large Cefn Mawr Quarry...
Slope. Hill top. Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit. Urban / industrial development
Includes major geological exposure in working quarry...
Confirm status of potential RIGS (Regionally Important Geological Sites) and conserve key exposures using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping... Encourage the adoption of a recording scheme to ensure that significant geological features exposed during quarrying are recorded and important samples conserved in recognised institutions...
Boundaries correspond to county boundary in south, top of River Alyn gorge in west and north and base of slope at margin of drift-blanketed areas to the east...
Key section of limestone ridge with major limestone exposures of stratigraphical importance (including Cefn Mawr Quarry/Loggerheads potential RIGS site - Lower Carboniferous stratigraphy)...
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1999, Flint, 1:50,000 Sheet 108 (Solid and Drift); DAVIES, J...R..., WILSON, D... and WILLIAMSON, I...T... 2004, Geology of the country around Flint, BGS; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2000, Explorer 265: Clwydian Range (1:25,000 scale)...
Additional Level 4 features include: Disused quarry; Mine shaft/adit...

Rhos Ithel
Sloping boulder clay terrace with distinct scarp-like feature running north-north-west - south-south-west, controlled by buried outcrop of Cefn-y-fedw Sandstone, on eastern side.
Ensure that significant features of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are not lost/damaged due to development, infill, etc..
Boundaries correspond to break of slopes, including base of slope of Carboniferous hills to the west and the base of the scarp-like feature to the east. Also top of incised stream valley in south-east.
Section of widespread boulder clay cover with notable sites not recorded.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Mine shaft/adit; Meander; Marsh/bog/fen.

Northrop-Buckley-Broughton
Extensive boulder clay blanketed terrain; stepped down towards the sea in the north-west due to the influence of buried scarps of Carboniferous sandstone units, but forming a gentle more even slope in the south-east. Scattered outcrops of Carboniferous and Permian rocks (the latter in the south-east only) locally show through the glacial cover.
Slope. Hill top. Spring. Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit. Coal / mineral spoil tips. Urban / industrial development
Rural areas generally in good condition, urban areas significantly modified.
Ensure that potential RIGS site is assessed and consequently safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping and that other significant features of geological or geomorphological significance in the area (including former coal mine sites) are not lost/damaged due to development, etc..
Boundaries are defined by breaks of slope around postive features made by Carboniferous bedrock and major glacial sands and gravel outcrops, the top of the steep sides of incised valleys and the contact with flat lying estuarine alluvium areas to the north-east.
Overal area typical of widespread glacial deposit cover of the county, although locally important sites do exist (Kinnerton potential RIGS site - type locality of Kinnerton Sandstone Formation).
); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1999, Flint, 1:50,000 Sheet 108 (Solid and Drift); DAVIES, J.R., WILSON, D. and WILLIAMSON, I.T. 2004, Geology of the country around Flint, BGS; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2000, Explorer 256: Wrexham (1:25,000 scale); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2000, Explorer 265: Clwydian Range (1:25,000 scale); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2000, Explorer 266: Wirral & Chester (1:25,000 scale).
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry; Mine shaft/adit.

Midlist
Low north-west - south-east ridge of Cefn-y-fedw Sandstone, passing north-eastwards and downslope into the Swinnerton Brook-Afon Conwy fluvial system. Area characterised by outcrop of Carboniferous geology with very little glacial cover.
Slope. Hill top. Ridge. Landslip (ancient). Scarp
Ensure that significant features of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are not lost/damaged due to development, etc.
Boundaries correspond to the outcrop of the Cefn-y-fedw Sandstone, constrained by the top of the incised valleys of FLNTGL207 to the north-east and south-east and a break of slope related to the contact with the Pentre Chert Formation on the south-west side, with another change noted where contacts are with boulder clay.
Outcrop of widespread Carboniferous deposits with notable sites not currently recorded.

Caerwys-Ysceifiog gorges
Comprises three sub-parallel gorges on the north side of the River Wheeler valley, which dissect a limetone plateau on the south side of the main limestone ridge. Each gorge is steep but relatively short and dies out suddenly northwards. At least two of the valleys have tufa developments at there mouths, here included within FLNTGL290 (Maes-mynon-Nannerch).
River channel (natural). Waterfall / rapids. Flood plain. Slope. Scarp slope. Spring. Limestone gorge. Scarp
Dominantly rural area with no significant development.
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost or damaged and maintain SSSI in favourable condition by implementation of management plan. Maintain karstic systems in good condition by preventing contamination and disturbance, including of ground water.
Main boundaries corresponds to top of steep valley side of gorge/edge of limestone plateau. Southern boundary is break of slope at base of scarp slope at contact with glacial deposits filling Wheeler valley.
Significant limestone gorges which feed nationally important tufa systems, including part of Caerwys Tufa SSSI.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1999, Flint, 1:50,000 Sheet 108 (Solid and Drift); CAMPBELL, S. and BOWEN, D.Q. 1989, Geological Conservation Review Series 1, NCC; DAVIES, J.R., WILSON, D. and WILLIAMSON, I.T. 2004, Geology of the country around Flint, BGS; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2000, Explorer 265: Clwydian Range (1:25,000 scale);
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry; Natural crags and inland outcrops; Marsh/bog/fen.

Caerwys
Segment of gorge-dissected limestone plateau on south side of main limestone dominated ridge. Northern part of area includes distinctive knoll-like hills, which rise above a glacial deposit blanket. Includes karstic solution hollows with Neogene deposits. Some evidence of metalliferous mining in this also.
Slope. Hill top. Doline. Urban / industrial development
Area includes distinctive knoll-like features and karstic solution hollows with deposits of assumed Neogene age. The latter, in particular, are potentially of significant scientific interest and assessment of regional (i.e. RIGS) status is therefore appropriate.
Boundaries correspond to sharp break of slope at top of gorge/valley sides in the south and less pronounced change on margins of feature produced by underlying limestone,t o the north.
Significant area of limestone outcrop with karstic features and infills.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1999, Flint, 1:50,000 Sheet 108 (Solid and Drift); CAMPBELL, S. and BOWEN, D.Q. 1989, Geological Conservation Review Series 1, NCC; DAVIES, J.R., WILSON, D. and WILLIAMSON, I.T. 2004, Geology of the country around Flint, BGS; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2000, Explorer 265: Clwydian Range (1:25,000 scale).

Nant y Bi
Deep, steep sided, incised stream valley, especially where it cuts the edge of a terrace-like step in the coastward sloping glacial drift-covered terrain. Includes a narrow flooplain only at its lowest limit where the gradient reduces as the coastal alluvial platform is reached.
River channel (natural). Waterfall / rapids. Flood plain. Spring. Urban / industrial development
Limited development only near coast. Generally not significantly modified.
Maintain natural river/stream system and characteristic morphology of valley.
Correspond to top of steep, incised valley sides.
Typical incised stream valley without noted exposures or additional features.

Halkyn Mountain
Undulating upland plateau with low knolls and conspicuous large quarries. North-western areas pock-marked by dense mineworkings, including shafts and small dumps, surrounded by open moorland. Fringing areas include enclosed fields, some with scattered shafts. Includes the limestone ridge running through Pen y Ball, also with dense evidence of mining.
Slope. Hill top. Doline. Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit. Coal / mineral spoil tips. Urban / industrial development
Dominantly rural area, including large quarries.
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost or damaged by assessing regional (e.g. RIGS) significance of non-SSSI sites, in particular quarries and karstic features such as dolines with Neogene deposits, and maintain SSSI in favourable condition by implementation of management plan. Protect selected RIGS sites using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping. Encourage the adoption of recording schemes to ensure that significant geological featur
Aspect Area corresponds to Carboniferous outcrop and junction with glacial drift blanketed plateau marked by break of slope around positive feature formed by former. Boundary to north-east corresponds with junction with Pentre Chert, the outcrop of which is marked by ridge.
Famous area of intense historical mining activity (including Halkyn Common and Holywell grasslands SSSI with mineralisation GCR site), large geological exposures in quarries, significant karstic features and subsidary glacial features (including Plas Captain RIGS - glacial erratic).
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1999, Flint, 1:50,000 Sheet 108 (Solid and Drift); DAVIES, J.R., WILSON, D. and WILLIAMSON, I.T. 2004, Geology of the country around Flint, BGS; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1975, Liverpool, 1:50,000 Sheet 96 (Drift); NEWRIGS 2005 (North East Wales RIGS Group database); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2000, Explorer 265: Clwydian Range (1:25,000 scale).

Cilcain
Sloping platform of boulder clay cover which infils valleys on the east side of the Silurian massif of the Clywidian Hills. Includes a minor outcrop of Carboniferous limestone on the west side of the Alyn Gorge.
Ensure that RIGS sites is safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping and that other significant features of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are not lost/damaged due to development, etc.
Boundaries correspond to base of steep slopes of Silurian and Carboniferous massifs, including base of valley sides, the top of the incised Alyn gorge in the south-east and a break of slope at the limit of the large expanse of glacial sand and gravel of FLNTGL290 in the north.
Includes regionally significant geomorphological features such as Four Crosses RIGS (Fluvial Geomorphology).

Flint-Bagilt
Coastally orientated slope of glacial clay with prominent central terrace of glacial sand and gravel with a steep north-eastwards facing scarp... Forms a distinctive block of the extensive glacial drift cover of the county, separated from other areas by an incised valley system... Includes small outcrops of Carboniferous bedrock where drift cover is absent...
Slope. Spring. Scarp. Coal / mineral spoil tips
Mainly rural area without extensive development...
Ensure that significant features of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are not lost/damaged due to development, etc...
Boundaries correspond to break of slopes at junction with estuarine alluvium to north-east and top of incised valley sides elsewhere...
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1999, Flint, 1:50,000 Sheet 108 (Solid and Drift); DAVIES, J...R..., WILSON, D... and WILLIAMSON, I...T... 2004, Geology of the country around Flint, BGS; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1975, Liverpool, 1:50,000 Sheet 96 (Drift); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2000, Explorer 265: Clwydian Range (1:25,000 scale)...
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Mine shaft/adit...

Tyddnuchaf
Broadly north-south plateau capped by glacial sand and gravel, on east side of the Black Brook valley. Formerly continuos with FLNTGL435 (Gwysaney) to the west.
Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). Slope. Hill top. Kettle hole. Spring
Ensure that significant features of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are not lost/damaged due to development, infill, etc. In particular, an assessement of hummocky terrain and possible kettleholes in the Mynachlog area advisable, to determine regional significance.
Boundaries correspond to break of slope around glacial sand and gravel outcrop.
No significant sites currently noted. Probable glacial geomorphological features require assessment however.

Warren Mountain
Low north-south trending dome of Carboniferous sandstones rising above extensive glacial drift cover. Flanks locally boulder covered in the south but rise above drift plain due to positive expression of sandstone units below.
Boundaries correspond to break of slope around positive feature formed by Carboniferous sandstone outcrop.
Characteristic landscape feature but no significant sites currently recorded.

Berthengan-Lloc
Undulating platform dominated by glacial sand and gravel and surrounding or linking raised knolls or ridges of Carboniferous limestone. Forms core of crest of scarp in Berthengam-Garmel area and passes across north-east part of Craboniferous limestone ridge south-east of Lloc where boulder clay reappears.
Ensure that no significant features of geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development or other land management practices.
Boundaries correspond to break of slope at contact with glacial clays as ground rises slightly onto sand and gravel platform and break of slope at base of raised limestone areas.
Forms part of extensive drift cover of eastern areas of Flintshire - no significant sites noted.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1999, Flint, 1:50,000 Sheet 108 (Solid and Drift); DAVIES, J.R., WILSON, D. and WILLIAMSON, I.T. 2004, Geology of the country around Flint, BGS; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1975, Liverpool, 1:50,000 Sheet 96 (Drift); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2000, Explorer 265: Clwydian Range (1:25,000 scale).
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Mine shaft/adit; Marsh/bog/fen.

Garreg Boeth
Discrete, domed massif of Carboniferous limestone forming part of broader limestone ridge, which here separates the contemporary Wheeler and Alyn river systems. Lower terrace on east side largely covered by glacial clays. Includes some traces of former lead mining and major limestone quarry.
Slope. Hill top. Scarp slope. Scarp. Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit
Rural area with limited development and geological exposure in large quarry.
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost or damaged by assessing regional (e.g. RIGS) significance of quarry site. Encourage the adoption of recording schemes to ensure that significant geological features exposed in this site are recorded and important samples conserved in recognised institutions.
Boundary corresponds to feature made by limestone outcrop and includes break of slope at top of Ayn gorge to the south and contact with glacial drift covered veneer to west.
Distinct limestone massif with potentially important geological exposures in large quarry.

Gop
Ridge of Carboniferous limestone with prominant knoll (Gop Hill) at west end and lower domed area near Axton in the east. Latter is a Carboniferoous knoll-reef. Former mine workings present. Rises aboove surrounding glacial deposit dominated plateau.
Rural area with limited development and consequently little potential effect on landscape and sites.
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost or damaged by assessing regional (e.g. RIGS) significance of exposures of Carboniferous knoll reef. Encourage the adoption of recording schemes to ensure that significant geological features exposed in temporary excavations are recorded and important samples conserved in recognised institutions.
Boundaries correspond to break of slope around raised area with knolls underlain by Carboniferous limestone, which rises above surrounding glacial deposit dominated plateau.
Area includes Carboniferous knoll reef which forms a feature in the landscape and is potentially palaeontologically important.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1970, Rhyll, 1:63,360 Sheet 95 (Drift); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1975, Liverpool, 1:50,000 Sheet 96 (Drift); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2000, Explorer 265: Clwydian Range (1:25,000 scale); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2000, Explorer 266: Wirral & Chester (1:25,000 scale); WARREN,P.T., PRICE, D., NUTT, M.J.C. and SMITH, E.G. 1984, Geology of the country around Rhyl and Denbigh, HMSO.
Additional Level 4 features include: Mine shaft/adit; Cave.

Point of Ayr
Belt of sand dunes, part active, part stabilised, passing eastwards to spit of Point of Ayr... Also includes small area of saltmarsh development behind beach south of point... Some shingle areas around point also...
Spits, bars and ridges. Saltmarsh. Estuary
oastal, including sand dune evolution.... Coastal, including spit evolution.... Saltmarsh development....
Sand / shingle foreshore. Active sand dune. Stabilised sand dune. Dune slack. Sand beach. Marsh / saltmarsh. Sand. Shingle / gravel
Sand dune-spit-saltmarsh system, partly within nature reserve...
Ensure system evolves naturally by avoiding constraints and damage (e...g... excavation, coastal defence, etc...)... Investigate regional significance through RIGS process to confim potential status of sand dune-spit-saltmarsh system...
Boundary corresponds to mean high water mark and landward limited of prominant sand dunes...
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1975, Liverpool, 1:50,000 Sheet 96 (Drift); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2000, Explorer 265: Clwydian Range (1:25,000 scale)...

Gwaenysgor
Scarp-top platform with low knolls rising above surrounding glacial deposit blanketed plateau. Overlooks the Vale of Clywd to the west.
Dominantly rural area with key site notified as SSSI, therefore limited development pressure.
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost or damaged by assessing regional (e.g. RIGS) significance of non-SSSI sites and maintaining SSSI in favourable condition by implementation of management plan. Encourage the adoption of recording schemes to ensure that significant geological features exposed in temporary excavations are recorded and important samples conserved in recognised institutions.
Boundaries correspond to county boundary and break of slope around raised area with knolls underlain by Carboniferous limestone which rises above surrounding glacial deposit dominated plateau.
Includes nationally important palaeobotanical SSSI with regionally important stratigraphical type locality (Teilia Quarry SSSI).
CLEAL, C.J. and THOMAS, B.A. 1995, Geological Conservation Review Series 9, Chapman & Hall; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1970, Rhyll, 1:63,360 Sheet 95 (Drift); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1975, Liverpool, 1:50,000 Sheet 96 (Drift); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2000, Explorer 265: Clwydian Range (1:25,000 scale);
WARREN,P.T., PRICE, D., NUTT, M.J.C. and SMITH, E.G. 1984, Geology of the country around Rhyl and Denbigh, HMSO.

Clywydian Range
High ridge of rounded hills of late Silurian siltstones and mudstones, rising steeply out of the Vale of Clwyd to the west and passing down into a broad valley system to the east. North-east slopes dissected by broad, glacial drift-filled valleys. Heads of some such valleys broadly resemble nivation cirques. A major landscape feature in north-east Wales.
Upland area with no significant development.
Maintain as existing. Ensure that regional significance of Silurian geology and glacial/periglacial features is assessed, for instance in combination with similar features in adjacent areas of the Clwydian range in Denbighshire.
Correspond to county boundary to west and characteristic break of slope where solid geology is in contact with glacial drift in valleys.
Major upland landscape feature with glacial and periglacial features.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1999, Flint, 1:50,000 Sheet 108 (Solid and Drift); DAVIES, J.R., WILSON, D. and WILLIAMSON, I.T. 2004, Geology of the country around Flint, BGS; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1973, Denbigh, 1:50,000 Sheet 106 (Drift/Solid); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2000, Explorer 265: Clwydian Range (1:25,000 scale); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2000, Explorer 266: Wirral & Chester (1:25,000 scale); WARREN,P.T., PRICE, D., NUTT, M.J.C. and SMITH, E.G. 1984, Geology of the country around Rhyl and Denbi

Saltney
Broad, low, flat area representing reclaimed former saltmarsh, now dominantly agricultural land but with some industrial, etc., development. Flood bank defines edge of area and canalised Dee river. Ploughed fields commonly show traces of former saltmarsh channel systems.
Lake / reservoir (artificial). Urban / industrial development
Reclaimed former saltmarsh still showing traces of saltmarsh features and with limited industrial/urban development. Accesibility therfore maintained.
Ensure that any significant development includes a programme of recording to ensure that potential geomorphological, climatic and archaeological record of former saltmarsh is not lost.
Correspond to flood-defence bank to north, county boundary to south-east and break of slope at base of gently sloping glacial drift covered ground to the south.
Reclaimed former saltmarsh still showing traces of saltmarsh features and with limited industrial/urban development.
Additional Level 4 features include: Flood defence bank/works.

River Cegidog
Distinct lowland-style floodplain with meandering river channel, which cuts through a deep gorge between sandstone uplands. Upperpart of floodplain characterised by marsh. Tributary of the River Alyn.
River channel (natural). Flood plain. Abandoned channel / Ox Bow lake. Urban / industrial development
Dominantly rural, although developed in one location.
Ensure that no significant features of geomorphological significance are lost or damaged by development, etc., especially of floodplain areas. In addition, the geomorphological significance of the wetland dominated areas of the upper part of the floodplain requires assessment to determine if any significant deposits with climactic records, etc are present.
Boundaries correspond to base of slope at margins of level floodplain.
Floodplain with unusual marshlands in upper reaches, although notable features not currently recorded.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1994, Wrexham, 1:50,000 Sheet 121 (Solid and Drift); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1999, Flint, 1:50,000 Sheet 108 (Solid and Drift); DAVIES, J.R., WILSON, D. and WILLIAMSON, I.T. 2004, Geology of the country around Flint, BGS; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2000, Explorer 256: Wrexham (1:25,000 scale); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2000, Explorer 266: Wirral & Chester (1:25,000 scale).
Additional Level 4 features include: Meander; Marsh/bog/fen.

Barmouth
rosional coastline protected by a system of groynes, inland the landform passes into an upland dominated by high hills, much of which is designated as a geological SSSI.
Geological features are robust, no specific interventions or management are required
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development, forestry, etc. and that SSSI is maintained in favourable condition by implementation of management plan.
Coastal edge and inland to SNPA boundary, note relationship with adjacent aspect area
BGS Geological of the country around Harlech, Alan PM & Jackson AA 1985. BGS Harlech Sheet 135 Geological survey of Great Britain 1982

Tywyn
at level 3 contains all elements associated with coastal e.g. sand dunes, spit, storm beach
ontains a spit, storm beach, vegetated sand dunes, estuarine alluvium, saltmarsh and a drumlin (hospital built over this). Fossil submerged forest 3-4 metres of peat and fallen tree stumps and roots exposed at low tide (like in Borth). Reclaimed land around Broadwater, pasture including drainage ditches and the settlement of Tywyn.
Sand and gravel. Boulder clay/till. Other
Sand dune. Spits, bars and ridges. Saltmarsh. Estuary. Coastal flat. Active lowland river-flood plain system. Engineered features and reclaimed / infilled land
Spit development. Storm beach development. Longshore drift. Erosion requiring intervention, construction of groynes
Maintenance of groyne system and other defences for protecting the town of Tywyn and railway infrastructure
Geology of the country around Cadair Idris Pratt, W.T, Woodhall, D.G, Howells, M.F 1995. BGS Cadair Idris 1:50,000 Sheet 149 1995

Fairbourne
Coastal landform assemblage including spit, storm beach, submerged fossil forest beds and saltmarsh
Spits, bars and ridges. Saltmarsh. Estuary
Longshore drift. Storm beach development. Spit development including distal recurve (hook)
NRW work to slow rates of erosion through beach replenishment programmes and importing boulders to proximal end of spit
Aspect area corresponds to coastal spit, estuary and saltmarsh extent
All evaluation criteria are high with possible designation as a RIGS in the future
Geology of the country around Cadair Idris Pratt, W.T, Woodhall, D.G, Howells, M.F 1995. BGS Cadair Idris 1:50,000 Sheet 149 1995

Traeth Mawr
Broad flat area of alluvium in estuary NE of Porthmadog, at confluence of Afon Glaslyn, Afon Croesor and Afon Nanmor. Small outcrops of N- and E-dipping, folded Ordovician (Nant Ffrancon Group & Cwm Eigiau Formation) siltstones, mudstones, dolerite & tuffites. Major N-S faults.
Active upland river or stream channel system. Ancient upland river / stream systems. Other
River channel (natural). Former saltmarsh / marsh. Flood plain
Former estuarine area, apparently in part reclaimed for agriculture,
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development, forestry, drainage works, etc.
AA corresponds to alluvial floodplain and estuary.
Mostly estuarine alluvium, and lower fluvial floodplain in SNP - scientific value not surveyed but may include estuarine deposits with significant Quaternary record.
:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 119 Snowdon (Solid and Drift)1997; 1:25 000 Geology Classical Areas Maps SH53, SH55, SH63 SH6 Central Snowdonia (Solid and Drift) 1972; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 20, Meirionnydd, 1997; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 17, Snowdon and Conwy Valley, 2003; Howells, M.F.
Hydrological (areas classified but boundaries not mapped).
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Natural crags and inland outcrops.

Morfa Bychan
S-facing coastal dune field SW of Porthmadog. Limited boulder clay.
Active sand dune. Stabilised sand dune. Sand / shingle foreshore. Sand beach. Urban / industrial development
Sand dune field, largely stabilised by development.
Ensure that no further significant features of geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development, stabilisation, coastal defence, etc.
AA corresponds to dune field/former saltmarsh area
Sand dune field, largely stabilised by development (e.g. large caravan park).
1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 17, Snowdon and Conwy Valley, 2003; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 119 Snowdon (Solid and Drift) 1997; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 14, Anglesey. 1990; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;

Penrhyndeudraeth
S-facing slopes of NE-SW U-shaped Dwyryd valley dissected into NE-dipping Cambrian Mawddach Group succession of sandstones, siltstones, mudstones & black mudstones. Valley slopes with dip and scarp topography, with bedding ridges of resistant lithologies. Limited drift cover of head & peat.
Scarp slope. Dip slope. Ridge. Glacial U-shaped valley. Made ground. Slope. Hill top. Urban / industrial development
Predominantly wooded, steep upland slopes, with settlements in Gwynedd section.
AA corresponds to N slope of Dwyryd valley in Cambrian geology.
Key area for Upper Cambrian rocks with dip and scarp topography and major U-shaped valley (combined evaluation includes areas within SNP survey).
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 119 Snowdon (Solid and Drift)1997; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 20, Meirionnydd, 1997; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 17, Snowdon and Conwy Valley, 2003; Howells, M.F. and Smith, M. 1997. Geology of the country around Snowdon. Memoir of the British Geological Survey, S
Hydrological (areas classified but boundaries not mapped).

Cwm Croesor
Steep, fault-controlled U-shaped Cwm Croesor & broad Afon Maesgwm valleys, dissected in N-dipping Cambro-Ordovician succession in E limb of regional NE-SW synform. Sandstones, siltstones & mudstones with acidic intrusions are overlain by acid tuffs and rhyolite which form the fold core. Some dip & scarp topography along valley. Alluvium, moraine, extensive boulder clay (Pant Mawr), peat, head & scree. Disused slate quarries & tips (Rhosydd), working quarry in dolerite (Y garth).
Upland valley slope. Other. Upland escarpment
Glacial U-shaped valley. Coal / mineral spoil tips. Moraine
Partly wooded, steep upland slopes - very small area in Gwynedd.
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development, forestry, etc. and that SSSI is maintained in favourable condition by implementation of management plan.
Watesheds of U-haped valleys in Cambro-Ordovician geology.
Includes nationally important sites for Quaternary periglacial geomorphology (Moelwyn Mawr) also significant sites for Cambrian-Ordovician stratigraphy (combined evaluation includes areas within SNP survey).
Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 119 Snowdon (Solid and Drift)1997; 1:25 000 Geology Classical Areas Maps SH53, SH55, SH63 SH6 Central Snowdonia (Solid and Drift) 1972; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 20, Meirionnydd, 1997;1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 15, North Wales
Hydrological (areas classified but boundaries not mapped).
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream (in Gwynedd).

Cwm Pennant
S-flowing Dwyfor & Cwm-Llefrith valleys dissected into folded and faulted Cambro-Ordovician (Dol-cyn-Afon Fm & Nant Ffrancon Group) mudstones and siltstones, overlain by Ordovician (Snowdon Volcanic Group) rhyolites, dolerites, acid and basic tuffs, and basalts. Regional NE-SW folds, NE-SW faults. Extensive boulder clay across lower and eastern valley slopes and floors, with peat & head. Alluvium in Pennant valley floor, limited in Llefrith. Well preserved cirques in valley heads.
Active upland river or stream channel system. Mountain glacial-erosion terrain
Small area - Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development, forestry, etc..
Watershed of U-shaped valley in Ordovician Dol-cyn-afon Fm - Snowdon Volcanic Group sequence.
Includes nationally important sites for Cambrian-Ordovician stratigraphy, including the Snowdon Volcanic Group, and significant sites for glacial geomorphology (combined evaluation includes areas within SNP survey).
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 119 Snowdon (Solid and Drift)1997; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;1:25 000 Geology Classical Areas Maps SH53, SH55, SH63 SH6 Central Snowdonia (Solid and Drift) 1972; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 14, Anglesey. 1990.; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 17, Snowdon and Conwy Valley, 2003; Howells, M.F. a
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream (in Gwynedd).

Dyffryn Nantlle
Nantlle U-shaped valley with steep-shallow slopes dissected into N- and S-dipping Cambro-Ordovician succession of Marchllyn Fm-Nant Ffrancon Gp mudstones, siltstones and sandstones, overlain by Pitts Head Tuff Fm acid tuffs and rhyolites, with microgranite and dolerite intrusions. Regional E-W to NE-SW folds, major NE-SW faults. Cirque at head, extensive drift cover of moraine and head on slopes; boulder clay, peat and alluvium with fans in valley floor. Old mines with Copper mineralisation o
Active upland river or stream channel system. Mineral workings
Moraine. Cwm/corrie. Glacial U-shaped valley. Coal / mineral spoil tips. Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). Slope. Urban / industrial development
Neutral - Open valley slopes, mineral workings and tips.
Watershed of U-shaped valley in Cambro-Ordovician sedimentary/volcanic succession.
Includes nationally important sites for copper mineralisation (Trum y ddysgl) and significant sites for Ordovician stratigraphy and glacial geomorphology (combined evaluation includes areas within SNP survey).
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 119 Snowdon (Solid and Drift)1997;1:25 000 Geology Classical Areas Maps SH55/56 Llyn Padarn (Solid and Drift) 1988; 1:25 000 Geology Classical Areas Maps SH53, SH55, SH63 SH6 Central Snowdonia (Solid and Drift) 1972; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 15, North Wales Coast,

Nant Peris
NW-SE Nant Peris broad U-shaped valley dissected into Cambro-Ordovician (Bronllwyd Grit Fm - Nant Ffrancon Gp) sand-dominated turbidites, siltstones & mudstones. Regional NE-SW folds and faults. Scree, head and peat on higher slopes, with moraine, alluvial fans extensive on lower slopes (e.g. Llanberis), and alluvium in valley. Cirques above valley sides. Disused quarries & tips.
Active upland river or stream channel system. Mineral workings. Glacial mountain valley
Moraine. Cwm/corrie. Glacial U-shaped valley. Coal / mineral spoil tips. Roche moutonee. Slope
Neutral - mountainous craggy slopes and slopes in Gwynedd.
AA corresponds to a very small section of a glacial U-shaped valley.
Includes nationally important sites for glacial geomorphology (Cwm Dwythwch and Glydeiriau and Cwm Idwal SSSIs) also significant sites for Cambrian-Ordovician stratigraphy (combined evaluation includes areas within SNP survey).
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 106 Bangor (Solid) 1985; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 119 Snowdon (Solid and Drift) 1997; 1:25 000 Geology Classical Areas Maps SH55/56 Llyn Padarn (Solid and Drift) 1988 ; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 15, North Wales Coast, 1990; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 1

Nant Ffrancon
N-S Nant Ffrancon steep-sided open, U-shaped valley cut into S-dipping Cambro-Ordovician (Bronllwyd Grit Fm - Nant Ffrancon Gp) sandy turbidites, sandstones, mudstones, & siltstones. Microgranite (Mynydd Perfedd) & porphyrite intrusions, minor dolerite dykes. Widespread drift cover, with moraine & scree on slopes, peat, alluvial cones & alluvium in wide valley floor, and boulder clay in tributary valley. Cirques cut into steep valley sides to W, hanging valleys, truncated spurs. Disused mine a
Moraine. Alluvial fan (active). Cwm/corrie. Glacial U-shaped valley. Tor. Urban / industrial development
Major mountainous area and u-shaped valley with area of urban development in very small section in Gwynedd.
Includes classic sites of national importance for glacial and periglacial features, both erosional features, e.g. cirques, tors, and depositional. e.g. moraine, screes (Glydeiriau and Cwm Idwl and Carneddau SSSIs); also includes significant sites for Ordovician stratigraphy.
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 106 Bangor (Solid) 1985; 1:25 000 Geology Classical Areas Maps SH65/66 Passes of Nant Ffrancon and Llanberis (Solid and Drift) 1985; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); e UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 15, North Wales Coast, 1990; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 17, Snowdon and Conwy Valley, 2003; Howells, M.F. 1985. Geology of the countr

Llanberis
Cambrian (Llanberis Slate Formation) slate belt cut by NW-SE Llyn Peris - Llyn Padarn U-shaped valley. Regional NE-SW antiforms, many NE-SW faults. Disused slate quarries, tips & made ground. Boulder clay, head and scree on slopes. Steep valley sides, alluvium & alluvial fans in valley, large fan at Llanberis built out across valley.
Stratigraphic formation(s). Past processes. Active processes. Superficial deposits. Structural features
Upland escarpment. Active upland river or stream channel system. Ancient upland river / stream systems. Mineral workings
Slope. Alluvial fan (ancient). Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit. Made ground. Coal / mineral spoil tips. Urban / industrial development. Engineered topography
Includes upland areas, good exposure in quarries and limited development in valley.
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development, forestry, etc. and that SSSI is maintained in favourable condition by implementation of management plan. Other features include glacial geomorphology and Cambrian stratigraphy - consider RIGS designation for key sections showing latter in former quarry site.
AA corresponds to the Cambrian slate belt in the Pers valley.
Area nationally important for glacial geomorphology (Llyn Peris SSSI) and with historically well known slate quarries in the Cambrian slate belt.
:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 17, Snowdon and Conwy Valley, 2003; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 106 Bangor (Solid) 1985; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution);1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 14, Anglesey. 1990;1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;Howells, M.F. 1985. Geology of the country around Bangor. Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheet 106 (England and Wales),

Penrhyn Slate Quarries
Upland area with Penrhyn slate quarries and tips, much made ground. E-dipping Cambrian (Llanberis Slate Fm) slates, mudstones & sandstones, with many dolerite dykes. Many NE-SW faults. Faulted against older Cambrian (Padarn Tuff Fm, Fachwen Fm) to W. Limited boulder clay.
Stratigraphic formation(s). Past processes. Superficial deposits. Structural features. Active processes
Cliff. Slope. Scarp slope. Glacial U-shaped valley. Coal / mineral spoil tips. Made ground. Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit. Urban / industrial development. Engineered topography
Working quarries show excellent exposures - although inappropriate restoration could remove these - RIGS designation may therefore be appropriate.
AA corresponds to the Cambrian slate belt within Penrhyn quarries and faulted contacts with the older Cambrian (Padarn Fachwen Fm) to the W.
Cambrian slate belt, with famous slate quarries and significance for Cambrian stratigraphy - including potential candidate RIGSsite.
1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 17, Snowdon and Conwy Valley, 2003; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 106 Bangor (Solid) 1985;Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution);1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 14, Anglesey. 1990; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Howells, M.F. 1985. Geology of the country around Bangor. Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheet 106 (England and Wales),

Nant y Betws
Steep U-shaped Afon Gwyrfai valley, draining NW, cut into S-dipping and regionally NE-SW-folded Cambro-Ordovician (Marchllyn Fm- Nant Ffrancon Gp) mudstones, siltstones and sandstones, with dolerite intrusions. Major NE-SW faults. Steep valley sides, with alluvium and alluvial fans in valley floor. Thick boulder clay, peat & moraine on SE valley slopes. Disused quarries & tips, mine shafts (Betws Garmon), with made ground.
Moraine. Glacial U-shaped valley. Coal / mineral spoil tips. Made ground. Slope
Neutral - Major valley with reservoir, partly wooded and open upland slopes - very small section in Gwynedd.
AA corresponds to outcrop of Cambro-Ordovician mudstones in Betws valley.
Includes nationally important sites for Quaternary stratigraphy and Glacial and periglacial geomorphology (Clogwynygarreg ; Snowdon, Yr Wyddfa); also significant sites for Cambrian-Ordovician stratigraphy (combined evaluation includes areas within SNP survey).
:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 106 Bangor (Solid) 1985; 1:25 000 Geology Classical Areas Maps SH66/67 Bethesda and Foel Fras (Solid and Drift) 1986; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 14, Anglesey. 1990 ; 1:25 000 Geology Classical Areas Maps SH55/56 Llyn Padarn (Solid and Drift) 1988; Howells, M.F. and

Betws Garmon
Upland ridge of Cambrian (Llanberis Slate Formation) slate belt cut by Nant y Betws U-shaped valley. Moderate-steep dip SE & NW, folds and major faults NE-SW. Alluvium in valley floor & flood plain, boulder clay widespread on slopes. Disused slate quarries & tips, made ground.
Stratigraphic formation(s). Past processes. Active processes. Superficial deposits. Structural features
Slope. Made ground. Glacial U-shaped valley. Coal / mineral spoil tips. River channel (natural). Flood plain. Hill top
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development, forestry, etc. and that SSSI is maintained in favourable condition by implementation of management plan.
AA corresponds to the Cambrian slate belt in the Betws valley.
Includes nationally important site for Cambrian stratigraphy (Moel Tryfan SSSI).
1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 17, Snowdon and Conwy Valley, 2003; 1:63 360 BGS Geological Map Sheet 118 Nefyn; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution);1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 14, Anglesey. 1990;1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Campbell, S. and Bowen, D.Q., 1989. Geological conservation review : Quaternary of Wales. Nature Conservancy Council, Peterborough, 237p : ill,

Tryfan
Upland ridge formed by W end of slate belt in S-dipping Cambrian (Llanberis Slates Fm) shales, mudstones, siltstones and thin sandstones. Major NE-SW faults. Extensive quarries and tips, made ground. Boulder clay extensive across lower N slopes.
Stratigraphic formation(s). Past processes. Superficial deposits. Structural features. Active processes
Coal / mineral spoil tips. Made ground. River channel (natural). Flood plain. Slope. Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit. Urban / industrial development. Engineered topography
Upland with extensive disused slate quarries.
AA corresponds to Cambrian slate belt west from Moel Tryfan.
Includes nationally important site for glacial geomorphology (Moel Tryfan SSSI) and key section of famous Cambrian slate belt with some stratigraphical significance.
1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 13, Lleyn Peninsula East, 1996; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 17, Snowdon and Conwy Valley, 2003; 1:63 360 BGS Geological Map Sheet 118 Nefyn; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 14, Anglesey. 1990; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Campbell, S. and Bowen, D.Q., 1989. Geological conservation review : Quaternar

Waunfawr
Broad mouth of Betws (Gwyrfai) U-shaped valley cut into high ground of SE-dipping Cambrian (Arfon Group) welded acid ash-flow tuffs, sandstones & conglomerates. Extensive cover of boulder clay across slopes. Broad flat alluvial floor, with some boulder clay along W edge.
Stratigraphic formation(s). Past processes. Active processes. Superficial deposits
Upland valley slope. Active upland river or stream channel system. Ancient upland river / stream systems
Slope. Scarp slope. Glacial U-shaped valley. River channel (natural). Flood plain. Hill top. Urban / industrial development
Neutral - Upland slopes and valley with scattered small settlements.
AA corresponds to Betws valley in Arfon Group outcrop.
Includes nationally important sites for glacial geomorphology and Cambrian stratigraphy (Llyn Padarn).
1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 13, Lleyn Peninsula East, 1996; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 17, Snowdon and Conwy Valley, 2003; 1:63 360 BGS Geological Map Sheet 118 Nefyn; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 14, Anglesey. 1990; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Campbell, S. and Bowen, D.Q., 1989. Geological conservation review : Quaternar
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Natural crags and inland outcrops.

Fachwen
Mouth of U-shaped Peris valley with Llyn Padarn, cut into SE-dipping Cambrian (Arfon Group) tough welded acid ash-flow tuffs intruded by thin dolerite dykes. N limb of regional NE-SW synform, and NE-SW faults. Patches of head & boulder clay on slopes, alluvium in broad valley floor.
Stratigraphic formation(s). Past processes. Active processes. Superficial deposits. Structural features
Upland valley slope. Active upland river or stream channel system. Ancient upland river / stream systems
Slope. Glacial U-shaped valley. Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). River channel (natural). Flood plain
Neutral - Dominantly upland area with settlement mainly low on valley sides.
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development, forestry, etc.and consider RIGS designation to protect sites important for Cambrian stratigraphy and glacial geomorphology.
AA corresponds to Peris valley in Arfon Group outcrop.
Includes important sites for Arfon Group stratigraphy (Cambrian) and regional glacial geomorphological studies.
1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 17, Snowdon and Conwy Valley, 2003; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 106 Bangor (Solid) 1985; 1:63 360 BGS Geological Map Sheet 118 Nefyn; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 14, Anglesey. 1990; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Howells, M.F. 1985. Geology of the country around Bangor. Memoir of the British Ge

Clwt y Bont
S-facing slopes and high ground of Cambrian (Arfon Group - Fachwen Fm) ash-flow acid tuffs, overlain by sandstones & siltstones, mostly in N limb of regional NE-SW synform. Major NE-SW faults. Area fault-bounded to N (Tregarth Fault), and also to S across western part. Extensive cover of boulder clay on western slopes, patchier and with more head on eastern slopes. Glacial channels flowed W. Outcrop belt cut by Peris and Gwyrfai U-shaped valleys.
Stratigraphic formation(s). Past processes. Superficial deposits. Structural features. Active processes
Cliff. Slope. Plateau. Scarp slope. Ridge. Glacial U-shaped valley. River channel (natural). Flood plain. Urban / industrial development
AA fault-bounded to N (Tregarth Fault), and also to S across western part; coresponds to Arfon-Fachwen Group outcrop.
Area shows widespread Cambrian stratigraphy and mouths of glacial valleys with no notable sites.
1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 17, Snowdon and Conwy Valley, 2003; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 106 Bangor (Solid) 1985;1:63 360 BGS Geological Map Sheet 118 Nefyn; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 14, Anglesey. 1990; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Howells, M.F. 1985. Geology of the country around Bangor. Memoir of the British Geo

Moel Rhiwen
Wide plain dissected by U-shaped Ogwen & Peris valley mouths in SE-dipping Cambrian (Fachwen - Marchllyn Fms) basalt, conglomerates and sandstones, to mudstones. Regional NE-SW folds, and major NE-SW faults.Fault-bounded to N across much of area (Aberdinlle Fault), and S boundary also faulted. Small areas of overlying Ordovician (Nant Ffrancon Group) mudstones in fold cores in NE. Mouths of valleys open into wide plain, covered by extensive boulder clay. Glacial sand & gravel in valley slopes,
Active upland river or stream channel system. Ancient upland river / stream systems. Glacial mountain valley. Soft-sediment cliff and shore
Alluvial fan (active). Alluvial fan (ancient). Glacial U-shaped valley. Coal / mineral spoil tips. Cliff. Sand / shingle foreshore. Lake / reservoir (artificial). River channel (natural). Flood plain. Slope. Hill top. Scarp slope. Urban / industrial development
Neutral - Partly upland slopes, broad plateau - scattered settlements.
Boundaries faulted to N (Aberdinnle F) and across much of south. AA corresponds to plain in Cambrian succession across valley mouths.
Includes nationally important site for Quaternary studies, also significant for Cambrian stratigraphy.
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 106 Bangor (Solid) 1985; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheets; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheets; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 14, Anglesey. 1990.; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 17, Snowdon and Conwy Valley, 2003; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 254, Lleyn Peninsula East, 2002; Howells, M.F. 1985. Geology of the country around Bangor. Memoir

Talybont
Broad low coastal plain E of Bangor and its inland continuation SW in S-dipping Ordovician (Nant Ffrancon Formation) mudstones & siltstones, bounded to S across wide area by NE-SW Aberdinlle Fault. River mouths and floodplains to N coast, with glacial sand & gravel deposits at valley mouths with coastal plain, & alluvial cones, alluvium along river valleys. Storm beach and marine deposits along coast. Widespread boulder clay and peat on plain. SW-flowing meandering Afon Seiont, with glacial sa
Soft-sediment cliff and shore. Active lowland river-flood plain system. Ancient lowland river flood plain system
Flood plain. Slope. Mud-dominated foreshore. River channel (natural). Sand / shingle foreshore. Lower saltmarsh / mudflat. Shingle / gravel. Hill top. Made ground. Urban / industrial development
Dominantly rural area with small settlements.
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development, coastal defence, etc. and that SSSI is maintained in favourable condition by implementation of management plan.
AA bounded to S across wide area by NE-SW Aberdinlle Fault.
Includes nationally important site for early Ordovician stratigraphy (Afon Seiont SSSI), also includes significant features of importance for glacial geomorphology.
1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 13, Lleyn Peninsula East, 1996; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 17, Snowdon and Conwy Valley, 2003; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 106 Bangor (Solid) 1985; 1:63 360 BGS Geological Map Sheet 118 Nefyn; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 14, Anglesey. 1990; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Howells, M.F. 1985.

Bangor
Wide plain, cut by N- & W-flowing minor rivers, in E-dipping Cambro-Ordovician (Arfon Group - Nant Ffrancon Fm) acid ash-flow tuffs, sandstones & conglomerates, and siltstones, and granite intrusion W of Port Dinorwic. Bounded to N by NE-SW faults against Carboniferous, also ENE-WSW faults. Extensive boulder clay cover.
Stratigraphic formation(s). Active processes. Past processes. Superficial deposits. Structural features
Soft-sediment cliff and shore. Active lowland river-flood plain system. Ancient lowland river flood plain system
Slope. Plateau. Cliff. Mud-dominated foreshore. Lower saltmarsh / mudflat. Reclaimed land. Urban / industrial development
Includes urbanisation of Bangor and adjacent rural areas.
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development, coastal defence, etc..
Includes Cambro-Ordovician geology with potential stratigraphical significance, also igneous rocks including granite, although no notable sites recorded.
1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 17, Snowdon and Conwy Valley, 2003; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 106 Bangor (Solid) 1985; 1:63 360 BGS Geological Map Sheet 118 Nefyn; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 14, Anglesey. 1990; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Howells, M.F. 1985. Geology of the country around Bangor. Memoir of the British Ge

Vaynol Park
Fault bounded coastal block of S-dipping Carboniferous (Carboniferous Limestone, Westphalian) limestones and calcareous mudstones, with small area of sandstones, conglomerates and mudstones, folded into NE-SW regional synform and minor folds. Bounded by major NE-SW fault. Boulder clay cover. Alkaline soils. Storm beach gravels, marine alluvium.
Stratigraphic formation(s). Active processes. Past processes. Superficial deposits. Structural features
Soft-sediment cliff and shore. Active lowland river-flood plain system. Ancient lowland river flood plain system
Rock platform. Sand. Shingle / gravel. Slope. Cliff. Mud-dominated foreshore. Lake / reservoir (artificial). Engineered topography
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development, forestry, coastal defence, etc. and investigate potential for establishing RIGS site for local Carboniferous sucession.
Isolated outcrop of Carboniferous, with significance for Lower Carboniferous limestone to Westphalian (Upper Carboniferous) stratigraphy, including unconformity - RIGS site potential.
1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 17, Snowdon and Conwy Valley, 2003; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 106 Bangor (Solid) 1985; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 14, Anglesey. 1990; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Howells, M.F. 1985. Geology of the country around Bangor. Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheet 106 (England and Wales

Marchllyn Mawr
N-facing slope from high ground of Elidir Fawr, with well-preserved cirque at head of U-shaped hanging valley with moraine. Dissected in S-dipping Cambro-Ordovician (Bronllwyd Grit - Nant Ffrancon Fms) slates, mudstones & sandstone turbidites, and siltstones. Mostly N limb of regional NE-SW antiform, and major NE-SW faults. Head, peat & scree on higher slopes, boulder clay on lower shallower slopes, some alluvium. Large Marchlyn Mawr (upper pumped storage) reservoir in upper valley. Lower vall
Upland valley slope. Active upland river or stream channel system. Mountain glacial-erosion terrain. Artificial water bodies and channels
Glacial hanging valley. Slope. Moraine. Cwm/corrie. Glacial U-shaped valley
Neutral - Mountainous crags and cliffs very small area in Gwynedd.
AA corresponds to N-facing slope below Elidir Fawr in Cambro-Ordovician geology.
Includes nationally important sites for glacial geomorphology (Glydeiriau and Cwm Idwal); also significant for Ordovician stratigraphy (combined evaluation includes areas within SNP survey).
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 106 Bangor (Solid) 1985; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 119 Snowdon (Solid and Drift) 1997; 1:25 000 Geology Classical Areas Maps SH65/66 Passes of Nant Ffrancon and Llanberis (Solid and Drift) 1985; 1:25 000 Geology Classical Areas Maps SH53, SH55, SH63 SH6 Central Snowdonia (Solid and Drift) 1972; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheets; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheets; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:10

Cwm Pen Hafar
N- and W-facing slopes of Afon Caseg and Llafar U-shaped river valleys cut into S-dipping Cambro-Ordovician (Llanberis Slates Fm - Nant Ffrancon Gp) sandstones & slates, siltstones, mudstones and ironstones. Extensive head, moraine, and scree on higher slopes, alluvial cones, then boulder clay and peat on lower shallower slopes, and patches of alluvium in valley floor. Well preserved cirque (Cwm Caseg). Disused slate quarry E of Bethesda.
Active upland river or stream channel system. Ancient upland river / stream systems. Mountain glacial-erosion terrain
Scarp slope. Moraine. Cwm/corrie. Glacial U-shaped valley. Slope
Neutral - Mountainous crags and slopes, very small area in Gwynedd.
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development, forestry, etc. .
AA corresponds to U-shaped valley in Cambro-Ordovician slate/siltstone succession.
Includes nationally important sites for glacial and periglacial features ( Y Carneddau); also significant for Ordovician stratigraphy (combined evaluation includes areas within SNP survey).
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 106 Bangor (Solid) 1985; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 119 Snowdon (Solid and Drift) 1997; 1:25 000 Geology Classical Areas Maps SH65/66 Passes of Nant Ffrancon and Llanberis (Solid and Drift) 1985; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheets; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheets; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency, Sheet 15, North Wales Coast, 1998 ; 1:25 00

Afon Ffydlas
NE-SW fault-controlled V-shaped valley dissected into SE-dipping Cambro-Ordovician (Bronllwyd Grit Fm - Nant Ffrancon Gp) sandstones, mudstones & siltstones. Regional NE-SW antiform, major NE-SW faults. Minor intermediate intrusions. Extensive boulder clay on lower slopes, head on higher north-facing steep slopes. Disused quarries in granite.
Upland slopes - small area in Gwynedd with urban development.
AA corresponds to a fault controlled valley.
Includes areas of national importance for glacial/periglacial features (Y Carneddau); also significant for Cambrian stratigraphy (combined evaluation includes areas within SNP survey).
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 106 Bangor (Solid) 1985; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 119 Snowdon (Solid and Drift) 1997; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheets; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheets; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 14, Anglesey. 1990.; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency, Sheet 15, North Wales Coast, 1998 ; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sh

Mynydd Anelog
Steep cliffs and wave-cut platform in SE-dipping Precambrian Gwna Melange, with inclusions of 'Gwyddel Beds' cherty siltstones and sandstones, red mudstones.Thin Tertiary dolerite dykes. NE-SW Afon Saint Fault crosses N end. Bedrock at or near surface on higher slopes, thick boulder clay on lower slopes, with springs. Disused quarry at Llanllawen Fawr.
Cliff. Wave-cut platform. Coastal slope. Hill top
Beneficial - included within AONB and Lleyn Heritage Coast and partly in National Trust ownership (undeveloped rocky coastline).
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development, forestry, etc.. Confirm status of any potential RIGS sites in the area and protect using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping.
AA corresponds to western cliffs in Gwna Melange.
Includes exposures of the Precambrian Gwna Melange, potentially of at least regional importance.
1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 12, Lleyn Peninsula West, 1996; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 133 Aberdaron and Bardsey (Solid and Drift) 1993; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 14, Anglesey. 1990; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Gibbons, W. and McCarroll, D., 1993. Geology of the country around Aberdaron, including Bardsey Island. Me

Aberdaron
Shallow S-facing slopes and low sea cliffs in SE-dipping Ordovician Aberdaron Bay Group mudstones & siltstones, with thin sandstones and acid tuffs, and thick dolerite sill. Thin Tertiary dolerite dykes. Major NW-SE faults (Afon Saint & Aberdaron) and bounded to W by NNE-SSW Daron fault. Bounded against Gwna Melange by faults to W, e.g. NE-SW Parwyd fault. Dolerites exposed along W side of bay. Thick boulder clay forming gently undulating surface in Abedaron Bay. Landslips along cliffs into ba
Cliff. Wave-cut platform. Kettle hole. Landslip (ancient). Beach. Shingle / gravel. Slope. Hill top
Coastal area with limited development - generally in favourable management regime (AONB and Lleyn Heritage Coast).
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development, especially coastal defence; investigate potential RIGS status of Ordovician/Quaternary features.
Bounded to W by NNE-SSW Daron fault. Bounded against Gwna Melange by faults to W, e.g. NE-SW Parwyd fault.
Includes coastal exposures of significance for Ordovician stratigraphy, with additional features of importance for glacial geomorphology and landslips; also includes major fault zone - some features may be of at least regional importance.
1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 12, Lleyn Peninsula West, 1996; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 133 Aberdaron and Bardsey (Solid and Drift) 1993; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 14, Anglesey. 1990; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Gibbons, W. and McCarroll, D., 1993. Geology of the country around Aberdaron, including Bardsey Island. Me
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry?

Hell’s Mouth
Broad, level drift platform of glacial diamictons and poorly sorted sand & gravel, with meandering Afon Soch flowing SE-E. Area bounded to W by N-S Cefnamwlch-Rhiw Fault, with many NW-SE faults and thrusts (e.g. Sarn-Abersoch Thrust), and ENE-WSW faults. Mouths of glacial N-S Llaniestyn and Afon Horon valleys. Alluvial fans in E & NE of area. Blown sand dunes along E coast, shoreface sands & gravels. Drift cover onto Ordovician (Nant Ffrancon Formation) mudstones and siltstones.
Soft-sediment cliff and shore. Sand dune. Active lowland river-flood plain system. Ancient lowland river flood plain system. Rock cliff and shore
Active sand dune. Sand beach. Sand. Cliff. River channel (natural). Flood plain
Coastal area with limited development - generally in favourable management regime (AONB and Lleyn Heritage Coast).
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development, coastal defence, etc. and that SSSI is maintained in favourable condition by implementation of management plan.
Area bounded to W by N-S Cefnamwlch-Rhiw Fault
Includes nationally important site for Quaternary geology (Porth Neigwl SSSI).
1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 12, Lleyn Peninsula West, 1996; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 134 Pwllheli (Solid and Drift) 1999; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 14, Anglesey. 1990; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Young, T.P., Gibbons, W. and McCarroll, D. 2002. Geology of the country around Pwllheli. Memoir of the British Geologic

Pwllheli
Coastal strip of river and marine alluvium, shoreface marine silts & clays, sands & gravels, blown sand. Small dolerite intrusion at Carreg yr Imbill point. Crossed by major E-W thrust fault, and NW-SE faults. Drift cover on Ordovician (Nant Ffrancon and Cwm Eigiau Formations) sedimentary and volcaniclastic succession
Stratigraphic formation(s). Active processes. Superficial deposits. Structural features. Past processes
River channel (natural). Sand / shingle foreshore. Active sand dune. Sand beach. Cliff. Spit . Coastal defence works. Reclaimed land. Urban / industrial development
Coastal system no longer evolving naturally (e.g. spits at mouth of Afon Ercg at Pwllheli stabilised and built on).
Ensure that no further significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development or coastal defence.
AA corresponds to a narrow coastal strip dominated by drift deposits.
Coastal system no longer evolving naturally (e.g. spits at mouth of Afon Erch at Pwllheli stabilised and built on); dolerite intrusion may be of local significance.
1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 13, Lleyn Peninsula East, 1996; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 12, Lleyn Peninsula West, 1996; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 134 Pwllheli (Solid and Drift) 1999; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 14, Anglesey. 1990; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Young, T.P., Gibbons, W. and McCarroll, D. 2002. Geology

Rhiw
N-S ridge of higher ground of Mynydd Penarfynydd layered basic & ultrabasic intrusion within SE-dipping Lower Ordovician (Aberdaron Bay Group to Nant Ffrancon Formation) mudstones, siltstones and acid tuffs. Numerous dolerite sills and gabbro intrusions forming hills and steep cliffs. N-S and NE-SW major faults and many ENE-WSW faults. Bounded to E by Cefnamwlch-Rhiw Fault and to W by fault against Precambrian Sarn Complex. Boulder clay along coast and in E-facing slopes, head on higher E slop
Rock cliff and shore. Lowland valley slope / escarpment. Mineral workings
Cliff. Slope. Plateau. Ridge. Wave-cut platform. Sand / shingle foreshore. Coastal slope. Hill top
Coastal area with limited development - generally in favourable management regime (AONB and Lleyn Heritage Coast with significant National Trust ownership).
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development, coastal defence, etc. and that SSSIs are maintained in favourable condition by implementation of management plans.
Bounded to E by Cefnamwlch-Rhiw Fault and to W by fault against Precambrian Sarn Complex.
Includes a remarkable concentration of sites of at least national importance (for metalliferous mineralisation, layered igneous intrusive complex and Ordovician stratigraphy).
1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 12, Lleyn Peninsula West, 1996; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 133 Aberdaron and Bardsey (Solid and Drift) 1993; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 134 Pwllheli (Solid and Drift) 1999; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 14, Anglesey. 1990; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Gibbons, W. and McCarroll, D., 1993

Pen y groesion
Shallow slopes in plateau of Precambrian-Cambrian metamorphic/igneous (Sarn Complex and Llýn shear zone) granites, gabbros, granodiorites & gneisses, bounded against Gwna Melange to W by zone of mylonites. NE-SW fault contacts against Gwna Melange to W and Ordovician succession to E. Widespread boulder clay, with kettle holes, and large area of hummocky sand/gravel moraine to N of Mynydd Cefnamwlch. Disused quarries for dolerite (Baron Hill), granite (Pen y Gopa) and gabbro (Graig Fael).
Plateau. Moraine. Kettle hole. Slope. Hill top
Rural area with no significant development, included within AONB.
Boundary against Gwna Melange to W is marked by zone of mylonites; Ordovician succession to E marks boundary.
Includes site of at least national importance for Precambrian stratigraphy (Mountain Cottage Quarry), also includes features important for the Llyn Shear Zone and glacial geomorphology.
1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 12, Lleyn Peninsula West, 1996; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 133 Aberdaron and Bardsey (Solid and Drift) 1993; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 134 Pwllheli (Solid and Drift) 1999; 1:63 360 BGS Geological Map Sheet 118 Nefyn; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 14, Anglesey. 1990; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S she

Llangwnnadl
Fault-bounded block of mostly NW-dipping Late Precambrian Gwna Melange, with cleaved (foliated) disturbed mudstone, siltstone, sandstone & conglomerate, containing many exotic clasts. Basalt intrusions & pillow lavas along coast in N to Trwyn Porth Dinllaen. Major NW-SE faults against mylonites of Llyn Shear Zone and Sarn Complex (ES-G-137). Thick boulder clay, with exposures of bedrock mainly along coast in low cliffs and wave-cut platform. Area of hummocky moraine with sand/gravel ridges tow
Cliff. Plateau. Moraine. Kettle hole. Wave-cut platform. Raised beach / platform. Sand beach. Beach. Sand. Coastal slope
Coastal area with limited development - generally in favourable management regime (AONB and Lleyn Heritage Coast, also some National Trust ownership).
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development, forestry, coastal defence, etc. and that SSSIs are maintained in favourable condition by implementation of management plans.
Bounded to SE by Llyn Shear Zone and Sarn Complex which form AA boundaries.
Includes sites of at least national importance for Precambrian geology and Quaternary geomorphology (Glannau Aberdaron, Porth Dinllaen, Porth Oer), also important mineralogical sites (Carreg).
1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 12, Lleyn Peninsula West, 1996; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 133 Aberdaron and Bardsey (Solid and Drift) 1993; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 134 Pwllheli (Solid and Drift) 1999; 1:63 360 BGS Geological Map Sheet 118 Nefyn; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 14, Anglesey. 1990; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S she

Mynydd Gilan
E & NE-dipping Cambro-Ordovician (Hell's Mouth - Nant Ffrancon Formations) sandstones, siltstones & mudstones, bounded to N by NW-SE Sarn-Abersoch Thrust fault. Many NW-SE faults. Widespread boulder clay & moraine in S, peat along E coast inshore of dune sands (Morfa Gors). Numerous disused mine shafts, adits & pits for manganese and iron (e.g. Llanengan). Glacial meltwater channels towards W, glacial striae. Shallow & open Afon Soch valley floor. Classic Arenig on Cambrian unconformity at Trw
Soft-sediment cliff and shore. Sand dune. Spits, bars and ridges. Undulating lowland hill terrain. Mineral workings
Cliff. Wave-cut platform. Sand / shingle foreshore. Active sand dune. Sand beach. Sand. Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). Coastal defence works. Urban / industrial development
Coastal area with dominantly rural hinterland, with limited development - generally in favourable management regime (AONB and Lleyn Heritage Coast).
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development, especially coastal defence works, and that SSSI is maintained in favourable condition by implementation of management plan. Investigate RIGS status for non SSSI sites.
AA bounded to N by NW-SE Sarn-Abersoch Thrust fault, to W by bondary with glacial drift plateau.
Includes classic Cambrian-Ordovician unconformity of national importance at Porth Ceiriad, also important sites for metalliferous mineralisation and glacial geomorphology.
1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 12, Lleyn Peninsula West, 1996; 1:63 360 BGS Geological Map Sheet 118 Nefyn;
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 134 Pwllheli (Solid and Drift) 1999; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 134 Pwllheli (Solid and Drift) 1999; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 14, Anglesey. 1990; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; You

Bardsey
Steep E slopes and cliffs of Bardsey Island, along N-S ridge, sloping down more shallowly towards W, low-lying W coastal area. Gwna Melange of disturbed siltstones, mudstones, sandstones and conglomerate with exotic clasts, and with basalt intrusions, and Tertiary dolerite dykes. Boulder clay widespread on shallower W slopes. Blown sand in Porth Solfach. Landslips on E coast at Briw Cerig.
Stratigraphic formation(s). Active processes. Past processes. Superficial deposits
Sand dune. Lowland plateau. Mass movement
Cliff. Wave-cut platform. Plateau. Active sand dune. Landslip (ancient)
Island - no development pressure, in favourable management regime (AONB and Lleyn Heritage Coast).
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development (e.g. construction of landing stage, etc).. Investigate potential RIGS status of exposures.
Dominated by outcrop of regionally important Precambrian Gwna Melange, with excellent exposure around island.
1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 12, Lleyn Peninsula West, 1996; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 133 Aberdaron and Bardsey (Solid and Drift) 1993; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 14, Anglesey. 1990; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Gibbons, W. and McCarroll, D., 1993. Geology of the country around Aberdaron, including Bardsey Island. Me
Additional Level 4 features include: Natural crags and inland outcrops.

Mynytho
N & E-dipping Cambro-Ordovician (Dol-cyn-Afon - Nant Ffrancon Formations) mudstones & siltstones, with microgranite & intermediate, & dolerite intrusions forming hills along a SW-NE trend from Trwyn Llanbedrog - Carn Fadryn. Bounded to S by Sarn-Abersoch Thrust and with NW-SE, NE-SW and ENE-WSW faults. Widespread boulder clay, and N-S U-shaped valleys of Nant Llaniestyn and Afon Horon floored by glacial diamictons and fluvio-glacial sand/gravel, representing glacial meltwater channels. Afon So
Rock cliff and shore. Soft-sediment cliff and shore. Lowland plateau. Mineral workings
Slope. Glacial U-shaped valley. Cliff. Wave-cut platform. Active sand dune. Rock platform. Sand. Sand beach. River channel (natural). Flood plain
Rural area with no significant development - northern coastal area is within Lleyn Heritage Coast.
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development, forestry, etc. and that SSSIs are maintained in favourable condition by implementation of management plans.
AA bounded to S by Sarn-Abersoch Thrust.
Includes nationally important sites for Ordovician stratigraphy (Pen Benar) and igneous rocks (including Foel Gron).
1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 12, Lleyn Peninsula West, 1996; 1:63 360 BGS Geological Map Sheet 118 Nefyn; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 134 Pwllheli (Solid and Drift) 1999; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 14, Anglesey. 1990; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Young, T.P., Gibbons, W. and McCarroll, D. 2002. Geology of the country ar

Llanbedrog
N, E & S-dipping Ordovician (Llanbedrog Volcanic Group) intermediate and basic lavas, acid tuffs, siltstones, sandstones and black mudstones, with intermediate and microgranite intrusions, in southern closure of NE-SW Llyn syncline. Major ENE-WSW, NE-SW and NW-SE faults. Widespread drift cover of boulder clay and glacial sand/gravel along E side of area. Moraine in N part. Peat and alluvium of upper Cors Geirch valley.
Soft-sediment cliff and shore. Undulating lowland hill terrain
Cliff. Plateau. Moraine. Sand beach. River channel / canal (artificial). Flood plain. Slope. Hill top
Rural area with no significant development - included within AONB.
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development, forestry, etc.. Investigate RIGS potential of key sites in Llanbedrog Volcanic Group.
AA corresponds to the outcrop of the Llanbedrog volcanic formation of the plateau.
Includes important Ordovician volcanic sequence with granitic intrusions - may include potential RIGS sites.
1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 12, Lleyn Peninsula West, 1996; 1:63 360 BGS Geological Map Sheet 118 Nefyn;
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 134 Pwllheli (Solid and Drift) 1999; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 14, Anglesey. 1990; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Young, T.P., Gibbons, W. and McCarroll, D. 2002. Geology of the country ar

Llannor
Plateau in N, E & S-dipping Ordovician (Crugan Mudstone Formation) mudstones & siltstones, in regional NE-SW Llyn syncline. Major ENE-WSW, NW-SE and E-W (Efailnewydd Fault) faults. Extensive drift cover; widespread fluvio-glacial sand/gravel, with boulder clay, glacial diamicton, moraine on plain; alluvium in valley floors, with wide area of peat in Cors Geirch in upper valley.
Slope. Plateau. Moraine. River channel (natural). Flood plain. Peat bog
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development, forestry, etc
AA corresponds to Crugan Fm plateau, bounded to N by ridge of granites.
Includes Ordovician geology and glacial geomorphological features, although no notable sites recorded.
1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 13, Lleyn Peninsula East, 1996; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 12, Lleyn Peninsula West, 1996; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 134 Pwllheli (Solid and Drift) 1999;
1:63 360 BGS Geological Map Sheet 118 Nefyn; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 14, Anglesey. 1990; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Young, T.P.

Llithfaen
Granites and granodiorites forming high ground with steep slopes and coastal cliffs. Acid and intermediate intrusions into S-dipping Ordovician (Nant Ffrancon Formation) mudstones & siltstones, metamorphosed to hornfels around igneous bodies. Exposed along coast in cliffs and wave-cut platform. Major NW-SE faults. Cover of boulder clay, scree. Disused quarries.
Cliff. Slope. Plateau. Wave-cut platform. Ridge. Coastal slope. Hill top
Undeveloped coast and hinterland - include within AONB and Lleyn Heritage Coast.
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development, forestry, etc. and that SSSIs are maintained in favourable condition by implementation of management plans.
AA corresponds to ridge in Nant Ffrancon Fm with intrusions.
Includes sites of at least national importance for Ordovician igneous rocks (including Moelypenmaen, Trwyn-y-Gorlech to Yr-Eifl Quarries, etc.) and Quaternary (Gwydir Bay).
1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 13, Lleyn Peninsula East, 1996; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 12, Lleyn Peninsula West, 1996; 1:63 360 BGS Geological Map Sheet 118 Nefyn; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 14, Anglesey. 1990;
1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Campbell, S. and Bowen, D.Q., 1989. Geological conservation review : Quaternary of

Y Ffor
Lowland plateau in W & E-dipping Ordovician (Pen-ychain Rhyolitic Complex - Llanbedrog Volcanic Group) acid and basic tuffs, basaltic, intermediate and rhyolitic lavas, sandstones and siltstones, in regional N-S antiform. Major faults NW-SE, NE-SW. Boulder clay widespread, diamicton on lower slopes, and moraine.
Slope. Plateau. Moraine. Cliff. Beach. River channel (natural). Flood plain. Hill top
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development, forestry, etc, including by selection of representative RIGS sites.
AA corresponds to outcrop belt of Ordovician Pen-y-chain rhyolitic complex to Llanbedrog Volcanic Group sequence.
Includes significant Ordovician volcanic complex and features relevant to regional glacial geomorphology, with possible RIGS potential.
1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 13, Lleyn Peninsula East, 1996; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 134 Pwllheli (Solid and Drift) 1999; 1:63 360 BGS Geological Map Sheet 118 Nefyn; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 14, Anglesey. 1990; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Young, T.P., Gibbons, W. and McCarroll, D. 2002. Geology of the country ar

Llanystumdwy
Low plateau in E, W & S-dipping Ordovician (Nant Ffrancon - Ogwen Group) mudstones and siltstones, with some acid tuffs and sandstones, rhyolites, and with intermediate and dolerite intrusions. Major NW-SE faults. Boulder clay widespread, Coastal area with diamicton, and shoreface sediments. Lower Dwyfor and Dwyfach valleys and flood plain.
Soft-sediment cliff and shore. Undulating lowland hill terrain. Lowland till plain / field
Flood plain. Plateau. Sand beach. Cliff. River channel (natural). Coastal defence works. Urban / industrial development
Dominantly rural area with little development pressure.
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development, forestry, coastal defence, etc. and that SSSIs are maintained in favourable condition by implementation of management plans.
AA corresponds to plateau of Ordovician volcanic rocks.
Includes sites of national importance for geology and geomorphology including Quaternary studies (Glanllynau a Glannau Pentchain I Gricieth) and Ordovician stratigraphy (Tyn llan).
1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 13, Lleyn Peninsula East, 1996; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 119 Snowdon (Solid and Drift) 1997; 1:63 360 BGS Geological Map Sheet 118 Nefyn; Howells, M.F. 1985. Geology of the country around Bangor. Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheet 106 (England and Wales), H.M.S.O., London.
Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 14, Anglesey. 199

Porthmadog
Crags and higher ground in E, N & W-dipping Cambro-Ordovician mudstones, siltstones and sandstones (Ffestiniog - Dolcynafon Formations) in regional N-S folds. Major NNE-SSW, NE-SW and N-S faults. Widespread boulder clay and peat. Broad marsh area with alluvium (Llyn Ystumllyn) in lower Afon Cedron, with low outcrops of Cambrian.
Soft-sediment cliff and shore. Saltmarsh. Active lowland river-flood plain system. Ancient lowland river flood plain system
Marsh / saltmarsh. Slope. Plateau. River channel (natural). Cliff. Beach. Flood plain. Hill top. Urban / industrial development
Scattered settlements including Portmadog, and rural areas.
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development, coastal defence, etc. and that SSSIs are maintained in favourable condition by implementation of management plans.
AA corresponds to outcrop belt of Cambro-Ordovician mudstones.
Includes sites of at least national importance for Cambrian-Ordovician stratigraphy (including Rhiw-for-fawr and Wern road section).
1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 13, Lleyn Peninsula East, 1996; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 134 Pwllheli (Solid and Drift) 1999; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 119 Snowdon (Solid and Drift) 1997; Howells, M.F. 1985. Geology of the country around Bangor. Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheet 106 (England and Wales), H.M.S.O., London.; Howells, M.F. and Smith, M. 1997. Geology of the country around Snowdon. Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheet 119 (England and Wales),

Dinas Dinlle
Large N-S spit of blown sand with dunes, north of coastal strip of shoreface sands/gravels along W-facing coast. Carrog estuary, with silts & clays and alluvium. Pits for sand extraction on spit
Active sand dune. Sand beach. Spit . River channel (natural). Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). Flood plain. Coastal defence works. Urban / industrial development
Spit stabilised with roads, airfield and sea-walls - active sand extraction reported - inclusion within AONB and Lleyn Heritage Coast may restrict further deterioration, however.
Ensure that no further significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development and especially coastal/flood protection. Ensure that SSSI is maintained in favourable condition by implementation of management plan.
AA corresponds to major spit, with coastal sand dunes and estuary features.
Includes nationally important features for Quaternary geology and geomorphology (Dinas Dinlle) within largely stabilised spit.
1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 13, Lleyn Peninsula East, 1996; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 17, Snowdon and Conwy Valley, 2003; 1:63 360 BGS Geological Map Sheet 118 Nefyn; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 14, Anglesey. 1990; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Campbell, S. and Bowen, D.Q., 1989. Geological conservation review : Quaternar

Ty’n y Morfa
Shoreface sediments and broad flat coastal plain, with marshes and estuary of Afon Dwyfor. Marine sands/gravels, alluvium, and glacial diamicton.
Marsh / saltmarsh. Beach. Shingle / gravel. River channel (natural). Flood plain. Urban / industrial development
Includes holiday camp and railway line close to sea, both of which may lead to pressure for coastal defence works.
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development, coastal defence, etc. and that SSSI is maintained in favourable condition by implementation of management plan.
Includes nationally important site for Quaternary geology and geomorphology (Glannllynnau a Glannau), although development may have on effect on coastal processes in the area.
1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 13, Lleyn Peninsula East, 1996; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 134 Pwllheli (Solid and Drift) 1999; 1:63 360 BGS Geological Map Sheet 118 Nefyn; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 14, Anglesey. 1990; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Young, T.P., Gibbons, W. and McCarroll, D. 2002. Geology of the country ar

Sugar Loaf
Prominent and distinctive landscape feature - visible from as far away as Exmoor (west Somerset). Dome-shaped massif of sandstone- dominated Lower Old Red Sandstone Group (Lower Devonian) with broadly radiating stream valleys and capped by mesa-like flat-topped peak (including small outcrop of Upper Old Red Sandstone Group conglomerate; Upper Devonian). Latter with crags and stony blocks on slopes below, probably periglacially moved. Some evidence of regional structural ternd (NNW-SSE) in orie
Slope. Hill top. Plateau. Stepped topography. Spring
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development/forestry etc) and that RIGS/SINC are established to safeguard key geological/geomorphological features or sites.
Classic geomorphological feature and prominent in the landscape.
BARCLAY, W.J. 1989, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales Sheet 232; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1990, Abergaveny, Sheet 232 (1:50,000), BGS;ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a, OS Explorer Map OL13 (1:25, 000).
Gwent Geodiversity Audit (no sites recorded 12/06).

Bettws
Lower slopes of Suger Loaf and Bryn Arw massifs including cwms such as that of the Afon Cibi. Dominated by an apron of glacial clays (till) with small areas of sand and gravel (Quaternary: Pleistocene). Periglacial ''head'' also present and landslips.
Lake / reservoir (artificial). Slope. Spring
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development/forestry etc) and that SSSI is maintained in favourable condition by implementation of management plan.
Break of slope at base of steep upper slopes of solid geology massif above and edgr of active river/floodplain systems, etc., below.
Only very small are of SSSI included relative to size of AA. Geomorphology elsewhere typical of feature/process and not known to be exceptional or is widespread.
BARCLAY, W.J. 1989, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales Sheet 232; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1990, Abergaveny, Sheet 232 (1:50,000), BGS; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2004. Talgarth, Sheet 214 (1:50,000), BGS;
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a, OS Explorer Map OL13 (1:25, 000).
Gwent Geodiversity Audit (Davies 2006): no sites recorded (to 12/06).

Bryn Arw
Discrete massif of Lower Old Red Sandstone Group (Lower Devonian) sandstones NE of the Sugar Loaf. Forms a short, steep sided ridge with a regional structural NNW-SSE orientation.
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development/forestry etc).
No notable sites recorded and geology presumed to be widespread.
BARCLAY, W.J. 1989, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales Sheet 232; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1990, Abergaveny, Sheet 232 (1:50,000), BGS; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2004. Talgarth, Sheet 214 (1:50,000), BGS;
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a, OS Explorer Map OL13 (1:25, 000);
Gwent Geodiversity Audit (Davies 2006): no sites recorded (to 12/06).

Grwyne Fawr
Drift-filled valleys of the Gwyne Fawr Brook and tributaries. Includes a higher section on the W side of the Garn Wen promontary with a general regional structural NNW-SSE orientation, flowing generally SSE which joins a WSW-ENE valley system controlled by the regionally significant Neath Disturbance and then flows WSW. Flood-plain alluvium dominates (Quaternary: Holocene) but glacial / fluvioglacial deposits also locally significant including glacial lake deposits (Quaternary: Pleistocene-De
River channel (natural). Flood plain. River terrace. Landslip (ancient)
Maintain natural system and ensure that features or deposits of geomorphological or geological significance are damaged or destroyed.
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif and features at edge of active river/floodplain system.
No notable sites recorded and geomorphology typical of feature/process and not known to be exceptional or is widespread.
BARCLAY, W.J. 1989, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales Sheet 232; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1990, Abergaveny, Sheet 232 (1:50,000), BGS; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2004. Talgarth, Sheet 214 (1:50,000), BGS;
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a, OS Explorer Map OL13 (1:25, 000);
Gwent Geodiversity Audit (Davies 2006): no sites recorded (to 12/06).

Bal Mawr
Highest part of major ridge of Lower Old Red Sandstone Group (Lower Devonian) sandstones between the Afon Honddu and Gwyne Fawr valleys and with regional structural orientation (NNW-SSE). Steep scarp-like sides and forming a sharp ridge to the NNW. Major landslip system in the S.
Slope. Hill top. Scarp slope. Landslip (ancient). Spring
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development/forestry etc).
Typical landscape of widespread geological unit. No notable sites recorded.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2004. Talgarth, Sheet 214 (1:50,000), BGS; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a, OS Explorer Map OL13 (1:25, 000);

Hatterrall Hill
Upper part of long narrow upland ridge composed of Lower Old Red Sandstone Group (Lower Devonian) sandstones (partly in adjacent county) which separates the Afon Honddu valley from undulating lowlands to NE. Orientation of ridge reflects NNW-SSE regional structural trend. Ridge very narrow and with steep scarp-like sides but dissected by cwm in south where it is lower. Top flattened and plateau-like. Scar of major landslip system in the Darren area.
Waterfall / rapids. Slope. Hill top. Scarp slope. Plateau. Ridge. Spring
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development/forestry etc).
Typical landscape of widespread geological unit. No notable sites/landforms recorded.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2004. Talgarth, Sheet 214 (1:50,000), BGS; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a, OS Explorer Map OL13 (1:25, 000);

Honddu-Monnow
ajor river system comprising, within Monmouthshire, the Afon Honddu between the ridges of Bal Mawr and Hatterall Hill with a broadly regional structure controlled NNW-SSE orientation. Flow is southwards to the Llanfinhangel Crucorney area where the valley - which passes onwards towards Abergavenny - is blocked by glacial moraine. Valley subsequently deflected to the NE and joins the Monnow river. Course then flows ENE, controlled by the Neath disturbance between Trewyn Mill and Monmouth Cap,
Ancient lowland river flood plain system. Active upland river or stream channel system. Ancient upland river / stream systems
River channel / canal (artificial). River channel (natural). Flood plain. River terrace. Alluvial fan (ancient). Spring
Dominantly rural area with no significant development.
Maintain natural system and ensure that features or deposits of geomorphological or geological significance are damaged or destroyed.
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif and features at edge of active river/floodplain/low terrace system.
No notable sites/landforms recorded and geomorphology typical of feature/process and not known to be exceptional or is widespread.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2004. Talgarth, Sheet 214 (1:50,000), BGS; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a, OS Explorer Map OL13 (1:25, 000).
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Meander; Flood defence bank/works.

Vale of Ewyas (W)
Lowest, most gentle slopes of the W side of the Afon Honddu valley below Bal Mawr, covered by glacial clays (till; Quaternary: Pleistocene).
Breaks of slope at base of solid geology massif and features at edge of active river/floodplain/low terrace system.
No notable sites/landforms recorded and geomorphology typical of feature/process and not known to be exceptional or is widespread.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2004. Talgarth, Sheet 214 (1:50,000), BGS; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a, OS Explorer Map OL13 (1:25, 000);

Vale of Ewyas (E)
Lowest, most gentle slopes of the E side of the Afon Honddu valley below Hatterall Hill, covered by glacial clays (till; (Quaternary: Pleistocene).
Breaks of slope at base of solid geology massif and features at edge of active river/floodplain/low terrace system.

Henllan
Middle slopes on the W side of the Afon Honddu valley, dominated by mudrocks of the Lower Old Red Sandstone (Lower Devonian) and below the sandstone escarpment of Bal Mawr.
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development/forestry etc) .
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif and junction with drift-filled valley system below and base of higher escarpment above.

Cwmyoy
Middle slopes on the E side of the Afon Honddu valley, dominated by mudrocks of the Lower Old Red Sandstone (Lower Devonian) and below the sandstone escarpment of Hatterall Hill, etc..
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development/forestry etc) .
Breaks of slope at base of solid geology massif and junction with drift-filled valley system below and base of higher escarpment above.

Cwmlau
Glacial deposit fill of Cwmlau and lower part of slopes on SW side of the Hatterall Hill massif. Dominated by clays (till; Quaternary: Pleistocene).
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development/forestry etc)
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2004. Talgarth, Sheet 214 (1:50,000), BGS; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a, OS Explorer Map OL13 (1:25, 000).

Oldcastle
Slopes on the E side of the Hatterall Hill massif dominated by mudrocks of the Lower Old Red Sandstone (Lower Devonian). Broadly concave profile with lower more gentle portion but steepening rapidly in upper part below sandstone escarpment of massif.
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development/forestry etc) .
Breaks of slope at base of solid geology massif/ junction with drift-filled valley system below and base of higher escarpment above.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2004. Talgarth, Sheet 214 (1:50,000), BGS; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a, OS Explorer Map OL13 (1:25, 000).

Llanvihangel Crucorney
Glacial terminal moriane blocking the northern part fo the Gavenny valley and hence diverting the Afon Honddu. Irregular topography including distinctive bank-like feature on the S side of the Afon Honddu valley in the Llanvihangel Crucorney area.
Slope. Hill top. Former lake (e.g. silted up). Spring. Urban / industrial development
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development/forestry etc)
and that the SSSI is maintained in favourable condition by implementation of a management plan.
Break of slope at margins of moraine deposits.
Famous and classic terminal moraine feature.
CAMPBELL, S. and BOWEN, D.Q. 1989, Quaternary of Wales, NCC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a, OS Explorer Map OL13 (1:25, 000);
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Road/railway cutting.

Triley
Superficial deposit fill of valley linking the Afon Honddu valley at Llanvihangel Crucorney and the Usk valley below Abergavenny. Dominated by glacial clays (till) but with a minor part of the Llanvihangel glacial moraine system to the N. Central areas of the valley generally relatively flat with gentle slopes above, especially bordering the Sugar Loaf mountain massif.
River terrace. Slope. Former lake (e.g. silted up). Spring
Dominantly rural area with no significant development.
BARCLAY, W.J. 1989, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales Sheet 232; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1990, Abergaveny, Sheet 232 (1:50,000), BGS; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a, OS Explorer Map OL13 (1:25, 000).

Llangattock-Newcastle
Extensive area of undulating terrain dominated by Lower Old Red Sandstone mudrocks (Lower Devonian) dissected by many small streams. Sandstone bands mainly in eastern areas produce some short ridges with a characteristic NNW-SSE orientation, especially southwards from the Great Griag-Griag Syfyrddin area to Monmouth. Includes the distinctive, but relatively small knoll of Ysgyrd Fach. Lower areas forming a broad basin surrounding the markedly dendritic upper part of the Trothy valley system in
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development/forestry etc) and that RIGS/SINC are established to safeguard key geological/geomorphological features or sites.
Break of slope at base of solid geology dominated massif and junction with major valley systems.
Major area of outcrop of Lower Devonian St Maughan''s Group with significant number of Geodiversity Audit sites (see ''Assessment: Field 36) including potential geological SINCs.
BARCLAY, W.J. 1989, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales Sheet 232; BARCLAY, W.J. and SMITH, N.J.P. 2002, Brief explanation of geological map Sheet 215, NERC; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1990, Abergaveny, Sheet 232 (1:50,000), BGS; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2000, Ross-on-Wye, Sheet 215 (1:50,000), BGS; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2004. Talgarth, Sheet 214 (1:50,000), BGS; DAVIES, J. 2006, Gwent Geodiversity Audit (Report to CCW); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974, Monmouth, Sh

Griag Syfyrddin
Upper part of prominent Lower Old Red Sandstone sandstone (Lower Devonian) massif with steep escarpment surrounding, especially to the NW and N. Rises to over 400 m above surrounding undulating lowland areas dominated by mudrocks. Includes a significant landslip system on SE side.
Slope. Hill top. Scarp slope. Landslip (ancient). Spring
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development/forestry etc)
Break of slope at base of steep slopes around sandstone-dominated massif.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2004. Talgarth, Sheet 214 (1:50,000), BGS; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a, OS Explorer Map OL13 (1:25, 000); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2006, OS Explorer Map 189 (1:25, 000).

Great Griag
Includes lower slopes and minor platform in Great Griag area of Griag Syfyrddin massif and linked steep sided hill NW of Skenfrith. Dominated by Old Red Sandstone mudrocks (Lower Devonian) with frequent sandstone bands, hence forming higher relief. Includes major landslip system on N side of massif above Grosmont Wood Farm. Linked steep sided hill/ short ridge to E (which includes Rickett''s Wood) includes steep slopes of incised meander of Monnow river.
Slope. Hill top. Scarp slope. Ridge. Landslip (ancient). Spring
Breaks of slope at base of escarpment below and base of higher escarpment above.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a, OS Explorer Map OL13 (1:25, 000); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2006, OS Explorer Map 189 (1:25, 000).

Llantilio Crossenny
Low basin within a broad bend of the Trothy valley (to the W and S), bounded by a low escarpment to the E and N. Dominated by glacial lake deposits with minor outcrops of bedrock to the south in a low feature at Pentre-wylan.
Slope. Hill top. Former lake (e.g. silted up)
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif and features at edge of active river/floodplain/low terrace system.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974, Monmouth, Sheet 233 (1:50,000), NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a, OS Explorer Map OL13 (1:25, 000); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, OS Explorer Map OL14 (1:25, 000); WELCH, F.B.A. and TROTTER, F.M. 1961, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales, Sheets 233 and 250.

Skirrid Mountain
Broad based massif capped by very distinctive and prominent narrow ridge of Lower Old Red Sandstone sandstones (Lower Devonian) with SSW-NNE orientation. Includes major landslip/mass movement sysetm which has detached the W side of the ridge.
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development/forestry etc) and that RIGS/SINC are formally established to safeguard key geological/geomorphological features or sites.
Break of slope at base of prominent solid geology massif.
Prominent landscape feature with dramatic mass movement / landslip feature.
BARCLAY, W.J. 1989, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales Sheet 232; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1990, Abergaveny, Sheet 232 (1:50,000), BGS; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a, OS Explorer Map OL13 (1:25, 000).
Gwent Geodiversity Audit (Davies 2006): Site R90/276 (SO 34021783) (Non-Marine Devonian).

Trothy
Mature river system with markedly dendritic origins in a glacial clay filled depression in the Lower Old Red Sandstone Group (Lower Devonian) mudrocks and with a generally southwards flow, deflected broadly eastwards near Llantilio Crosseny. Flood plain/low terrace system often relatively broad, with well developed meander belts in lower reaches. Includes a broad depositional basin SE of Llanvapley with some glacial deposits including lake sediments. Tributary of the Wye, joining S of Monmouth
River channel (natural). Flood plain. River terrace. Former lake (e.g. silted up)
Maintain natural system and ensure that no further features or deposits of geomorphological or geological significance are damaged or destroyed.
Break of slope at edge of active river/floodplain/low terrace system.
BARCLAY, W.J. 1989, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales Sheet 232; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1990, Abergaveny, Sheet 232 (1:50,000), BGS; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974, Monmouth, Sheet 233 (1:50,000), NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a, OS Explorer Map OL13 (1:25, 000); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, OS Explorer Map OL14 (1:25, 000); WELCH, F.B.A. and TROTTER, F.M. 1961, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales, Sheets 233 and 250.

Wye
Segment of active channel-floodplain system and associated low terraces of classic incised river course between county boundary and normal tidal limit at Bigsweir Bridge. Steep valley gorge sides above included in adjacent Aspect areas.
Dominantly natural system with limited significant canalisation / flood defence works etc.
Maintain natural system and ensure that no further features or deposits of geomorphological or geological significance are damaged or destroyed.
Break of slope/feature at base of solid geology massif and features at edge of active river/floodplain/low terrace system.
Forms part of the famous Wye Gorger with classic incised meanders and is contiguous with GCR site for such features (River Wye at Lancaut; see MNMTHGL66).
GREGORY, K.J. (ed.) 1997, Geological Conservation Review Series 13, Chapman and Hall; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974, Monmouth, Sheet 233 (1:50,000), NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, OS Explorer Map OL14 (1:25, 000);
WELCH, F.B.A. and TROTTER, F.M. 1961, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales, Sheets 233 and 250.
Additional Level 4 features include: Meander; Flood defence bank/works.

Monmouth-Over Monnow
Broad alluvium filled basin inderlying the western part of Monmouth town, W of the Trothy river. Dominated by river terrace deposits with some modern alluvium in lowest part (Quaternary: Pleistocene-Holocene). Surrounded to the S, W and N by an escarpment of Lower Old Red Sandstone Group (Lower Devonian).
Partly developed area but natural features remain.
Ensure that no further significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development).
No notable sites/landforms recorded and area partly developed.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974, Monmouth, Sheet 233 (1:50,000), NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, OS Explorer Map OL14 (1:25, 000); WELCH, F.B.A. and TROTTER, F.M. 1961, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales, Sheets 233 and 250.

Monmouth-Dixton
River terrace feature and deposit on the NW side of the Wye, with the Trothy to the W. Largely developed but with some areas of terrace remaining visible.
Ensure that no further significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development).
Break of slope/feature at base of solid geology massif and features at edge of active river/floodplain/low terrace system.
No notable sites/landforms recorded and area partly developed.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974, Monmouth, Sheet 233 (1:50,000), NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, OS Explorer Map OL14 (1:25, 000); WELCH, F.B.A. and TROTTER, F.M. 1961, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales, Sheets 233 and 250.

Monmouth-Osbaston
Slopes between Trothy and Wye at their confluence, including part of the urban development of Monmouth town. Dominated by Lower Old Red Sandstone Group mudrocks (Lower Devonian), slopes steepen northwards and north-eastwards towards ''Brownstones'' sandstone escarpment. Cut by small stream valleys. Includes river cliff above the Trothy W of Manson.
Waterfall / rapids. Slope. Hill top. Scarp slope. Urban / industrial development
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development/forestry etc) and that RIGS/SINC are formally established to safeguard key geological/geomorphological features or sites.
Breaks of slope at base of solid geology massif/ junction with drift-filled valley system below and base of higher escarpment above.
Few notable sites/landforms recorded and geology presumed to be widespread.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974, Monmouth, Sheet 233 (1:50,000), NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, OS Explorer Map OL14 (1:25, 000); WELCH, F.B.A. and TROTTER, F.M. 1961, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales, Sheets 233 and 250.
Gwent Geodiversity Audit (Davies 2006): Site R66/021 (SO 510136) (Non-marine Devonian).

Buckholt
Small promontary-like section of ''Brownstones'' escarpment (Lower Old Red Sandstone Group sandstone; Lower Devonian) N of Monmouth. Very steep face, levelling to top. Contiguoous with Hayes Coppice Aspect Area to the E, but separated by the deep valley of the Mally Brook.
Breaks of slope at base of prominent higher escarpment and county boundary..
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974, Monmouth, Sheet 233 (1:50,000), NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a, OS Explorer Map OL13 (1:25, 000); WELCH, F.B.A. and TROTTER, F.M. 1961, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales, Sheets 233 and 250.

Hayes Coppice
Promontary forming a short broadly N-S section of a ''Brownstones'' escarpment (Lower Old Red Sandstone Group sandstone; Lower Devonian) N of Monmouth. Very steep slopes on either side, the western forming part of the Wye gorge. Contiguous with Buckholt Aspect Area to the W, but separated by the deep valley of the Mally Brook.
Slope. Hill top. Scarp slope. Plateau. Ridge
Breaks of slope at base of steep higher escarpment and County boundary.

Wyesham
Terrace-like feature on the inside of a bend in the River Wye with generally, gently southwards sloping surface. NW areas includes river cliff feature above modern floodplain. Southern part includes 1st Terrace deposits but northern part may also be part ofan earlier terrace system.
River terrace. Slope. Hill top. Urban / industrial development
Partly developed although some natural features survive.
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development).
Break of slope/feature at base of solid geology valley/gorge sides and features at edge of active river/floodplain/low terrace system.

Kymin
Deeply dissected slopes on the E side of the Wye valley E of Wyesham and dominated by Lower Old Red Sandstone Group sandstones (Lower Devonian) and below a cap of Upper Old Red Sandstone conglomerates (Upper Devonian). Includes the steep eastern slopes of Wye gorge in the between Lord''s Grove- in the S and Hadnock Court in the NW.
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development/forestry etc) and that RIGS/SINC are formally established to safeguard key geological/geomorphological features or sites.
Breaks of slope at base of solid geology massif/ junction with drift-filled valley system below and base of higher escarpment above.
Few notable sites/landforms recorded and geology presumed to be widespread.
Gwent Geodiversity Audit (Davies 2006): Sites R60/004 (SO 5351030); R63/010 (SO 527115) (Non-Marine Devonian).

Lady Park Wood
Steep escarpment of Upper Old Red Sandstone conglomerates (Upper Devonian) at top of dissected slopes of Lower Old Red Sandstone Group sandstones (Lower Devonian) to the W and steep slopes of Wye valley gorge underlain by Carboniferous limestones to the NW... Escarpment has typical regional NNW-SSE orientation...
Cliff. Slope. Hill top. Scarp slope. Plateau. Limestone gorge
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e...g... due to development/forestry etc) and that RIGS/SINC are formally established to safeguard key geological/geomorphological features or sites...
Edge of active river system, county boundary and base of steep high level escarpment of Quartz conglomerate Group...
Few notable sites/landforms recorded and geology presumed to be widespread...
DAVIES, J... 2006, Gwent Geodiversity Audit (Report to CCW); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974, Monmouth, Sheet 233 (1:50,000), NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, OS Explorer Map OL14 (1:25, 000); WELCH, F...B...A... and TROTTER, F...M... 1961, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales, Sheets 233 and 250...
Gwent Geodiversity Audit (Davies 2006): Site R17/002 (SO541153) (Carboniferous: Dinantian of South England and South Wales)...
Additional Level 4 features include: Disused quarry...

Whitebrook-Tintern
Western slopes of the Wye gorge between Monmouth and Chepstow and cut into plateaux of Upper Old Red Sandstone sandstones in the N (Upper Devonian) and Lower Carboniferous limestones to the S. Includes classic sections of incised meanders, also river cliff and crags, includes associated incised tributary valleys. etc. and associated incised tributary valleys.
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development/forestry etc) and that RIGS/SINC are formally established to safeguard key geological/geomorphological features or sites and that the SSSI is maintained in favourable condition by implementation of a management plan.
Breaks of slope at base of solid geology massif and edge of active river/floodplain/low terrace system. Also top of steep gorge sides.
Classic geomorphological feature Includeing 2 nationally important SSSIS and a significant concentration of potential geological SINCs (Gwent Geodiversity Audit sites).
GREGORY, K.J. (ed.) 1997, Geological Conservation Review Series 13, Chapman and Hall; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1972, Chepstow, Sheet 250 (1:50,000), NERC; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974, Monmouth, Sheet 233 (1:50,000), NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, OS Explorer Map OL14 (1:25, 000); WALTHAM, A.C. et al. 1996, Geological Conservation Review Series 12, Chapman and Hall; WELCH, F.B.A. and TROTTER, F.M. 1961, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales, Sheets 233 and 250.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry; Natural crags and inland outcrops; Meander; road/railway cutting.

Catbrook
Undulating plateau of Upper Old Red Sandstone sandstones with a rim of conglomerates (Upper Devonian). Cut by Wye gorge to the E and with a steep escarpment to the W. Includes the promomtary of Criag-y-dorth.
Slope. Hill top. Scarp slope. Plateau. Spring. Urban / industrial development
Rural area with little significant development.
Break of slope/feature at base of escarpment and top of Wye gorge slope.
Few notable sites/landforms recorded and geology presumed to be widespread.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1972, Chepstow, Sheet 250 (1:50,000), NERC; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974, Monmouth, Sheet 233 (1:50,000), NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, OS Explorer Map OL14 (1:25, 000);
WELCH, F.B.A. and TROTTER, F.M. 1961, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales, Sheets 233 and 250.

Devauden
Broad expanse of platform-like stream dissected terrain underlain by Lower Old Red Sandstone Group sandstones (Lower Devonian). Prominent W-NW facing escarpment running from the County boundary at Bertholau Graig, past Devauden and Llanishen to N of Trellech.
Slope. Hill top. Scarp slope. Plateau. Spring. Urban / industrial development
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development/forestry etc) and that RIGS/SINC are formally established to safeguard key geological/geomorphological features or sites and that the SSSI is maintained in favourable condition by implementation of a management plan.
Breaks of slope at base of escarpment to W, base of higher escarpment above and top of slope of Wye gorge.
Few notable sites/landforms recorded and geology presumed to be widespread (SSSI is small outcrop of volcanic rocks, unrelated to rest of geology of area and with no landscape-scale significance).
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1972, Chepstow, Sheet 250 (1:50,000), NERC; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974, Monmouth, Sheet 233 (1:50,000), NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, OS Explorer Map OL14 (1:25, 000);
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, OS Explorer Map 152 (1:25, 000);STEPHENSON, D. et al. 2003, Geological Conservation Review Series 27, JNCC; WELCH, F.B.A. and TROTTER, F.M. 1961, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales, Sheets 233 and 250.
Gwent Geodiversity Audit (Davies 2006): Sites R64/045 (SO 477011); R65/049 (SO 470025) (Non-Marine Devonian).

Llangwm-Mitchel Troy
Extensive area of distinctly undulating lowland terrain underlain by mudrock-dominated Lower Old Red Sandstone Group (Lower Devonian). Dissected by stream systems, mainly tributaries of the Nant u Wilcae-Usk system, but including part of the Trothy-Wye system in the NE. Includes a low escarpment to the N and W above the softer mudrock sequence of the lowest part of the Lower Old Red Sandstone Group of Upper Silurian age. Probably includes some marginal areas of glacial/fluvioglacial deposits o
Stratigraphic formation(s). Superficial deposits. Active processes. Structural features
Major area of outcrop of Lower Devonian St Maughan''s Group with significant number of Geodiversity Audit sites (see ''Assessment: Field 36) including potential geological SINCs.
DAVIES, J. 2006, Gwent Geodiversity Audit (Report to CCW); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1972, Chepstow, Sheet 250 (1:50,000), NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, OS Explorer Map OL14 (1:25, 000); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, OS Explorer Map 152 (1:25, 000); WELCH, F.B.A. and TROTTER, F.M. 1961, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales, Sheets 233 and 250.

Red House
Relatively small and broadly triangular area of the S side of the Trothy valley SW of Mitchell Troy. Low, gently sloping/undulating topography suggests that Quaternary deposits dominate, including glacial/fluviuoglacial (Quaternary: Pleistocene).
Break of slope/feature at base of solid geology massif and features at edge of active river/floodplain/low terrace system.

Penrhos
Undulating terrain of low hills underlain by Lower Old Red Sandstone Group mudrocks (mainly Upper Silurian)... Dissected by streams, bounded by the Trothy river system to the E and N and with a low escarpemnt to the NW and bounded by a low escarpment to the S formed by higher levels in the Lower Old Red Sandstone Group of Lower Devonain age... Probably includes areas of glacial/fluvioglacial deposist especially in the S along the A40 corridor and on the E side of the Nant y Wilcae valley as t
Lake / reservoir (artificial). Slope. Hill top. Spring. Urban / industrial development
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e...g... due to development/forestry etc) and that RIGS/SINC are formally established to safeguard key geological/geomorphological features or sites...
Breaks of slope at base of solid geology massif/ junction with drift-filled valley system below and base of higher escarpment above...
Relatively few notable sites/landforms recorded and geology presumed to be widespread...
DAVIES, J... 2006, Gwent Geodiversity Audit (Report to CCW); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974, Monmouth, Sheet 233 (1:50,000), NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, OS Explorer Map OL14 (1:25, 000); WELCH, F...B...A... and TROTTER, F...M... 1961, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales, Sheets 233 and 250...
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Marsh/bog/fen...

Raglan
Low, slightly undulating terrain with low hills in E only: forms a broad, low basin with numerous small streams. Extends from Raglan to Llanddew in the NW and N to the Wernrheolydd area. Dominated by glacial deposits with only small outcrops of bedrock geology mainly Upper Silurian mudrocks of the Lower Old Red Sandstone Group.
Few notable sites/landforms recorded and geomorphology typical of feature/process and not known to be exceptional or is widespread.
BARCLAY, W.J. 1989, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales Sheet 232; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1990, Abergaveny, Sheet 232 (1:50,000), BGS; DAVIES, J. 2006, Gwent Geodiversity Audit (Report to CCW); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1971), Classical Areas of British Geology: Usk-Cwmbran, 1:25,000 Classical Areas Series, NERC; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974, Monmouth, Sheet 233 (1:50,000), NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a, OS Explorer Map OL13 (1:25, 000); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b
Gwent Geodiversity Audit (Davies 2006): Sites R183/151 (SO 367087); R184/ (SO 365087 to SO 367087) (Silurian: Ludlow).
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream;Marsh/bog/fen.

Gwehelog
Area of stream-dissected undulating terrain dominated by Upper Silurian mudrocks of the Lower Old Red Sandstone Group between the Silurian Usk Inlier and the Nant y Wilcae valley. Probably with significant areas of glacial/fluvioglacial deposits.
Slope. Hill top. Scarp slope. Spring. Urban / industrial development
Few notable sites/landforms recorded and geology known to be better exposed in adjoining areas.
ALDRIDGE R.J. et al. 2000, Geological Conservation Review Series 17, JNCC; DAVIES, J. 2006, Gwent Geodiversity Audit (Report to CCW); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1971), Classical Areas of British Geology: Usk-Cwmbran, 1:25,000 Classical Areas Series, NERC); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1972, Chepstow, Sheet 250 (1:50,000), NERC; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974, Monmouth, Sheet 233 (1:50,000), NERC; LAWSON, J.D. et al. 1967, 1982;, Geologist''s Association Guides No.5; ORDNANCE

Bettws Newydd
Northern section of the famous Usk Silurian Inlier with a distinctively undulating terrain of low rounded hills and short escarpments reflecting the alternation of harder calcareous or sandy rock units and softer mudrocks. Dissected by stream valleys with some alluvium and also periglacial deposits. Glacial clay in some low areas.
Cliff. Slope. Hill top. Scarp slope. Spring
Key part of the geologically famous Siurian Usk Inlier with high concentration of Geodiversity Audit sites (see ''Assessment: Field 36) including potential geological SINCs.
ALDRIDGE R.J. et al. 2000, Geological Conservation Review Series 17, JNCC; BARCLAY, W.J. 1989, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales Sheet 232; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1990, Abergaveny, Sheet 232 (1:50,000), BGS;
DAVIES, J. 2006, Gwent Geodiversity Audit (Report to CCW); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1971), Classical Areas of British Geology: Usk-Cwmbran, 1:25,000 Classical Areas Series, NERC; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974, Monmouth, Sheet 233 (1:50,000), NERC; LAWS

Usk-Nant y Wilcae
Major mature river system. Higher part from W of Abergavenny towards Usk with well developed meander system, with local abandoned meanders on wide floodplain (e.g. W og Llanvihangel Gobion). NW of Usk floodplain narrower and cut into broad marginal terrace forms and then opening up south of Usk as a very broad N-S basin up to around 1.5 km across. To the south course narrows slightly and heads SW towards Caerleon with a wide floodplain and very well developed meander belt marking the County bo
River channel / canal (artificial). River channel (natural). Flood plain. River terrace. Urban / industrial development
Maintain natural system and ensure that no further features or deposits of geomorphological or geological significance are damaged or destroyed.
Break of slope/feature at edge of active river/floodplain/low terrace system.
BARCLAY, W.J. 1989, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales Sheet 232; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1990, Abergaveny, Sheet 232 (1:50,000), BGS; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1972, Chepstow, Sheet 250 (1:50,000), NERC; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974, Monmouth, Sheet 233 (1:50,000), NERC; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1975, Newport, Sheet 249 (1:50,000), NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a, OS Explorer Map OL13 (1:25, 000);
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, OS Explorer Map OL14 (1:25, 000)
Additional Level 4 features include: Meander; Flood defence bank/works.

Llanvihangel Gobion
Irregular terrace-like platform formed of fluvioglacial sand and gravel on the E and N side of the Usk valley between Abergavenny and Llanvihangel Gobion.
BARCLAY, W.J. 1989, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales Sheet 232; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1990, Abergaveny, Sheet 232 (1:50,000), BGS; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a, OS Explorer Map OL13 (1:25, 000).

Llantilio Pertholey
Glacial clay covered slopes on W side of raised area dominated by Lower Old Red Sandstone Group mudrocks, including Skirrid Mountain and Ystgyrd Fach. Includes basal slopes above the Usk valley SE of Abergavenny and E slopes of valley occupied by Gavenny river.
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development/forestry etc) and that RIGS/SINC are formally established to safeguard key geological/geomorphological features or sites and that the SSSI is maintained in favourable condition by implementation of a management plan.
Breaks of slope/feature at base of solid geology massif and at base of slope beside valley drift fill or edge of active river/floodplain/low terrace system.
Surface geology/geomorphology typical of feature/process and includes exceptional and unique SSSI, although the latter is not representative of the general geology and landscape character of the rest of the Aspect Area. Rated high, however, due to exceptional site although typical geology and landscape alone would be moderate.
BARCLAY, W.J. 1989, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales Sheet 232; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1990, Abergaveny, Sheet 232 (1:50,000), BGS; DAVIES, J. 2006, Gwent Geodiversity Audit (Report to CCW); DINELEY, D.L.. and METCALF, S.J. 1998, Geological Conservation Review Series 16 (JNCC); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974, Monmouth, Sheet 233 (1:50,000), NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a, OS Explorer Map OL13 (1:25, 000); WELCH, F.B.A. and TROTTER, F.M. 1961, Memoir of the Geologica
Gwent Geodiversity Audit (Davies 2006): Sites R94/366 (SO 31071492) (Non-Marine Devonian). R134/229 (SO 35150995) (Slurian:Pridoli).

Gavenny
Section of narrow river-floodplain system in steep sided valley, partly within urban Abergavenny.
River channel / canal (artificial). Flood plain. Urban / industrial development
Highly modified river and controlled within urban area.
Ensure that no further significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development, covering of surviving rock exposures etc).
Break of slope at top of slope of incised valley.
BARCLAY, W.J. 1989, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales Sheet 232; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1990, Abergaveny, Sheet 232 (1:50,000), BGS; DAVIES, J. 2006, Gwent Geodiversity Audit (Report to CCW); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a, OS Explorer Map OL13 (1:25, 000).
Gwent Geodiversity Audit (Davies 2006): Site R103/386 (SO 30431451) (Non-Marine Devonian).

Llanfoist
Broad, locally gently uneven terrace-like feature formed mainly of fluvioglacial sand and gravel on the S side of the Usk valley between Gilwern and N of Llanover. Includes several areas of significant urban development.
River terrace. Spring. Urban / industrial development
Dominantly rural area but with areas of significant development.
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development).

Llanover
Broad, undulating, stream-dissected terrain S and W of the Usk valley in the Llanover-Penperlleni area. Dominated by glacial clays over Lower Old Red Sandstone Group mudrocks (Upper Silurian-Lower Devonian). Includes a small section of the Usk Silurian inlier E of Penperlleni and the lower gentle slopes of the major Lower Old Red Sandstone sandstone escarpment to the W.
Break of slope/feature at base of solid geology massif and features at edge of active river/floodplain/low terrace system or valley drift.
Although mainly glacial drift at surface area includes part of the famous Usk Silurian Inlier and a significant number of Geodiversity Audit sites (see ''Assessment: Field 36) including potential geological SINCs.
ALDRIDGE R.J. et al. 2000, Geological Conservation Review Series 17, JNCC; BARCLAY, W.J. 1989, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales Sheet 232; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1990, Abergaveny, Sheet 232 (1:50,000), BGS; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1971), Classical Areas of British Geology: Usk-Cwmbran, 1:25,000 Classical Areas Series, NERC; LAWSON, J.D. et al. 1967, 1982, Geologist''s Association Guides No.5; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a, OS Explorer Map OL13 (1:25, 000); WALMSLEY, V.

Coed-y-Prior
Section of steep Lower Old Red Sandstone Group (Lower Devonian) sandstone escarpment forming step-like feature below higher Upper Old Sandstone (Upper Devonian) conglomerate/ Lower Carboniferous limestone escarpment and plateau of the Blorenge. Includes the cwm of the Ochram Brook area with some glacial deposits and the base of several well developed cirques in the upper escarpment (e.g. the Punchbowl and above Griag-y-cwm).
Slope. Hill top. Scarp slope. Cwm/corrie. Spring
and that the SSSI is maintained in favourable condition by implementation of a management plan.
Breaks of slope at base of steep lower scarp and base of higher escarpment above.
Includes key site in Senni Formation at Llanover Quarry SSSI, although it is not known if this site is representative of geology of Aspect Area as a whole.
BARCLAY, W.J. 1989, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales Sheet 232; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1990, Abergaveny, Sheet 232 (1:50,000), BGS; CLEAL, C.J. and THOMAS, B.A. 1995, Geological Conservation Review Series 9, Chapman and Hall; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a, OS Explorer Map OL13 (1:25, 000).

Mamhilad
Lower, relatively gentle slopes of Lower-Upper Old Red Sandstone (Devonian) / Carboniferous limestone escarpment of Mynydd Garn-Wen. Dominated by Lower Old Red Sandstone mudrocks (Lower Devonian).
Breaks of slope at base of solid geology massif/ junction with drift-covered areas below and base of lower escarpment above.
BARCLAY, W.J. 1989, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales Sheet 232; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1990, Abergaveny, Sheet 232 (1:50,000), BGS; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a, OS Explorer Map OL13 (1:25, 000);
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, OS Explorer Map 152 (1:25, 000.

Pentre Hill
Steep E facing escarpment of Lower Old Red Sandstone Group sandstones (Lower Devonian) forming a step-like feature below the higher escarpemnt of Mynydd Garn Wen and the Blorenge.
Breaks of slope at steep scarp below b and base of higher escarpment above.
BARCLAY, W.J. 1989, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales Sheet 232; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1990, Abergaveny, Sheet 232 (1:50,000), BGS; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, OS Explorer Map 152 (1:25, 000).

Twyn Wenallt
Upper steep section of slopes below prominent escarpment of Upper Old Red Sandstone conglomerate and Carboniferous limestone below Gilwern Hill and NW of the Blorenge. Dominated by Lower Old Red Sandstone sandstones.
Breaks of slope at base of slight escarpment feature and base of higher escarpment above.

Blorenge
ery prominent high-level escarpment, including Gilwern Hill, the Blorenge and Mynydd Garn-wen. Very steep E to N face fomed of Upper Old Red sandstone conglomerate and Lower Carboniferous limestone. Includes well developed glacial cirques above Griag-y-Cwm, Cwm Craf and at the Punchbowl. Above, levels off to form a gently rising platform or ridge separating the Usk and Blaenavon/Lwyd valleys and underlain by sandstones and mudrocks of the Upper Carboniferous ''Millstone Grit'' and the lowest
Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). Waterfall / rapids. Slope. Hill top. Scarp slope. Cwm/corrie. Spring. Urban / industrial development
Break of slope/feature at base of steep scarp of Quartz Conglomerate Group and Carboniferous limestone and County boundary.
Major landscape feature with nationally important geological exposures.
BARCLAY, W.J. 1989, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales Sheet 232; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1990, Abergaveny, Sheet 232 (1:50,000), BGS; COSSEY, P.J. et al. 2004, Geological Conservation Review Series 29, JNCC;
DAVIES, J. 2006, Gwent Geodiversity Audit (Report to CCW); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a, OS Explorer Map OL13 (1:25, 000); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, OS Explorer Map 152 (1:25, 000).

Blaen Pig
Relatively low final step to the Blorenge escarpment adjacent to the County boundary. Dominated by former coal workings and extensive tip areas.
Mined area but retaining features of geological significance.
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development/forestry etc) and that RIGS/SINC are formally established as appropriate to safeguard key geological/geomorphological features or sites.
Break of slope/feature at base of higher escarpment/tip complex and County boundary.
Few notable sites/landforms recorded and geology widespread.
BARCLAY, W.J. 1989, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales Sheet 232; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1990, Abergaveny, Sheet 232 (1:50,000), BGS; DAVIES, J. 2006, Gwent Geodiversity Audit (Report to CCW); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a, OS Explorer Map OL13 (1:25, 000).
Gwent Geodiversity Audit (Davies 2006): Sites R7/515 (SO 23561147); R9/484 (SO254106) (Carboniferous: Westphalian).
Additional Level 4 features include: Disused quarry;Mine shaft/adit.

Cwm Clydach
Limestone dominated gorge with steep sides linking the Usk valley to the Brynmawr area. Extensive quarrying. Incised channel of Afon Clydach includes cliffs and waterfalls.
River channel (natural). Waterfall / rapids. Spring. Limestone gorge. Urban / industrial development
Natural features remain despite some development and large geological exposures present..
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development/forestry etc and including natural caves) and that the GCR site is notified as an SSSI is maintained in favourable condition by implementation of a management plan. Maintain natural system and ensure that no further features or deposits of geomorphological or geological significance are damaged or destroyed.
Top of steep gorge sides/limits of feature and County boundary.
Important landscape feature with nationally important geological exposures.
BARCLAY, W.J. 1989, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales Sheet 232; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1990, Abergaveny, Sheet 232 (1:50,000), BGS; COSSEY, P.J. et al. 2004, Geological Conservation Review Series 29, JNCC;
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a, OS Explorer Map OL13 (1:25, 000).
Additional Level 4 features include: Disused quarry; Natural crags and inland outcrops; Cave.

Penylanfach
Section of Upper Old Red Sandstone Group (Upper Devonian) conglomerate/ Carboniferous limestone escarpment north of the Clydach gorge. Includes a prominent NE facing escarpment facing the Usk valley and gently NW sloping platform of ''Millstone Grit'' (Upper Carboniferous) sandstones and mudrocks above.
Break of slope at base of scarp feature and top of Clydach gorge; also County boundary.
Additional Level 4 features include: Disused quarry; Natural crags and inland outcrops.

Llanelly
Lower, moderate slopes of major escarpment on S side of the Usk valley and N of the Clydach valley. Includes a steeper escarpment at its base, probably a former river cliff.
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development).

Afon Clydach
Narrow river-floodplain system of the lower part of the Clydach valley, linking the Clydach gorge to the Usk. Highly modified including through canalisation/flood defence works and road, etc., construction.
River channel / canal (artificial). Flood plain. Urban / industrial development
River processes significantly damaged by development etc.
Ensure that no further significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development, flood control works etc).
Break of slope/feature at edge of active river/floodplain/low terrace system.
No notable sites/landforms recorded and geomorphology typical of feature/process and not known to be exceptional or is widespread and is significantly damaged by development etc.

Dan-y-bont
Relatively gentle lower slopes on the S side of the Usk valley NW of Gilwern. Dominated by glacial deposits.
Break of slope/feature at base of slopes above and features at edge of active river/floodplain/low terrace system.

Llandegfedd Reservoir
Flooded section of valley within the Usk Silurian Inlier. Includes reservoir and dam.
Lake / reservoir (artificial). Engineered topography
Document geological features when reservoir is low on when engineering works carried out, e.g. on dam.
Reservoir normal water level edge of dam construction and County boundary.
DAVIES, J. 2006, Gwent Geodiversity Audit (Report to CCW); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1971), Classical Areas of British Geology: Usk-Cwmbran, 1:25,000 Classical Areas Series, NERC; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1975, Newport, Sheet 249 (1:50,000), NERC; LAWSON, J.D. et al. 1967, 1982, Geologist''s Association Guides No.5; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, OS Explorer Map 152 (1:25, 000); WALMSLEY, V.G. 1959, Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, London 114, pp483-521.
Gwent Geodiversity Audit (Davies 2006): SitesR309/301 (ST 33509992); R335/297 (ST 33640014) (Silurian: Wenlock). R263/348 (ST 32029972) (Silurian: Ludlow) (all now inaccessible).

Glascoed
Southern section of the famous Usk Silurian Inlier with a distinctively undulating terrain of low rounded hills and short escarpments reflecting the alternation of harder calcareous or sandy rock units and softer mudrocks. Dissected by stream valleys with some alluvium and also periglacial deposits. Glacial clay in some low areas.
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif of inlier and junction with surrounding valley systems.
Core area of famous Silurian Usk Inlier with 3 SSSIs and a very high concentration of Geodiversity Audit sites (See Field 36).
ALDRIDGE R.J. et al. 2000, Geological Conservation Review Series 17, JNCC; BARCLAY, W.J. 1989, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales Sheet 232; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1990, Abergaveny, Sheet 232 (1:50,000), BGS; DAVIES, J. 2006, Gwent Geodiversity Audit (Report to CCW); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1971), Classical Areas of British Geology: Usk-Cwmbran, 1:25,000 Classical Areas Series, NERC; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1972, Chepstow, Sheet 250 (1:50,000), NERC; LAWS

Llanfair Kilgeddin
Level terrace-like feature between Pant y Gotre and Chain Bridge within a major bend of the River Usk where its course turns southwards, W of Clytha Park. Dominated by fluvioglacial sand and gravels.
Break of slope/feature at base of solid geology massif/valley slopes and features at edge of active river/floodplain/low terrace system.
Few notable sites/landforms recorded and geomorphology typical of feature/process and not known to be exceptional or is widespread.
BARCLAY, W.J. 1989, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales Sheet 232; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1990, Abergaveny, Sheet 232 (1:50,000), BGS; DAVIES, J. 2006, Gwent Geodiversity Audit (Report to CCW); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1971), Classical Areas of British Geology: Usk-Cwmbran, 1:25,000 Classical Areas Series, NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a, OS Explorer Map OL13 (1:25, 000).
Gwent Geodiversity Audit (Davies 2006): Site R332/260; SO 34870575) (Silurian: Wenlock).

Kenys Commander
Level terrace-like feature on inside of meander of the River Usk around Kenys Commander. Dominated by fluvioglacial sand and gravels.
Break of slope/feature at base of solid geology massif/valley slope and features at edge of active river/floodplain/low terrace system.
BARCLAY, W.J. 1989, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales Sheet 232; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1990, Abergaveny, Sheet 232 (1:50,000), BGS; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, OS Explorer Map 152 (1:25, 000).

Brynderwen
Slightly uneven but level terrace-like feature formed of glacial sand and gravel on the E side of the Usk in the Brynderwen area (Quaternary: Pleistocene).
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development, etc).

Llancayo
Broad terrace-like feature on the inside of a meander of the Usk on which Llancayo is based. Formed of glacial sand and gravel (Quaternary: Pleistocene) and includes adjacent drift fills of minor valleys. Rises above adjacent river terrace and floodplain features of the Usk.
BARCLAY, W.J. 1989, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales Sheet 232; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1990, Abergaveny, Sheet 232 (1:50,000), BGS; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, OS Explorer Map 152 (1:25, 000).

Little Mill
Complex E-W valley drift system which includes the course of the Berthin Brook. Includes glacial sand and gravel, river terrace features and modern alluvium.
River channel (natural). Flood plain. River terrace. Urban / industrial development
Few sites/landforms recorded and geology presumed to be widespread.
Break of slope at base of solid geology controlled massifs /junction with drift-filled valley systems.
ALDRIDGE R.J. et al. 2000, Geological Conservation Review Series 17, JNCC; BARCLAY, W.J. 1989, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales Sheet 232; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1990, Abergaveny, Sheet 232 (1:50,000), BGS; DAVIES, J. 2006, Gwent Geodiversity Audit (Report to CCW); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1972, Chepstow, Sheet 250 (1:50,000), NERC; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1971), Classical Areas of British Geology: Usk-Cwmbran, 1:25,000 Classical Areas Series, NERC; INST

Pettingale
Artificial levelled area with intensive industrial development. Underlying geology dominated by Silurian mudrocks (probably with some Quaternary deposits).
Made ground. Urban / industrial development
Extensively modified ground for industrial use; no natural features appear to survive.
Record any geological exposures created during development to minimise potential loss of important scientific information.
BARCLAY, W.J. 1989, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales Sheet 232; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1990, Abergaveny, Sheet 232 (1:50,000), BGS; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1971), Classical Areas of British Geology: Usk-Cwmbran, 1:25,000 Classical Areas Series, NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, OS Explorer Map 152 (1:25, 000).

Llanhennock
Low, raised, platform-like area with broadly SW-NE orientation dominated by Upper Silurian mudrocks with some sandstone bands produce a slight feature. Scattered remnants of river terrace deposist of the Usk to the NE in the Newbridge on Usk area. Low scarp-like feature on SE and W sides.
River terrace. Slope. Hill top. Scarp slope. Dip slope
Few sites/landforms recorded and geology presumed to be widespread.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1972, Chepstow, Sheet 250 (1:50,000), NERC; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1975, Newport, Sheet 249 (1:50,000), NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, OS Explorer Map 152 (1:25, 000);
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, OS Explorer Map 154 (1:25, 000); WELCH, F.B.A. and TROTTER, F.M. 1961, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales, Sheets 233 and 250.

Gaer Hill
Distinct and discrete massif rising above the ''Brownstones'' escarpment of the Devauden area to the W and N and the Carbonifeorus limestone platform of St Arvens to the E and S. Dominated by Upper Old Red Sandstone Group sandstones (Upper Devonian). Steep escarpment to W and N.
Break of slope/feature at base of escarpment to N and W and base of slope to SW.
Few notable sites/landforms recorded and geology widespread.
DAVIES, J. 2006, Gwent Geodiversity Audit (Report to CCW); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1972, Chepstow, Sheet 250 (1:50,000), NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, OS Explorer Map OL14 (1:25, 000); WELCH, F.B.A. and TROTTER, F.M. 1961, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales, Sheets 233 and 250.
Gwent Geodiversity Audit (Davies 2006): Site R36/039 (ST 490949) (Carboniferous: Dinantian of South England and South Wales).

St Arvans
Slightly undulating platform of Carboniferous limestone NW and N of Chepstow and dissected by the Wye and Mounton Brook gorges. Platform rises gently northwards towards a feature made by sandstones of the underlying Upper Old Red Sandstone Group (Upper Devonian). Limestone forms a short escarpment only in the Sychbant Wood area.
Slope. Hill top. Scarp slope. Spring. Urban / industrial development
Break of slope adjacent to margins of limestone outcrop including top of steep Wye gorge sides.
Key area of limestone outcrop in the County with concentration of Geodiversity Audit sites (see Field 36) and SSSI (latter is Cave, however, with no surface expression).
DAVIES, J. 2006, Gwent Geodiversity Audit (Report to CCW); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1972, Chepstow, Sheet 250 (1:50,000), NERC; WELCH, F.B.A. and TROTTER, F.M. 1961, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales, Sheets 233 and 250.

Chepstow
Urban concentration of Chepstow including industrial and domestic development on gently southwards sloping platform of Carboniferous limestone. Occasional disused quarries present and other rock exposures however.
Urbanised area with no significant surviving natural features.
Urbanised area with no significant surviving natural features. Disused quarries present however.
DAVIES, J. 2006, Gwent Geodiversity Audit (Report to CCW); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1972, Chepstow, Sheet 250 (1:50,000), NERC; WELCH, F.B.A. and TROTTER, F.M. 1961, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales, Sheets 233 and 250.
Gwent Geodiversity Audit (Davies 2006): Sites R18/003 (ST 537930); R31/014 (ST 524943) (Carboniferous: Dinantian of South England and South Wales).

Abergavenny
Urban concentration of Abergavenny town including industrial and domestic development on glacial and fluvioglacial deposits which fill a valley linking the Afon Honddu and Usk valleys (which include the course of the Gavenny river).
Dense urban development with no significant natural features surviving.
Ensure that any significant surviving geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development).

Caldicot Level
Reclaimed former saltmarsh area forming flat area with a network of drainage ditches adjacent to Severn estuary from which it is separated by a flood defence bank. Includes a large industrial development.
Reclaimed former saltmarsh partly covered by industrial development.
Ensure that any surviving significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development).
Break of slope at margins of flat former saltmarsh system and outer side of seawall.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1972, Chepstow, Sheet 250 (1:50,000), NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, OS Explorer Map OL14 (1:25, 000); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, OS Explorer Map 154 (1:25, 000); WELCH, F.B.A. and TROTTER, F.M. 1961, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales, Sheets 233 and 250.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Flood defence bank/works.

Mounton Brook
Valley of the Mounton Brook above Pwllmeyric including active channel and associated floodplain to near Coed Lifos and steep sided gorge feature between Mounton and Mynydd-bach. Latter cuts through the escarrpments of both Upper Old Red Sandstone sandstones (Upper Devonian) and Carboniferous limestones.
River channel (natural). Flood plain. Slope. Spring
Break of slope at top of steep valley/gorge sides.
Few sites/landforms recorded and geology presumed to be widespread.
DAVIES, J. 2006, Gwent Geodiversity Audit (Report to CCW); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1972, Chepstow, Sheet 250 (1:50,000), NERC; WELCH, F.B.A. and TROTTER, F.M. 1961, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales, Sheets 233 and 250.
Gwent Geodiversity Audit (Davies 2006): Sites R20/031 (ST 500940); R46/028 (ST 504942) (Carboniferous: Dinantian of South England and South Wales).

Newton Green
Broadly triangular platform typical at 10-15m above sea level but rising to c.20m, between the reclaimed saltmarsh of Caldicot Level and the lowest part of the Mounton Brook. Includes remants of river terrace deposits over Triassic mudrocks to the NE.
River terrace. Spring. Urban / industrial development
Breaks of slope at edge of terrace form and solid geology slopes behind.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1972, Chepstow, Sheet 250 (1:50,000), NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, OS Explorer Map OL14 (1:25, 000); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, OS Explorer Map 154 (1:25, 000); WELCH, F.B.A. and TROTTER, F.M. 1961, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales, Sheets 233 and 250.

St Pierre Pil
Reclaimed former saltmarsh area NE of Portskewett and including the lower part of the Mounton Brook valley below Pwllmeyric. Forms a flat area with a network of drainage ditches adjacent to Severn estuary from which it is separated by a flood defence bank.
Lake / reservoir (artificial). River channel / canal (artificial). Flood plain
Reclaimed saltmarsh but not developed sufficiently to sterilise historical deposits.
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or sterilised (e.g. due to development).
Margins of flat former saltmarsh area and outer side of seawall.
Reclaimed saltmarsh but not developed sufficiently so as to sterilise historical deposits.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1972, Chepstow, Sheet 250 (1:50,000), NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, OS Explorer Map OL14 (1:25, 000); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, OS Explorer Map 154 (1:25, 000); WELCH, F.B.A. and TROTTER, F.M. 1961, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales, Sheets 233 and 250.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Flood defence bank/works.

Shirenewton
NW-SE low ridge, rising more prominantly to the NW with a scarp in this area and to the NE. Dominated by Upper Old Red Sandstone sandstones (Upper Devonian).
Slope. Hill top. Scarp slope. Scarp. Urban / industrial development
Breaks of slope at base of escarpment, etc.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1972, Chepstow, Sheet 250 (1:50,000), NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, OS Explorer Map OL14 (1:25, 000); WELCH, F.B.A. and TROTTER, F.M. 1961, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales, Sheets 233 and 250.

Runston
Carboniferous limestone dominated massif, dipping from N to S and with steep intermittent scarp to the SW and SE.
Dry valley. Slope. Hill top. Scarp slope. Scarp
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development/forestry etc) and that RIGS/SINC are formally established as appropriate to safeguard key geological/geomorphological features or sites.
DAVIES, J. 2006, Gwent Geodiversity Audit (Report to CCW); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1972, Chepstow, Sheet 250 (1:50,000), NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, OS Explorer Map OL14 (1:25, 000); WELCH, F.B.A. and TROTTER, F.M. 1961, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales, Sheets 233 and 250.
Gwent Geodiversity Audit (Davies 2006): Site R42/024 (ST 506933); (Carboniferous: Dinantian of South England and South Wales).

Gray Hill
Short section of ridge with steep scarp to the S and NW and cut by the gorge of the Castrogi Brook on the E, hence separating it from a contiguous feature to the E. Dominated by Old Red Sandstone sandstones (Devonian) in the W and Carboniferous limestone in the E.
Breaks of slope at base of scarp/steep slopes.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1972, Chepstow, Sheet 250 (1:50,000), NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, OS Explorer Map OL14 (1:25, 000); WELCH, F.B.A. and TROTTER, F.M. 1961, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales, Sheets 233 and 250.

Llanvair-Discoed
Small section adjacent to County boundary of relatively low, undulating terrain. Includes the lower more gentle slopes of the Gray Hill escarpment. Bed rock dominated by Carboniferous limestone.
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif and junction with valley system; also County boundary.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1972, Chepstow, Sheet 250 (1:50,000), NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, OS Explorer Map OL14 (1:25, 000); WELCH, F.B.A. and TROTTER, F.M. 1961, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales, Sheets 233 and 250.

Round Bush
Large area highly modified by industrial development. Geology dominated by Carboniferous limestone with some Triassic mudrocks and remants of river terrace deposits.
Superficial deposits. Past processes. Stratigraphic formation(s)
River terrace. Slope. Hill top. Made ground. Urban / industrial development
Natural features largely destroyed by industrial installations.
Ensure that RIGS/SINC are formally established if appropriate to safeguard key geological/ geomorphological features or sites. Ensure that no surviving significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development).
DAVIES, J. 2006, Gwent Geodiversity Audit (Report to CCW); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1972, Chepstow, Sheet 250 (1:50,000), NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, OS Explorer Map OL14 (1:25, 000); WELCH, F.B.A. and TROTTER, F.M. 1961, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales, Sheets 233 and 250.
Gwent Geodiversity Audit (Davies 2006): Site R47/052 (ST 462915) (Carboniferous: Dinantian of South England and South Wales).

Castrogi Brook
Steep-sided gorge feature developed where the Castrogi Brook cuts through escarpments of Upper Old Red Sandstone Group sandstones (Upper Devonian) and Carboniferous limestone. Includes narrow floodplain and probably also some river terrace and periglacial deposits. Feature narrowest and steepest sided in S but broadens to the N.
River channel (natural). Flood plain. River terrace. Slope. Spring. Limestone gorge
Top of steep slopes of valley/gorge sides.
Gwent Geodiversity Audit (Davies 2006): Site R37/053 (ST 459936) (Carboniferous: Dinantian of South England and South Wales).

St Bride''s Brook
Drift-filled valley system including a broad depositional basin NW of Caerwent into which the Castrogi Brook flows, a broad WNW-ESE channel S of Caerwent and an incised meandering course between Five Lanes and Magor. Complex history indicated by varied fill including river terrace deposits, periglacial head and some alluvium.
No notable sites/landforms recorded and geomorphology typical of feature/process and not described as exceptional or is widespread.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1972, Chepstow, Sheet 250 (1:50,000), NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, OS Explorer Map OL14 (1:25, 000); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, OS Explorer Map 154 (1:25, 000); WELCH, F.B.A. and TROTTER, F.M. 1961, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales, Sheets 233 and 250

Salisbury Hill
Rounded hill on County boundary and contiguous slopes to the SW; dominated by uppermost Old Red Sandstone sandstones (Upper Devonian) and lowest Carboniferous limestone. Includes steep gorge-like slopes besided St Brides Brook valley.
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development/forestry etc) and that RIGS/SINC are formally established where appropriate to safeguard key geological/geomorphological features or sites.
Break of slope at base of hill slopes and County boundary
DAVIES, J. 2006, Gwent Geodiversity Audit (Report to CCW); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1972, Chepstow, Sheet 250 (1:50,000), NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, OS Explorer Map 154 (1:25, 000); WELCH, F.B.A. and TROTTER, F.M. 1961, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales, Sheets 233 and 250.
Gwent Geodiversity Audit (Davies 2006): Site R39/084 (ST416893) (Carboniferous: Dinantian of South England and South Wales).

Magor
Relatively low and level area , gently rising to the NW. Dominated by river terrace deposits with Upper Old Red Sandstone Group sandstones to the W.
River terrace. Slope. Urban / industrial development
Intensively urban development has covered/sterilised most of the surviving feature.
Ensure that no surviving significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development).
Break of slope at base of terrace feature and base of slopes above. Also County boundary.
Intensive urban development has covered/sterilised most of the surviving feature.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1972, Chepstow, Sheet 250 (1:50,000), NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, OS Explorer Map 154 (1:25, 000); WELCH, F.B.A. and TROTTER, F.M. 1961, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales, Sheets 233 and 250.
Gwent Geodiversity Audit (Davies 2006): Site R38/080 (ST 420877) (Carboniferous: Dinantian of South England and South Wales) (probably obliterated by construction of motorway).

Caerwent-Sudbrook
Complex of river terrace deposits and related platforms and other valley deposits. Forms a platform like surface marginal to the Carboniferous limestone-dominated massifs of the Caerwent-Portskewett-St Pierre area typical at 10-15 m above sea-level but up to 20 m locally. Includes surviving patches of 2nd Terrace deposits (Quaternary: Pleistocene) and overlies Triassic sandstones in the S and mudrocks elsewhere. Includes the Sudbrook promontary.
Cliff. River terrace. Urban / industrial development
Dominantly rural area but with significant local development.
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif and junction with valley systems. Includes coastal cliffs at Sudbrook Point.
Area includes several Geodiversity Audit sites including a stratigraphical type locality in addition to an exceptional range of river terrace features.
DAVIES, J. 2006, Gwent Geodiversity Audit (Report to CCW); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1972, Chepstow, Sheet 250 (1:50,000), NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, OS Explorer Map OL14 (1:25, 000); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, OS Explorer Map 154 (1:25, 000); WELCH, F.B.A. and TROTTER, F.M. 1961, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales, Sheets 233 and 250.
Gwent Geodiversity Audit (Davies 2006): Sites R45/047 (ST 472905) (Carboniferous: Dinantian of South England and South Wales). R3/025 (ST 506883-ST 509884); R4/026 9ST 505873) (Permian-Triassic).
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry; Road/railway cutting.

Leechpool
Low massif dominated by Carboniferous limestones with some Triassic cover towards the S. Includes a low escarpment in the W , NW and E and rises above surrounding platform area with river terrace deposits.
Few notable sites/landforms recorded and geology widespread in district.
DAVIES, J. 2006, Gwent Geodiversity Audit (Report to CCW); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1972, Chepstow, Sheet 250 (1:50,000), NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, OS Explorer Map OL14 (1:25, 000); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, OS Explorer Map 154 (1:25, 000); WELCH, F.B.A. and TROTTER, F.M. 1961, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales, Sheets 233 and 250.
Gwent Geodiversity Audit (Davies 2006): Sites R5/034 (ST 495891) (Permian-Triassic). R13/035 (ST 495887); R14/038 (ST 494886); R50/033 (ST 496902) (Carboniferous: Dinantian of South England and South Wales. Carboniferous: Namurian). R43/037 (ST 494887) (Carboniferous: Dinantian of South England and South Wales).

Caldicot Moor
Broad coastal flat representing reclaimed former saltmarsh adjacent to Severn estuary from which it is separated by a flood defence bank. Includes lowest part of the Nedern Brook valley at Caldicot and the St Bride''s Brook valley at Magor. Stream course canalised with banks and network of drainage ditches present. Typically less than 5 m above current sea level. (Quaternary: Holocene).
River channel / canal (artificial). Urban / industrial development
Reclaimed saltmarsh but not sterilised by industrial development so deposits may retain some scientific value.
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or sterilised (e.g. due to development).
Margins of coastal flat area including outer side of seawall.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1972, Chepstow, Sheet 250 (1:50,000), NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, OS Explorer Map 154 (1:25, 000); WELCH, F.B.A. and TROTTER, F.M. 1961, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales, Sheets 233 and 250.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Flood defence bank/works.

Gilwern
Lower more gentle slopes belwo prominent escarpment of Upper Old Red Sandstone conglomerate and Carboniferous limestone below Gilwern Hill and NW of the Blorenge. Dominated by glacial clay at surface with Lower Old Red Sandstone sandstones to W (Lower Devonian).
Breaks of slope at base of slopes/junction with drift-filled valley system below and base of higher escarpment above.

Carrow Hill
Small area adjacent to County boundary with a relatively low, gently undulating surface. Rises slightly above the St Bride''s Brook valley and is part of the same landscape element as the lower part of the Llan-Discoed area. Bedrock dominated by Carboniferous limestone with some high terrace deposits (Quaternary: Pleistocene)..
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif and junction with valley systems. Also County boundary.
Gwent Geodiversity Audit (Davies 2006): Sites R6/075 (ST 427909) (Permian-Triassic), R29/061 (ST 443910) (Carboniferous: Dinantian of South England and South Wales).

Rogiet-Caldicot
Terrace feature on the S side of the low massif/platform of Carboniferous limestone: largely developed and now beneath Caldicot and Rogiet, etc. Triassic sandstone dominated bedrock.
Ensure that any surviving significant geological or geomorphological features are not lost or damaged (e.g. due to development/forestry etc) and that RIGS/SINC are formally established to safeguard key geological/geomorphological features or sites.
Break of slope at base of terrace feature and base of slope above/M4 motorway.
DAVIES, J. 2006, Gwent Geodiversity Audit (Report to CCW); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1972, Chepstow, Sheet 250 (1:50,000), NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, OS Explorer Map 154 (1:25, 000); WELCH, F.B.A. and TROTTER, F.M. 1961, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales, Sheets 233 and 250.
Gwent Geodiversity Audit (Davies 2006): Site R2/044 (ST 480876) (Permian-Triassic).
Additional Level 4 features include: Road/railway cutting.

Five Lanes-Undy
Carboniferous limestone dominated low massif with a low escarpment/valley slope in the N and W and rising up to c.70 m. Lower areas to the SE include Triassic sandstones and conglomerates. In the W similar conglomerate fills an ancient branching valley system, now partly exhumed. Includes the urban area of Undy with a probably section of river terrace platform.
Superficial deposits. Past processes. Stratigraphic formation(s)
Dry valley. Slope. Hill top. Urban / industrial development
Break of slope at margins of flat former saltmarsh system and outer side of seawall.
Key area of limestone outcrop with concentration of Geodiversity Audit sites and remarkable exhumed Triassic valleys.
DAVIES, J. 2006, Gwent Geodiversity Audit (Report to CCW); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1972, Chepstow, Sheet 250 (1:50,000), NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, OS Explorer Map OL14 (1:25, 000); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, OS Explorer Map 154 (1:25, 000); WELCH, F.B.A. and TROTTER, F.M. 1961, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales, Sheets 233 and 250.
Gwent Geodiversity Audit (Davies 2006): Sites R15/048 (ST 470886); R16/051 (ST 463886) (Carboniferous: Dinantian of South England and South Wales. Carboniferous: Namurian). R21/063 (ST 441883); R44/046 (ST 475895); R48/059 (ST 446903); R49/060 (ST 445880); R23/064 (ST 442896 area); R30/074 (ST 428877) (Carboniferous: Dinantian of South England and South Wales).

Common Cefn-llwn
NW-SE orientated low ridge between brook leading to Llandegfedd Reservoir and County boundary and marking the SW boundary of the Usk Silurian inlier. Feature developed along relatively resistant sandy units at top of Silurian Inlier sequence and junction with softer mudrocks of the lowest Lower Old Red Sandstone Group above (Upper Silurian).
Stratigraphic formation(s). Active processes. Structural features
Lake / reservoir (artificial). Slope. Hill top. Dip slope
Break of slope/feature at base of solid geology massif and features at edge of active river/floodplain/low terrace system. Also County boundary.
Part of Usk Silurian Inlier with a significant concentration of Geodiversity Audit sites.
ALDRIDGE R.J. et al. 2000, Geological Conservation Review Series 17, JNCC; DAVIES, J. 2006, Gwent Geodiversity Audit (Report to CCW); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1975, Newport, Sheet 249 (1:50,000), NERC; LAWSON, J.D. in CURTIS et. al. 1958, Geologist''s Association Guides No.5; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, OS Explorer Map 152 (1:25, 000);
SQUIRRELL, H.C. and DOWNING, R.A. 1969, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales, Sheet 249; WALMSLEY, V.G. 1959, Quarterly Journal of the Geologic

Magor Pil-Caldicot Pil
Narrow strip of surviving saltmarsh, seaward of flood defence wall between County boundary near Cold Harbour Pil and Sudbrook Point
Wave-cut platform. Lower saltmarsh / mudflat
Saltmarsh does not appear to be eroding.
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged and that saltmarsh system can continue to develop.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1972, Chepstow, Sheet 250 (1:50,000), NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, OS Explorer Map 154 (1:25, 000); WELCH, F.B.A. and TROTTER, F.M. 1961, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales, Sheets 233 and 250.

Bedwin Sands-Charston Sands
Muds, sands and channels of the Severn Estuary between High Water Mark and County boundary within the estuary. Includes Bedwin Sands, Charston Sands and Mathern Oaze. Local areas of shingle present and flat rock, the latter including Lady Bench and Charston Rock with exposures of Triassic sandstones and mudrocks.
Island. Lower saltmarsh / mudflat. Rock platform. Sand
Minimal intervention to active estuarine system.
Mean High Water Mark and County boundary.
Few notable sites/landforms recorded and geomorphology typical of feature/process and not known to be exceptional and is part of much larger system.
Gwent Geodiversity Audit (Davies 2006): Site R1/020, part (ST 514876) (Permian-Triassic).

Stanton
Level platform on the S side of a bend in the Afon Honddu valley dominated by glacial sand and gravels (Quaternary: Pleistocene) and forming a distinctly terrace-like feature. Includes a connected low area on the SE side of Llanvihangel Crucorney village.
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development, etc).
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a, OS Explorer Map OL13 (1:25, 000).

Glandwr
Level platform on the W side of the Afon Honddu-Afon Monnow valleys at their confluence. Dominated by glacial clays (Quaternary: Pleistocene).

Coedanghred Hill
Isolated massif of Lower Old Red Sandstone Group ''Brownstones'' sandstone S of Skenfrith. Steep sided with general NE-SW orientation, defelcting the river Monnow within an incised meander.
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif including junction with valley systems.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974, Monmouth, Sheet 233 (1:50,000), NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2006, OS Explorer Map 189 (1:25, 000); WELCH, F.B.A. and TROTTER, F.M. 1961, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales, Sheets 233 and 250.

Pergoed
Relatively small area with a flattened terrace-like form and rising gently to the SE above Pergoed Farm on the SE side of the Usk valley. Probably dominated by glacial or fluvioglacial deposits.

Hendre
Low, undulating terrain below low escarpment and on E and N sides of Afon Trothy valley. Probably with significant glacial clay cover but bedrock id Lower Old Red Sandstone Group mudrocks (Upper Silurian mainly).
No notable sites/landforms recorded and geology widespread.
.

Mathern Oaze
Narrow strip of surviving saltmarsh, seaward of flood defence wall between Black Rock and Hunger Pil.
Saltmarsh does not appear to be eroding (requires confirmation).
Maintain natural evolving system and minimise intervention.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1972, Chepstow, Sheet 250 (1:50,000), NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, OS Explorer Map OL14 (1:25, 000); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2006, OS Explorer Map 189 (1:25, 000); WELCH, F.B.A. and TROTTER, F.M. 1961, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales, Sheets 233 and 250.

Llangybi
Relatively low undulating area dominantly developed over Lower Old Red Sandstone Group mudrocks (Upper Silurian mainly). Some superficail deposits including river terrace probably also present, especially adjacent to the Usk valley to the E.
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif and junction with valley systems and base of low escarpment to S and N.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1971), Classical Areas of British Geology: Usk-Cwmbran, 1:25,000 Classical Areas Series, NERC; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1972, Chepstow, Sheet 250 (1:50,000), NERC; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1975, Newport, Sheet 249 (1:50,000), NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, OS Explorer Map 152 (1:25, 000); WELCH, F.B.A. and TROTTER, F.M. 1961, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales, Sheets 233 and 250.
Gwent Geodiversity Audit (Davies 2006): Site R133/198 (ST 35329500) (Slurian: Pridoli).

Ellis''s Wood
Promontary representing inside of incised meander opposite Skenfrith. Very small area isolated by River Monnow and cut by County boundary.Dominated by Lower Old Red Sandstone Group sandstones (Lower Devonian).
BARCLAY, W.J. and SMITH, N.J.P. 2002, Brief explanation of geological map Sheet 215, NERC; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2000, Ross-on-Wye, Sheet 215 (1:50,000), BGS; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2006, OS Explorer Map 189 (1:25, 000).

Penegoes
Cwm, valley fill and platform on the south side of the Dovey valley, probably including terrace deposits and till.
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development, etc.
Break of slope at base of surrounding slopes and low feature at edge of platform formed by AA on south side of the Dovey valley.
Representative geological / geomorphological features likely to be present: Significant sites not noted.
British Geological Survey (1994b), The Rocks of Wales / Gregiau Cymru (1:250000);
Ordnance Survey (1999d), Explorer 215 (1:25,000 scale).

Geuffordd-Welshpool
Large block of undulating lowland terrain with a tendency for ridges to have a SW-NE orientation in the south, becoming more WSW-ENE in the north. General overall structure, however, is a faulted anticlinorium, inclined NE with an Ordovician core and Silurian rocks around.
Maintain SSSIs in favourable condition by implementation of management plans and ensure that pRIGS sites are safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping and that other significant features of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are not lost/damaged due to development, etc.
Boundary corresponds to break of slope at base of solid geology dominated AA adjacent to surrounding drift-filled valley-forms (incl. Vyrnwy, Severn and Holywell Brook valleys).
Geology of national/international significance and represented by 2 SSSIs and at least 3 site of regional significance and first described in the pioneering works of R.I. Murchison.
British Geological Survey. (1994b), The Rocks of Wales / Gregiau Cymru (1:250000); Davies, et al. (1978), Geology of Powys in outcrop (PCC); Ordnance Survey (1998), Explorer 239 (1:25,000 scale); Ordnance Survey (1999d), Explorer 215 (1:25,000 scale); Ordnance Survey (1999e), Explorer 216 (1:25,000 scale); Ordnance Survey (2000a), Explorer 240 (1:25,000 scale); Rushton et al. (1999). Geological Conservation Review Series 18 (JNCC); Woodcock and Bassett (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, C

Llechwedd Llwyd
Largely forested, upland block of cleaved Llandovery sediments (Lower Silurian) dissected by deep. Long cwms.
Dominantly rural area with no significant development, excepting forestry.
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development including forestry operations.
County boundary and break of slope at base of upland block / boundary with drift-filled valleys.
Representative geological / geomorphological features likely to be present: Significant sites not noted.
British Geological Survey (1993) Sheet 179: Rhyader (1:50000); British Geological Survey. (1994b), The Rocks of Wales / Gregiau Cymru (1:250000); Ordnance Survey (1999b), Explorer 200 (1:25,000 scale); Ordnance Survey (1999f), Explorer 214 (1:25,000 scale).

Newydd Fyryddog
Discrete steep sided mountain with a level top representing an outlier of Pentrowed Grits (Silurian, Wenlock), tectonically separated from the main outcrops of Sarnbigo and the southern part of Dyfnant Forest.
Ensure that no features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost or damaged.
Break of slope at base of steep slopes of isolated hill.
Representative geological / geomorphological features likely to be present: Significant sites not noted.
British Geological Survey. (1994b), The Rocks of Wales / Gregiau Cymru (1:250000); Ordnance Survey (1999d), Explorer 215 (1:25,000 scale).

Penygraig
Upland block dominated by faulted outcrops of Wenlock (Middle Silurian) turbidites (?Penstrowed Grits Formation). Rises slightly above surrounding slaty-mudrock dominated outcrops. Surface, especially in the south, with characteristic rocky outcrops.
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged.
Break of slope at base of steep sides / junction with surrounding drift-filled valley floors.
Widespread geology: Significant sites not noted.
British Geological Survey. (1994b) The Rocks of Wales / Gregiau Cymru (1:250000); Ordnance Survey (1998), Explorer 239 (1:25,000 scale).

Berwyn cwms
Undulating low area south of the Berwyn massif, drift dominated and including fills to cwms on the south and east side of the massif, and on the north side of the Tanat valley. Includes some areas of bedrock exposure with a subdued topography.
Undulating lowland hill terrain. Active upland river or stream channel system. Other
Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). Lake / reservoir (artificial). Waterfall / rapids. Slope. Former lake (e.g. silted up)
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged.
Correspond to break of slope at base of valley sides and edge of Tanat valley river floodplain system.
Typical example of widespread feature / deposit.
British Geological Survey (1986) Sheet 136: Bala (1:50000); British Geological Survey (2000), Sheet 137: Oswestry (1:50000);
Campbell and Bowen (1989), Geological Conservation Review: Quaternary of Wales (NCC); Ordnance Survey (2000b), Explorer 255 (1:25,000 scale).

Bwlchyddar
Block of undualting terrain including both rounded and WSW-ENE orientated short ridges. Dominated by solid geology of late Ordovician (Caradoc) slaty mudrocks with some marginal areas with probable till cover and a more typically lowland style.
Maintain landscape character and ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged.
Boundaries of major landscape block, surrounded by drift dominated valley systems. County boundary in east.
No special sites noted and dominated by widespread geology.
British Geological Survey (2000), Sheet 137: Oswestry (1:50000); Ordnance Survey (1998), Explorer 239 (1:25,000 scale);
Ordnance Survey (2000a), Explorer 240 (1:25,000 scale); Woodcock and Bassett (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, Central Wales (UWP).

Vyrnwy
Major river system, broad in its lower part with a wide well developed floodplain and some minor development of terraces. Meanders well developed, oxbow lakes present, although locally some embankments have constructed. Clear SW-NE structural control to valley apparent in the Meifod-Llansantfraid section. Includes the much narrower Brogan and Cain tributaries - the latter with well developed smaller meander belts near Llanfechain. Upper part of system, above the Mathrafal area, much narrower a
Superficial deposits. Structural features. Active processes
River channel (natural). Flood plain. River terrace. Urban / industrial development
Dominantly rural system with limited development along length.
Maintain natural evolving system, minimise future intervention and ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged.
Boundaries correpond to margins of floodplain/low terrace system.
Major river system with well developed features, some potentially of at least regional significance.
British Geological Survey (1986) Sheet 136: Bala (1:50000); British Geological Survey (2000), Sheet 137: Oswestry (1:50000);
Ordnance Survey (1998), Explorer 239 (1:25,000 scale); Ordnance Survey (2000a), Explorer 240 (1:25,000 scale); Gregory (1997).
Additional Level 4 features include: Meander; Marsh/bog/fen.

Mynydd y Cemmaes
Distinctive upland plateau with a prominent west-facing escarpment formed of lower Sillurian turbidite sandstones and marked by a line of windmills. Cut by valley system on eastern side.
Scarp slope. Plateau. Cwm/corrie. Urban / industrial development
Ensure that future development of Wind farm minimises damage to delicate geomorphological features.
Boundaries correspond to break of slope and base of escarpment/steep slopes surrounding plateau.
Major landscape feature controlled by geology (rimmed by Llandovery turbiditic sandstone).
British Geological Survey. (1994b) The Rocks of Wales / Gregiau Cymru (1:250000); Davies et al. (1978). Geology of Powys in outcrop (PCC), Ordnance Survey (1999d), Explorer 215 (1:25,000 scale); Woodcock and Bassett (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, Central Wales (UWP).

Castle Caereinion
Wide drift filled valley system. Slightly irregular topography suggests glacial deposit dominated infil. Includes small section of drift apron of Bouwy valley north of Cyfronydd.
Maintain landscape character and ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged.
Break of slope at base of steeper valley sides and feature at junction with Banwy valley.
Ordnance Survey (1999d), Explorer 215 (1:25,000 scale).

Brynmelyn
Cwm fill around Brynmelyn with relatively level base, presumed to be dominated by glacial deposits, cut into the Dovey Forest massilf. Tributary valley of the River Dovey, on its north side.
Maintain landscape character and ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged.
Break of slope at base of steep valley sides and slight feature at junctio with Dovey valley.
Ordnance Survey (1999d), Explorer 215 (1:25,000 scale).

Allt Dolanog
Distinct, discrete, craggy hill with an upland style but in a lowland context.. Rises above Dolanog and appears to be a faulted block with a distinct E-W lineament to surface outcrops.
Dominantly rural area with no development.
British Geological Survey. (1994b) The Rocks of Wales / Gregiau Cymru (1:250000); Ordnance Survey (1998), Explorer 239 (1:25,000 scale); Woodcock and Bassett (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, Central Wales (UWP).

Glanhanog
Broadly triangular undulating area between Afon Cwm Llywd and Talerddig valleys sloping down from the upland of Tirymynach.
Break of slope at margins of adjoining upland massifs and feature along edge of valley to SW.
British Geological Survey. (1994b) The Rocks of Wales / Gregiau Cymru (1:250000); Ordnance Survey (1999d), Explorer 215 (1:25,000 scale); Woodcock and Bassett (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, Central Wales (UWP).

Moel Bentyrch
Distinct massif rising above the Banwy valley with a very steep NNE-SSW straight face on the NE side. Morphology and location strongly suggestive of an outlier of Wenlock (Middle Silurian) turbiditic sandstones.
British Geological Survey. (1994b) The Rocks of Wales / Gregiau Cymru (1:250000); Ordnance Survey (1998), Explorer 239 (1:25,000 scale); Woodcock and Bassett (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, Central Wales (UWP).
Additional Level 4 features include: Disused quarry; Natural crags and inland outcrops.

Pen y Gwely - Gyrn Moelfre
Heavily dissected segment of the Berwyn plateau, virtually reduced to a series of irregular hills separated by the drift-filled valleys of Berwyn cwms AA. Dominated by Ordovician mudrocks (Caradoc) with some hills capped by sandstone units.
Break of slope at base of solid geology valley sides/junction with drift fill of valleys/cwms.
British Geological Survey (2000), Sheet 137: Oswestry (1:50000); Ordnance Survey (2000a), Explorer 240 (1:25,000 scale);
Ordnance Survey (2000b), Explorer 255 (1:25,000 scale); Woodcock and Bassett (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, Central Wales (UWP).

Llanfechain-Llanfyllin
Forms apron and cwm fill on the south side of the Afon Cain valley east of Llanfyllin, and the platform on which Llanfechain is built. Also separates the Brogan from the Cain and forms part of the northern margin of the Brogan valley.
Correspond to the edge of a level flood plain system on one side and break of slope at base of solid geology massif on other.
Typical of geomorphological feature and deposits.
British Geological Survey (2000), Sheet 137: Oswestry (1:50000); Ordnance Survey (1998), Explorer 239 (1:25,000 scale);
Ordnance Survey (2000a), Explorer 240 (1:25,000 scale).

Camnant
Segment of broader plateau linking the escarpment of the Kerry Hills, to the Penstrowed ridge, but slightly lower.
Break of slope at base of scarp feature linking higher areas to W and E; county boundary.
Typical landscape of widespread geological unit.
British Geological Survey. (1994b) The Rocks of Wales / Gregiau Cymru (1:250000); Ordnance Survey (1999f), Explorer 214 (1:25,000 scale); Woodcock and Bassett (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, Central Wales (UWP).

Carn Hyddgen
Low ridge with a flattened top and relatively steep sides. Surface irregular , showing a typical SW-NE structural orientation.
Break of slope at base of slopes of feature/ junction with drift-filled cwms.
No notable sites recorded and geology presumed to be widespread.
British Geological Survey. (1994b) The Rocks of Wales / Gregiau Cymru (1:250000); Ordnance Survey (1999d), Explorer 215 (1:25,000 scale); Woodcock and Bassett (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, Central Wales (UWP).

Lledrod
Cwm fill and marginal areas of the Vyrnwy valley including near the confluence with the Afon Ci. Forms a gently sloping platform.
Break of slope at base of steep sided solid geology massif and feature at margin of floodplain system.
Typical of geomorphological feature and deposits. No notable sites recorded.
British Geological Survey (2000), Sheet 137: Oswestry (1:50000); Ordnance Survey (1998), Explorer 239 (1:25,000 scale);
Ordnance Survey (2000a), Explorer 240 (1:25,000 scale).

Dovey Junction
Section of Dovey estuary with section of reclaimed, former saltmarsh, below normal tidal limit of the river. Area flat including drainage channels and some forest.
System no longer natural but no further damageing activities apparent.
County boundary and edge of level alluvium/junction with solid geology slopes beyond.
Although system no longer natural, sediments may contain significant record.
British Geological Survey (1984) Sheet 163: Aberystwyth (1:50000); Ordnance Survey (2002), Explorer 23 (1:25,000 scale).

Moel Frochas
Broadly WNW-ESE orientated ridge forming the south side of Pen y garnedd Cwm and dissected by cwms on the south side of Nant Fyllon. Dominated by Ordovician slaty mudrocks.
Break of slope at base of steep sides of ridge.
Typical landscape of widespread geological unit. No notable sites recorded.
British Geological Survey (2000), Sheet 137: Oswestry (1:50000); Ordnance Survey (1998), Explorer 239 (1:25,000 scale); Woodcock and Bassett (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, Central Wales (UWP).
Additional Level 4 features include: Natural crags and inland outcrops; Mine shaft/adit; Meander.

Cwm Rhiwarth
Lower slopes and cwm fills on the NE side of Cwm Rhiwarth.
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif and features at edge of river/floodplain system.
Typical of geomorphological feature and deposits. No notable sites recorded.
British Geological Survey (1986) Sheet 136: Bala (1:50000); Ordnance Survey (2000b), Explorer 255 (1:25,000 scale).

Nant Rhyd-ros-lan
Valley and cwm system with glacial drift fill, including the broad probable former lake of Nant-Ryd-roslan and the valley to the south. Also includes the drift apron and cwms of part of the north side of the Severn valley.
Break of slope at base of solid geology valley sides.
Typical landscape of geomorphological feature and deposits. No notable sites recorded.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Meander; Former lake.

Bechan
Valley of the Bechan to Tregynon and the linked valley to Rhiw near Bryngar. Narrow floodplain present, although valleys dominated by glacial deposits.
Flood plain. River terrace. Urban / industrial development
Break of slope at edge of river/floodplain system.
Typical landscape of geomorphological feature and deposits. No notable sites recorded.
British Geological Survey. (1994a), Sheet 165: Montgomery (1:50000); Ordnance Survey (1999d), Explorer 215 (1:25,000 scale).

Mynydd y Gadfa
Forested segment of upland plateau between Dyfnant Forest mountains and slopes down into the Twrch valley. Higher part plateau-like. Glacial deposits probably present in valleys at the base of the slope.
Break of slope at base of slopes of higher massifs (e.g. Dyfnant Forest) and base of slopes adjacent to valleys with drift fill.
Typical landscape of widespread geological unit. No notable sites recorded.
British Geological Survey. (1994b) The Rocks of Wales / Gregiau Cymru (1:250000); Ordnance Survey (1998), Explorer 239 (1:25,000 scale); Woodcock and Bassett (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, Central Wales (UWP).

Cwmbychan
Section of gently sloping, narrow platform and cwm fill on the south side of Afon Twymn.
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif and features at edge of river/floodplain system.
Typical landscape of geomorphological feature and deposits. No notable sites recorded.

Cwm Sycharth
Distinctive fill to steep sided cwm in Mynydd y Bryn.
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif and feature at edge of river/floodplain system in river valley below.
British Geological Survey (2000), Sheet 137: Oswestry (1:50000); Ordnance Survey (2000a), Explorer 240 (1:25,000 scale).

Mynydd Garth-pwt
Prominent steep sided, round-topped hill, rising from the platform of Waum Garno, topography suggests a Penstrowed Grit (Wenlock, Silurian).
Break of slope at base of steep slopes of hill.
Distinctive feature (possible nunatak) but no notable sites recorded.
British Geological Survey. (1994b) The Rocks of Wales / Gregiau Cymru (1:250000); Ordnance Survey (1999d), Explorer 215 (1:25,000 scale); Woodcock and Bassett (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, Central Wales (UWP).

Oldchapel Hill
Upland massif with steep scarp sides to west and south and lower more open vale on the east, passing up from Llanidloes. Eastern part has a general SSW-NNE orientation, and corresponds to a ridge mapped as Lower Silurian turbiditic sandstones. Crags and and ribs with a similar orientation present in south.
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif at at edge of surrounding valley systems and base of scarp of Nant Feinon.
Includes geological features/sites of at least regional importance (pRIGS).
British Geological Survey. (1994b) The Rocks of Wales / Gregiau Cymru (1:250000); Davies, et al. (1978), Geology of Powys in outcrop (PCC); Ordnance Survey (1999f), Explorer 214 (1:25,000 scale); Woodcock and Bassett (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, Central Wales (UWP).
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry; Natural crags and inland outcrops; Mine shaft/adit.

Machynlleth
Section of Machynlleth Inlier with strong E of N / W of S tectonically orientated topography, due to tightly folding and associated faulting. Orientation also reflected by ribbed surface of outcrops. Dominated by Silurian rocks (Llandovery).
Superficial deposits. Structural features. Active processes. Past processes. Stratigraphic formation(s)
Dominantly rural area with some urban development.
Maintain landscape character and ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged. Ensure that pRIGS sites are safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping.
Break of slope at edge of solid geology massif adjacent to valleys and county boundary to S,
Distinctive tectonically controlled topography. lncludes Machynlleth Railway Station pRIGS and Forge Penegoes pRIGS.
British Geological Survey (1984) Sheet 163: Aberystwyth (1:50000);Davies, et al. (1978), Geology of Powys in outcrop (PCC);
Ordnance Survey (1999d), Explorer 215 (1:25,000 scale); Woodcock and Bassett (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, Central Wales (UWP).

Dovey
Major river system with wide floodplain and well-developed meandering river system constrained in a steep sided mountainous valley. River shows a variety of features including meanders, ox-bow lakes, extensive gravel-rich overbank deposits. Canalisation remarkably limited. Includes the tributary valley of the Afon Twymyn and an ''embayment'' at Machynlleth.
River channel (natural). Abandoned channel / Ox Bow lake
Maintain natural evolving system, minimise future intervention and ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged. Maintain SSSIs in favourable condition by implementation of management plans
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif and active edge of river/floodplain system.
Well developed major river system with minimal intervention. Includes part of Afon dyfi ger Mollnyd SSSI.
Campbell and Bowen (1989), Geological Conservation Review: Quaternary of Wales (NCC); Ordnance Survey (1999d), Explorer 215 (1:25,000 scale); Ordnance Survey (2002), Explorer 23 (1:25,000 scale).

Mule
Floodplain occupied by the River Mule with gently sloping sides in places. Includes fan deposits ad local bedrock exposures.
Maintain natural evolving system, minimise future intervention and ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged.
Break of slope at edge of river/floodplain system.
Typical landscape of geomorphological feature and deposits. No notable sites recorded
British Geological Survey. (1994a), Sheet 165: Montgomery (1:50000); Cave (2001), Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheet 165; Ordnance Survey (1999d), Explorer 215 (1:25,000 scale); Ordnance Survey (1999f), Explorer 216 (1:25,000 scale).

Llanwyddelan
Undulating lowland area rising up to the massif of Waum Fawr. Includes traces of a typical WSW-ENE structural trend in the northern part of the area. Cwms present probably till filled.
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif adjacent to valleys and base of sandstone escarpment to W.

Mynydd y Groes-Bryn y Fan
Upland block on the S and E side of Clywedog reservoir. Irregular surface and crags in the E; prominent SSW-NNE lineation in surface features in the SW. represents part of the Ordovician core of the Van inlier, with a surrounding ring of Llandovery (Lower Silurian) turbiditic sandstones.
Maintain landscape character and ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged. Ensure that pRIGS sites are safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping.
Break of slope around upland block and edge of reservoir.
Forms part of well-known Van Inlier and includes Bwlch y Gle (B4518) pRIGS and Clywedog Dam pRIGS.
British Geological Survey. (1994b) The Rocks of Wales / Gregiau Cymru (1:250000); Davies, et al. (1978), Geology of Powys in outcrop (PCC); Ordnance Survey (1999f), Explorer 214 (1:25,000 scale); Ordnance Survey (1999d), Explorer 215 (1:25,000 scale);
Woodcock and Bassett (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, Central Wales (UWP).
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry; Natural crags and inland outcrops; Mine shaft/adit.

Mochdre
Broad valley or vale between the massifs of the Kerry Hills (Upper Silurian sandstones and siltstones) on the E and the Pentrowed Grits ridge on the west (Middle Silurian). Dominated by the dendritic stream system of the Mochdre Brook.
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif / junction with drift-filled valleys.
British Geological Survey. (1994a), Sheet 165: Montgomery (1:50000); British Geological Survey. (1994b) The Rocks of Wales / Gregiau Cymru (1:250000); Cave (2001), Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheet 165; Ordnance Survey (1999f), Explorer 214 (1:25,000 scale); Ordnance Survey (1999d), Explorer 215 (1:25,000 scale); Woodcock and Bassett (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, Central Wales (UWP).

Pen-y-bryn
Low hills with a valley system at the northern end of Clywedog reservoir.
Break of slope at base of slopes of low hills.
No notable sites recorded and geology presumed to be widespread.

Tirymynach
Wide vale and cwm fills between Mynydd Waun Fawr and the Dyfnant Forest massif. Includes the Alun Gaw valley. Area has a general regional structural SW-NE orientation. Includes a low scarp in the Tirymynach area.
Maintain landscape character and ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged. Ensure that pRIGS sites are safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping.
Breaks of slope at base of adjacent upland massifs and adjacent to valleys elswhere.
Includes key sites of regional importance (Talerddig Bridge pRIGS and Cwm Llwyd pRIGS).
British Geological Survey. (1994b) The Rocks of Wales / Gregiau Cymru (1:250000); Davies, et al. (1978), Geology of Powys in outcrop (PCC); Ordnance Survey (1999), Explorer 215 (1:25,000 scale); Woodcock and Bassett (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, Central Wales (UWP).

Lower Hall
Apron of probable glacial deposits on the south side of the Vyrnwy valley opposite Meifod. Forms a gently sloping terrace.
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif above and features at edge of river/floodplain system below.
Ordnance Survey (1998), Explorer 239 (1:25,000 scale).

Lymore Park
Area of low undulating topography dominated by glacial deposits especially till, also fan deposits. Several small lakes present, some potentially with glacial origins (kettle holes etc). Forms part of a very extensive till-dominated plain between Montgomery and Corndon Hill.
Break of slope at base of adjacent solid geology AA and features at edge of river/floodplain system.
British Geological Survey. (1994a), Sheet 165: Montgomery (1:50000); Cave (2001), Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheet 165; Ordnance Survey (1999), Explorer 216 (1:25,000 scale).

Clegyrnant-Llanbrynmair
Drift dominated valley and cwms fills north of Llanbrynmair, cut into the Wenlcok massif of Dyfnant Forest. Some limited bedrock outcrop includes Llandovery mudrocks and turbidites (Lower Silurian), the latter forming a low ridge in the middle of the Afon Cwm valley.
Break of slope at base of steep sided solid geology massif above.
Typical landscape of geomorphological feature and deposits. No notable sites recorded

Commins Coch
Highly dissected low slopes / sloping platforms below and flanking the upland massif of Mynydd y Cenmaes. Cwms drift filled (?till).
Break of slope at base of steep escarpment above and adjacent to more level glacial deposit dominated valley infill below.

Garth Hill
Undulating hilly area with strong SW-NE regional structural trend, reflected in the orientation of hills and valleys. Dominated by Penstrowed Grit (Wenlock, Middle Silurian). Glacial deposits probably present in cwms.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry; Mine shaft/adit; Meander; Marsh/bog/fen.

Llangadfan
Undulating terrain of low hills and small valleys underlain by Wenlock (Middle Silurian) mudrocks. Lies between the sandstone-dominated ridges of Ffridd and Foel-Pen Croes. Glacial deposits probably present in cwms.
Break of slope at base of solid geology valley slopes and break of slope at base of sandstone controlled ridges.
British Geological Survey. (1994) The Rocks of Wales / Gregiau Cymru (1:250000); Ordnance Survey (1998), Explorer 239 (1:25,000 scale); Woodcock and Bassett (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, Central Wales (UWP).

Bryngwyn Hall
Broad slightly undulating platform and cwm fills on the south side of the Brogan valley, with connections to cwms and slopes to the SE (Allt y Main-Rhosfawr area) and to the Ystyn Colwyn area and the Vyrnwy valley.
Break of slope at base of solid geology slopes and features at edge of river/floodplain system.
British Geological Survey (2000), Sheet 137: Oswestry (1:50000); Ordnance Survey (1998), Explorer 239 (1:25,000 scale).

Dilw
Low area adjacent to County boundary, dominated by till, including as cwm fills and a gently sloping valley sides.
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif and County boundary.
British Geological Survey (1993) Sheet 179: Rhyader (1:50000); Ordnance Survey (1999), Explorer 214 (1:25,000 scale).

Fferm
Small area of undulating terrain on the north side of the Vyrnwy valley. Dominated by Ordovician-Silurian slaty mudrocks, with some glacial deposits.
Break of slope at base of solid geology outcrop.
Woodcock and Bassett (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, Central Wales (UWP).

Dinas
Landscape block on the north side of Llyn Clywedog, including the northern part of the Ordovician inlier and Llandovery slaty mudrocks and turbiditic sandstone.
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif/margins of valleys; edge of reservoir.
Forms part of the important Van Ordovician Inlier and includes Clywedog Dam pRIGS.
British Geological Survey. (1994) The Rocks of Wales / Gregiau Cymru (1:250000); Davies, et al. (1978), Geology of Powys in outcrop (PCC); Ordnance Survey (1999), Explorer 214 (1:25,000 scale); Ordnance Survey (1999), Explorer 215 (1:25,000 scale);
Woodcock and Bassett (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, Central Wales (UWP).

Gwydol
Valley of the Afon Gwydol, on the south side of and a tributary of the River Dovey. Irregular base suggest dominated by glacial deposits. Includes Cwm Benlan which links to the Twymyn valley.
Maintain natural evolving system, minimise future intervention and ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged.
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif and edge of river/floodplain system.
Ordnance Survey (1999), Explorer 215 (1:25,000 scale).

Allt y Main-Rhosfawr
Unites three parallel ridges with a strong structural WSW-ENE orientation (Gallt yr Ancr and Allt y Gader AAs are dissociated parts of the same ridges). Formed of very steeply dipping Upper Ordovician rocks and incised by cwms - latter have probable glacial deposit infill.
Break of slope at base of steep sides of solid geology massif.
Distinctive landscape features with site of regional importance (Moel y Moir pRIGS).
British Geological Survey. (1994) The Rocks of Wales / Gregiau Cymru (1:250000); Davies, et al. (1978), Geology of Powys in outcrop (PCC); Ordnance Survey (1998), Explorer 239 (1:25,000 scale); Woodcock and Bassett (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, Central Wales (UWP).

Foel y Belan
Similar to Mynydd Garth-pwt: discrete slightly elongated hill with typical structural ENE-WSW orientation presumably controlled by outcrop of Penstrowed Grits (Middle Silurian: Wenlock). Steep sides especially in NE and SW, rising above Waum Garno platform.
Break of slope at base of steep sided solid geology massif and features at edge of river/floodplain system.
British Geological Survey. (1994) The Rocks of Wales / Gregiau Cymru (1:250000); Ordnance Survey (1999), Explorer 215 (1:25,000 scale); Woodcock and Bassett (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, Central Wales (UWP).

Wye
Section of locally wide, active floodplain of the River Wye with well developed meanders. Probably also includes low terrace.
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif above and features at edge of flat river/floodplain system below.
British Geological Survey (1993) Sheet 179: Rhyader (1:50000); Ordnance Survey (1999), Explorer 215 (1:25,000 scale).

Bryncyrch
Relatively low undulating area at the junction of the Banwy and Gam valleys adjacent to the Dyfnant massif. Includes cwm fills and marginal apron on the north side of the Gam valley.
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif and feature at edge of river/floodplain system.
Ordnance Survey (1999), Explorer 215 (1:25,000 scale).

Berwyn
Major upland plateau dissected by several major, steep-sided valleys, including Cwm Rhaedr with the famous Pistyll Rhaedr waterfall. Locally rocky valley sides of the latter controlled by volcanic units within dominating Ordovician slaty mudrocks. In the highest part of the area, east and south of Cadair Berwyn, four well developed eastwards facing cirques lie below a north-south crag.
Waterfall / rapids. Slope. Hill top. Cwm/corrie. Spring
Major upland block with 3 pRIGS sites (Pistyll Rheadr pRIGS, Craig-Rhiwarth pRIGS,and Llanwddyn pRIGS ), including famous waterfall (Pistyll Rheadr).
British Geological Survey (1986) Sheet 136: Bala (1:50000); British Geological Survey (2000), Sheet 137: Oswestry (1:50000);
Davies, et al. (1978), Geology of Powys in outcrop (PCC); Ordnance Survey (1998), Explorer 239 (1:25,000 scale);
Ordnance Survey (2000b), Explorer 255 (1:25,000 scale); Woodcock and Bassett (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, Central Wales (UWP).

Lower Cynllaith
Section of river floodplain with some meandering sections. Context is upland, being between the Aran and Mynyddy Bryn AAs.
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif and features at edge of river/floodplain system.
British Geological Survey (2000), Sheet 137: Oswestry (1:50000); Ordnance Survey (2000a), Explorer 240 (1:25,000 scale);
Ordnance Survey (2000b), Explorer 255 (1:25,000 scale).

Mathrafal
Sub-rectangular block bounded by river systems, virtually on all four sides. Effectively composed of two parallel elongated ridges, which match up with equivalent ridges within Mynydd Waun Fawr AA (but now cut by river system). Feature along south side typical of WSW-ENE regional structural orientation.
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif and features at edge of drift filled valley systems; also base of feature on NW of area.
British Geological Survey. (1994) The Rocks of Wales / Gregiau Cymru (1:250000); Ordnance Survey (1998), Explorer 239 (1:25,000 scale); Woodcock and Bassett (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, Central Wales (UWP).

Moel Achles
Marginal area to Dyfnant Forest massif with a WSW-ENE orientated scarp on SE side then rising up to the Denbigh Grits (Middle Silurian, Wenlock) feature of the former. Similar to Criag-Garth bwlch, but separated by Cwm Conwy, with a probably fault displacing the ridge.
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif and features at edge of valley systems; also base of Denbigh Grits escarpment above.
Includes the regionally important Conwy Valley pRIGS (Ordovician, Ashgill).
British Geological Survey. (1994) The Rocks of Wales / Gregiau Cymru (1:250000); British Geological Survey (2000), Sheet 137: Oswestry (1:50000); Ordnance Survey (1998), Explorer 239 (1:25,000 scale); Woodcock and Bassett (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, Central Wales (UWP).

Hengwm
Upland wetland or other depositional basin.
Branching low, dominantly flat area / depression with lake and marsh, on high plateau of Bryn Moel, etc.. Corresponds to an area of partial infill of a valley system, probably including within a larger lake.
Break of slope at base of surrounding solid geology massif and County boundary.

Middletown
Steep western and lower south-eastern flank of Breidden Hill, on the margins of the Severn valley.
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif and edge of river/floodplain system; also base of dolerite massif above.
Includes regionally important geology at Gate Farm Quarry pRIGS (dolerite).
British Geological Survey. (1994) The Rocks of Wales / Gregiau Cymru (1:250000); Davies, et al. (1978), Geology of Powys in outcrop (PCC); Ordnance Survey (2000a), Explorer 240 (1:25,000 scale); Woodcock and Bassett (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, Central Wales (UWP).

Dolgead
Low and gently undulating area between the Banwy and Yr Hasfesh valleys. Bedrock dominated by Ordovician mudrocks probably with significant areas of glacial deposits (till). SE edge is a valley side with the regional structural SW-NE trend.
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif and edge of valley system; also base of Wenlock sandstone feature to NW.

Cwms Pennant-Rhiwarth
Glacial/ fluvioglacial apron on SW side of Cwn Rhiwarth, and valley sides on north of Cwm Penant (including minor side cwms).
Typical landscape of geomorphological feature and deposits. Only minor part of Craig Rhiwarth pRIGS (mineralization) included.
British Geological Survey (1986) Sheet 136: Bala (1:50000); Davies, et al. (1978), Geology of Powys in outcrop (PCC); Ordnance Survey (2000b), Explorer 255 (1:25,000 scale).

Llancowrid
Cwm fill and undulating base to Kerry Hills escarpment, including Kerry itself. Some bedrock exposure but glacial drift dominated. Includes drumlin-like mounds between Kerry and Llancowrid.
British Geological Survey. (1994), Sheet 165: Montgomery (1:50000); Ordnance Survey (1999), Explorer 214 (1:25,000 scale);

Foel
Broad slopes on east side of Afon Twymyn valley below the sandstone-dominated uplands of Newydd Fynyddg and Mynydd Penypistyl-Staylittle. Dominted by Llandovery slaty mudrocks with a sandstone unit.
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif and edges of valley systems.

Llangedwyn
Narrow platform/terrace above a floodplain surface, flanking the west side of the Tanat valley at the base of steep hills slopes to the north.
British Geological Survey (2000), Sheet 137: Oswestry (1:50000); Ordnance Survey (1998), Explorer 239 (1:25,000 scale).

Llandyssil-Montgomery
Dominantly lowland area, rising to upland only in the SE. Bedrock geology dominates with drift-filled valleys surrounding. Area has a broadly periclinal structure with a core of Wenlock mudrocks (Middle Silurian) and significant drift, surrounded by a ridge of Ludlow siltstones and sandstones (Upper Silurian) on the SW, S and E.
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif and surrounding valley systems.
Includes regionally important site (Montgomery Castle pRIGS - Ordovician, Caradoc; Silurian, Ludlow).
British Geological Survey. (1994), Sheet 165: Montgomery (1:50000); Cave (2001), Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheet 165; Davies, et al. (1978), Geology of Powys in outcrop (PCC); Ordnance Survey (1999), Explorer 215 (1:25,000 scale); Woodcock and Bassett (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, Central Wales (UWP).

Fflos-Llandyssil
Dominated by a broad alluvial basin on the east side of the Severn valley with a low feature apparently providing some separation. Dark soils suggest presence of peat. Also includes areas to the SE, marginal to the Severn valley, and the drift-filled valley between Goron ddu and the Llandyssil area. Drift very varied.
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif and edge of valley system.
British Geological Survey. (1994), Sheet 165: Montgomery (1:50000); Ordnance Survey (1999), Explorer 215 (1:25,000 scale);
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Meander; Marsh/bog/fen.

Lanwnog
Small, broadly triangular area bordering the NE side of Afon Carno near its confluence with the Severn. Constitutes a depression / vale between low hills to the N and SE and leads to a cwm-like structure with marsh at its NE termination. Includes the slight mound of Bryderwen.
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif and features at edge of active river/floodplain system.
British Geological Survey. (1994) The Rocks of Wales / Gregiau Cymru (1:250000); Ordnance Survey (1999), Explorer 215 (1:25,000 scale); Ordnance Survey (2005), Explorer 213 (1:25,000 scale); Woodcock and Bassett (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, Central Wales (UWP).

Aberhosan
Broad basin with distinctly radiating drainage pattern. Generally with lowland character, the rise to the uplands of the Bryn Moel- Dylife area being marked by the base of an escarpment. Cut by drift-filled tributaries of the Dovey river to the NNW.
Breaks of slope at base of solid geology and edges of river/valley systems and base of escarpment of upland area to W and SW.
British Geological Survey. (1994) The Rocks of Wales / Gregiau Cymru (1:250000); Ordnance Survey (1999), Explorer 215 (1:25,000 scale); Ordnance Survey (2005), Explorer 213 (1:25,000 scale); Woodcock and Bassett (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, Central Wales (UWP).

Banc Lechwedd-Mawr
Slightly elongated rounded upland hill dissected by a narrow, diagonal belt of crags with a characteristic regional structural trend (SE-NW).
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged.
British Geological Survey (1984) Sheet 163: Aberystwyth (1:50000); Ordnance Survey (1999), Explorer 215 (1:25,000 scale); Ordnance Survey (2005), Explorer 213 (1:25,000 scale); Woodcock and Bassett (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, Central Wales (UWP).

Newtown
Broad platform under Newtown and extending along the south side of the Severn valley to the NE as a terrace-like features. Varied drift deposits including glacial moraine.
Geomorphological feature and deposits partly covered by urban development.
Ensure that no significant surviving geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged.
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif and features at edge of active river/floodplain system.
Typical geomorphological feature and deposits, partly covered by urban development. No notable sites recorded.
British Geological Survey. (1994), Sheet 165: Montgomery (1:50000); Cave (2001), Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheet 165; Ordnance Survey (1999), Explorer 215 (1:25,000 scale).

Bettws-Cedewain-Newtown
Landscape block dominated by Wenlock (Middle Silurian) mudrocks, probably with minor inliers of Penstrowed Grits (also Wenlock). ENE-WSW regional structural orientation present but not so pronounced as in areas to the NE. Glacial till cover significant.
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif and valley systems.
British Geological Survey. (1994), Sheet 165: Montgomery (1:50000); Cave (2001), Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheet 165; Ordnance Survey (1999), Explorer 215 (1:25,000 scale).

Breidden Forest
Very distinctive, very steep sided upland block dominated by dolerites, outcropping as parallel WSW-ENE ridges (including Middleton Hill, Briedden Hill and Moel y Golfa). Includes a medial valley with probable drift deposits.
Slope. Hill top. Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit. Coal / mineral spoil tips
Dominantly rural area with limited development and working quarry.
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif and valley systems or softer adjacent geological units.
Major landscape feature with regionally important site (Middletown Col Quarry pRIGS - Ordovician, Caradoc; Silurian, Llandovery; Mineralogy of Wales).
British Geological Survey. (1994) The Rocks of Wales / Gregiau Cymru (1:250000); Davies, et al. (1978), Geology of Powys in outcrop (PCC); Ordnance Survey (2000a), Explorer 240 (1:25,000 scale); Woodcock and Bassett (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, Central Wales (UWP).

Llanerch-Church Stoke
Glacial clay dominated slopes on the SW, S and N sides of Corndon Hill. Forms part of the Shelve Ordovician inlier.
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged and that the SSSI is maintained in favourable condition by implementation of a management plan.
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif and features at edge of river/floodplain system; also county boundary.
Includes a minor part of the nationally important Spy Wood and Aldress Dingle SSSI (Ordovician: Llanvirn ''Llandeilo'').
British Geological Survey. (1994), Sheet 165: Montgomery (1:50000); Cave (2001), Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheet 165; Davies, et al. (1978), Geology of Powys in outcrop (PCC); Ordnance Survey (1999), Explorer 216 (1:25,000 scale);

Tanat
Lower part of a wide west-east valley with a well developed floodplain and meandering river system. Latter appears braided in part and includes oxbow lakes. Higher parts of valley more typically upland in character, as the valley becomes narrow and steep sided, with only a narrow floodplain.
River channel (natural). Flood plain. Abandoned channel / Ox Bow lake. Urban / industrial development
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif or features at edge of river/floodplain system adajcent to glacial, etc valley deposits.
Ordnance Survey (2000b), Explorer 255 (1:25,000 scale).
Additional Level 4 features include: Marsh/bog/fen; Meander.

Cwm Tafalog
Deep north-south valley separating the Mynydd y Cemmaes and Dyfnant Forest massifs.
Includes a small area on the south side of the Cleifion valley.
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif and valley systems. County boundary.

Kerry Hills
Section of much larger Ludlow (Upper Silurian) dominated escarpment. - the latter north facing and dissected by steep sided cwms, typically with glacial-clay infill. Passes to a lower ridge, extending to Newtown, but developing a topography with short ENE-WSW trending rounded ridges.
Slope. Hill top. Scarp slope. Plateau. Spring
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif and valley systems.
Important landscape feature with regionally important site (Llandrindod-Newtown Road - A483 pRIGS, part (Silurian, Wenlock-Ludlow).
British Geological Survey. (1994), Sheet 165: Montgomery (1:50000); Cave (2001), Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheet 165; Davies, et al. (1978), Geology of Powys in outcrop (PCC); Ordnance Survey (1999), Explorer 214 (1:25,000 scale);
Ordnance Survey (1999), Explorer 215 (1:25,000 scale); Ordnance Survey (1999), Explorer 216 (1:25,000 scale); Woodcock and Bassett (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, Central Wales (UWP).

Waun Garno
Broad dominantly lowland area sloping away from the massif of Mynydd-penypistyl-Staylittle to the west. from which the inselbergs of Mynydd Garth-pwt and Foel y Belen rise. Higher areas more upland in character and include areas of peat and low ''ribs'' of underlying geology showing through. Also includes a remarkable periglacial feature in the Esgair Draen Llyn area - several parallel, north-south lines of very regular semicircular lobes, facing downslope.
Maintain landscape character and ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged. Ensure that pRIGS features are surveyed and are safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping.
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif and valley systems.
Includes well developed lobate landforms in probable head deposits in the Esgair Draen Llyn area of potential pRIGS status.

Forden
Area of relatively low undulating topography flanking the W and SW sides of Long Mountain and probably dominated by a range of drift deposits. Also includes low areas adjacent to the Severn valley system and a dissected plateau-like area around Kingswood.
River terrace. Slope. Hill top. Urban / industrial development
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif and junction with valley systems. Base of steep slopes of upland above.

Alport
Part of the same drift plain as Lymore Park but separated by England. Some limited bedrock exposure in stream valley on east side (Ordovician sequences of the Shelve Inlier).
Break of slope / features at edge of active stream/floodplain system; also County boundary.
British Geological Survey. (1994), Sheet 165: Montgomery (1:50000); Cave (2001), Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheet 165; Ordnance Survey (1999), Explorer 216 (1:25,000 scale).

Dovey Forest
Distinctly mountainous, rather than plateau-like massif, bordering Snowdonia on the north side of the Dovey valley (i...e... area heavily dissected by cwms and valleys, often with ridges between, rather than flattened surfaces)... Despite extensive forest cover, bed rock geology locally reveals a strong ground lineation with an E of N / W of S orientation...
Lake / reservoir (artificial). Slope. Hill top. Cwm/corrie
Maintain landscape character and ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged...
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif and junction with valley systems...
Major mountain-landscape feature adajacent to Snowdonia but geology not well known and no notable sites recorded...
British Geological Survey... (1994) The Rocks of Wales / Gregiau Cymru (1:250000); Ordnance Survey (1999), Explorer 215 (1:25,000 scale); Ordnance Survey (2002), Explorer 23 (1:25,000 scale); Woodcock and Bassett (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, Central Wales (UWP)...

Aberbechan-Brooks
Landscape block composed of WSW-ENE orientated ridges and valleys - best developed in the E and SW. Dominated by Wenlock mudrocks (Middle Silurian), probably with significant areas of glacial deposits in valleys and marginal areas.
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif and junction with valley systems and surrounding Cold Orchard AA.
British Geological Survey. (1994), Sheet 165: Montgomery (1:50000); Cave (2001), Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheet 165; Ordnance Survey (1999), Explorer 215 (1:25,000 scale); Woodcock and Bassett (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, Central Wales (UWP).
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry; Mine shaft/adit; Marsh/bog/fen.

Cefn Coch-Llanllugan
Area of lower terrain in core of and sloping down from the broadly horseshoe-shaped Mynydd Waun Fawr area. Bedrock dominated by Wenlock mudstones (Middle Silurian) and probably with extensive areas of glacial drift.

Afon Rhaeadr
Area of active floodplain with a meandering river system in Cwm Blowty / Cwm Rhaedr. Foodplain narrows/ disapperas as cwm widens to the SE.
Break of slope/ feature at edge of active river/floodplain system.
British Geological Survey (1986) Sheet 136: Bala (1:50000); British Geological Survey (2000), Sheet 137: Oswestry (1:50000); Ordnance Survey (2000b), Explorer 255 (1:25,000 scale).

Caerws
Undulating lowland block linking the Mynydd Waum upland to the Severn valley. Includes the marginal slopes of the latter to the Allt Fawr and cwm fills. Glacial deposits (till, etc.) probably extensive.
Slope. Hill top. Cwm/corrie. Urban / industrial development
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif above and junction with valley systems below.

Allt y Gader
Prominent steep sided massif at the junction of the Brogan and Cain valleys. Includes a low ridge to the east with similar Ordovician geology.
Includes regionally important site (Allt y Gadain and Lluest Quarry pRIGS).

Allt Fawr
Distinctive rounded knoll; prominent and steep sided. Probably dominated by Penstrowed Grit (Wenlock, Middle Silurian).

Pen y Foel
Short segment of Ordovician escarpment below Carboniferous limestone capped Llanymynech Hill.
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif and junction with valley systems and base of limestone escarpments above.
British Geological Survey (2000), Sheet 137: Oswestry (1:50000); Ordnance Survey (2000a), Explorer 240 (1:25,000 scale);

Mynydd Penypistyl-Staylittle
Broad plateau area with steep escarpment above the Twym valley in the west (due to the presence of turbiditic sandstones) and more gentle slopes on the east side above Waum Garno. Plateau dissected in the south by cwms and has an indistinct margin as it rises up to the east side of Penstrowed Grit plateau of Sarnbigog. Includes part of the presumed periglacial head lobes of the Esgair Draen Llyn area.
Waterfall / rapids. Slope. Hill top. Scarp slope. Plateau. Cwm/corrie
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif and junction with valley systems, also at base of low scarp of Sarnbigog area above.

Pen-y-ffordd
Distinct hook-shaped, flat-based depression with bog and steep sides. Opens out to the east at the top of into the Brogan valley. Possible site of a former lake.
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif and junction with valley system.
Additional Level 4 features include: Marsh/bog/fen.

Llandinam
Gentle slopes into the Severn valley and cwm fills on the west side of the Penstrowed ridge. Glacial deposits probably significant.
British Geological Survey. (1994) The Rocks of Wales / Gregiau Cymru (1:250000); Ordnance Survey (1999), Explorer 214 (1:25,000 scale); Ordnance Survey (1999), Explorer 215 (1:25,000 scale); Woodcock and Bassett (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, Central Wales (UWP).

Sarnbigog
Large ovoid and very flat plateau of Penstrowed Grit with a well developed scarp only in the NW adjacent to Afon Cwm-colch. Around the SW, S and SE low feature marks edge of area. Geological structure is a north-south orientated basin/ synform, beautifully picked out in its core by traces of sandstone ribs forming opposing crescents in the Bryn yr Wyn-Trannon area.
Scarp slope. Plateau. Urban / industrial development

Nant Alan
ENE flowing valley system with fill of glacial clay (till0 and narrow active river/stream system with floodplain. Forms a hanging valley on the south side of the upper part of the glacially deepened Afon Cain valley.
River channel (natural). Flood plain. Hanging (fluvial) valley
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif and junction with valley system.
British Geological Survey (2000), Sheet 137: Oswestry (1:50000); Ordnance Survey (1998), Explorer 239 (1:25,000 scale);.

Llanerfyl
Slopes and broad vales of the Mynydd Waun Fawr massif , including the SW-NE structurally orientated hill of Bryn-coch,

Ffynnon Arthur-Llanfyllin
Broad undulating area between the high ground of Ordovician sandstones and siltstones to the east and Wenlock (Middle Silurian) sandstones to the SE. Underlain by Upper Ordovician-lower Middle Silurian mudrocks with probably significant areas of glacial drift . Also includes undulating area south of Allt y Main and west of Gallt yr Ancr.
Slope. Hill top. Former lake (e.g. silted up). Cwm/corrie. Spring

Gallt yr Ancr
Small but prominent, isolated hill of Ordovician rocks - the SE continuation of the south-easternmost ridge of Allt y Main-Rhosfawr.
Level 4 features include: Disused quarry; Natural crags and inland outcrops.

Llanfair Caereinion
Large block of undulating terrain between the Banwy, Rhiw and Castle Caerinion valleys. General lowland style, although relatively high. Includes several elongated hills and short ridges with a typical regional WSW-ENE orientation. Includes several short valleys/ cwms with probable glacial deposit infill.
Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). Slope. Hill top. Ridge. Spring. Urban / industrial development

Cwm Conwy
Drift filled cwm cutting into the Dyfnant Forest massif. Includes marginal area of the Vyrnwy valley, below Moel Achlas with partly drift covered Upper Ordovician sequence-Lower Silurian sequence.
British Geological Survey (1986) Sheet 136: Bala (1:50000); Ordnance Survey (1998), Explorer 239 (1:25,000 scale); Woodcock and Bassett (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, Central Wales (UWP).

Nant Feinon
Forms a cwm-dissected terrace-like feature to the west of and below the Penstrowed ridge. Dominated by Llandovery turbiditic sandstones with cwms probably containing glacial deposits.
Break of slope at base of Penstrowed Grit massif and junction with valley systems.
British Geological Survey (1993) Sheet 179: Rhyader (1:50000); British Geological Survey. (1994) The Rocks of Wales / Gregiau Cymru (1:250000); Davies et al. (1997), Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179; Ordnance Survey (1999), Explorer 214 (1:25,000 scale); Woodcock and Bassett (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, Central Wales (UWP).

Dyfnant Forest-Carredd Wen
Major upland block underlain by Denbigh Grits (Middle Silurian) rising to nearly 600 m in places. In the north characterised by irregular topography with locally well developed parallel ribs of underlying geology visible (turbiditic sandstone beds in the Denbigh Grit), showing faults, folds etc. other irregular areas probably due to extensive peat deposits on the plateau. Central area partly covered by Dyfnant Forest which obliterates such features. Forms a major escarpment NE of Llanbrynmair.
Dominantly rural area with limited development but significantly affected by industrial forestry.
Ensure that no surviving and significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to continuing forestry operations, including by carrying out initial geomorphological surveys to identify such features.
Major landscape feature with characteristic surface features controlled by bedrock geology and extensive Quaternary drift.
British Geological Survey (1986) Sheet 136: Bala (1:50000); British Geological Survey. (1994) The Rocks of Wales / Gregiau Cymru (1:250000); Ordnance Survey (1998), Explorer 239 (1:25,000 scale); Ordnance Survey (1999), Explorer 215 (1:25,000 scale); Ordnance Survey (2002), Explorer 23 (1:25,000 scale); Woodcock and Bassett (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, Central Wales (UWP).

Crewgreen
Relatively steep slopes below the NE part of the Breidden Forest massif in softer adjoining geology (Ordovician / drift?).
British Geological Survey. (1994) The Rocks of Wales / Gregiau Cymru (1:250000); Ordnance Survey (2000a), Explorer 240 (1:25,000 scale); Woodcock and Bassett (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, Central Wales (UWP).

Pen y Berth
Distinct separated hill of Penstrowed Grit (Middle Silurian) on the south side of the Vyrnwy valley. Separated from and below the main upland area formed of the same geological unit due to faulting.

Cwmcalch
Wide cwm structure separating the hill of Newydd Fynyddog from the plateau of Sarnbigog. Wide and relatively flat with only gentle slopes and upland-style land use. Probable glacial fill.

Ffridd-Rhyd-Ddu
Low ridge of turbiditic sandstones with typical WSW-ENE orientation. Separated from the main Mynydd Fawr massif by a probably drift dominated section of the Tirymynach AA from which it rises.

Tanat cwms
Gently sloping apron dominated by glacial deposits, including till, on the south side of the Tanet valley. Includes fills to steep sided cwms.
Slope. Spring. Coal / mineral spoil tips
Typical landscape of geomorphological feature and deposits. Craig Rhiwarth pRIGS (part) is only a very minor constituent, no other significant sites recorded..
Davies, et al. (1978), Geology of Powys in outcrop (PCC); Ordnance Survey (1998), Explorer 239 (1:25,000 scale); Ordnance Survey (2000b), Explorer 255 (1:25,000 scale).

Cwm Gigfran
Small segment of dissected Llandovery mudrock-dominated terrace bordering a cwm on the west side of Mynydd y Cemmaes.
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif and junction with valley systems and base of steep escarpment above.

Pantytanhouse-fach
Wide basin and ''tributary'' with level base nestling within the undulating hills of the Mathrafal AA and a narrow exit to the Banwy valley. Includes a small section of drift terrace on the north side of the Banwy valley. Probably a former lake basin.
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif and junction with valley system.

Bryn Moel-Dylife-Tir Gwyr
Prominent upland block rising above the depression of Aberhosan with an initial crescent shaped escarpment. Includes the source of the rivers and streams of the latter area. Cwms also developed locally along the scarp face and crags. Passes southwards to the plateau of Hafren Forest and round to Llanguris where a lower eastern scarp shows some glacial deposit filled cwms. Includes extensive former workings for lead.
River channel (natural). Waterfall / rapids. Slope. Hill top. Scarp slope. Plateau. Cwm/corrie
Major upland block with a large number of geoconservation sites including 4 SSSIs (Dyliffe Mine SSSI, Ceunant Twynyn SSSI, Mwyngloddfa Ceulon SSSI and Mwyngloddfa Nautidgo SSSI) in addition to Dyliffe Mines pRIGS.
British Geological Survey. (1994) The Rocks of Wales / Gregiau Cymru (1:250000); Campbell and Bowen (1989), Geological Conservation Review: Quaternary of Wales (NCC); Davies, et al. (1978), Geology of Powys in outcrop (PCC); Ordnance Survey (1999), Explorer 215 (1:25,000 scale); Woodcock and Bassett (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, Central Wales (UWP).
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry; Natural crags and inland outcrops; Mine shaft/adit; Marsh/bog/fen.

Yr Hasfesb
Depression / valley of variable width linking the Vyrnwy valley near Dolanog around the Fridd-Mathrafal block to an area downstream in the Mathrafal area. Lower part includes the Yr hasfesb stream. Flat base of valley including marsh suggests local possible lacustrine infill; elsewhere slight irregularities suggest glacial deposits.
Typical landscape of geomorphological feature and deposits. No notable sites recorded

Yr Allt Boeth-Cefn Grugos
Distinctly WSW-ENE ridge of Denbigh Grits, from the Cefn Gruyas area, expanding SW in Yr Allt Boeth. Represents the very steeply dipping eastern limb of the Llandderfel Syncline. (Dyfnant Forest is the relatively shallow dipping western limb).
British Geological Survey (1986) Sheet 136: Bala (1:50000); British Geological Survey. (1994) The Rocks of Wales / Gregiau Cymru (1:250000); Ordnance Survey (1998), Explorer 239 (1:25,000 scale); Woodcock and Bassett (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, Central Wales (UWP).

Dulas (NW)
Incised meandering river and floodplain forming the county boundary. Flows between mountains, hence upland style despite being at slightly lower altitude. Marginal terrace-like areas probably include and apron of glacial deposits.
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif and junction with valley systems, also County boundary.
Ordnance Survey (1999), Explorer 215 (1:25,000 scale); Ordnance Survey (2002), Explorer 23 (1:25,000 scale).

Penrhuddlan
Cwm fill and marginal areas of drift apron on south side of Severn valley. Probably glacial deposit dominated.

Wye cwms
Floors / fill of deep, long cwms and drift apron on south and south-east side of the Wye valley. Glacial clay dominated.
British Geological Survey (1993) Sheet 179: Rhyader (1:50000); Davies et al. (1997), Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179; Ordnance Survey (1999), Explorer 214 (1:25,000 scale).

Cefn Hirfyndd-Rhialgwm
WSW-ENE orientated double ridge with cwms on the steep SE limb of the Llandderfel Syncline.
Includes regionally important geology (Fedw Fawr pRIGS - Ordovician, Ashgill).
Davies, et al. (1978), Geology of Powys in outcrop (PCC); Ordnance Survey (1998), Explorer 239 (1:25,000 scale); Woodcock and Bassett (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, Central Wales (UWP).

Four Crosses-Guilsfield-Sarnau
Includes the broad platform dominated by fluvioglacial sheet deposits with some minor glaciolacustrine deposits in the Four Crosses area on the western side of the Severn valley; the fill of the wide valley in the Sarnau area, which links the Severn and Vyrnwy valleys and the SE apron of the Vyrnwy valley which is also dominated by fluvioglacial sheet deposits, etc. Gentle surface undulations typical and marshy areas. Also includes similar areas SE to Guilsfield and a broad cwm-like area of i
Former lake (e.g. silted up). Urban / industrial development
Ordnance Survey (2000a), Explorer 240 (1:25,000 scale).

Cefn Penarth (Llanidloes)
Elongated promontory between the Afon Clywedog and the upper Severn valleys.

Llangurig
Fluvioglacial apron and cwm/ valley fills on the north side of the upper Wye, from the county boundary to east of Llangurig.
Coal / mineral spoil tips. Urban / industrial development

Cae\'\'r Lloi
Discrete low hill / ridge on the south side of the Dovey valley, craggy in the west. Forms part of the Machynlleth inlier.
Typical landscape of geological unit. No notable sites recorded.
Additional Level 4 features include: Natural crags and inland outcrops.

Hope
Forms the lower part of the scarp face of Long Mountain. Generally moderately steep, but levelling out at base. Mainly developed in Wenlock (Middle Silurian) mudrocks, with minor Llandovery (Lower Silurian) at base. Cwms present with probably glacial infill.
Slope. Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit. Coal / mineral spoil tips
Dominantly rural area with limited / no significant development.
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged and that the SSSI is maintained in favourable condition by implementation of a management plan.
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif and junction with valley systems, also base of Ludlow esacrpment of Long Mountain.
Includes natuonally important geology (Buttington Brickworks SSSI).
British Geological Survey. (1994) The Rocks of Wales / Gregiau Cymru (1:250000); Davies, et al. (1978), Geology of Powys in outcrop (PCC); Ordnance Survey (1999), Explorer 216 (1:25,000 scale); Ordnance Survey (2000a), Explorer 240 (1:25,000 scale);
Ordnance Survey (2000b), Explorer 255 (1:25,000 scale); Woodcock and Bassett (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, Central Wales (UWP).

Cold Orchard
Discrete area, rising slightly above surrounding Wenlock mudrock dominated Aberbechan-Brooks area, probably due to presence of Penstrowed Grits (also Wenlock, Middle Silurian).
Break of slope around presumed sandstone-dominated outcrop.

Cwm Llinau
Drift / glacial deposit apron and cwm fills on the west side of the Mynydd y Cemmaes upland and sloping down to the Dovey valley.

Llanfihangel
Large area of undulating land, gently rising from the Vyrnwy valley in the south to the margins of the Berwyn massif in the north. Includes various small valleys with glacial deposit fill, also lacustrine deposits.
Waterfall / rapids. Slope. Hill top. Former lake (e.g. silted up). Spring
British Geological Survey maps, aerial photographs, OS 1:25,000 Landranger topographical map.
British Geological Survey (1986) Sheet 136: Bala (1:50000); British Geological Survey. (1994) The Rocks of Wales / Gregiau Cymru (1:250000); British Geological Survey (2000), Sheet 137: Oswestry (1:50000); Ordnance Survey (1998), Explorer 239 (1:25,000 scale); Woodcock and Bassett (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, Central Wales (UWP).

Waen
Small segment / remnant of much more extensive fluvioglacial outwash plain deposits, now dissected by the Vyrnwy river system. Topography very gently undulates.
British Geological Survey (2000), Sheet 137: Oswestry (1:50000); Ordnance Survey (2000a), Explorer 240 (1:25,000 scale).

Trewern-Crewgreen
Narrow apron on the east side of the Breidden Forest massif, probably dominated by glacial deposits, includes the ''embayment of the Trewern area, the possible location of a former lake.
Dominantly a rural area with limited development.

Penrallr
Elongated area with medial ridge with typical SW-NE structural orientation. Rises on the north side of and above Llanidloes. Surrounded by valleys and cut by drift filled cwms.
Part of famous Van Inlier and includes regionally important site (Clywedog Dam pRIGS).
British Geological Survey. (1994) The Rocks of Wales / Gregiau Cymru (1:250000); Davies, et al. (1978), Geology of Powys in outcrop (PCC); Ordnance Survey (1999), Explorer 214 (1:25,000 scale); Woodcock and Bassett (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, Central Wales (UWP).

Hyddgen
Broad cwm fills with gently sloping irregular topography. Includes part of the Plynlimon Ordovician inlier
British Geological Survey maps, aerial photographs, OS 1:25,000 Landranger topographical map.
Ordnance Survey (1999), Explorer 215 (1:25,000 scale); Ordnance Survey (2005), Explorer 213 (1:25,000 scale).

Bronderwgoed cwms
Cwm fills and relatively gentle slopes on the east side of the Bryn Moel massif.

Bryngwyn
Continuation of the ridge of Aiit y Main-Rhosfawr, separated by the drift dominated arae of Bryngwm Hall. Distinct WSW-ENE ridge in WSW part broadens to the ENE. Includes glacial drift apron in places.
British Geological Survey. (1994) The Rocks of Wales / Gregiau Cymru (1:250000); British Geological Survey (2000), Sheet 137: Oswestry (1:50000); Ordnance Survey (1998), Explorer 239 (1:25,000 scale); Woodcock and Bassett (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, Central Wales (UWP).

Upper Cynllaith
Upper part of the Cynllaith valley with glacial drift filled cwms and some bedrock exposure.
Ordnance Survey (2000b), Explorer 255 (1:25,000 scale).

Goron ddu
Hill with general WSW-ENE structural orientation on the south side of the Severn valley and separated from the Llandyssill Montgomery area by a drift filled valley... Forms part of same folded dome structure of the latter area...
Maintain landscape character and ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged...
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif and junction with valley systems...
Typical landscape of widespread geological unit... No notable sites recorded...
British Geological Survey... (1994), Sheet 165: Montgomery (1:50000); Cave (2001), Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheet 165; Ordnance Survey (1999), Explorer 215 (1:25,000 scale); Woodcock and Bassett (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, Central Wales (UWP)...

Mellington
Broad marginal platform at the base of the Kerry Hills escarpment. Dominated by glacial drift deposits, especially in the Claewen area where discrete mounds suggest drumlins. To the east some exposures of Silurian mudrocks are also present in the Mellington Hall and Gwenthew areas.

Craig Rhiwarth
Distinct craggy mountain with cliffs and scree slopes. Dominated by igneous rocks with some Ordovician sediments on east and south-east.
Prominent landscape feature with regionally important sites (Craig-Rhiwarth pRIGS, part ).
British Geological Survey (1986) Sheet 136: Bala (1:50000); Ordnance Survey (2000b), Explorer 255 (1:25,000 scale); Woodcock and Bassett (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, Central Wales (UWP).
Additional Level 4 features include: Disused quarry; Natural crags and inland outcrops; Mine shaft/adit.

Aran
Distinct massif flanked by rounded hills, frequently with steep sides. Surrounded by valleys and including a depression in the central western part with glacial deposit infill, Similar to the Berwyn Cwms area to the west.
Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). Slope. Hill top. Spring
British Geological Survey (2000), Sheet 137: Oswestry (1:50000); Ordnance Survey (1998), Explorer 239 (1:25,000 scale); Woodcock and Bassett (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, Central Wales (UWP).

Cefn Coch (Cemmaes Road)
Slightly elongated hill with crags in part. Ridges show locally strong structural lineation with N by E - S by W orientation. Surrounded by valleys cwm-dissected.
Typical landscape of geological unit. No notable sites recorded.

Llyn Mawr
Two cwms in the core of the Mynydd Waun Fawr massif with gently sloping bases leading NE to the River Rhiw. Includes Llyn Mawr and it is a probable that a larger lake once occupied the area.

Powis Castle
Distinctly fan shaped area formed of several wooded ridges radiating from the Powis Castle area. Ridges represent repeatedly folded Silurian rocks, with fold axis dipping NE.
Lake / reservoir (artificial). Slope. Hill top. Dip slope. Ridge. Urban / industrial development
Distinctive topography and famous old locality (Powis Castle Estate Quarry pRIGS).
British Geological Survey. (1994) The Rocks of Wales / Gregiau Cymru (1:250000); Davies, et al. (1978), Geology of Powys in outcrop (PCC); Ordnance Survey (1999), Explorer 215 (1:25,000 scale); Ordnance Survey (1999), Explorer 216 (1:25,000 scale);

Severn
ajor river system: Lower part with wide floodplain (e.g. past Welshpool) with structurally controlled NNE-SSW orientation Constrained by flood-banks towards the NNE as far as the confluence with the Vyrnwy, north of Crewgreen. Includes a wide creek-like branch to Guilsfield and the tributary system of the River Rhiw. Narrows past Newtown but rapidly widens into the Caewys area where a broad alluvial basin is developed. Continues to Carno and narrows, becoming more upland in style, with a
River channel (natural). Flood plain. Abandoned channel / Ox Bow lake. River terrace
Dominantly flows through rural areas with limited development.
Break of slope or other features at edge of active river/floodplain system.
Major river system with well developed features such as meanders, etc. Includes two GCR sites.
British Geological Survey. (1994), Sheet 165: Montgomery (1:50000); Cave (2001), Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheet 165; Gregory (1997), Geological Conservation Review 13; Ordnance Survey (1999), Explorer 214 (1:25,000 scale); Ordnance Survey (1999), Explorer 215 (1:25,000 scale); Ordnance Survey (1999), Explorer 216 (1:25,000 scale); Ordnance Survey (2000a), Explorer 240 (1:25,000 scale).

Llyn Clywedog-Tirmyn-Carno
Complex of valleys, cwms and marginal aprons dominated by glacial deposits. Includes the east side of the Twymyn valley north to Llanbrynmair and to the Carno valley; also including the valley of the Afon Bachig to Llyn Clywedog reservoir, the valley of the Nant Felen to the headwaters of the Severn in Hafren Forest and linking valleys of the Afon Cwmcidyn to Llawrygghyn and the north side of its confluence with the River Severn.
Lake / reservoir (artificial). Slope. Urban / industrial development
Although dominantly a rural area with limited development a significant section of the natural valley system had been lost beneath Lyn Clywedog resevoir.
Maintain landscape character and ensure that no further significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged.
Ordnance Survey (1999), Explorer 214 (1:25,000 scale); Ordnance Survey (1999), Explorer 215 (1:25,000 scale).

Llanymynech Hill
Undulating platform of small hills and dry cwms developed on limestones. Includes disused quarry and karstic features such as caves (and dry cwms).
Base of limestone escarpment and county boundary.
Karstic area with regionally important geology LlanYmynech Quarry pRIGS).
British Geological Survey (2000), Sheet 137: Oswestry (1:50000); Davies, et al. (1978), Geology of Powys in outcrop (PCC);
Ordnance Survey (2000a), Explorer 240 (1:25,000 scale); Woodcock and Bassett (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, Central Wales (UWP).
Additional Level 4 features include: Disused quarry; Natural crags and inland outcrops; Mine shaft/adit; Cave.

Ffridd
Upland hills in representing three faulted blocks of Wenlock (Middle Silurian) sandstones. Crags typical.
Additional Level 4 features include: Disused quarry; Natural crags and inland outcrops; Marsh/bog/fen.

Clywedog-Wigdwr-Van
Valley and cwm fills including parts of the Clywedog, van and Wigdun valleys and the marginal glacial apron to Coel Mawr, Penrallr and Fforest. Includes well-developed sinusoidal eskers NE of Oakley Park including in the Llyn Ebyr area.
Lake / reservoir (artificial). River channel (natural). Cwm/corrie. Coal / mineral spoil tips

Green Hall
Triangular fill of the exit of a cwm on the N. side of the Afon Cain valley NW of Llanfechain. Dominated by glacial sand and gravel and includes the narrow platform/terrace to the SW.
British Geological Survey (2000), Sheet 137: Oswestry (1:50000); Ordnance Survey (1998), Explorer 239 (1:25,000 scale).

Cwm Maen Gwynedd
Broad valley, blunt to the NE and terminating in two cwms. To SE narrows to a gorge. Dominated by glacial deposit fill but includes narrow floodplain of the Afon Lwrch
River channel (natural). Waterfall / rapids. Flood plain. Slope. Spring
British Geological Survey (2000), Sheet 137: Oswestry (1:50000); Ordnance Survey (2000b), Explorer 255 (1:25,000 scale).
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Meander; Marsh/bog/fen.

Coed Mawr
Prominent block surrounded by drift filled valley systems and characterised by elongated SSW-NNE orientated ridges. Very steep sided in E and NE.

Welshpool
Terrace-like feature on the west side of the River Severn on which is sited Welshpool. Area largely built up and includes alluvium in the valley of the Nant-y-tews Brook. Several disused excavations probably in glacial sand and gravel.
River channel / canal (artificial). River channel (natural). Flood plain. Urban / industrial development
Extensively developed with consequent loss of natural features.
Ensure that no further significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged.
Ordnance Survey (1999), Explorer 216 (1:25,000 scale); Ordnance Survey (2000a), Explorer 240 (1:25,000 scale).

Abertridwr
Base of valley / cwm cut between the distinct WSW-ENE ridges of Allt-Boeth and Cefn Hifydd. Includes the subsidiary valley to the north of Glasgwm and hanging over Cwm Hirnant.
British Geological Survey (1986) Sheet 136: Bala (1:50000); Ordnance Survey (1998), Explorer 239 (1:25,000 scale).

Long Mountain
Distinct escarpment of Ludlow (Upper Silurian )rocks with steep north-western and western face and plateau-like top. Steep, incised stream valleys flow away to the south-east.
Lake / reservoir (artificial). Slope. Hill top. Scarp slope. Dip slope. Cwm/corrie
British Geological Survey. (1994) The Rocks of Wales / Gregiau Cymru (1:250000); Ordnance Survey (1999), Explorer 216 (1:25,000 scale); Ordnance Survey (2000a), Explorer 240 (1:25,000 scale); Woodcock and Bassett (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, Central Wales (UWP).

Ystym Colwyn
Terrace-like feature assumed to be dominated by fluvioglacial sheet deposits, probably including some river terrace deposits. Cut into and therefore separated from other similar areas by the contemporary Vyrnwy river system.
British Geological Survey (2000), Sheet 137: Oswestry (1:50000); Ordnance Survey (1998), Explorer 239 (1:25,000 scale); Ordnance Survey (2000a), Explorer 240 (1:25,000 scale).

Montgomery
Area with terrace-like form dominated by glacial deposits flanking the east side of the Llandyssil-Montgomery massif.
River terrace. Slope. Spring. Urban / industrial development
Dominantly a rural area with limited development.

Foel Gurig
Cwm dissected massif representing the continuation of the Llechwedd-Llywd area and with traces of SSW-NNE structural control on the topography.
Includes part of a regionally important site (Rhyader-Llangurig A470 pRIGS).
British Geological Survey (1993) Sheet 179: Rhyader (1:50000); Davies, et al. (1978), Geology of Powys in outcrop (PCC);
Davies et al. (1997), Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179; Ordnance Survey (1999), Explorer 214 (1:25,000 scale); Woodcock and Bassett (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, Central Wales (UWP).

Craig Garth-bwlch
Upland block at the SE end of lake Vyrnwy, with ridge and steep escarpment with a distinctly WSW-ENE structural orientation. SE side of Craig Garth is steep and on the eastern limb of the Llandderfel Syncline. Area to NW forms a saddle-like link with the Denbigh Grit (Middle Silurian) uplands of Dyfnant Forest, etc.
Typical landscape of geological unit. No notable sites recorded.
British Geological Survey (1986) Sheet 136: Bala (1:50000); Ordnance Survey (1998), Explorer 239 (1:25,000 scale);
Ordnance Survey (1999), Explorer 188 (1:25,000 scale); Woodcock and Bassett (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, Central Wales (UWP).

Lake Vyrnwy
Large artificial reservoir, flooding major NW-SE valley. Includes several tributaries with small streams and locally dissected terraces (of glacial deposits?) and small areas of narrow floodplain.
Active lowland river-flood plain system. Other
Lake / reservoir (artificial). River channel (natural). Flood plain. Cwm/corrie
Valley system flooded by reservoir with loss of most natural features and processes.
Maintain surviving parts of natural evolving system, minimise future intervention and ensure that no further significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged.
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif and junction with valley systems / reservoir.
British Geological Survey (1986) Sheet 136: Bala (1:50000); Ordnance Survey (1998), Explorer 239 (1:25,000 scale);.

Corndon Hill
Igneous rock upland dominated by a very steep sided rounded knoll with rocky crags.
Important landscape feature of the Shleve Ordovician Inlier with natural exposures.
British Geological Survey. (1994), Sheet 165: Montgomery (1:50000); Cave (2001), Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheet 165; Ordnance Survey (1999), Explorer 216 (1:25,000 scale); Woodcock and Bassett (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, Central Wales (UWP).

Mynydd Waun Fawr-Cefn Gwyn
Large upland block developed mainly in Wenlock sandstones (Middle Silurian). Crags typical in the north, aligned with a typical SW-NE structural trend. In the south outcrop swings round to a N by W/ S by E trend and a distinctive steeped landscape is characteristic, with occasional lakes in depressions between ''steps''. Significant escarpment developed in S and SW but in W and N is less prominent. Includes probable periglacial lobes on the hill slope NE of Y Foel.
Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). Slope. Hill top. Scarp slope. Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit. Coal / mineral spoil tips
Important upland massif with unique steeped topography, unusual periglacial features (NE of Y Foel) and at least two pRIGS sites (Tan y Foel Quarry pRIGS and Ty''n-y-Graig pRIGS).
British Geological Survey. (1994) The Rocks of Wales / Gregiau Cymru (1:250000); Davies, et al. (1978), Geology of Powys in outcrop (PCC); Ordnance Survey (1999), Explorer 216 (1:25,000 scale); Woodcock and Bassett (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, Central Wales (UWP).

Penygelli
Low peninsula within a bend of the River Mule., dominated by Wenlock (Middle Silurian) mudrocks with varied glacial drift deposits.
British Geological Survey. (1994), Sheet 165: Montgomery (1:50000); Cave (2001), Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheet 165; British Geological Survey. (1994), Sheet 165: Montgomery (1:50000); Ordnance Survey (1999), Explorer 215 (1:25,000 scale); Ordnance Survey (1999), Explorer 216 (1:25,000 scale); Woodcock and Bassett (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, Central Wales (UWP).

Nant Fyllon
Termination of Afon Cain section of River Vyrnwy system represented by a broad vale eroded in Upper Ordovician (Ashgill ) mudrocks, with cwms cut into surrounding uplands on all sides. Some solid geology exposures but dominated by drift
Ordnance Survey (1998), Explorer 239 (1:25,000 scale); Woodcock and Bassett (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, Central Wales (UWP).

Llanidloes-Severn-Dulas
Cwm, valley fills and fluvioglacial apron to valley sides including of the Severn and Dulas valleys. Includes the gently sloping platform on which Llanidloes sits.
Slope. Coal / mineral spoil tips. Urban / industrial development
Dominantly a rural area with limited development.
British Geological Survey (1993) Sheet 179: Rhyader (1:50000); Davies et al. (1997), Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179; Ordnance Survey (1999), Explorer 214 (1:25,000 scale).

Ffridd-Mathrafal
Undulating lowland block underlain by latest Ordovician-early Silurian mudrocks and separated from similar adjacent areas by drift filled valleys / river systems.
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged and that the SSSI is maintained in favourable condition by implementation of a management plan.
Nationally importnat geology including Ffridd Mothrafal Track Section SSSI.

Efailwag
Fluvioglacial apron / terrace on the north side of the Tanat valley.

Coedway
Small area of gentle slopes on the south side of the major Severn valley.

Penstrowed
Major NNE-SSW ridge of Wenlock sandstones (Middle Silurian) dissected by cwms. Very steep sided escarpment in central western area, with flattened plateau above and major wind farm. This area also includes well developed surface ridges, again with a NNE-SSW structural orientation. NNE part lower and descend towards valley to the north.
Slope. Hill top. Scarp slope. Spring. Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit. Coal / mineral spoil tips
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif and junction with valley systems; also County boundary.
Nationally important geology including Penstrowed SSSI.
Aldridge et al. (2000), Geological Conservation Review Series 17 (JNCC); British Geological Survey. (1994) The Rocks of Wales / Gregiau Cymru (1:250000); Davies, et al. (1978), Geology of Powys in outcrop (PCC); Dimberline and Woodcock (1987), Geological Journal 22: 73-86; Ordnance Survey (1999), Explorer 214 (1:25,000 scale); Ordnance Survey (1999), Explorer 215 (1:25,000 scale); Woodcock and Bassett (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, Central Wales (UWP).

Llifion Brook-New House
Terrace/ apron on the west side of the Severn valley, the valley of the Llifion Brook and the valley south of the confluence with the Afon Rhiw. Includes isolated bedrock mound of Beddau, SW of Garthwys, a possible glacial ''Roche moutonne''.
British Geological Survey. (1994), Sheet 165: Montgomery (1:50000); Cave (2001), Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheet 165; Ordnance Survey (1999), Explorer 215 (1:25,000 scale); Woodcock and Bassett (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, Central Wales (UWP).

Foel-Pen Croes
SSW-NNE orientated upland block with a pronounced rise above surrounding areas only from valleys to south and north. In central areas slopes more gentle but still forms slightly raised sub-plateau. Includes the major rhos pasture dominated depression of Llyn Coethlyn in a raised valley / cwm in the core of the area.
Slope. Hill top. Former lake (e.g. silted up). Spring
Includes significant silted up lake with potential pRIGS status (e.g. for climactic/floral record.).
Maintain landscape character and ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged. Ensure that potential pRIGS site is investigated and if appropriate safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping.
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif and junction with surrounding valley systems.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry; Marsh/bog/fen;

Mynydd y Bryn
Distinct very steep sided hills rising on the east side of the Cynllaith valley and cut by the glacial Cwm Sycharth...
Maintain landscape character and ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged...
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif and junction with valley systems...
Typical landscape of geological unit... No notable sites recorded...
Ordnance Survey (2000a), Explorer 240 (1:25,000 scale); Woodcock and Bassett (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, Central Wales (UWP)...
Additional Level 4 features include: Natural crags and inland outcrops...

Dyfnant
Cwms and drift apron on the south and west sides of the upper Vyrnwy valley and Cwm Conwy.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; ?Disused quarry.

Caebita-Camlad
Broad depositional basin dominated by lacustrine deposits with areas of alluvium and very small areas of peat; glacial deposits also significant.

Carreghofa
Sub-triangular area of glacial sand and gravel above the level of the Waen river floodplain, in part undulating or with terrace-like feature.
Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). River terrace. Former lake (e.g. silted up). Urban / industrial development
British Geological Survey (2000), Sheet 137: Oswestry (1:50000); Ordnance Survey (2000a), Explorer 240 (1:25,000 scale).

Fforest
Upland block rising up from the Van valley to form the high elongated ridge of Fforest in the north. Southern part includes Van Mine.
Includes regionally important site (Clywedog Dam pRIGS, part).
British Geological Survey. (1994) The Rocks of Wales / Gregiau Cymru (1:250000); Davies, et al. (1978), Geology of Powys in outcrop (PCC); Ordnance Survey (1999), Explorer 214 (1:25,000 scale); Ordnance Survey (1999), Explorer 215 (1:25,000 scale);

Deuddwr
Undulating area including small knoll-like hills in the west and a more elongated ridges in the south and NE. Overall form is a plunging syncline with Llandovery (Lower Silurian) in the core and Ordovician to the NE and SE.
Lake / reservoir (artificial). Slope. Hill top. Spring
Typical landscape of geological units. No notable sites recorded.

Prominent upland block rising above the depression of Aberhosan with an initial crescent shaped escarpment... Includes the source of the rivers and streams of the latter area... Cwms also developed locally along the scarp face and crags... Passes southwards to the plateau of Hafren Forest and round to Llanguris where a lower eastern scarp shows some glacial deposit filled cwms... Includes extensive former workings for lead...
River channel (natural). Waterfall / rapids. Slope. Hill top. Scarp slope. Plateau. Cwm/corrie
Dominantly rural area with limited development...
Major upland block with a large number of geoconservation sites including 4 SSSIs (Dyliffe Mine SSSI, Ceunant Twynyn SSSI, Mwyngloddfa Ceulon SSSI and Mwyngloddfa Nautidgo SSSI) in addition to Dyliffe Mines pRIGS...
British Geological Survey... (1994) The Rocks of Wales / Gregiau Cymru (1:250000); Campbell and Bowen (1989), Geological Conservation Review: Quaternary of Wales (NCC); Davies, et al... (1978), Geology of Powys in outcrop (PCC); Ordnance Survey (1999), Explorer 215 (1:25,000 scale); Woodcock and Bassett (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, Central Wales (UWP)...
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry; Natural crags and inland outcrops; Mine shaft/adit; Marsh/bog/fen...

AvonTaf
Straight U-shaped Afon Taf river valley floor below Merthyr. Valley partly fault controlled by Merthyr/Church fault. Floor covered by alluvium, river terrace material and glacial sand/gravel.
Glacial U-shaped valley. River channel (natural). Flood plain
Conserve as existing - -dynamic environment
Outcrop area of fluvial and glacial deposits in valley floor
Alluvial valley floor in glacial U-shaped valley
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 231 Merthyr, S&D, 1979; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Barclay, W.J., Taylor, K. and Thomas, L.P. 1988. Geology of the South Wales coalfield. Part 5, The country around Merthyr Tydfil : Memoir of the British Geological Survey, S
Floor of u-shaped Avon Taf below Merthyr, alluvium, river terrace and glacial sand/gravel. Controlled by Merthyr Church fault

AvonTaf Fawr
Straight U-shaped Afon Taf Fawr river valley floor and lower slopes between Nant Wern Ddu and Tynycym. Valley partly fault controlled (Merthyr Fault). Floor covered by alluvium, terraced sand and gravel, glacial sand and gravel. Alluvial fan below Llwyn-on Reservoir.
Ancient upland river / stream systems. Other
Lake / reservoir (artificial). Alluvial fan (active). Glacial U-shaped valley. River channel (natural). Flood plain
Outcrop area of valley floor fluvial and fluvioglacial sediments
U-shaped, fault controlled glacial river valley floor, with fluvial and fluvioglacial sediments
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 231 Merthyr, S&D, 1979; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Barclay, W.J., Taylor, K. and Thomas, L.P. 1988. Geology of the South Wales coalfield. Part 5, The country around Merthyr Tydfil : Memoir of the British Geological Survey, S
Floor of U-shaped Avon Taf Fawr above Merthyr, alluvium, river terrace and glacial sand/gravel. Fault controlled (Merthyr Church fault )

Quaker’s Yard
Incised V-shaped meander of Avon Taf at Quaker's Yard, dissecting high-level plateau formed by sandstones of South Wales Pennant Fm. Regional E-W synform in Pennant sandstones. NNW-SSE Kilkenny Fault cutting across neck of meander. Lower slopes covered by boulder clay, glacial sand/gravel.
Ancient upland river / stream systems. Other. Active upland river or stream channel system
Fault controlled meander of Afon Taf where glacier ice moving down the Taf branched, one tongue flowing east into the high-level valley south of Treharris and joining with ice from the Bargoed Taf [MERTHRGL0016]
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 231 Merthyr, S&D, 1979; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 248 Pontypridd, S&D, 1975; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 249 Newport, SwD, 1975; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Barclay, W.J., Taylor, K. and Thomas, L.P. 1988. Geolo
Symmetrical V-shaped meander of Avon Taf, cut into S-dipping Pennant Sandstone plateau, filled with terraced glacial sand/gravel, boulder clay.

Cwm Mafon
U-shaped hanging Cwm Mafon valley above the Afon Taf, dissected into the high level sandstone plateau in the South Wales Pennant Formation sandstones, which are folded into the E-W Gelligaer synform. Valley slopes covered with boulder clay. Disused sandstone quarry.
Watershed of glacial valley in Pennant plateau
Glacial hanging valley dissected into Pennant sandstone upland plateau
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 231 Merthyr, S&D, 1979; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution)
1:25 000 Explorer Map 166 Rhondda and Merthyr Tydfil; Barclay, W.J., Taylor, K. and Thomas, L.P. 1988. Geology of the South Wales coalfield. Part 5, The country around Merth
U-shaped hanging valley above Avon Taf, cut into S-dipping Pennant Sandstone, filled with boulder clay. Regional Gelligaer system

Aberfan
Steep western slopes of U-shaped fault controlled Afon Taf valley, dissecting high-level sandstone plateau of gently S-dipping South Wales Pennant Formation. Eroded cirque qbove Upper Abercanad. Patchy cover of boulder clay and head on slopes. Major deep rotational landslip with rock face above Tarren y Gigfan. Disused quarries, coal mines and made ground.
Upland valley slope. Mass movement. Mineral workings. Other
W side of valley in South Wales Pennant Fm
Rotational periglacial landslip, eroded cirque; Pennant stratigraphy
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 231 Merthyr, S&D, 1979; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 248 Pontypridd, S&D, 1975; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Barclay, W.J., Taylor, K. and Thomas, L.P. 1988. Geology of the South Wales coalfield. Part 5, The country aroun
Steep western slopes of straight U-shaped Avon Taf valley, cut into S-dipping sandstone-dominated Coal Measures. Major landslip. Disused mines

Merthyr Vale
Steep eastern slopes above Afon Taf dissected into high level sandstone plateau of gently S-dipping South Wales Pennant Fm. Ne-SW faults. Patchy boulder clay and peat cover. Major landslip at Mount Pleasant. Disused sandstone quarries, closed mine shafts and coal waste tips, made ground.
Upland valley slope. Upland plateau. Mass movement
Glacial U-shaped valley. Landslip (ancient). Coal / mineral spoil tips. Made ground
E slopes of valley in South Wales Pennant Fm
Rotational periglacial landslip; Pennant stratigraphy, coal and sandstone workings
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 231 Merthyr, S&D, 1979; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 248 Pontypridd, S&D, 1975; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Barclay, W.J., Taylor, K. and Thomas, L.P. 1988. Geology of the South Wales coalfield. Part 5, The country aroun
Steep eastern slopes of Avon Taf valley, cut into S-dipping Pennant Sandstone high-level plateau. Major landslip. Disused quarries, mines, tips.

Gellideg
OS Data, Aerial Photographs. Satellite Imagery Interpretation. Fieldwork
Shallow western slope above Afon Taf with two minor tributary valleys, dissected into gently S-dipping mudstone-dominated succession of Namurian Middle Shale - Productive Coal formations... Bounded to E by NNW-SSE Merthyr / Church Fault... Widespread cover of boulder clay on slopes... Extensive made ground after coal and iron mining - closed coal mines, waste tips, old iron workings...
Upland valley slope. Mineral workings. Other
Ensure that RIGS and potential RIGS sites are safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping.
Mudstone dominated Namurian-Westphalian succession on W of valley... Bounded to E by Merthyr Church Fault
Includes Regionally Important Geological Sites selected through the South Wales RIGS survey (2013). Includes key geomorphological features as landscape components.
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 231 Merthyr, S&D, 1979; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency... Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Barclay, W...J..., Taylor, K... and Thomas, L...P... 1988... Geology of the South Wales coalfield... Part 5, The country around Merthyr Tydfil : Memoir of the British Geol
South Wales RIS survey (2013); LANDMAP monitoring project (2012-2013).
Shallow western slopes above Avon Taf, S-dipping mudstone-dominated Coal Measures covered by boulder clay... Disused quarries, mines, tips, extensive made ground

Dowlais Top
N-facing scarp slope to east of Afon Taf, in S-dipping Productive Coal Formation, between Upper Cwmgorse Marine Band and Farewell Rock Formation. Minor tributary valleys draining down scarp. Cut by NW-SE Penydarren and Dowlais faults. Extensive boulder clay cover, and made ground, with numerous disused shalfts and adits, waste tips and reclaimed opencast coal mines. Iron works and waste tip.
Coal / mineral spoil tips. Made ground. Reclaimed land
Upper Cwmgorse Marine Band - Farewell Rock Fm, bounded to W by Afon Taf (Merthyr Church Fault)
Productive Coal Formation, many old coal and iron workings, large areas of made and reclaimed land
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 231 Merthyr, S&D, 1979; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Barclay, W.J., Taylor, K. and Thomas, L.P. 1988. Geology of the South Wales coalfield. Part 5, The country around Merthyr Tydfil : Memoir of the British Geological Survey, S
Scarp slope and tributary valleys in S-dipping mudstone-dominated Coal Measures, extensive boulder clay cover. Disused mines, quarries, tips, extensive made ground.

Pen-y-darren
Moderate S-facing dip slopes to east of Taff valley, in gently S-dipping mudstones of Namurian Middle Shale Formation - L Westphalian Farewell Rock Formation. Extensive boulder clay cover. Cut by NW-SE Dowlais and Gurnos faults. Some areas of made ground.
Dip slope. Coal / mineral spoil tips. Made ground
Outcrop area of Middle Shale - Farewell Rock fms E of Afon Taf.
Dip slopes in Namurian Middle Shales - L Westphalian Farewell Rock Fm; areas of made ground
Moderate slope in mudstone-dominated Coal Measures and Farewell Rock sandstones. Extensive boulder clay cover, made ground. NW major faults

Bryniau
Extensive S-facing dip slope in Millstone Grit Basal Grit Formation sandstones and conglomerates, cut by NW-SE faults... Karstic shake holes near base of Basal Grit, and slope covered by loose blocks (clitter)... Patchy boulder clay cover on slope... Disused quarries...
Outcrop area of Basal Grit Fm E of Afon Taf Fawr
Karstic dip slope in Millstone Grit Basal Grit Fm
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 231 Merthyr, S&D, 1979; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency... Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Barclay, W...J..., Taylor, K... and Thomas, L...P... 1988... Geology of the South Wales coalfield... Part 5, The country around Merthyr Tydfil : Memoir of the British Geol
Extensive dip slope in S-dipping Millstone Grit, cut by NW-stricking faults... PAtchy boulder caly cover... Swallow holes, clitter... Disused quarries

Cwm Taf Fechan
S-facing Dinantian Carboniferous Limestone dip slope with karstic shake holes east of Taf Fawr, incised by meandering steep-sided river Cwm Taf Fechan valley. Peat and boulder clay cover on slopes. NW-SE Dowlais/Gurnos Fault controlling tributary Nant y Glais valley. Caves, small areas of tufa in valleys, extensive head cover on lower valley slopes. Steep slopes into Taf Fawr to W, with head flanking slopes. Working Vaynor quarry, and several disused limestone quarries.
Upland valley slope. Mineral workings. Other
Outcrop area of Carboniferous Limestone E of Taf Fawr
SSSI Nant Glais Caves (303960 210675); Karstic dip slope, incised valleys with caves, tufa, working and disused limestone quarries; Potential RIGS
:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 231 Merthyr, S&D, 1979; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Barclay, W.J., Taylor, K. and Thomas, L.P. 1988. Geology of the South Wales coalfield. Part 5, The country around Merthyr Tydfil : Memoir of the British Geological Survey,
S-dip slope in Carboniferous Limestone, cut by steep sided, meadndering Cwm Taf Fechan. Extensive boulder clay, head. Major NW faults. Quarries

Garn Ddu
Undulating upland area in gently to steeply S-dipping Lower - Upper Old Red Sandstone, dissected by steep slopes into Taf Fawr and Taf Fechan valleys. Extensive cover of peat on high ground, and boulder clay in valleys, head on steep Taf valley slopes.
ORS stratigraphy; sandstone dip slopes; upper glacial valleys
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 231 Merthyr, S&D, 1979; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); Barclay, W.J., Taylor, K. and Thomas, L.P. 1988. Geology of the South Wales coalfield. Part 5, The country around Merthyr Tydfil : Memoir of the British Geological Survey, S
Undulating high ground in S-dipping Devonian sandstones, steep slopes into river valleys. Boulder clay in valleys, extensive peat on high ground

Cefn Car
Upland area in gently to steeply S and W-dipping ORS and Dinantian Carboniferous Limestone east of Taf Fawr, with straight Nant Car hanging valley... Bounded to N and S by ENE-WSW Neath Fault Zone faults... Extensive peat on high ground, and boulder clay in Nant Car... Shake holes on Limestone...
Upland valley slope. Upland plateau. Glacial mountain valley. upland karst
Bounded to N and S by Neath Fault Zone strands
Neath Fault Zone; karstic geomorphology, hanging valley
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 231 Merthyr, S&D, 1979; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 232 Abergavenny, S&D, 1990; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency... Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Barclay, W...J..., 1989... Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part II, the country around Abergavenny... M
high ground in S-dipping Limestone and Devonian along Neath Fault Zone... Hanging Nant Car valley filled by boulder clay... Extensive peat

Cwm Llysiog
High level plateau of S-facing dip slope in Devonian Upper Old Red Sandstone Grey Grits, dissected by V-shaped tributary valleys to Taf Fawr. Cliff lines in upper parts of valleys. N-S and NE-SW faults cut slopes, and synform interrupts regional S-dip. Extensive peat cover on plateau, and boulder clay in Nant Gwinau, landslips.
Upland plateau in ORS extending to N beyond Merthyr
Upland plateau crags and dip slope in U ORS Grey Grits
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 231 Merthyr, S&D, 1979;1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 232 Abergavenny, S&D, 1990; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Barclay, W.J., 1989. Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part II, the country around Abergavenny. Memoir of Br
High level plateau in mainly S0dipping Devonian sandstones cut by tributary valleys. Extensive hill peat, boulder clay in valleys

Cwm Cothi
NW-SE tributary valley to Cwm Bargoed, cut into high-level sandstone plateau of S-dipping South Wales Pennant Formation. S side of valley controlled by NW-SE Llanfabon Fault, cwm at head of valley. Boulder clay in valley floor. Disused quatrries and colliery waste tips, mine shafts.
Watershed of glacial tributary valley in South Wales Pennant Fm
Tributary valley dissecting Pennant sandstone high level plateau
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 231 Merthyr, S&D, 1979; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 248 Pontypridd, S&D, 1975; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Barclay, W.J., Taylor, K. and Thomas, L.P. 1988. Geology of the South Wales coalfield. Part 5, The country aroun
Tributary valley cut into high level plateau in S-dipping Pennant Sandstone, floor filled by boulder caly. Disused quarries, mines, tips

Trelewis
Lower reaches of U-shaped Cwm Bargoed valley cut into high-level sandstone plateau of South Wales Pennant Formation, joining the E-W Nelson Gap in S. Hinge zone of E-W Gelligaer syncline, with dips to E, N and S, and cut by NW-SE Gelligaer-Llanfabon fault zone. Widespread boulder clay, glacial sand/gravel in valley floor. Waste tips (some unstable) and old coal workings.
luvial. ?Mass movement (unstable colliery tips).
Glacial U-shaped valley. Landslip (active). Coal / mineral spoil tips
Tributary valley to E of Bargoed Taf in South Wales Pennant Fm above Mynydd Islwyn coal
Glacial U-shaped valley, Pennant stratigraphy, coal workings
U-shaped valley joining E-W Nelson gap in south, cut into Pennant Sandstone plateau. Glacial sand/gravel in valley, widespread boulder clay

Cwm Bargoed
Flat floor of fault controlled, U-shaped Bargoed-Taf valley, covered with glacial sand and gravel, and by alluvium N of Coed Bargoed. Closed colliery shaft and workings in floor north of Taff Merthyr colliery.
Glacial U-shaped valley. Coal / mineral spoil tips
Fluvial and fluvioglacial sediments of glacial U-shaped valley floor
Flat floor of Bargoed-Taf valley, infilled with alluvium and glacial sand/gravel. Old mine workings and waste tips

Craig Penddeugae
Steep western slopes of U-shaped Cwm Bargoed, with large landslip area, dissected into S-dipping high-level sandstone plateau of South Wales Pennant Formation, and cut by several major NW-SE faults. Line of cliffs at Craig Penddergae above large landslip between Penddergae Fawr and Bryn Caerau. Lower slopes in Productive Coal Formation with closed coal mine shafts and adits, disused quarries and waste tips. Boulder clay cover in Nant y Fedw, and in northern parts of Bargoed Taf valleys.
Upland valley slope. Mass movement. Mineral workings
Glacial U-shaped valley. Landslip (ancient). Coal / mineral spoil tips
W slopes of valley in Productive Coal Fm and South Wales Pennant Fm
Upland plateau and W slopes of U-shaped valley; Pennant stratigraphy, landslip, coal workings and quarries
Steep western slopes of U-shaped Cwm Bargoed, cut into S-dipping Pennant Sandstone high-level plateau. Large landslip backed by cliffs. Disused mines, tips.

Gelligaer Common
Steep eastern slopes of U-shaped Bargoed Taf valley, dissected by three prominent tributary valleys, cut through high-level sandstone plateau of gently S-dipping South Wales Pennant Formation and Productive Coal Formation. NW-SE faults cut the slopes, and regional E-W syncline and anticline affects the general S-dip. Boulder clay cover on lower slopes and in tributary valleys. Closed coal mine shafts and adits, disused coal waste tips.
Glacial U-shaped valley. Glacial hanging valley. Coal / mineral spoil tips
W side of valley in Productive Coal Fm and South Wales Pennant Fm
E slopes of U-shaped valley; Productive Coal - S Wales Pennant fms stratigraphy, coal workings
Steep eastern slope of U-shaped Bargoed-Taf, with tributary valleys, cut into S-dipping Pennant Sandstone high-level plateau. Boulder clay in valleys

Crymlyn Bog
Flat-lying marsh in N-S fault "graben" between Tawe and Nedd valley mounds. Covered with peat, behind coastal sand dunes of NPTGL002.
Biological SSSI; peat covered marsh in fault graben area
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet E247 Swansea (SwD) 1977; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution);1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 35 West Glamorgan, 1990; Strahan, A. 1907. The geology of the South Wales coalfield. Part 8, The country around Swansea. Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheet 248; London, HMSO, 170pp; 1:25 000 Explorer Map

Jersey Marine
Low hills in E-W striking (N-dipping) South Wales Pennant Formation (Lower-Upper Pennant Measures) sandstones and coals, with rounded dip and strike ridges. Prominent NNW-SSE fault gully in dissected plateau. Also fault bounded to E by N-S fault. Extensive boulder clay cover on dip slopes. Coal mines and adits in Skewen.
Fault bounded to E, Graigola coal to N, marsh to W
Pennant sandstones and coals, with old mines, in dissected plateau
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet E247 Swansea (SwD) 1977; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution);1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 35 West Glamorgan, 1990; Strahan, A. 1907. The geology of the South Wales coalfield. Part 8, The country around Swansea. Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheet 248; London, HMSO, 170pp; 1:25 000 Explorer Map

Crymlyn Burrows
Broad coastal strip of sand dunes, stabilised dunes forming hummocky ground surface behind active dune systems.
Superficial deposits. Structural features. Active processes
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet E247 Swansea (SwD) 1977; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution);1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 35 West Glamorgan, 1990; Strahan, A. 1907. The geology of the South Wales coalfield. Part 8, The country around Swansea. Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheet 248; London, HMSO, 170pp; 1:25 000 Explorer Map

Pant y Sais
E-W striking hills in (N-dipping) sandstones with thin coals of the South Wales Pennant Formation (lower Pennant Measures), form rounded, dip and strike ridges. Bounded by Nedd valley mouth to E, and with former alluvial floodplain of Burrows Sidings to E. Prominent N-S fault gully. Boulder clay on slopes. Blown sand on coastal facing slopes.
Protect stratigraphical SSSI; for rest of area, conserve as existing
Bounded by alluvial plain to E and W, dune system to S.
SSSI Earlswood Road Cutting 273060 194022 - Upper Carboniferous stratigraphy

Mynydd Drumau
Fault bounded (N-S) upland plateau of E-W synform in South Wales Pennant Formation Swansea Beds sandstones, bounded by steep slopes to E and S into Neath and Clydach valleys. Plateau tilts gently to SW. Boulder clay on plateau (mostly in Swansea). Mines and quarries along scarp slopes on E side.
Fault bounded to E, Tawe valley to NW, Swansea to W.
Swansea Beds dissected sandstone plateau with coals
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet E247 Swansea (SwD) 1977; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet E230 Ammanford (S&D) 1977; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution);1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 35 West Glamorgan, 1990; Archer, A.A. 1968. Geology of the South Wales coalfield. The upper Carboniferous and later formations of the Gwendraeth Valley an

Rhos
N-S graben (Duffryn and Rhydding, Cwm Felen faults) in EW synformal fold in South Wales Pennant Formation sandstones with coals, forming valley feature between Pennant plateau ridges, dissected by N-S Clydach river. Extensive cover of boulder clay. Alluvium and patches of glacial sand and gravel in valley floor. Disused coal mines and shafts.
Fault bounded graben, Tawe (N) and Nedd (S) valleys.
Fault graben in South Wales Pennant Fm sandstones and coals
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet E247 Swansea (SwD) 1977
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet E230 Ammanford (S&D) 1977; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution);1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 35 West Glamorgan, 1990; Archer, A.A. 1968. Geology of the South Wales coalfield. The upper Carboniferous and later formations of the Gwendraeth Valley an

Blaenhonddan
NNE-SSW to N-S sandstone ridge, fault bounded to W, in E-W synformal core of South Wales Pennant Formation Hughes Beds above Hughes/Wennallt coal. Large Gilfach quarry on plateau forming top of ridge. Small area of boulder clay on E side. Mine shafts and levels (disused).
N-S fault to W, Hughes coal at base of plateau.
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet E247 Swansea (SwD) 1977
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet E230 Ammanford (S&D) 1977; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution);1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 35 West Glamorgan, 1990; Archer, A.A. 1968. Geology of the South Wales coalfield. The upper Carboniferous and later formations of the Gwendraeth Valley an

Mynydd Marchywel
E-SW ridge of S dipping South Wales Pennant Formation (Lower Pennant Measures) sandstones with coals forming W and E facing slopes, capped by resistant Hughes Beds sandstones to S. N-S and NE-SW faults. NW facing slopes form steep side of Tawe valley. Small area of Productive Coal Formation mudstones with coals in E. Bounded by NNW-SSE Nant Marl fault to E. Extensive boulder clay on dip slopes in Clydach and Dulais valleys. Peat on higher slopes. Landslip into Tawe valley at Y Darren Widdon,
Upland valley slope. Mass movement. Engineered features and reclaimed / infilled land
Landslip (ancient). Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit. Made ground
Nant Marl Fault to E, Rhydding Fault to W, Tawe to N, Nedd to S
South Wales Pennant Formation sandstones and coals in dissected ridge, with Y Darren Widdon landslip
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet E247 Swansea (SwD) 1977; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 231 Merthyr, S&D, 1979; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 248 Pontypridd, S&D, 1975; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet E230 Ammanford (S&D) 1977; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution);
1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 35 West Glamorgan, 1990; Archer, A

Pantgwyn
N-S ridge of S dipping resistant South Wales Pennant Formation Hughes Beds sandstones, dissected to E and W by N-S valleys. Bounded on W side by N-S faults, and by Tawe valley to S. Some boulder clay on upper slopes.
Bounded to W by faults. Hughes coal at base forming boundary.
Hughes Beds sandstones in dissected upland ridge
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet E230 Ammanford (S&D) 1977; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution);1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 35 West Glamorgan, 1990; Archer, A.A. 1968. Geology of the South Wales coalfield. The upper Carboniferous and later formations of the Gwendraeth Valley and adjoining areas British Geological Survey, Special Memoir

Upper Clydach valley
Upland plateau in S-dipping sandstone dominated South Wales Pennant Formation (Lower Pennnant Measures) and underlying mudstone dominated Productive Coal Formation dissected by S draining Upper Clydach and tributary Egel valley and Cwm Du valley. Steep valley slopes covered with boulder clay in lower parts. Valley floors broad, with alluvium in channels. N-S and NNW-SSE faults; Cwm Du valley partly fault controlled. Mines in Clydach valley (Cwm Gors) and Cwm Du valley. Landslips below sandston
Glacial mountain valley. Mass movement. Mineral workings. Other
Landslip (ancient). Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit
NNW-SSE fault to W, Tawe to S, Upper Cwmgorse marine band to N (Near top of mudstones dominated Coal Measures Group)
Productive Coal Fm - South Wales Pennant Fm succession with large landslips at base of sandstones; coal mines
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet E230 Ammanford (S&D) 1977; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution);1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 35 West Glamorgan, 1990; Archer, A.A. 1968. Geology of the South Wales coalfield. The upper Carboniferous and later formations of the Gwendraeth Valley and adjoining areas British Geological Survey, Special Memoir

Banc John
N-S fault bounded plateau of S-dipping South Wales Pennant Formation Hughes Beds sandstones forming upper W-facing slopes of N-S Cwm Clydach valley. Boulder clay on tributary valley slopes, some alluvium on floors.
Fault bounded to W, edge of Neath Port Talbot to W and N
Hughes Beds sandstone plateau of upper Cwm Clydach valley slopes
Environment Agency. Sheet 35 West Glamorgan, 1990; Archer, A.A. 1968. Geology of the South Wales coalfield. The upper Carboniferous and later formations of the Gwendraeth Valley and adjoining areas British Geological Survey, Special Memoir for sheet E229 & pts E230, E246, HMSO [for the] Institute of Geological Sciences, London. 216pp.
Strahan, A., et al. 1907. The geology of the South Wales coalfield. Part 7, The country around Ammanford. Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheet 230, Lo

Trebanog
NW-SE ridge in gently S dipping South Wales Pennant Formation Hughes Beds sandstones, forming plateau between E-facing slopes of Upper Clydach river and W facing into Cwm Clydach valley. Some head on slopes to Tawe.
Hughes Beds sandstone plateau forming ridge between U Clydach and Cwm Clydach valleys
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet E230 Ammanford (S&D) 1977; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution);1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 35 West Glamorgan, 1990; Archer, A.A. 1968. Geology of the South Wales coalfield. The upper Carboniferous and later formations of the Gwendraeth Valley and adjoining areas British Geological Survey, Special Memoir

Gwaun Cae Gurwen
Lower lying E-W plateau of S-dipping Productive Coal Formation mudstones and coals between Millstone Grit Group ridge to N and South Wales Pennant Formation plateau to S. Dip slopes covered extensively by boulder clay and dissected by W flowing E-W Ammon valley and N-S upper Clydach and Cwm Du valleys and NW-SE Afon Twrch valley. Mines and made ground and worked out opencasts. Patches of peat across low slopes. NNW-SSE to N-S faults.
Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit. Made ground
Sandstones dominated Coal Measures to S, edge of Neath Port Talbot to W, N and E
Glacial drift covered Productive Coal Measures with extensive mining

Tawe valley
Broad fault controlled NE-SW (Tawe Disturbance), U-shaped Afon Tawe alluvial floodplain and channel, bordered by glacial sand and gravel terraces, with alluvial fans at the mouths of the upper Clydach and Cwm Du valleys. Mine adit and made ground in valley floor at Ystalyfera. Landslips into valley from S at Ystalyfera and Trebanos.
Ancient upland river / stream systems. Glacial mountain valley. Mass movement. Mineral workings. Active upland river or stream channel system
Alluvial fan (ancient). Landslip (ancient). Made ground
Tectonic feature of Tawe valley disturbance, U-shaped major glacial valley, landslips

Hirfynydd
Upland plateau with NW-SE strike ridges of South Wales Pennant Formation (Llynfi-Brithdir Beds) sandstones with coals forming SW plunging regional synform, dissected deeply by N-S tributary valleys to Afon Nedd and E-W Crynant valley into Afon Dulais. N-S major faults (Dip Fach, Tweedle) controlling valleys. U-shaped Rheola Brook valley with cirque (Craig Clwtd Fechan) at head. Landslips on steep valley sides below sandstones at Craig Clwyd Fechan and Craig Clwyd. Waterfalls over sandstone ste
Mountain glacial-erosion terrain. Glacial mountain valley. Mass movement. Mineral workings. Other
Cwm/corrie. Landslip (ancient). Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit. Glacial U-shaped valley
Upper Cwmgorse marine band (base of South Wales Pennant Formation), fault to W, Nedd to S.
Pennant sandstone succession in regional synform, forming plateau dissected by fault controlled valleys with cirques at heads; landslips
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 231 Merthyr, S&D, 1979;Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution);1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 35 West Glamorgan, 1990; Barclay, W.J., Taylor, K. and Thomas, L.P. 1988. Geology of the South Wales coalfield. Part 5, The country around Merthyr Tydfil : Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheet 231 (England a

Seven Sisters
Lower lying plateau of NE-SW regional antiform in Productive Coal Measures mudstones with coals, dissected by NE-SE upper Dulais river valley. Broad slopes covered extensively by boulder clay and cut by NNW-SSE to N-S faults. Coal mines and areas of made ground along valley. Alluvium in broad valley floor.
Ancient upland river / stream systems. Mass movement. Mineral workings. Other
Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit. Made ground
NNW-SSE faults to E, Upper Cwmgorse Marine Band, Edge of Neath Port Talbot to N
Glacial drift covered Productive Coal Fm with extensive mining
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 231 Merthyr, S&D, 1979;Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution);1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 35 West Glamorgan, 1990; Barclay, W.J., Taylor, K. and Thomas, L.P. 1988. Geology of the South Wales coalfield. Part 5, The country around Merthyr Tydfil : Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheet 231 (England a

Rheola Wood
Steep SE facing lower scarp slopes of U-shaped, fault-controlled Afon Nedd valley in NE dipping Productive Coal Formation mudstones with coals. Large landslip below South Wales Pennant Formation sandstones at Crugau Wood; also Pentre-clwydau. Boulder clay on lower slopes. NW-SE to N-S faults, and NE-SW fault at foot of slope along valley.
Fault to E, Nedd to S, Upper Marine Cwmgorse marine band to N.
Productive Coal Formation mudstones with coals forming SE-facing slopes of Nedd valley; large landslips
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 231 Merthyr, S&D, 1979;Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution);1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 35 West Glamorgan, 1990; Barclay, W.J., Taylor, K. and Thomas, L.P. 1988. Geology of the South Wales coalfield. Part 5, The country around Merthyr Tydfil : Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheet 231 (England a

Banwen
Steep E and S facing slopes below South Wales Pennant Formation in S-W and N-dipping mudstones and coals of Productive Coal Formation around closure of plunging NE-SW regional synform, cut by major NNW-SSE faults and forming slopes to NW-SE Afon Pyrddin. Extensive cover of boulder clay on lower slopes and some peat. Very large worked out opencast area and opencast workings on E facing slopes, with areas of made ground.
Mass movement. Mineral workings. Engineered features and reclaimed / infilled land. Other
Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit. Made ground
Faults to W and E, Nedd to S, Edge of Neath Port Talbot to N.
Glacial drift covered Productive Coal Fm with large opencast; made ground in worked out areas

Pryddin valley
E to N facing slopes in Farewell Rock sandstones - lower Productive Coal Formation mudstones dipping NW-W-SW around closure of regional NE-SW synform, dissected by Afon Pyrddin NW-SE to N-S valley. Valley slopes steep, cutting down to Millstone Grit sandstones along river. Waterfalls over sandstone steps in river valley. Landslip below Farewell Rock into valley below Craig Tonygilfach. NNW-SSE faults. Boulder clay on slopes, and peat.
Active upland river or stream channel system. Glacial mountain valley. Mass movement
Fault to E, NEdd to S, Pryddin (and edge of Neath Port Talbot to E)
SSSI Dyffrynoedd Nedda Mellte a Moel Penderyn 291959 209324 - U Carboniferous, Variscan structures

Afon Nedd
E-SW fault controlled U-shaped broad valley floodplain and channel, flanked by steep valley slopes, broadening below Neath to plain with sand flats. Alluvium in valley floor. Terraces of sand and gravel flank floodplain in upper stretch, with alluvial fans at valley mouths. Glacial sand and gravel terraces, recessional moraine at Tonna, Aberdulais and Clyne, lake sediments at Resolven. Fluvioglacial terrace below Aberdulais, broadening at Neath. Sand flats on both sides and widely meandering
Active upland river or stream channel system. Ancient upland river / stream systems. Other
Neath Fault Zone tectonically controlled, major glacial valley
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 231 Merthyr, S&D, 1979; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 248 Pontypridd, S&D, 1975; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet E247 Swansea (SwD) 1977; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution);1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 35 West Glamorgan, 1990; Barclay, W.J., Taylor, K. and Thomas, L.P. 1988. Geology of the South W

Blaengwrath
N-facing slopes of SW-S dipping Productive Coal Formation - South Wales Pennant Formation Llynfi Beds mudstone dominated Coal Measures, with coals dissected by NNW-SSE faults controlling N-draining tributaries to Nedd. Extensive boulder clay cover on slopes, with patches of peat. Disused mines and made ground, and opencasts (Selar) across wide areas of strike. Landslip below overlying South Wales Pennant sandstones W of Twyn Gwyn.
Upland valley slope. Mass movement. Mineral workings. Other
Nedd to N, sandstone dominated South Wales Pennant Formation (Rhonndda Beds) to S.
SSSI Cwm Grwelych and Nant Llyn Fach Streams 290554 215211 - U Carboniferous

Mynydd Resolven
NW facing steep slopes in South Wales Pennant Formation sandstones of Llynfi-Brithdir Beds (Lower Pennant Measures) below Hughes Beds sandstone plateau, dissected by deep and steep; NE-SW into ESE-WSW U-shaped Clydach Brook valley with NW-facing cirque at head. Boulder clay in valley floor and on broad, U-shaped but less steep Melin Court Brook SE-NW valley with eroded cirque. Mines and levels along slopes. NW-SE to NNW-SSE faults controlling topography. Waterfalls over sandstone steps in rive
Mountain glacial-erosion terrain. Glacial mountain valley. Mass movement. Mineral workings. Other
Cwm/corrie. Landslip (ancient). Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit. Made ground. Glacial U-shaped valley
Base of Hughes Beds to S, Faults to E and W, Nedd to NW
Dissected slopes in Pennant (Llynfi-Brithdir Beds) sandstone succession; glacial cirques; landslips, mining
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 231 Merthyr, S&D, 1979; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 248 Pontypridd, S&D, 1975; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet E247 Swansea (SwD) 1977; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution);1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 35 West Glamorgan, 1990; Barclay, W.J., Taylor, K. and Thomas, L.P. 1988. Geology of the South W

Foel Fynyddau
Steep upland slopes in NE-SW striking N and NE dipping sandstones and coals of the South Wales Pennant Formation Llynfi-Brithdir Beds (Lower Pennant Measures), dissected by NE-SW Afon Afan river valley and tributaries. Deeply dissected U-shaped valley with steep slopes, anastomosing course and deep tributary valleys with cwms at heads. Valley slopes with boulder clay, alluvium in floors; glacial sand and gravel terraces in Afon valley. Broad gentle slopes covered with boulder clay, facing NW i
Active upland river or stream channel system. Ancient upland river / stream systems. Mountain glacial-erosion terrain. Glacial mountain valley. Mineral workings. Other
Cwm/corrie. Glacial U-shaped valley. Landslip (ancient). Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit
Llynfi-Brithdir Beds of upper Afan valley, Nedd to NW
Pennant (Llynfi-Brithdir Beds) sandstones with coals in dissected plateau; glacial valleys with cwms at heads; landslips (including Duffryn), mining
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 231 Merthyr, S&D, 1979; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 248 Pontypridd, S&D, 1975; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet E247 Swansea (SwD) 1977; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution);1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 35 West Glamorgan, 1990; Barclay, W.J., Taylor, K. and Thomas, L.P. 1988. Geology of the South W

Mynydd Blaenafon
High sandstone plateau in gently dipping South Wales Pennant Formation Hughes Beds in core of ENE-WSW regional synform, dissected by steep and deep tributary U-shaped valleys to Afon Afan, with SW to W facing cirques at heads, and by tributary valleys to Nedd with N facing cirques at head. Shafts and levels of coal mines (disused) and quarries. Upland peat across plateau, boulder clay in upper valley slopes, cut by NNW-SSE to NW-SE faults. Landslips on hillslopes of plateau e.g. Ffynnon Oer.
Mountain glacial-erosion terrain. Glacial mountain valley. Mass movement. Mineral workings. Other
Cwm/corrie. Landslip (ancient). Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit
Dissected upland plateau of Hughes Beds sandstones; glacial valleys with cirques; landslips; coal mining

Mynydd Ynyscorrwg
Upland plateau of approximately horizontal Hughes Beds sandstones capping ridge, covered with upland peat. Cut by NNW-SSE faults and bounded to E by fault.
Upland plateau of Hughes Beds sandstones
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 248 Pontypridd, S&D, 1975; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution);1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 35 West Glamorgan, 1990; Conway, B.W., Forster, A., Northmore, K.J. and Barclay, W.J., 1980. South Wales Coalfield Landslip Survey. Report of Engineering Dept of Institute of Geological Sciences, No. EG80/4; Conwa

Mynydd Bychan
E-W tract of lower ground within South Wales Pennant Formation sandstone escarpments in core of E-W antiform, in Productive Coal Measures mudstones with coals. Dissected by NE-SW U-shaped Afan valley, with broad floodplain in fluvioglacial gravels at Cwm Avon. Shallow E-W Cwm Farteg valley along strike of mudstones with boulder clay on slopes. NNW-SSE to N-S faults. Extensive boulder clay on gentle slopes. Coal mines and tips.
Mineral workings. Glacial mountain valley. Other
Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit. Coal / mineral spoil tips
Productive Coal Formation in low plateau of antiformal core
Glacial drift covered, dissected E-W low plateau of Productive Coal Fm; coal mining
:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet E247 Swansea (SwD) 1977; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 248 Pontypridd, S&D, 1975; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution);1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 35 West Glamorgan, 1990; Conway, B.W., Forster, A., Northmore, K.J. and Barclay, W.J., 1980. South Wales Coalfield Landslip Survey. Report of Engineering

Mynydd Emroch
N facing slopes of broad upland plateau in sandstones with coals of South Wales Pennant Formation sandstones (Llynfi - Brithdir Beds) in gently S-dipping beds of N limb of regional E-W synform. N-facing escarpment above Productive Coal Formation mudstones and coals to N (NPTGL026), and plateau dissected by deep and steep, NE-SW to E-W V-U shaped valleys of Cwm Dyffryn. Landslips on steep valley slopes. Disused coal mines in Dyffryn valley. Boulder clay on lower valley slopes, alluvium in floor
Glacial mountain valley. Mass movement. Mineral workings. Other
Glacial U-shaped valley. Landslip (ancient). Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit
South Wales Pennant Formation, Llynfi- Brithdir sandstones in N facing slopes
Dissected upland plateau of N limb of regional synform in Llynfi-Brithdir Beds sandstones with coals; landslips; coal mining
:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet E247 Swansea (SwD) 1977; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 248 Pontypridd, S&D, 1975; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution);1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 35 West Glamorgan, 1990; Conway, B.W., Forster, A., Northmore, K.J. and Barclay, W.J., 1980. South Wales Coalfield Landslip Survey. Report of Engineering

Mynydd Margam
S facing slopes of upland plateau in South Wales Pennant Formaiton Llynfi-Brithdir Beds sandstones with coals in gently N-dipping beds of S limb of regional E-W synform. Dissected by deep and steep V-U shaped NE-SW valleys of Cwm Brombil and Cwm Maelwg, with W-facing cwms at heads, and N-S Cwm Cynfig. Valleys truncated at steep southern escarpment of plateau. Landslips on W-facing steep slopes at Graig Fawr and Taibach. N-S faults.
Mountain glacial-erosion terrain. Glacial mountain valley. Mass movement. Other
Cwm/corrie. Hanging (fluvial) valley. Landslip (ancient)
S- facing slopes of South Wales Pennant Formation sandstone plateau
Dissected upland plateau of S limb of regional synform in Llynfi-Hughes Beds sandstones; truncated valleys; cwms
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 248 Pontypridd, S&D, 1975; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution);1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 35 West Glamorgan, 1990; Conway, B.W., Forster, A., Northmore, K.J. and Barclay, W.J., 1980. South Wales Coalfield Landslip Survey. Report of Engineering Dept of Institute of Geological Sciences, No. EG80/4; Conwa

Graig Goch
Broad, low lying plateau of NE dipping Productive Coal Formation mudstones and coals between South Wales Pennant Formation escarpment and E-W Millstone Grit ridge to S. Dissected by shallow, alluvium filled valleys of tributaries and main Cynfig valley. Boulder clay extensive. Mines and quarries in coal - Margam (Parc Slip West) opencast (and proposed extension). N-S faults. Patches of glacial sand and gravel on plateau.
Active lowland river-flood plain system. Mineral workings
Potentially destructive through proposed extension of Margam opencast
Productive Coal Formation - South Wales Pennant Formation escarpment
Glacial drift covered, dissected low plateau of Productive Coal Fm; coal mining ncluding large opencast
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 248 Pontypridd, S&D, 1975; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution);1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 35 West Glamorgan, 1990; Conway, B.W., Forster, A., Northmore, K.J. and Barclay, W.J., 1980. South Wales Coalfield Landslip Survey. Report of Engineering Dept of Institute of Geological Sciences, No. EG80/4; Conwa

Kenfig
Broad low lying plain of glacial sand and gravel, with boulder clay covered lower ground around Llanfihangel Wood. Shallow, meandering Cynfig valley with alluvium in floor. Mine and tips from underlying Productive Coal Formation coals.
Mineral workings. Active upland river or stream channel system
Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit. Coal / mineral spoil tips
Low lying plain of glacial drift-covered (glacial sand/gravel and boulder clay) Productive Coal Fm; coal mining
:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet E247 Swansea (SwD) 1977; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 248 Pontypridd, S&D, 1975; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution);1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 35 West Glamorgan, 1990; Conway, B.W., Forster, A., Northmore, K.J. and Barclay, W.J., 1980. South Wales Coalfield Landslip Survey. Report of Engineering

Port Talbot
Wide low plateau fringing NW-SE South Wales Pennant Formation escarpment in glacial sand and gravel, with broad alluvial fans at mouths of Brombil, Dyffryn and Afan valleys.
Coarse alluvial fan and glacial, sand gravel plateau
Low plateau of glacial sand and gravel fringing Pennant escarpment; alluvial fans
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet E247 Swansea (SwD) 1977; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 248 Pontypridd, S&D, 1975; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet E261, and parts of 262 Bridgend (S&D) 1990; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution);1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 35 West Glamorgan, 1990; ;Strahan, A. 1907. The geology of the South Wales c

Margam
Wide NW-SE coastal strip of marine alluvium (sand) fringing the coast.
:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet E247 Swansea (SwD) 1977; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 248 Pontypridd, S&D, 1975; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution);1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 35 West Glamorgan, 1990; Strahan, A. 1907. The geology of the South Wales coalfield. Part 8, The country around Swansea. Memoir of the British Geological

Margam-Baglan
Broad belt of coastal sand dunes seaward of marine alluvium along NW-SE coastline, fringed by storm gravel beach along S (Margam) end.
Coastal sand dunes; storm gravel beach in S
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet E247 Swansea (SwD) 1977; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet E261, and parts of 262 Bridgend (S&D) 1990; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map sheet 248 Pontypridd, S&D, 1975; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution);1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 35 West Glamorgan, 1990; ;Strahan, A. 1907. The geology of the South Wales c

Newport (Stow Hill)
Low double ridge with a general SW-NE orientation with a northern scarp formed by a sandstone unit in the Lower Old Red Sandstone (Devonian). Southern area effectively a row of coalesced knolls. Largely developed and forms the hilly centre of Newport on the W side of the Usk.
Lowland escarpment. Engineered features and reclaimed / infilled land
Slope. Hill top. Ridge. Spring. Scarp. Urban / industrial development. Engineered topography
Area intensively developed and potential RIGS status of surviving sites not confirmed.
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development) and that RIGS/SINC are formally established to safeguard key geological/geomorphological features or sites.
Although largely developed, the general morphology of the ridge remains together with exposures of geodiversity significance.
DAVIES, J. 2006, Gwent Geodiversity Audit (Report to CCW); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1975, Newport, Sheet 249 (1:50,000), NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, OS Explorer Map 152 (1:25, 000); SQUIRRELL, H.C. and DOWNING, R.A. 1969, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales, Sheet 249.
Additional Level 4 features include: Road/railway cutting.

Newport (Pilgwenlly-Crindau)
Intensively developed area of former coastal flat and flood plain occupying a ''promontory'' of land between the Usk and Ebbw (now heavily modified as dockyards). Also includes the low area of central Newport on the west side of the Usk as far north as Crindau. Includes a bypassed former meander of the Ebbw and the developed lowest part of the Malpas Brook flood plain, close to its confluence with the Usk. Mainly underlain by estuarine deposits (Quaternary: Holocene).
Flood plain. Coastal defence works. Reclaimed land. Urban / industrial development. Engineered topography
Intensively developed few or no natural features remain.
Although intensively developed at surface, former coastal deposits exist at depth. Recording such deposits by drill coring prior to development can provide important information not only on the development of the coastal flats, but also on late to post glacial climate change.
Edge of intensively developed coastal flat area including marginal flood defence works.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1975, Newport, Sheet 249 (1:50,000), NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, OS Explorer Map 152 (1:25, 000); SQUIRRELL, H.C. and DOWNING, R.A. 1969, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales, Sheet 249.

Newport (Maes-glas)
Area of low terrace or platform which rises slightly above the surrounding former coastal flats. Extensively developed, including industrially. Partly developed over an isolated outcrop of ''Lias'' (Lower Jurassic).
River terrace. Urban / industrial development. Engineered topography
Area intensively developed and potential RIGS status of surviving sites not confirmed.
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development) and that RIGS/SINC are formally established to safeguard key geological/geomorphological features or sites.
edge of low raised feature / junction with lower former coastal flat, base of solid geology massif to N.
Although largely developed, exposures of geodiversity significance remain.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1975, Newport, Sheet 249 (1:50,000), NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, OS Explorer Map 152 (1:25, 000); SQUIRRELL, H.C. and DOWNING, R.A. 1969, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales, Sheet 249.

Newport (Barnardstown-Green Moor)
Intensively developed former coastal flat on the east side of the Usk estuary. Includes areas of former flood plain in north and small area of river terrace. Includes parts of eastern central Newport and areas of industrial development to the east and along the east side of the Usk to the south. In latter area partly excavated as presumed settling lagoons. General separated from active river / estuarine system by flood defences including sea-wall. Mainly underlain by estuarine deposits (Quater
Coastal flat. Ancient upland river / stream systems
Lake / reservoir (artificial). Coal / mineral spoil tips. Coastal defence works. Reclaimed land. Urban / industrial development. Engineered topography
Area intensively developed and few or no natural features remain.
Although intensively developed at surface, former coastal deposits exist at depth. Recording such deposits by drill coring prior to development can provide important information not only on the development of the coastal flats, but also on late to post glacial climate change.
Edge of intensively developed coastal flat area including marginal flood defence works.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1975, Newport, Sheet 249 (1:50,000), NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, OS Explorer Map 152 (1:25, 000); SQUIRRELL, H.C. and DOWNING, R.A. 1969, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales, Sheet 249.

Newport (Beechwood)
Rounded promontary of higher ground forming the intensively developed SW part of the ridge and escarpment of Aspect Area 10. Underlain by Devonian mudrocks and sandstones.
Slope. Hill top. Urban / industrial development. Engineered topography
Area intensively developed and few or no natural features remain.
Ensure that no significant surviving geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development).
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif and junction with former coastal flat..
Although largely developed, the general morphology of the ridge remains; geology widespread and no notable sites recorded however.

Newport (Malpas)
Area of urban development forming the northern part of Newport. Terrain relatively low and undulating forming a N-S ridge between the tidal Usk river to the E and the Malpas Brook and its tributaries to the W. Mainly underlain by Old Red Sandstone mudrocks (Silurian-Devonian).
Area intensively developed and few or no natural features remain.
Ensure that no significant surviving geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development).
Area intensively developed and few or no natural features remain; geology widespread and no notable sites recorded.

Brynglas
Isolated low knoll of Lower Old Red Sandstone (Devonian) silty mudrocks rising above softer rocks to NW and alluvial areas to E.
Slope. Hill top. Urban / industrial development. Engineered topography
Area intensively developed although unclear if construction continues.
Ensure that no significant surviving geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development) and potential RIGS status of Geodiversity Audit sites is confirmed.
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif, including junction with former coastal flat.
Although largely developed, the general morphology of the ridge remains together with exposures of geodiversity significance.
Additional Level 4 features include: Disused quarry; Road/railway cutting.

Ringland-Alway
Double, tabular knoll, capped by ''Lias'' limestones and clays (Jurassic) with Triassic mudrocks below. Extensively developed although surrounding escarpment preserved in places. Includes a valley which dissects the Lias platform.
Slope. Hill top. Scarp slope. Urban / industrial development
Area intensively developed and potential RIGS status of surviving sites not confirmed.
Ensure that no significant surviving geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development) and potential RIGS status of Geodiversity Audit sites is assessed. Due to potential scientific importance of Triassic-Jurassic geology, temporary section recording should encouraged during development.
Although largely developed, the general morphology of the ridge remains together with exposures of geodiversity significance.

Ringland
Broad and intensively developed valley with general WSW-ENE. Branches around Ringland hill and enters former coastal flat area in the Somerton area. Valley excavated in soft Triassic mudrocks and probably includes some Quaternary drift including alluvium.
River channel / canal (artificial). Urban / industrial development
Area intensively developed and few or no natural features remain
Ensure that no significant surviving geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development).
Edge of low/ level valley area / base of slopes above / boundary with coastal flat area to the SW.
Area intensively developed and few or no natural features remain; geology widespread and no notable sites recorded.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1972, Chepstow, Sheet 250 (1:50,000), NERC; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1975, Newport, Sheet 249 (1:50,000), NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, OS Explorer Map 152 (1:25, 000);
SQUIRRELL, H.C. and DOWNING, R.A. 1969, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales, Sheet 249; WELCH, F.B.A. and TROTTER, F.M. 1961, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales, Sheets 233 and 250.

Christchurch
ENE-WSW ridge rising steeply from the southern side of the Usk to the N and above the valley of the Ringland area to the S. Dominated by Lower Old Red Sandstone mudrocks (Devonian) with some sandstones. Surface uneven and largely undeveloped but includes golf course.
Lake / reservoir (artificial). Slope. Hill top. Scarp slope. Spring
Ensure that no significant surviving geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development) and potential RIGS status of Geodiversity Audit sites is assessed.
Breaks of slope at base of solid geology massif/ junction with valley systems below .
Area forms a distinctive ridge on the S side of the Usk valley and has a high concentration of Gwent Geodiversity Audit sites.
BASSETT, D.A.. and BASSETT, M.G. (eds) 1971, Geological Excursions in South Wales and the Forest of Dean, Geologist''s Association; DAVIES, J. 2006, Gwent Geodiversity Audit (Report to CCW); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1972, Chepstow, Sheet 250 (1:50,000), NERC; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1975, Newport, Sheet 249 (1:50,000), NERC;
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, OS Explorer Map 152 (1:25, 000); SQUIRRELL, H.C. and DOWNING, R.A. 1969, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales, Sheet
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry; Road/railway cutting.

Llanwern-Underwood
Level topped low plateau capped by Lower Lias limestones. Steep escarpment around most sides. Wooded in the NW and NE but with only limited development. Two valleys on the south side represent former coastal inlets.
Lake / reservoir (artificial). Scarp slope. Plateau. Urban / industrial development. Engineered topography
Ensure that no significant surviving geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development) and potential RIGS status of Geodiversity Audit sites is assessed. Due to potential scientific importance of Triassic-Jurassic geology, temporary section recording should encouraged during any development.
Break of slope at base of surrounding low esacarpment.
Key area of outcrop of Lower Jurassic and Upper Triassic rocks with several recorded localities and potential for important discoveries in temporary excavations.
DAVIES, J. 2006, Gwent Geodiversity Audit (Report to CCW); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1972, Chepstow, Sheet 250 (1:50,000), NERC; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1975, Newport, Sheet 249 (1:50,000), NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, OS Explorer Map 152 (1:25, 000); SQUIRRELL, H.C. and DOWNING, R.A. 1969, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales, Sheet 249; WELCH, F.B.A. and TROTTER, F.M. 1961, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales, Sheets 233 and 250.

Underwood Moor
Level basin between solid geology massifs to S and N. Underlain by Triassic mudrocks with alluvium, etc, at surface (Quaternary: Holocene).
Flood plain. Urban / industrial development
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are not lost/damaged due to development, etc.,
Break of slope at edge of depositional basin sediment fill.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1972, Chepstow, Sheet 250 (1:50,000), NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, OS Explorer Map 152 (1:25, 000); WELCH, F.B.A. and TROTTER, F.M. 1961, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales, Sheets 233 and 250.

Wilcrick Moor
Section of former coastal flat now isolated from mainly area of levels to the S by industrial development. Includes some creek-like features on edge of solid geology massifs to the N which represent the former coastline. Underlain by esturaine alluvium (Quaternary: Holocene).
Ensure that no significant surviving geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged. Record coastal flat and associated deposits by drill coring prior to development.
Edge of undeveloped coastal flat area including boundary with industrial/urban areas, base of solid geology slopes and marginal flood defence works.
Small area of larger feature: no notable sites/landforms recorded.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1972, Chepstow, Sheet 250 (1:50,000), NERC; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1975, Newport, Sheet 249 (1:50,000), NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, OS Explorer Map 152 (1:25, 000);
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, OS Explorer Map 154 (1:25, 000); SQUIRRELL, H.C. and DOWNING, R.A. 1969, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales, Sheet 249; WELCH, F.B.A. and TROTTER, F.M. 1961, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales, Sheets 233 and 250.

Wilcrick
Very gently sloping apron of presumed drift deposits between solid geology massifs above and level coastal flat below.
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are not lost/damaged due to development, etc.,
Junction with coastal flat and base of steeper solid geology slopes above.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1972, Chepstow, Sheet 250 (1:50,000), NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, OS Explorer Map 152 (1:25, 000); WELCH, F.B.A. and TROTTER, F.M. 1961, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales, Sheets 233 and 250.

Wilcrick Hill
Isolated double flat-topped knoll S of the M4 motoraway on the eastern margin Newport. Capped by Triassic limestones with mudrocks below. Sides steep but not high passing to more gentle slopes below.
"Fossil" cliff line. Slope. Hill top. Scarp slope
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are not lost/damaged due to development, etc.. Due to potential scientific importance of Triassic geology, temporary section recording should encouraged during any development.
Break of slope/feature at base of solid geology massif.
No notable sites/landforms recorded and geology outcrops more extensively elsewhere. Distinctive landform.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1972, Chepstow, Sheet 250 (1:50,000), NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, OS Explorer Map 152 (1:25, 000); WELCH, F.B.A. and TROTTER, F.M. 1961, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales, Sheets 233 and 250.

Llanmartin
Sub-triangular low promontary between the Wilcrick valley to the S and the Longstone valley to the NW and below a low escarpment of Tintern Sandstone to the E. Solid geology is Old Red Sandstone sandstones (Devonian).
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are not lost/damaged due to development, etc..

Llandevaud
Massif of Old Red Sandstone sandstones with escarpment best developed to the NW and N. Minor area of Carboniferous limestone in the NE only.
Slope. Scarp slope. Dip slope. Urban / industrial development
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are not lost/damaged due to development, etc..
Base of escarpment feature to W and S and steep valley sides to N and E; also County boundary.

Bettws Brook - Malpas Brook
Relatively wide floodplain / low terrace of the Bettws Brook (largely developed) and of the Malpas Brook (tributaries of the Usk). Latter also modified, by landscaping / excavation. Drift infill includes alluvium (Quaternary: Holocene).
River channel / canal (artificial). River channel (natural). Flood plain. Urban / industrial development. Engineered topography
Area intensively developed and most features likely to be significantly modified.
Breaks of slope at base of solid geology massif/ junction with drift-filled valley system below.

The Knoll
Carboniferous limestone dominated knoll with broadly N-S orientation and. Section of larger feature (mainly in Monmouthshire).
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are not lost/damaged due to development, etc..
Break of slope/feature at base of solid geology massif.

Penhow-Langstone
Broad valley with level to very gently sloping base and which includes remnants of river terrace system in lower part (between Langstone and S of Parc Seymour; alluvium also present (Quaternary: ?Pleistocene (Devensian)-Holocene). In Penhow area where the system is connected to narrower valleys, periglacial head is probably dominant (Quaternary: ?Pleistocene (Devensian).
River channel (natural). Flood plain. River terrace. Spring. Urban / industrial development
Ensure that no significant surviving geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development) and potential RIGS status of Quaternary features is assessed.
Break of slope/feature at base of solid geology slopes at edge of river/floodplain, terrace, etc systems.
Area includes a range of fluvial features including floodplain and terrace deposits, also periglacial deposits, of potential scientific interest due to close association within a single valley system..
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1972, Chepstow, Sheet 250 (1:50,000), NERC; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1975, Newport, Sheet 249 (1:50,000), NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, OS Explorer Map OL14 (1:25, 000);
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, OS Explorer Map 152 (1:25, 000); SQUIRRELL, H.C. and DOWNING, R.A. 1969, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales, Sheet 249; WELCH, F.B.A. and TROTTER, F.M. 1961, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales, Sheets 233 and 250.

Mynydd Alltir Fach - Penhow Quarry
Agglomeration of steep sided knolls, often with a conical to sub-triangular shape adjacent to the eastern boundary of the Newport county. Dominated by and formed of Old Red Sandstone sandstones with Carboniferous limestone to the SE. Some SW-NE elongation detectable within knolls. Includes the large disused Penhow Quarry (formerly worked for limestone).
Dry valley. Slope. Hill top. Scarp slope. Spring
Dominantly rural area with limited significant development and large scale exposures in quarry.
Ensure that no significant surviving geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development) and potential RIGS status of Geodiversity Audit sites is assessed.
Break of slope/feature at base of solid geology massif including knolls.
Includes major geological locality (disused quarry) and other Geodiversity Audit sites (although geology widespread).
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1972, Chepstow, Sheet 250 (1:50,000), NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, OS Explorer Map OL14 (1:25, 000); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, OS Explorer Map 152 (1:25, 000); WELCH, F.B.A. and TROTTER, F.M. 1961, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales, Sheets 233 and 250.

Llanvaches
Very gently sloping platform underlain by Carboniferous limestone below the hill of the Mynydd Alltir Fach-Penhow Quarry area. Includes remnants of an ancient terrace and karstic features presumed to be present
River terrace. Dip slope. Doline. Urban / industrial development
Ensure that no significant surviving geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development) and potential RIGS status of possible karstic features is assessed.
Break of slope surrounding lower area dominated by limestone.
No notable sites/landforms recorded and geology presumed to be widespread (N.B. Karstic features may be present and assessment is therefore appropriate).
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1972, Chepstow, Sheet 250 (1:50,000), NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, OS Explorer Map OL14 (1:25, 000); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, OS Explorer Map 152 (1:25, 000); WELCH, F.B.A. and TROTTER, F.M. 1961, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales, Sheets 233 and 250.

Millbrook
Narrow valley with periglacial head (Quaternary: Pleistocene) infill, linking the limestone platform of the Llanvaches area to a broad drift filled basin to the east within Monmouthshire.
Breaks of slope at base of solid geology massif/ junction with drift-filled valley system.
No specific sites/landforms recorded although feature requires further field assessment.

Windmill Farm
Relatively small area of SE sloping terrain underlain by Carboniferous limestone and adjacent to the Newport county boundary.
Base os escarpment to N, margin of drift-filled valley to W and County boundary to E.

Wentwood
Major landscape feature dominating the NE part of Newport county and underlain by Old Red Sandstone sandstone. Includes steep, prominent escarpment to the NW with a SW-NE orientation and a dissected dip slope to the SE, cut by many stream valleys with generally N to S flow.
Stratigraphic formation(s). Active processes. Past processes. Structural features
Lake / reservoir (artificial). Slope. Hill top. Scarp slope. Dip slope. Spring. Urban / industrial development
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif/ junction with valley systems and base of knolls to SE; also County boundary.
Major landscape feature in the County, including Geodiversity Audit sites.
DAVIES, J. 2006, Gwent Geodiversity Audit (Report to CCW); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1972, Chepstow, Sheet 250 (1:50,000), NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, OS Explorer Map OL14 (1:25, 000); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, OS Explorer Map 152 (1:25, 000); WELCH, F.B.A. and TROTTER, F.M. 1961, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales, Sheets 233 and 250.

Lower Usk
Section of lower part of Usk valley with well developed, large meander belt (now constrained by flood defence works). Includes some minor tributaries. River channel mainly tidally influenced although includes areas above and below Normal Tidal Limit (NTL). Floodplain also locally modified by development, including recreational.
Lake / reservoir (artificial). River channel / canal (artificial). Flood plain. Urban / industrial development
River system constrained by flood banks.
Ensure that no significant surviving geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development) and potential RIGS status of Geodiversity Audit sites is assessed. Consider reinstating natural processes.
Breaks of slope at margin of flood plain / low terrace.
No notable sites/landforms recorded and river system constrained by flood banks.
DAVIES, J. 2006, Gwent Geodiversity Audit (Report to CCW); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1972, Chepstow, Sheet 250 (1:50,000), NERC; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1975, Newport, Sheet 249 (1:50,000), NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, OS Explorer Map 152 (1:25, 000); SQUIRRELL, H.C. and DOWNING, R.A. 1969, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales, Sheet 249; WELCH, F.B.A. and TROTTER, F.M. 1961, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales, Sheets 233 and 250.
Additional Level 4 features include: Meander; Marsh/bog/fen; Flood defence bank/works.

Penrhos
Low N-S promontory between two tributaries of the Usk on its N side (and cut by Newport county boundary).
Ensure that no significant surviving geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development) and potential RIGS status of Geodiversity Audit sites is assessed.
DAVIES, J. 2006, Gwent Geodiversity Audit (Report to CCW); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1975, Newport, Sheet 249 (1:50,000), NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, OS Explorer Map 152 (1:25, 000); SQUIRRELL, H.C. and DOWNING, R.A. 1969, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales, Sheet 249.

Caerleon (Isca)
Remnant of river terrace of the Usk Head (Quaternary: Pleistocene) forming a low platform or promontory between a meander of the Usk and the its tributary the Afon Liwyd. Forms the site of the Roman settlement of Isca.
Although largely developed, the general morphology of the terrace remains.
Ensure that no significant surviving geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development) and potential RIGS status of terrace feature is assessed. Due to potential scientific importance, temporary section recording should also be encouraged during any future development.
Break of slope at base of terrace feature and base of solid geology massif to N.
No notable sites/landforms recorded although terrace feature may be significant (but requires field assessment).
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1975, Newport, Sheet 249 (1:50,000), NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, OS Explorer Map 152 (1:25, 000); SQUIRRELL, H.C. and DOWNING, R.A. 1969, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales, Sheet 249;

Caeleon (Pilmawr)
Prominent low ridge with a ENE-WSW orientation. Steep-sided in the N, with gentler slopes to the S. Separated from similar ridges of Old Red Sandstone sandstone to the SW by a tributary valley of the Usk to. Largely developed and forming a major part of the modern town of Caerleon.
Slope. Hill top. Scarp slope. Urban / industrial development
Geology already extensively covered by development.
Break of slope/feature at base of solid geology massif.
Few sites/landforms recorded, geology presumed to be widespread and extensively covered by development.
DAVIES, J. 2006, Gwent Geodiversity Audit (Report to CCW); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1975, Newport, Sheet 249 (1:50,000), NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, OS Explorer Map 152 (1:25, 000); SQUIRRELL, H.C. and DOWNING, R.A. 1969, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales, Sheet 249.

Park Farm
Low undulating area between the ridge of Pilmawr to the S, tributary valleys of the Usk to the W and E and the Newport boundary to the N. Includes low but steep valley sides of Afon Lwyd valley to N and a very minor area of floodplain. Cut by stream valleys and underlain by Old Red Sandstone mudrocks (Silurian-Devonian).
River channel (natural). Flood plain. Slope. Spring
Break of slope at base of solid geology ridge to S, valley drift system to E and W and County boundary to N.
DAVIES, J. 2006, Gwent Geodiversity Audit (Report to CCW); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1975, Newport, Sheet 249 (1:50,000), NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, OS Explorer Map 152 (1:25, 000); SQUIRRELL, H.C. and DOWNING, R.A. 1969, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales, Sheet 249;

Caldicot Level - Goldcliff
Major section of the extensive coastal plain which dominates southern Newport. Represents a former area of estuarine marsh (Quaternary: Holocene) and although now reclaimed and drained is not heavily industrialised or urbanised. Surface has a ''patchwork'' appearance due to network of drainage furrows. Separated from Severn estuary by sea-wall. Includes very small raised area of Triassic and Jurassic limestones and mudrocks at Gold Cliff itself.
Lake / reservoir (artificial). Coastal defence works
Former coastal flat, now reclaimed for agriculture.
Ensure that no significant surviving geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development) and potential RIGS status of area is assessed. Recording deposits by drill coring prior to any development can provide important information not only on the development of the coastal flats, but also on late to post glacial climate change.
Edge of undeveloped coastal flat area including boundary with industrial/urban areas, base of solid geology slopes and marginal flood defence works.
Forms a key part of the Gwent Levels coastal flats and does have any extensive development.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1972, Chepstow, Sheet 250 (1:50,000), NERC; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1975, Newport, Sheet 249 (1:50,000), NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, OS Explorer Map OL14 (1:25, 000);
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, OS Explorer Map 152 (1:25, 000); SQUIRRELL, H.C. and DOWNING, R.A. 1969, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales, Sheet 249; WELCH, F.B.A. and TROTTER, F.M. 1961, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales, Sheets 233 and 250.

Goldcliff (saltmarsh)
Narrow fringe of surviving saltmarsh seaward of sea-wall marking the limits of Caldicot Levels. Includes meandering stream channel in creek immediately S of Goldcliff village.
Marsh / saltmarsh. Lower saltmarsh / mudflat. Creek
Feature very limited in extent and constrained by coastal defence works.
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost/damaged due to development, etc.. and that natural evolving system is maintained.
Mean low water and base of coastal defence works landward.
No notable sites/landforms recorded and feature very limited in extent.

Welsh Grounds
Wide coastal mudflats and Severn estuary east of the Usk estuary. Includes the sandbanks of Welsh Grounds which are only exposed at low tide. Local areas of shingle also present, mainly near Gold Cliff.
Sand / shingle foreshore. Mud-dominated foreshore. Marsh / saltmarsh. Lower saltmarsh / mudflat
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost/damaged due to development, etc.. and natural system is maintained.
Mean low water and base of coastal defence works landward.
No notable sites/landforms recorded and forms only small part of much larger feature.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1972, Chepstow, Sheet 250 (1:50,000), NERC; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1975, Newport, Sheet 249 (1:50,000), NERC; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1977, Cardiff, Sheet 263 (Cardiff), 1:50,000, NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, OS Explorer Map OL14 (1:25, 000); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, OS Explorer Map 152 (1:25, 000); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, OS Explorer Map 154 (1:25, 000); SQUIRRELL, H.C. and DOWNING, R.A. 1969, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales
Additional Level 4 features include: Sand bank.

Wentlooge Level
Section of the broad coastal plain which dominates southern Newport and includes Caldicot Levels). Represents a former area of estuarine marsh (Quaternary: Holocene) and although now reclaimed and drained is not heavily industrialised or urbanised. Surface has a ''patchwork'' appearance due to network of drainage furrows. Separated from Severn estuary by sea-wall.
Lake / reservoir (artificial). Coastal defence works. Reclaimed land. Urban / industrial development
Area reclaimed and constrained by sea wall.
Ensure that no significant surviving geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development) and potential RIGS status of Area is assessed. Record coastal flat and associated deposits by drill coring prior to development.
Edge of undeveloped coastal flat area including boundary with industrial/urban areas, base of solid geology slopes and marginal flood defence works.
Part of the extensive and well known coastal flats of the Gwent Levels, which record former coastline processes.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1975, Newport, Sheet 249 (1:50,000), NERC; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1977, Cardiff, Sheet 263 (Cardiff), 1:50,000, NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, OS Explorer Map 152 (1:25, 000);
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, OS Explorer Map 154 (1:25, 000); SQUIRRELL, H.C. and DOWNING, R.A. 1969, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales, Sheet 249; WATERS, R.A. and LAWRENCE, D.J.D. 1987, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales, Sheet 263.
Additional Level 4 features include: Marsh/bog/fen, Flood defence bank/works.

Wentlooge (saltmarsh)
Narrow fringe of saltmarsh (Quaternary: Holocene) on seaward side of seawall surrounding Wentlooge Levels and on W side of the Usk estuary.
Marsh / saltmarsh. Lower saltmarsh / mudflat
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost/damaged due to development, etc. and natural system is maintained.
Mean low water and base of coastal defence works landward.
No notable sites/landforms recorded and forms only small part of much larger feature.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1975, Newport, Sheet 249 (1:50,000), NERC; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1977, Cardiff, Sheet 263 (Cardiff), 1:50,000, NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, OS Explorer Map 152 (1:25, 000);
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, OS Explorer Map 154 (1:25, 000); SQUIRRELL, H.C. and DOWNING, R.A. 1969, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales, Sheet 249; WATERS, R.A. and LAWRENCE, D.J.D. 1987, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales, Sheet 263.

Peterstone Great Wharf
Area of saltmarsh (Quaternary: Holocene), the most significant in Newport, mainly above Mean High Water level. although seaward of seawall enclosing Wentlooge Levels some reclamation may have taken place.
System constrained by sea wall although relatively large for the area.
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost/damaged due to development, etc.. and the natural system is maintained.
No notable sites/landforms recorded and forms only small part of much larger feature.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1977, Cardiff, Sheet 263 (Cardiff), 1:50,000, NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, OS Explorer Map 152 (1:25, 000); WATERS, R.A. and LAWRENCE, D.J.D. 1987, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales, Sheet 263.

Peterstone (coast)
Broad area of coastal mudflat west of the Usk estuary. Includes some tidal channel features, minor areas of shingle shore and a small area of saltmarsh above Mean High Water level at Peterstone Gout.
Mud-dominated foreshore. Lower saltmarsh / mudflat
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost/damaged due to development, etc.. and natural system is maintained.
No notable sites/landforms recorded and forms relatively small part of much larger feature.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1977, Cardiff, Sheet 263 (Cardiff), 1:50,000, NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, OS Explorer Map 152 (1:25, 000); WATERS, R.A. and LAWRENCE, D.J.D. 1987, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales, Sheet 263.

Marshfield - Coedkernen
Broad, low, terrace-like feature marginal to the extensive coastal flats of southern Newport. Includes areas of river terrace deposits and glacial moraine to SW. Highly irregular SE facing margin represents former coast. Extensively developed.
Lowland till plain / field. Engineered features and reclaimed / infilled land
"Fossil" cliff line. River terrace. Urban / industrial development
Area intensively developed and few natural features remain
Base of low feature of terrace and break of slope where topography rises inland.
No notable sites/landforms recorded and area extensively developed.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1975, Newport, Sheet 249 (1:50,000), NERC; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1977, Cardiff, Sheet 263 (Cardiff), 1:50,000, NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, OS Explorer Map 152 (1:25, 000);
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005d, OS Explorer Map 154 (1:25, 000); SQUIRRELL, H.C. and DOWNING, R.A. 1969, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales, Sheet 249; WATERS, R.A. and LAWRENCE, D.J.D. 1987, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales, Sheet 263.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Road/railway cutting.

Duffyn
Developed area of former coastal flat (Quaternary: Holocene) to N of Wentlooge Levels.
Reclaimed land. Urban / industrial development
Area intensively developed and no natural features appear to have survived.
Although intensively developed at surface, former coastal deposits exist at depth. Recording such deposits by drill coring prior to development can provide important information not only on the development of the coastal flats, but also on late to post glacial climate change.
Edge of intensively developed coastal flat area including any marginal flood defence works.

Michaelstone-y-Fedw
Undulating area with hills of bedrock geology (Old Red Sandstone, mudrocks and sandstones, mainly Devonian) with intervening areas filled with glacial deposits including moraine (Quaternary: Pleistocene (Devensian)). Some hills include scarp-like features and Quaternary deposits often form a low, marginal and gently sloping apron below.
Ensure that no significant surviving geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development) and potential RIGS status of Geodiversity Audit sites and Quaternary glacial features are assessed.
Base of slope surrounding undulating area / junction with valley and terrace systems.
Includes important terminal moraine deposits and includes a cluster of Geodiversity Audit sites.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry; Road/railway cutting.

Cleppa - Croes-heolydd
N/A (N.B. assignment provisional until further information on AA available).
Includes a gently sloping sub-triangular platform in the Cleppa area and a broad drift-filled valley S of Penytre-poeth, both marginal features to the undulating glacial deposit dominated area of Michaelstone-y-Fedw. Presumed to be dominated by a variety of drift deposits possibly including glacial and periglacial (Quaternary: Pleistocene (including Devensian)).
Lake / reservoir (artificial). Slope. Urban / industrial development
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost/damaged due to development, etc..
Edge of sloping platform/ junction with terrace/valley systems and break of slope below higher ground of NWPRTGL40.
No notable sites/landforms recorded, although nature of geology / geomorphology remains to be confirmed.

Michaelstone Bridge
Gently sloping terrace like feature on the E side of the Rymney River and cut into by the river in places (Quaternary: ?Pleistocene).
Lake / reservoir (artificial). River terrace
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost/damaged due to development, etc..
Break of slope/feature at base of higher ground above and features at edge of active river/floodplain/low terrace system.
No notable sites/landforms recorded and nature/ status of geology/ deposits not clear.

Rhymney
Floodplain and channel of the meandering Rhymney river on the western margins of Newport. May include areas of low terrace (Quaternary: Holocene).
River channel / canal (artificial). River channel (natural). Flood plain. Urban / industrial development
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost/damaged due to development, etc.. and natural system is maintained.

Coed Mawr - Graig Wyllt
Escarpment and relatively high promontory forming the NW corner of Newport county. Dominated by Old Red Sandstone sandstones (Devonian) with minor Carboniferous limestone above. Escarpment broadly WSW-ENE and highest to the NE. Area slopes to SW, firstly relatively steeply and then more gently into the Lower Machen area.
Break of slope/feature at base of solid geology massif and County boundary.

Ebbw River
Former flood plain / low terrace of the Ebbw river (Quaternary: Holocene), now extensively developed including with industry. Nevertheless, also Includes surviving, undeveloped areas including a broad flat area S of Bassaleg, now crossed by the M4 motorway. May include some estuarine alluvium.
Artificial water bodies and channels. Engineered features and reclaimed / infilled land
River channel / canal (artificial). Flood plain. Urban / industrial development
Ensure that no significant surviving geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development) .
Break of slope/feature at base of solid or drift geology valley sides and features at edge of former floodplain/low terrace system.

Rogerstone Ty-Du
Intensely developed slopes on the N side of the Ebbw valley. Includes a prominent spring line on the High Cross area. Mainly underlain by glacial deposits (Quaternary: Pleistocene ( Devensian)).
Slope. Hill top. Spring. Urban / industrial development. Engineered topography
Break of slope at junction with valley system within developed area and margins of developed area.
Area intensively developed and few or no natural features remain; geology better seen elsewhere and no notable sites recorded.

Golynos
Broadly NW-SE raised area with relatively steep NE face largely underlain by glacial deposits (Quaternary: Pleistocene (Devensian)). Forms the undeveloped part of the same feature as the Rogerstone Ty-Du area and feature at base of escarpment of Allt-yr-yn to SE.
Lake / reservoir (artificial). Flood plain. Slope. Hill top
Rural area with limited significant development.
Base of slope to NW and SE and edge of urbanised area to SW.

Craig y Wenallt
Relatively small sub-triangular area of Old Red Sandstone sandstone (Devonian) adjacent to the Newport boundary with an escarpment developed to the N and E.
Ensure that no significant surviving geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development / forestry).
Break of slope/feature at base of escarpment and county boundary.

Coed Garw / Llwyriad
Undulating and relatively low area dissected by stream valleys south of Bettws. Bounded to the SW and SE by low escarpments. Underlain by Old Red Sandstone mudrocks (Silurian-Devonian).
Lake / reservoir (artificial). Urban / industrial development
Break of slope/feature at base of higher geology massifs and valley drift systems.

Bettws (north)
Low promontory between two stream valleys with extensive urban development on the S side. Underlain by Old Red Sandstone mudrocks (Silurian-Devonian).
Partly rural, partly developed with loss of natural features.
Break of slope/feature at base of low solid geology massif and features at edge of drift-filled valley systems.

Craig-y-Ceilog
SSW-NNE escarpment with dip-slope to the W, rising above Bettws. Formed by sandstones within Old Red Sandstone mudrocks (Devonian).
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost/damaged due to development, forestry, etc..

Usk estuary
Estuary of the Usk river including the tidal channel and adjacent areas of coastal mudflat (Quaternary: Holocene). Also includes very minor areas of marginal saltmarsh further upstream and constrained sections of the river as far upstream as central Newport city, near the castle. The tidal, estuarine channel of the Ebbw river is also included.
Mud-dominated foreshore. Marsh / saltmarsh. Lower saltmarsh / mudflat. River channel / canal (artificial). Coastal defence works
System extensively modified and constrained by coastal defence works and industrial development.
Margins of estuary system / boundary with coastal defence, etc. W and E boundaries arbitrarily drawn to contain estuary channel and do not delineate limits of any key geomorphological feature or process.
SQUIRRELL, H.C. and DOWNING, R.A. 1969, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales, Sheet 249; WATERS, R.A. and LAWRENCE, D.J.D. 1987, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales, Sheet 263.

Abernant
Sloping feature or apron on the SE side of the lower Usk valley and below an escarpment of Old Red Sandstone (Devonian) sandstones to the SE. May include both bedrock geology and drift deposits (Quaternary: ?Pleistocene-Holocene).
In part, significantly modified by motorway construction.
Break of slope at edge of river floodplain system and base of escarpment above.
No notable sites/landforms recorded and geology / geomorphology presumed to be widespread.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1972, Chepstow, Sheet 250 (1:50,000), NERC; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1975, Newport, Sheet 249 (1:50,000), NERC; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, OS Explorer Map OL14 (1:25, 000); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005c, OS Explorer Map 152 (1:25, 000); SQUIRRELL, H.C. and DOWNING, R.A. 1969, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales, Sheet 249; WELCH, F.B.A. and TROTTER, F.M. 1961, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales, Sheets 233 and 250.

Pengarn
Broadly triangular coastal block rising to around 189m. Southern limit marked by the Cwm yr Esgyr valley. Coastal slopes to the NE and NW, the former forming the W side of the mouth of the Teifi River, the latter with some landslip systems. Bedrock dominated by Ordovician sandstones with a veneer of glacial deposits (Quaternary: Pleistocene).
Rural area with no significant development. Lies within the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park.
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development/ forestry, etc), including through carrying out a survey to identify RIGS for protection through develop plan policies and constraint mapping.
Top of steep coastal slope / cliff to N and top of incised valley slopes to S.
No notable sites/landforms recorded during survey and geomorphology typical of feature/process and not currently known to be exceptional or is widespread.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (2003), Cardigan and Dinas Island (Sheets 193 and 210, pt, 1:50,000) (NERC); DAVIES, J.R. et al. (2003), Sheet explanation (British Geological Survey, Sheet 193 (incl. Sheet 210, pt) (1:50,000) (NERC); ELLIS-GRUFFYDD, D. (1988), Rocks and Scenery of the Pembrokeshire National Park (PCNP); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006a), North Pembrokeshire / Gogledd Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL35 (1:25, 000)

Cwm yr Esgyr
Broadly E-W valley system cut to E by coast. Steep sided with low boggy floor to E. probably representing former wetland behind barrier beach and sand dunes of Poppit Sands. Bed rock includes Ordovician sandstones and slates with some glacial and periglacial deposits. Represents a glacial meltwater channel (Quaternary: Pleistocene).
Rural area with no significant development. Lies within the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park.
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development/ forestry, etc), including through carrying out a survey to identify candidate RIGS for protection through develop plan policies and constraint mapping.
Top of incised valley sides, cliff top to W and coast/ dunes to E.
Melt water channel is significant but one of several recorded in the area. No other significant features recorded during present survey and geology/ geomorphology considered to be typical of feature/ process and is either widespread or not currently known to be exceptional.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (2003), Cardigan and Dinas Island (Sheets 193 and 210, pt, 1:50,000) (NERC); DAVIES, J.R. et al. (2003), Sheet explanation (British Geological Survey, Sheet 193 (incl. Sheet 210, pt) (1:50,000) (NERC);
HOWELLS, S. (1999), Stackpole Estate: Geological Notes (National Trust); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006a), North Pembrokeshire / Gogledd Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL35 (1:25, 000).

Teifi (St. Dogmaels)
Narrow platform dominated by alluvial fan and glacial clays beside the Teifi River, at the base of a steep slope and valley in Ordovician bedrock. Includes a narrow section of the Teifi estuary with mudflats at low tide (Quaternary: Holocene)
Mud-dominated foreshore. River channel (natural). Urban / industrial development
Features and deposits in part modified or concealed by development.
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development/ forestry, etc), including through carrying out a survey to identify candidate RIGS for protection through develop plan policies and constraint mapping.
County boundary to E and base of solid geology-dominated slopes to W.
No significant sites/ landforms noted during present survey and geology/ geomorphology considered to be typical of feature/ process and is either widespread or not currently known to be exceptional. Partly developed.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (2003), Cardigan and Dinas Island (Sheets 193 and 210, pt, 1:50,000) (NERC); DAVIES, J.R. et al. (2003), Sheet explanation (British Geological Survey, Sheet 193 (incl. Sheet 210, pt) (1:50,000) (NERC); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006a), North Pembrokeshire / Gogledd Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL35 (1:25, 000).

Poppit Sands
Sand dunes and adjacent sandy bar at the mouth of the Teifi river and the Cwm yr Esgyr valley (Quaternary: Holocene).
Sand / shingle foreshore. Active sand dune. Bar
System appears to have few constraints. Lies within the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park.
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development/ forestry, etc), including through carrying out a survey to identify candidate RIGS for protection through develop plan policies and constraint mapping.
Mean low tide level, county boundary and landward limits of sand dominated features.
Landforms noted during present survey and geology/ geomorphology considered to be typical of feature/ process and not currently known to be exceptional.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (2003), Cardigan and Dinas Island (Sheets 193 and 210, pt, 1:50,000) (NERC); DAVIES, J.R. et al. (2003), Sheet explanation (British Geological Survey, Sheet 193 (incl. Sheet 210, pt) (1:50,000) (NERC); ELLIS-GRUFFYDD, D. (1988), Rocks and Scenery of the Pembrokeshire National Park (PCNP); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006a), North Pembrokeshire / Gogledd Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL35 (1:25, 000).

Broadly dome-shaped area rising to 203m and between the Teifi estuary to the E and the open coast to the W. In the W, the coastal slope is broken by a stepped area between Hendre and Cwm Connell. Bedrock dominated by Ordovician sandstones with a surface covering of glacial deposits (Quaternary: Pleistocene).
Slope. Hill top. Landslip (ancient). Spring. Urban / industrial development
Dominantly rural area with limited significant development. Lies within the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park.
County boundary to E, cliff top to W, top of incised valley to N and SW.
No significant sites/ landforms noted during present survey and geology/ geomorphology considered to be typical of feature/ process and is either widespread or not currently known to be exceptional.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (2003), Cardigan and Dinas Island (Sheets 193 and 210, pt, 1:50,000) (NERC); DAVIES, J.R. et al. (2003), Sheet explanation (British Geological Survey, Sheet 193 (incl. Sheet 210, pt) (1:50,000) (NERC); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006a), North Pembrokeshire / Gogledd Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL35 (1:25, 000).

Cwm Tewyddel
Steep-sided valley system with minor and narrow level areas on floor. General NW flow towards sea in Ceibwr Bay. Bedrock includes Ordovician sandstone and slates with some minor periglacial deposits (Quaternary: Pleistocene).
Rural area with no significant development. Lies within the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park.
Top of steep incised sides of valley system.
No significant sites/ landforms noted during present survey and geology/ geomorphology considered to be typical of feature/ process and is either widespread or not currently known to be exceptional.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (2003), Cardigan and Dinas Island (Sheets 193 and 210, pt, 1:50,000) (NERC); DAVIES, J.R. et al. (2003), Sheet explanation (British Geological Survey, Sheet 193 (incl. Sheet 210, pt) (1:50,000) (NERC); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006a), North Pembrokeshire / Gogledd Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL35 (1:25, 000).

Pen-y-bryn
Broad basin below escarpment of solid geology to S and W with distinctly irregular floor dominated by glacial lake deposits (Quaternary: Pleistocene). Includes infilled bases of adjacent steep sided valleys. NE marked by the Teifi River but includes low bank of Ordovician slates of the Forest - Brynsiriol area.
Break of slope at base of valley slopes to W and E and margins of river channel and low feature of PMBRKGL008 to NE.
Site of ancient proglacial lake system: key feature dating form the last ice age and of at least regional importance and recorded in published literature.
BASSETT, M.G. (ed.) (1982. Geological excursions in Dyfed, South West Wales (NMW); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (2003), Cardigan and Dinas Island (Sheets 193 and 210, pt, 1:50,000) (NERC); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (2007, in press), Newcastle Emlyn (Sheet 211, 1:50,000) (NERC); DAVIES, J.R. et al. (2003), Sheet explanation (British Geological Survey, Sheet 193 (incl. Sheet 210, pt) (1:50,000) (NERC); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006a), North Pembrokeshire / Gogledd Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL35 (1:25,

Forest - Brynsiriol
Includes a river cliff/ steep slopes on the W side of an incised, narrow section of the Teifi river, linking two low massifs of Ordovician slates around Forest and Brynsiriol. Marks the NE side of the Pen-y-bryn glacial lake basin.
Base and top of incised river valley sides and base of adjacent low features in Forest and Brynsiriol areas.
No significant sites/ landforms noted during present survey and geology/ geomorphology considered to be typical of feature/ process and is either widespread or not currently known to be exceptional.

Teifi - Rosehill Marsh
Narrow channel of the Teifi river within a steep sided section - partly tidally influenced (i.e. downstream of the Normal Tide Limit). Includes the saltmarshes of Rosehill Marsh (Quaternary: Holocene).
Marsh / saltmarsh. River channel (natural)
Maintain natural geomorphological system and ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development/ forestry, etc), including through carrying out a survey to identify candidate RIGS for protection through develop plan policies and constraint mapping.
County boundary and edge of river channel / floodplain / saltmarsh systems.
Small area of much larger system. No significant sites/ landforms noted during present survey and geology/ geomorphology considered to be typical of feature/ process and is either widespread or not currently known to be exceptional.

Cwm Ffrwd
Steep sided, incised valley system draining Ordovician massif to the S. Northern part infilled by glacial lake deposits of Pen-y-Bryn (Quaternary: Pleistocene).
Top and base of steep incised sides of valley.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (2003), Cardigan and Dinas Island (Sheets 193 and 210, pt, 1:50,000) (NERC); DAVIES, J.R. et al. (2003), Sheet explanation (British Geological Survey, Sheet 193 (incl. Sheet 210, pt) (1:50,000) (NERC);
ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006a), North Pembrokeshire / Gogledd Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL35 (1:25, 000).

Afon Morgenna
Incised, steep sided valley system draining Ordovician massif to the S. Northern part infilled by glacial lake deposits of Pen-y-Bryn (Quaternary: Pleistocene).
No regionally significant sites/ landforms noted during present survey and geology/ geomorphology considered to be typical of feature/ process and is either widespread or not currently known to be exceptional.
RITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (2003), Cardigan and Dinas Island (Sheets 193 and 210, pt, 1:50,000) (NERC); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (2007, in press), Newcastle Emlyn (Sheet 211, 1:50,000) (NERC); DAVIES, J.R. et al. (2003), Sheet explanation (British Geological Survey, Sheet 193 (incl. Sheet 210, pt) (1:50,000) (NERC); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2005), Newcastle Emlyn / Castell Newydd Emlyn, Explorer Map 185 (1:25, 000); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006a), North Pembrokeshire / Gogledd Sir Benfro, Explorer Map

Teifi - Cych
Mature section of the Teifi river system adjacent to the County boundary with a typically wide floodplain and meanders. Includes part of the Afon Cych, a tributary and the minor alluvial fill of several side valleys (Quaternary: Holocene).
Maintain natural geomorphological system and ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development/ forestry, etc), including through carrying out a survey to identify candidate RIGS for protection through develop plan policies and constraint mapping.
No regionally significant sites/ landforms noted during present survey and geology/ geomorphology considered to be typical of feature/ process and is either widespread or not currently known to be exceptional.
RITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (2003), Cardigan and Dinas Island (Sheets 193 and 210, pt, 1:50,000) (NERC); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (2007, in press), Newcastle Emlyn (Sheet 211, 1:50,000) (NERC); DAVIES, J.R. et al. (2003), Sheet explanation (British Geological Survey, Sheet 193 (incl. Sheet 210, pt) (1:50,000) (NERC); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2005), Newcastle Emlyn / Castell Newydd Emlyn, Explorer Map 185 (1:25, 000); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006a), North Pembrokeshire / Gogledd Sir Benfro, Explorer Map

Cemaes Head - Newport
Steep, dominantly rocky cliffs and minor shore areas between Poppit Sands and Newport Sands dominated by Ordovician sandstones with some slates. Cliffs locally rise to over 150m. Interglacial raised beach and associated deposits present locally (Quaternary: Pleistocene).
Cliff. Wave-cut platform. Sea-cave / cave. Sand / shingle foreshore
Excellent geological exposures maintained by natural coastal processes. Lies within the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park.
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development/ forestry, etc), including through carrying out a survey to identify candidate RIGS for protection through develop plan policies and constraint mapping. Ensure that the SSSI is maintained in favourable condition by implementation of a management plan.
Mean lpow tide mark and top of cliffs/ steep coastal slope.
Includes nationally important Quaternary site and key exposures of Ordovician rocks in coastal cliffs.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (2003), Cardigan and Dinas Island (Sheets 193 and 210, pt, 1:50,000) (NERC); CAMPBELL, S. and BOWEN, D.Q. (1989), Geological Conservation Review 1 (NCC); DAVIES, J.R. et al. (2003), Sheet explanation (British Geological Survey, Sheet 193 (incl. Sheet 210, pt) (1:50,000) (NERC); ELLIS-GRUFFYDD, D. (1988), Rocks and Scenery of the Pembrokeshire National Park (PCNP); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006a), North Pembrokeshire / Gogledd Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL35 (1:25, 000).
Additional Level 4 features include: Natural arch.

Newport Sands
Sandy shore, dune complex, spit and marginal areas of saltmarsh forming the estuary of Nant Duad (Quaternary: Holocene).
Sand dune. Spits, bars and ridges. Saltmarsh
Sand / shingle foreshore. Active sand dune. Stabilised sand dune. Spit . Marsh / saltmarsh. River channel (natural)
Apparently dominantly natural system with limited significant canalisation / coastal defence works etc. Lies within the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park.
Maintain natural evolving geomorphological system and ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development/ forestry, etc), including through carrying out a survey to identify candidate RIGS for protection through develop plan policies and constraint mapping.
Mean low tide level and margins of estuary and sand dune systems.
No regionally significant sites/ landforms noted during present survey and geology/ geomorphology considered to be typical of feature/ process and is either widespread or not currently known to be exceptional.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (2003), Cardigan and Dinas Island (Sheets 193 and 210, pt, 1:50,000) (NERC); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (in preparation), Fishguard (Sheet 210, 1:50,000) (NERC); DAVIES, J.R. et al. (2003), Sheet explanation (British Geological Survey, Sheet 193 (incl. Sheet 210, pt) (1:50,000) (NERC); ELLIS-GRUFFYDD, D. (1988), Rocks and Scenery of the Pembrokeshire National Park (PCNP); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006a), North Pembrokeshire / Gogledd Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL35 (1:25, 0

Dinas Island
Land surface of Dinas Island (excluding cliffs and valley slop to S). Separated from ''mainland'' by the Cwm-yr-Eglwys valley. Rises to around 125m). Bedrock includes Ordovician sandstones and mudrocks.
Top of steep coastal slope/ cliffs and top of steep, incised valley slope to S.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (2003), Cardigan and Dinas Island (Sheets 193 and 210, pt, 1:50,000) (NERC); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (in preparation), Fishguard (Sheet 210, 1:50,000) (NERC); DAVIES, J.R. et al. (2003), Sheet explanation (British Geological Survey, Sheet 193 (incl. Sheet 210, pt) (1:50,000) (NERC); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006a), North Pembrokeshire / Gogledd Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL35 (1:25, 000).

Cwm-yr-Eglwys
Remnant of steep sided valley separating the Dinas Island from ''mainland'' Pembrokeshire. Former glacial meltwater channel (Quaternary: Pleistocene).
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development/ forestry, etc), and that the SSSI is maintained in favourable condition by implementation of a management plan.
Top of steep and incised valley sides and coast.
Valley is a key part of the Cwm yr Eglwys and Esgyrn Bottom GCR site (Quaternary of Wales).
BASSETT, M.G. (ed.) (1982. Geological excursions in Dyfed, South West Wales (NMW); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (2003), Cardigan and Dinas Island (Sheets 193 and 210, pt, 1:50,000) (NERC); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (in preparation), Fishguard (Sheet 210, 1:50,000) (NERC); CAMPBELL, S. and BOWEN, D.Q. (1989), Geological Conservation Review 1 (NCC); DAVIES, J.R. et al. (2003), Sheet explanation (British Geological Survey, Sheet 193 (incl. Sheet 210, pt) (1:50,000) (NERC); ORDNANCE SURVEY (200

Gethsemane
Coastal block with broadly WSW-ENE orientation, forming a low ridge rising to around 190m. Coastal cliff to NW and lower terrain of Glanrhyd to SE. Dominated by Ordovician sandstones.
Dominantly rural area with limited significant development. Lies within the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park.
Top of coastal slope/ cliff and break of slope along base of low rise of AA and valley to SE.
RITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (2003), Cardigan and Dinas Island (Sheets 193 and 210, pt, 1:50,000) (NERC); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (in preparation), Fishguard (Sheet 210, 1:50,000) (NERC); DAVIES, J.R. et al. (2003), Sheet explanation (British Geological Survey, Sheet 193 (incl. Sheet 210, pt) (1:50,000) (NERC); ELLIS-GRUFFYDD, D. (1988), Rocks and Scenery of the Pembrokeshire National Park (PCNP); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006a), North Pembrokeshire / Gogledd Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL35 (1:25,

Glanrhyd
Undulating terrain rising to around 197m from the Nant Duad valley in the SW and the Teifi valley to the NE. Cut by several incised river valleys some of which are glacial meltwater channels (Quaternary: Pleistocene).
Slope. Hill top. Spring. Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit
Rural area with no significant development. Lies partly within the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park.
Margins of adjacent valley systems and break of slope at base of low massifs to N and SE; also county boundary to NE.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (2003), Cardigan and Dinas Island (Sheets 193 and 210, pt, 1:50,000) (NERC); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (in preparation), Fishguard (Sheet 210, 1:50,000) (NERC); DAVIES, J.R. et al. (2003), Sheet explanation (British Geological Survey, Sheet 193 (incl. Sheet 210, pt) (1:50,000) (NERC); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006a), North Pembrokeshire / Gogledd Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL35 (1:25, 000).

Afon Nyfer
Drift-infilled base/ floodplain of the Afon Nyfer - Nant Duad river system. Includes a broad middle section upstream of Nevern, which narrows and is incised downstream towards the estaury system of the Newport Sands area. Represents the floor of a former, major glacial meltwater channel (Quaternary: Pleistocene).
Forms part of an important complex of glacial meltwater channels although conservation status of parts of different parts of this system still requires determination: Geology/ geomorphology considered to be typical of feature/ process and is either widespread or not currently known to be exceptional in its own right.
BASSETT, M.G. (ed.) (1982. Geological excursions in Dyfed, South West Wales (NMW); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (in preparation), Fishguard (Sheet 210, 1:50,000) (NERC); CAMPBELL, S. and BOWEN, D.Q. (1989), Geological Conservation Review 1(JNCC); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006a), North Pembrokeshire / Gogledd Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL35 (1:25, 000).

Cwm Cerran - Cwm Duad
Steep-sided northern slopes of the Nevern-Duad valley system, including marginal incised cwms. Some platform-like areas suggest terrace-features. Bedrock dominated by Ordovician slates. Forms the northern sides of a major glacial meltwater channel (Quaternary: Pleistocene).
Break of slope at base and top of steep, incised valley sides.
Forms part of an important complex of glacial meltwater channels although conservation status of parts of different parts of this system still requires determination: Geology/ geomorphology considered to be typical of feature/ process and is either widespread or not currently known to be exceptional in its own right.
BASSETT, M.G. (ed.) (1982. Geological excursions in Dyfed, South West Wales (NMW); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (2003), Cardigan and Dinas Island (Sheets 193 and 210, pt, 1:50,000) (NERC); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (in preparation), Fishguard (Sheet 210, 1:50,000) (NERC); CAMPBELL, S. and BOWEN, D.Q. (1989), Geological Conservation Review 1 (NCC); DAVIES, J.R. et al. (2003), Sheet explanation (British Geological Survey, Sheet 193 (incl. Sheet 210, pt) (1:50,000) (NERC); ORDNANCE SURVEY (200

Cwm Clydach
Low and gently undulating platform on the S side of the Nyfer valley, including part of the Newport town. Presumed to dominated by glacial/ fluvioglacial deposits (Quaternary: Pleistocene) over Ordovician bedrock.
Dominantly rural area with some significant development. Lies within the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park.
Edge of estuary/ river system (floodplain etc) and base of slope below solid geology massifs on S side.
Forms part of an important complex of glacial meltwater channels although conservation status of parts of different parts of this system still requires determination: Geology/ geomorphology considered to be typical of feature/ process and is either widespread or not currently known to be exceptional in its own right.
BASSETT, M.G. (ed.) (1982. Geological excursions in Dyfed, South West Wales (NMW); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (in preparation), Fishguard (Sheet 210, 1:50,000) (NERC); CAMPBELL, S. and BOWEN, D.Q. (1989), Geological Conservation Review 1 (NCC); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006a), North Pembrokeshire / Gogledd Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL35 (1:25, 000).

Afon Nyfer - Brynberian
Incised valley system of Afon Nyfer and Afon Bryn, draining from the Preselli Mountains to the S. Mainly steep-sided with a narrow base. Bedrock dominated by Ordovician volcanic rocks. Some periglacial deposits probably also present (Quaternary: Pleistocene). Forms part of a major glacial meltwater channel system.
Break of slope at top and base of incised valley sides.
BASSETT, M.G. (ed.) (1982. Geological excursions in Dyfed, South West Wales (NMW); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (in preparation), Fishguard (Sheet 210, 1:50,000) (NERC); CAMPBELL, S. and BOWEN, D.Q. (1989), Geological Conservation Review 1 (NCC); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006a), North Pembrokeshire / Gogledd Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL35 (1:25, 000).

Afon Nyfer (Pontgynon)
Higher section of the Nyfer fluvial system N of the Preselli Mountain massif with a relatively wide drift-filled level floor (probably including alluvium and some glacial/ periglacial deposits: (Quaternary: Pleistocene-Holocene)).
Rural area with no significant development. Lies partly within the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park.
Break of slope at base of solid geology slopes/ junction with drift-filled valley system.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (in preparation), Fishguard (Sheet 210, 1:50,000) (NERC); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006a), North Pembrokeshire / Gogledd Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL35 (1:25, 000).

Pengelli Forest
Depression adjacent to the Nyfer-Duad glacial meltwater channel/ valley system with irregular, stream-incised surface. Surrounded to S, E and N by rising ground of solid geology massif. Opens to W into the Nyfer valley. Presumed to be dominated by glacial deposits [Quaternary: Pleistocene].
Margins of irregular depression, including base of slopes above.
BASSETT, M.G. (ed.) (1982. Geological excursions in Dyfed, South West Wales (NMW); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (in preparation), Fishguard (Sheet 210, 1:50,000) (NERC); CAMPBELL, S. and BOWEN, D.Q. (1989), Geological Conservation Review 1 (NCC); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006a), North Pembrokeshire / Gogledd Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL35 (1:25, 000).

Cwm Dulas
Significant SofW to NofE valley with broad and distinctively uneven floor, presumed to be underlain by glacial deposits [Quaternary: Pleistocene]. Narrows to E and develops steep incised sides; also includes several incised tributary valleys. Ordovician slates form bedrock. Probably represents a glacial meltwater channel.
Base of slope / edge of drift filled base of valley, but including incised tributaries to S and N.
No regionally significant sites/ landforms noted during present survey and geology/ geomorphology considered to be typical of feature/ process and is either widespread or not currently known to be exceptional. Nevertheless, the distinctive topography and extent of the glacial/ fluvioglacial infill suggests that the features of scientific importance may still be present.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (2007, in press), Newcastle Emlyn (Sheet 211, 1:50,000) (NERC); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (in preparation), Fishguard (Sheet 210, 1:50,000) (NERC); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2005), Newcastle Emlyn / Castell Newydd Emlyn, Explorer Map 185 (1:25, 000); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006a), North Pembrokeshire / Gogledd Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL35 (1:25, 000).

Cwm Creifa - Afon Pedran - Afon Cych
Includes three steep-sided, deeply incised cwms linked by a similar steep slope on the W side of the Cych valley adjacent to the County boundary. Incision probably related to downcutting of the Teifi river system. Bedrock dominated by Ordovician slates.
Break of slope at top and base of valley sides.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (2007, in press), Newcastle Emlyn (Sheet 211, 1:50,000) (NERC); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2005), Newcastle Emlyn / Castell Newydd Emlyn, Explorer Map 185 (1:25, 000).

Afon Cych - Pont Herews
Section of steep-sided/ incised slopes on the west side of the Teifi and Cych valleys, separated form similar areas to the SE by the Dulas valley. Includes several steep-sided cwms. Bedrock dominated by Ordovician slates.
Break of slope at base and top of steep valley sides.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (2007, in press), Newcastle Emlyn (Sheet 211, 1:50,000) (NERC); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2005), Newcastle Emlyn / Castell Newydd Emlyn, Explorer Map 185 (1:25, 000).

Newchapel
Solid geology massif forming the NE corner of the County, S of the Teifi river system. Rises to around 179m developing a broad SW-NE ridge and falling away to the NW to the depression of Pen-y-bryn. Steeper slopes developed to the E and S where the massif is incised by tributary cwms of the Teifi river system. Bedrock dominated by Ordovician slates.
Top of steep valley slope to E, base of slopes to N at edge of massif, base of low escarpment to W.
RITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (2003), Cardigan and Dinas Island (Sheets 193 and 210, pt, 1:50,000) (NERC); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (2007, in press), Newcastle Emlyn (Sheet 211, 1:50,000) (NERC); DAVIES, J.R. et al. (2003), Sheet explanation (British Geological Survey, Sheet 193 (incl. Sheet 210, pt) (1:50,000) (NERC); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2005), Newcastle Emlyn / Castell Newydd Emlyn, Explorer Map 185 (1:25, 000); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006a), North Pembrokeshire / Gogledd Sir Benfro, Explorer Map

Mynydd Crogwy - Tegrn
Extensive area of undulating terrain with a stream-dissected platform-like character and rising up to around 255m. Rounded, domed hills are typical and valleys are only incised along the northern and eastern margins of the area. In the N the effect is minor and limited to a marginal escarpment, but in the SE several deep cwms are developed. Includes a section of narrow flood plain/ drift fill of the Afon Asen valley (Quaternary, including Holocene) in the same area which lies on the surface of
Dominantly rural area with limited significant development. A very small part of the AA lies within the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park.
Base of low escarpment to N and NE, base of higher escarpmemnts in SW, county boundary to SE and margins of river valley drift and valley systems elsewhere,
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (2007, in press), Newcastle Emlyn (Sheet 211, 1:50,000) (NERC); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (in preparation), Fishguard (Sheet 210, 1:50,000) (NERC); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2005), Newcastle Emlyn / Castell Newydd Emlyn, Explorer Map 185 (1:25, 000); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006a), North Pembrokeshire / Gogledd Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL35 (1:25, 000).

Frenni Fawr
Discrete high massif with a broad basal area and escarpment above 290-300m, with a smaller, almost conical internal knoll rising steeply to 345m. Bedrock dominated by Ordovician slates and sandstone.
Base os steep sides of massif and top of incised valley to S.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (2007, in press), Newcastle Emlyn (Sheet 211, 1:50,000) (NERC); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (in preparation), Fishguard (Sheet 210, 1:50,000) (NERC); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2005), Newcastle Emlyn / Castell Newydd Emlyn, Explorer Map 185 (1:25, 000); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006a), North Pembrokeshire / Gogledd Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL35 (1:25, 000).

Llanfyrnach
Relatively gentle lower slopes on the E side of the Afon Taff valley. Escarpment of Ordovician bedrock above and flood-plain/ drift terrace system of river below. Presumed to be dominated by glacial deposits [Quaternary: Pleistocene].
Margins of river system/floodplain below and base of steeper slopes of solid geology massif above.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (2007, in press)*, Newcastle Emlyn (Sheet 211, 1:50,000) (NERC)*; ORDNANCE SURVEY (2005), Newcastle Emlyn / Castell Newydd Emlyn, Explorer Map 185 (1:25, 000).

Glandwr
Relatively gentle lower slopes on the W side of the Afon Taff valley, below an escarpment of Ordovician bedrock... Presumed to be dominated by glacial deposits [Quaternary: Pleistocene]...
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e...g... due to development/ forestry, etc), including through carrying out a survey to identify candidate RIGS for protection through develop plan policies and constraint mapping...
Edge of river/floodplain etc system and base of steeper solid geology slopes above...
No regionally significant sites/ landforms noted during present survey and geology/ geomorphology considered to be typical of feature/ process and is either widespread or not currently known to be exceptional...
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994) The Rocks of Wales / Gregiau Cymru (1:250000); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (in preparation), Fishguard (Sheet 210, 1:50,000) (NERC)*; ORDNANCE SURVEY (2005), Newcastle Emlyn / Castell Newydd Emlyn, Explorer Map 185 (1:25, 000); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006a), North Pembrokeshire / Gogledd Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL35 (1:25, 000)...

Afon Taff
Short section of narrow river flood plain / low terrace of the Afon Taff between County boundary and source area to the N between Preseli Mountains and Frenni Fawr. Includes narrow meandering river course.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), The Rocks of Wales / Gregiau Cymru (1:250000); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (2007, in press), Newcastle Emlyn (Sheet 211, 1:50,000) (NERC)*; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (in preparation), Fishguard (Sheet 210, 1:50,000) (NERC)*; ORDNANCE SURVEY (2005), Newcastle Emlyn / Castell Newydd Emlyn, Explorer Map 185 (1:25, 000); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006a), North Pembrokeshire / Gogledd Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL35 (1:25, 000).

Blaen-dyffryn
Section of incised valley and tributaries at the head of the Afon Taff system. Developed in the saddle between the Preseli Mountains and Frenni Fawr massifs. Bedrock is Ordovician slates.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), The Rocks of Wales / Gregiau Cymru (1:250000); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (2007, in press), Newcastle Emlyn (Sheet 211, 1:50,000) (NERC)*; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (in preparation), Fishguard (Sheet 210, 1:50,000) (NERC)*; ORDNANCE SURVEY (2005), Newcastle Emlyn / Castell Newydd Emlyn, Explorer Map 185 (1:25, 000); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006a), North Pembrokeshire / Gogledd Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL35 (1:25, 000).

Afon Glandy - Gors Fawr
road sloping depression on the S side of the Preseli Mountains and surrounded by solid geology massifs to SW and E. Upper, northern part relatively steep, forming cwms in the southern slopes of the mountains, below a steeper escarpment. Slopes become gentler to the S into the Gors Fawr - Waun Isaf area where a broad basin is developed. Connected via two channels to the upper part of the Cleddau river system to the S, the Aspect Area including the drift dominated, sloping valley floor of the
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development/ forestry, etc) and ensure that the SSSI is maintained in favourable condition by implementation of a management plan.
Limits of broad depression, including base of surrounding escarpments and solid geology massifs.
Forms part of classic periglacial landform site.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), The Rocks of Wales / Gregiau Cymru (1:250000); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (in preparation), Fishguard (Sheet 210, 1:50,000) (NERC)*; ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006a), North Pembrokeshire / Gogledd Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL35 (1:25, 000).

Hermon
Ordovician bedrock massif to the E of the Preseli Mountains and bounded to the E by the valley of the Afon Taff... ... Includes a lower dissected platform up to c...220m in the E with a central knoll rising to over 260m... In the W area rises slightly towards the escarpment of Foel Dyrch...
Dominantly rural area with limited significant development... Very small area of the AA lies within the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park...
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e...g... due to development/ forestry, etc), including through carrying out a survey to identify candidate RIGS for protection through develop plan policies and constraint mapping...
Base of slopes surrounding massif and junction with valley-drift systems... Also base of higher escarpment to the W...
No regionally significant sites/ landforms noted during present survey and geology/ geomorphology considered to be typical of feature/ process and is either widespread or not currently known to be exceptional...
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), The Rocks of Wales / Gregiau Cymru (1:250000); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (2007, in press), Newcastle Emlyn (Sheet 211, 1:50,000) (NERC)*; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (in preparation), Fishguard (Sheet 210, 1:50,000) (NERC)*; ORDNANCE SURVEY (2005), Newcastle Emlyn / Castell Newydd Emlyn, Explorer Map 185 (1:25, 000); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006a), North Pembrokeshire / Gogledd Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL35 (1:25, 000)...
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry; Natural crags and inland outcrops; Mine shaft/adit...

Cwm Cedni
Valley system with relatively broad, level to gently sloping base, probably with varied drift fill including alluvium and glacial deposits (Quaternary: Pleistocene-Holocene). Includes prominent N-S section connecting to Afon Taff valley at Glandyr.
Margins/ break of slope of level drift fill of valley system.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), The Rocks of Wales / Gregiau Cymru (1:250000); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (in preparation), Fishguard (Sheet 210, 1:50,000) (NERC)*; ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006a), North Pembrokeshire / Gogledd Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL35 (1:25, 000).

Merrion - Bosherston
Distinctive coastal platform averaging 50m above sea-level and developed on Carboniferous limestones. Some shallow valley systems present and karstic features significant, including dolines. Extensive areas modified by military ranges. Bounded by coast to the S and Old Red Sandstone escarpment to the N, both with a WNW-ESE orientation.
tream.. Karstic systems present including springs..
Spring. Doline. Urban / industrial development. Engineered topography
Area has been significant modified in places by military activity in connection with tank ranges. Dolines and other karstic features are reported to have been infilled and surface features such as limestone pavement excavated or disturbed. Lies within the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park.
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development/ forestry, agricultural operations, military activities, etc), including through carrying out a survey to identify candidate RIGS for protection through develop plan policies and constraint mapping. A key part of this process would be a detailed survey of karstic features present and the development of a management plan to safeguard surviving landforms and restore damaged features.
Cliff top, ria valley system to E and base of escarpment to N.
Important area both for coastal platform feature and underground karstic systems.
ASSETT, M.G. (ed.) (1982), Geological excursions in Dyfed, South West Wales (NMW); COSSEY, P.J. et al. (2004), Geological Conservation Review Series 29 (JNCC); ELLIS-GRUFFYDD, D. (1988), Rocks and Scenery of the Pembrokeshire National Park (PCNP); GEORGE, T.N. et. al. (1976), Geological Society, London, Special Publication 7; HOWELLS, S. (1999), Stackpole Estate: Geological Notes (National Trust); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1976), INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1977), Pembroke and
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry; Cave.

Mynydd Dinas - Mynydd Carningli
Prominent massif NW of the Preseli Mountains and rising to 337m. Forms a broadly E-W ridge of coalescing knolls with rocky peaks or tors surrounded by rock-strewn slopes. Slopes away rapidly northwards towards the coast forming an escarpment. To S of ridge slopes more gently towards Cwm Gwaun, but locally with steeper upper-most section around tors. Common blocks on slopes often concentrated in broad runs. Bedrock geology includes Ordovician volcanic rocks and slates with some igneous intrusi
Base of steep slopes of massif to N and top of steep valley sides of Cwm Gwaun to S.
Prominent massif with key periglacial features to NW of more famous Preseli Mountains massif.
ASSETT, M.G. (ed.) (1982), Geological excursions in Dyfed, South West Wales (NMW); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1990), St. Davids (Sheet 209, 1:50,000) (NERC); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), The Rocks of Wales / Gregiau Cymru (1:250000); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (in preparation), Fishguard (Sheet 210, 1:50,000) (NERC)*; CAMPBELL, S. and BOWEN, D.Q. (1989), Geological Conservation Review 1 (NCC); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006a), North Pembrokeshire / Gogledd Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL35 (1:25,
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry; Natural crags and inland outcrops; block slopes/ surface stone.

Mynydd Preseli
Conspicuous and famous upland ridge rising to 536m and crested by a line of rocky crags / tors with associated block-littered slopes. Sides of ridge steep sided, especially to the N. Includes NE orientated continuation of the ridge, but dropping to lower altitudes in the Gilgwyn Mawrt area. Bedrock dominated by Ordovician slates with igneous intrusions (dolerite) capping peaks. Surface features are dominantly periglacial, however (Quaternary, Pleistocene).
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development/ forestry, etc), ensure that the SSSI is maintained in favourable condition by implementation of a management plan.
Classic periglacial upland notified as SSSI.
BASSETT, M.G. (ed.) (1982), Geological excursions in Dyfed, South West Wales (NMW); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), The Rocks of Wales / Gregiau Cymru (1:250000); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (in preparation), Fishguard (Sheet 210, 1:50,000) (NERC)*; CAMPBELL, S. and BOWEN, D.Q. (1989), Geological Conservation Review 1 (NCC); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006a), North Pembrokeshire / Gogledd Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL35 (1:25, 000).
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry; Natural crags and inland outcrops; Block slopes/ surface stone.

Dinas Cross
Gently sloping coastal platform on the N side of the Mynydd Dinas - Mynydd Carningli massif. Cut by several small stream valleys adjacent to coast. Includes relatively gentle lower slopes on E side of massif adjacent to Cwm Clydach. Some areas of slopes with common blocks. Bedrock geology includes Ordovician slates and volcanic rocks. Surface geology, however, likely to include significant glacial and periglacial deposits (Quaternary, Pleistocene).
Waterfall / rapids. Slope. Spring. Urban / industrial development
Dominantly rural area with limited significant development. Lies within the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park.
Clff top to N and base os escarpment of PMBRKGL39 to S and edge of valley systems elsewhere.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), The Rocks of Wales / Gregiau Cymru (1:250000); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (in preparation), Fishguard (Sheet 210, 1:50,000) (NERC)*; ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006a), North Pembrokeshire / Gogledd Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL35 (1:25, 000).
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Block slopes/ surface stone.

Cilswyn
Depression on the W side of Cwm Clydach, surrounded on the N, E and S by solid geology. Very irregular stream dissected floor suggests glacial deposits (Quaternary, Pleistocene). Opens to W into Cydach valley. Some crags present on S side, however, possibly of Ordovician igneous rocks.
Break of slope at base of surrounding slopes to N, S and E and based of valley to W.

Dinas Head (Fishguard - Newport coast)
Rock cliffs with limited narrow foreshore and small coves formed of varied Ordovician rocks including slates, sandstones and volcanic rocks. Rises to around 125m and is steepest and highest around Dinas Head. Includes the beach at Fishguard and cliffs around the headland adjacent to the town.
Cliff. Wave-cut platform. Sea-cave / cave. Sand / shingle foreshore. Sand beach. Coastal defence works
Mainly natural undefended coastline with limited coastal defence, etc. Lies within the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park.
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development/ coastal defence works, etc), and ensure that the SSSI is maintained in favourable condition by implementation of a management plan.
Mean low tide mark and cliff/ steep coastal slop top.
Includes nationally important exposures of Ordovician volcanic rocks and sediments, including stratigraphical type localities.
BASSETT, M.G. (ed.) (1982), Geological excursions in Dyfed, South West Wales (NMW); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), The Rocks of Wales / Gregiau Cymru (1:250000); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (in preparation), Fishguard (Sheet 210, 1:50,000) (NERC)*; ELLIS-GRUFFYDD, D. (1988), Rocks and Scenery of the Pembrokeshire National Park (PCNP);
ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006a), North Pembrokeshire / Gogledd Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL35 (1:25, 000); RUSHTON, A.W.A. et al. (1999), Geological Conservation Rev

Cwm Gwaun (N)
Steep, northern slopes of Cwm Gwaun and minor incised side cwms cut into the s side of the Mynydd Dinas - Mynydd Carningli massif. Bedrock dominated by Ordovician slates. Forms part of major glacial meltwater channel (Quaternary, Pleistocene).
Break of slope at base and top of steep valley sides.
BASSETT, M.G. (ed.) (1982), Geological excursions in Dyfed, South West Wales (NMW); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), The Rocks of Wales / Gregiau Cymru (1:250000); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (in preparation), Fishguard (Sheet 210, 1:50,000) (NERC)*; CAMPBELL, S. and BOWEN, D.Q. (1989), Geological Conservation Review 1 (NCC); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006a), North Pembrokeshire / Gogledd Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL35 (1:25, 000).

Cwm Gwaun (S)
Steep, southern slopes of Cwm Gwaun valley and associated minor incised side cwms. Includes a minor lower area where a side stream joins in the Llanychaer area and the steep N side of the Crinei Brook valley near Criney Bridge. Bedrock dominated by Ordovician slates. Forms part of major glacial meltwater channel (Quaternary, Pleistocene).
BASSETT, M.G. (ed.) (1982), Geological excursions in Dyfed, South West Wales (NMW); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), The Rocks of Wales / Gregiau Cymru (1:250000); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (in preparation), Fishguard (Sheet 210, 1:50,000) (NERC)*; CAMPBELL, S. and BOWEN, D.Q. (1989), Geological Conservation Review 1 (NCC); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006a), North Pembrokeshire / Gogledd Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL35 (1:25, 000).

Afon Gwaun
Level to gently sloping floor of Cwm Gwaun including course and floodplain of Afon Gwaun.
Includes a broad area SW of Llanerch which curves round to a narrower NNW, incised section leading to the coast at Fishguard. To the NE of Llanerch flow is now north-eastwards towards Cwm Clydach and Afon Nyfer incised course. Forms the floor of a major glacial meltwater channel with a minor modern stream/ river system now in place (Quaternary, Pleistocene-Holocene).
Margins of drift valley fill/ base of steep valley sides above.
Forms part of an important complex of glacial meltwater channels although conservation status of parts of different parts of this system still requires determination.

Pontfaen Brook
Relatively level, gently sloping base to a broad, drift infilled valley on the S side of Cwm Gwaun (Quaternary, Pleistocene-Holocene?). Distinctive SE-NW orientation.
Break of slope at margins of level drift filled valley.

Afon Syfynwy (Farthings Hook)
Deeply incised, steep-sided section of the valley of Afon Syfynwy between Llys-y-fran Reservoir and Rosebush. Valley floor level to gently sloping indicating drift infill (Quaternary: Pleistocene-Holocene). Bedrock dominated by Ordovician slates. Probably a minor glacial meltwater channel.
Top of steep valley sides and limits of reservoirs to N and S.

Afon Anghof - Ty-rhyg
Broad valley basin with gently sloping base in the E, narrowing to the W and becoming more fluvial in form with a more typical floodplain surface. Drains the SW part of the Preseli massif. Includes a section of the upper part of Afon Syfynwy in the E, which then cuts southwards from the broad depression at Rosebush Reservoir. Valley form continues eastwards, however, and is occupied by a tributary of the Western Cleddau which it joins near Wolf''s Castle via the narrowed, incised course [Quate
Lake / reservoir (artificial). River channel (natural)
Rural area with no significant development. Lies partly within the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park.
Break of slope at margins of drift-filled depression/ valley system.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry; Meander.

Caermeini
Lower slopes of the eastern part of the Preseli - Foel Dyrch massif, and linking the two areas. Slopes are moderate but steeper than presumed drift-dominated depressions below and gentler than solid geology massifs above. Some stony scatter locally on surface. Includes the eastern margins of the Gors Fawr basin and an area on the N side of the Glandyr valley. Bedrock dominated by Ordovician slates, although likely to included significant glacial/ periglacial deposits [Quaternary: Pleistocene].
Break of slope at base of high massifs above and flatter drift-filled depression below.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry; Block slopes/ surface stone.

Llandre
Low, domed and relatively small area, forming a solid geology ''island'' on the S side of the Gors Fawr - Waun Isaf basin and the N side of the Glandyr valley. Dominated by Ordovician slates.

Gellifawr
Broad, undulating platform-like feature cut by two valleys at the western end of the Preseli Mountains and on the S side of Cwm Gwaun. Includes some areas of funnelled surface blocks of presumed periglacial origin. Probably dominated by Ordovician slaty bedrock with some glacial and periglacial deposits [Quaternary: Pleistocene].
Top of steep sides of valley to N, edge of level drift infilled area of PMBRKGL47 and base of higher massif to SW and SE.

Maenclochog cwms
Comprises two parallel N-S, steep-sided incised valleys draining into the Eastern Cleddau to the S. Valleys are
linked by a steep E-W valley form to the N and fed by three main tributary streams further N. bedrock geology probably includes Ordovician slates and sandstones. Valleys are probably minor glacial meltwater channels.
Break of slope at top of steep valley sides and base of slope where floodplain present to S.
Although feature may be regionally significant in a geomorphological sense, n o regionally significant sites/ landforms noted during present survey and bedrock geology considered to be either widespread or not currently known to be exceptional.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry;

Llwydarth
Wedge of Ordovician bedrock between two steeply incised stream valleys. Northern part broadly flattened, then sloping southwards, including steeply N of Dol-bettws, and becoming narrower and lower adjacent to the eastern Cleddau valley.
Break of slope at top of surrounding steep valley sides.

Cwm Rhyd-afallen
Deeply incised upper reaches of S flowing valley to the W of and parallel to the Maencloclog cwms. Also joins the Eastern Cleddau river system. Valley is probably a minor glacial meltwater channels. Bedrock dominated by Ordovician slates and some sandstones.
Break of slope at top of steep valley sides and at base adjacent to flood plain in the S.
Although feature may be regionally significant in a geomorphological sense, no regionally significant geological sites were confirmed during the present survey and bedrock geology is considered to be either widespread or not currently known to be exceptional.

Cwm Rhyd-y-Brown
Bifurcating, incised valley system draining broadly southwards via Afon Syfynwy towards the Eastern Cleddau river system. Lies to the W of Cwm Rhyd-afallen. Bedrock dominated by Ordovician slates and some sandstones.Valleys are probably minor glacial meltwater channels.
Break of slope at top of steep valley sides and margins of flood plain to S.
Although feature may be regionally significant in a geomorphological sense, no regionally significant geological sites were confirmed during the present survey and bedrock geology is considered to be either widespread or not currently known to be exceptional.

Cwm Hill
Incised valley system draining broadly southwards via Afon Syfynwy towards the Eastern Cleddau river system. Lies to the W of Cwm Rhyd-y-Brown and Cwm Rhyd-afallen. Bedrock dominated by Ordovician slates and some sandstones. Valley is probably a minor glacial meltwater channel.
Break of slope at base and top of steep valley sides.
Although feature may be regionally significant in a geomorphological sense, no regionally significant geological sites were confirmed during the present survey and bedrock geology is considered to be either widespread or not currently known to be exceptional.

Maenclochog
Broad undulating platform with characteristic low rounded knolls 240m-292m high, including Budloy Mountain and Mynydd Bach). Bedrock geology dominated by Ordovician with igneous intrusions (dolerite), the latter having a broadly E-W orientation and consequently forming E-W elongated knolls. Incised valleys lie largely to the S. Some local surface scatter of blocks in higher areas below the Preseli massif.
Rural area with no significant development. A small part of the AA lies within the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park.
Break of slope at base of massifs to N, top of steep incised valley sides and base of low feature of AA to SW.

Llandissilio
Block of terrain on the e side of the eastern Cleddau valley and contained by the County boundary. Includes relatively steep valley slopes to the NW, otherwise rising more gently from surrounding valleys to a slight ridge. Bedrock dominated by Ordovician slates and some sandstones. Margins cut by several small valleys.
County boundary and break of slope at base of steep slopes of eastern Cleddau valley system to W.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1976), Haverfordwest (Sheet 228, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006a), North Pembrokeshire / Gogledd Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL35 (1:25, 000); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006b), South Pembrokeshire / De Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL36 (1:25, 000).

Crosswell
Lower slopes to the NE of the Preseli Mountains, levelling off to the undulating terrain of the Mynydd Crigwy - Tegrn area Separated only from the latter by the upper, non-incised, part of Afon Nyfer river system. Bedrock geology probably includes Ordovician slates and volcanic rocks.
Base of slopes of upland area to S and margins of valley systems elsewhere.

Cwm-onen
Broad channel developed around the NW corner of the Minas Dinas massif. Links Cwm Gwaun to a steep incised stream valley leading to the sea at Aber Bach. Former major glacial meltwater channel (Quaternary: Pleistocene).
Break of slop at margins of level drift-filled base of valley.

Carn Fran
Undulating coastal platform with discrete tor-capped knolls near the coast and developed on Ordovician volcanic rocks with igneous intrusions. Some surface scatter of boulders in places. Isolated from adjacent areas mainly by glacial meltwater channels.
Top of cliff and margins of valley systems on all other sides.
Additional Level 4 features include: Natural crags and inland outcrops; Block slopes/ surface stone.

Goodwick
Marshy area developed within coastal valleys, barrier beach and foreshore within Fishguard Harbour. Includes extensive coastal development including breakwaters and dock areas.
Sand / shingle foreshore. Sand beach. Marsh / saltmarsh. Coastal defence works. Made ground. Urban / industrial development
Coastline developed as harbour/ port with associated urban areas.
Ensure that no significant surviving geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development, etc).
Mean low tide mark, base of former cliff and margins of level drift-infilled estuary/ ria to SW.

Manorbier Camp
Relatively small coastal block dominated by Devonian ''Old Red Sandstone''. Rises above Carboniferous Limestone platform to the N to around 70m, with a low slope/escarpment to the N.
Slope. Hill top. Scarp slope. Urban / industrial development
Cliff Top and base of low feature on landward side.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1977), Pembroke and Linney Head (Sheets 244 and 245, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006b), South Pembrokeshire / De Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL36 (1:25, 000).

Esgyrn
Low, broadly E-W orientated mound, isolated from similar adjacent areas by the glacial meltwater channels of the Esgyrn Bottom-Cwm Gwaun, etc system. Sides steep (incised). Bedrock includes Ordovician slates.
Includes part of an important complex of glacial meltwater channels although conservation status of parts of different parts of this system still requires determination. Lies adjacent to Esgyrn Bottom SSSI [Quaternary of Wales] (valley base only included). Geology/ geomorphology considered to be typical of feature/ process and is either widespread or not currently known to be exceptional in its own right

Bengal
Broadly E-W massif developed within branches of the Western Cleddau system and associated glacial meltwater channels. Surface of block gently undulating with steep, incised sides marginal to valleys in S and E. Bedrock dominated by Ordovician slates.
Base of solid geology massif / junction with drift filled valley systems, also top of incised valley sides in E.

Pentre-Newydd - Esgyrn Bottom
Deeply incised, very steep sided valley linking the eastern limits of the Western Cleddau system to the Cwm Gwaun glacial meltwater channel [Quaternary: Pleistocene]. Flow of streams present now towards Cwm Gwaun rather than the former. Includes adjacent incised sides of Trecwn and the Esgyrn Bottom area. Base of main section in the Pentre-Newydd area narrow but broadens to S and SW. Bedrock dominated by Ordovician slates.
Top of steep valley sides and base to NW and SW.

Mynydd Castlebythe
Steep-sided E-W ridge rising to 347m above the undulating surface of Amblestone area and on the S side of the Afon Anghof - Ty-rhyg valley. Some surface rock scatter, especially around St. Bernard''s Well Mountain. Dominated by Ordovician slates with igneous intrusions (dolerite), the latter probably controlling the shape and orientation of the ridge.
Additional Level 4 features include: Disused quarry; Block slopes/ surface stone.

Amblestone
Extensive block of gently undulating terrain with a broadly WSW-ENE orientation controlled by river systems to NW and SE. Topography gently rises from these systems towards the upland ridge of Mynydd Castlebythe. . Dominated by Ordovician slates with some volcanic rocks to the SW.
Dominantly rural area with limited significant development. Small area of AA lies within the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park.
Base of slope of AA adjacent to valley drift systems, base of esdcarpment of PMBRKGL68 and top of steep valleys sides on PMBRKGL168
Additional Level 4 features include: Natural crags and inland outcrops; Block slopes/ surface stone.

Rhos-y-Bryn
Broad, concave slopes on the N side of the Preseli Mountains, developed below a steep upper escarpment. Style is upland although altitude is below 250m. Characterised by fan-like groupings of coalescing streams which feed funnel-like features projecting into undulating farmland areas below. Surface scatters of blocks widespread are typical.
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development/ forestry, etc), and that the SSSI is maintained in favourable condition by implementation of a management plan.
Base of steep slope of Preseli Mountain massif above and base of moorland slopes below.
Key part of famous periglacial upland area, including SSSI.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Marsh/bog/fen; Block slopes/ surface stone.

Mynydd Cilciffeth
Massif rising to 335m with NW-SE orientated NE face (?fault controlled). NE and SW slopes steep but becoming more gentle to the NW adjacent to Cwm Gwaun. Dominated by Ordovician slates with some igneous intrusions (dolerite),
Rural area with no significant development. A small part of the AA lies within the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park.

Brynberian
Gently sloping platform marginal to the northern part of the Preseli Mountains and cut by the Afon Nyfer glacial meltwater valley system to the W, N and E. Dominated by Ordovician volcanic rocks.
Breaks of slope at top of adjacent valley systems and base of massifs above.

Foel Dyrch
Ridge-like massif forming the eastern limit of the Preseli Mountains. Includes a northern N-S section and a southern SW-NE section, the latter including the steep sided, prominent knoll/ mountain of Foel Dyrch, rising to 355m. Some surface stone scatter in this area. Eastern face forms an escarpment. Dominated by Ordovician slates and volcanic rocks with igneous intrusions (dolerite).
Break of slope/feature at base of solid geology massif .
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), The Rocks of Wales / Gregiau Cymru (1:250000); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (2007, in press), Newcastle Emlyn (Sheet 211, 1:50,000) (NERC)*; ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006a), North Pembrokeshire / Gogledd Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL35 (1:25, 000).

Llanwnda
Ridge of coalescing steep sided knolls, typically with rocky tops, including tors. Forms a composite, sinusoidal ridge between Fishguard and Harmony reflecting bedrock folding and faulting. Latter is dominated by Ordovician volcanic rocks with igneous intrusions (dolerite) controlling the location of several knolls.
Slope. Hill top. Tor. Spring. Urban / industrial development
Base of positive feature of volcanic rock dominated ridge.
Tor features may be regionally significant landforms: assessment therefore advisable.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1990), St. Davids (Sheet 209, 1:50,000) (NERC); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), The Rocks of Wales / Gregiau Cymru (1:250000); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (in preparation), Fishguard (Sheet 210, 1:50,000) (NERC)*; ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006a), North Pembrokeshire / Gogledd Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL35 (1:25, 000).

Harmony
Coastal block rising to around 124m close to high cliffs developed on Ordovician shales and sandstones. Gently undulates down towards the glacial-deposit filled basin of St Michaels to the E. Locally some surface scatter of blocks.
Top of cliffs/steep coastal slope to NW and base of low feature opf AA to SE.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1990), St. Davids (Sheet 209, 1:50,000) (NERC); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006a), North Pembrokeshire / Gogledd Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL35 (1:25, 000).

Jordanston
N-S orientated block bounded by valley systems to W, S and E, but including 3 incipient W-E ridges, the highest in the N rising to 132m. Sides locally steep adjacent to valleys on W and E. Bedrock dominated by Cambrian sandstone-mudrock ''flags''.
Break of slope/feature at base of solid geology massif and features at edge drift filled valley systems.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1990), St. Davids (Sheet 209, 1:50,000) (NERC); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (in preparation), Fishguard (Sheet 210, 1:50,000) (NERC)*; ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006a), North Pembrokeshire / Gogledd Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL35 (1:25, 000).

Dyffryn - Rhos Clegyrn
Valley of the Dyffryn, from the drift-filled depression of Rhos Clegyn which link to the coast in the Goodwick area via relatively steep streams. Probably includes some Ordovician bedrock exposure and significant areas of glacial clays (Quaternary: Pleistocene).
Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). Slope. Spring. Urban / industrial development
Breaks of slope at base of solid geology massif/ junction with drift-filled valley system.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1990), St. Davids (Sheet 209, 1:50,000) (NERC); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), The Rocks of Wales / Gregiau Cymru (1:250000); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (in preparation), Fishguard (Sheet 210, 1:50,000) (NERC)*; ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006a), North Pembrokeshire / Gogledd Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL35 (1:25, 000).

Tregroes Moor
Flat surfaced basin, presumably drift-filled (Quaternary: Pleistocene-Holocene?).with very gentle slope to the W, forming a step on the W side of the Mynydd Dinas massif. Linked by down-cut streams to the Dyffryn valley
Breaks of slope at base of solid geology massif/ junction with drift-filled depression.

St Michaels
Basin-like feature with curved SW to S form and very irregular surface, including old sand and gravel workings, ponds and mire. Dominated by glacial sands and gravels (Quaternary: Pleistocene).
Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). Slope. Spring. Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit
Break of slope at edge of depositional basin sediment fill.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1990), St. Davids (Sheet 209, 1:50,000) (NERC); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006a), North Pembrokeshire / Gogledd Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL35 (1:25, 000).

Pen Caer
Coastal platform and slopes on the north side of the Llanwna massif. Dominated by an apron of glacial clays to the S (Quaternary: Pleistocene)which thins northwards revealing exposures of Ordovician volcanic bedrock in a belt adjacent to cliffs including in shallow valley-forms.
Top of cliff/ steep coastal slope to N and base of ridge to S.
Includes minor part of Strumble Head-Llechafad Cliffs SSSI [Caledonian Igneous].
BASSETT, M.G. (ed.) (1982), Geological excursions in Dyfed, South West Wales (NMW); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1990), St. Davids (Sheet 209, 1:50,000) (NERC); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006a), North Pembrokeshire / Gogledd Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL35 (1:25, 000); STEPHENSON, D. et al. (1999), Geological Conservation Review Series 17 (JNCC).

Skybir Mountain
Massif with general W-E orientation and steepest sides to the N and S and rising to around 232m. Locally surface stone scatters including around Skybir Mountain itself and on valley sides. Includes narrow E-W valley with some drift infill on W side and a wide and distinctive flat platform to NE which forms a saddle between the Skybir and Mynydd Cilciffeth massifs. Bedrock dominated by Ordovician slates.
Flood plain. Slope. Hill top. Spring. Urban / industrial development
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif and junction with valley systems or lower solid geology dominated areas.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry; Natural crags and inland outcrops; Block slopes/ surface stone.

Letterston
Forms a platform-like feature at around 130m, with slopes rising up from the Western Cleddau valley to the W and below Skybir Mountain to the NE. Bounded by river/ valley systems to the NW, SW and SE. Bedrock dominated by Ordovician slates and sandstones.
Break of slope at base of solid geology area and junction with valley systems and base of higher Skybir Mountain massif.

Heathfield
Low, marginal area to the Letterston-Skybir mountain massif adjacent to the Western Cleddau valley system. Includes terrace-like features cut by small valleys. Includes the S side of the Trecwn valley and the broad side valley on Letterston Moorland. Glacial deposits probably dominate (Quaternary: Pleistocene) with some Cambrian and Ordovician bedrock.
Lake / reservoir (artificial). River terrace. Spring
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1990), St. Davids (Sheet 209, 1:50,000) (NERC); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), The Rocks of Wales / Gregiau Cymru (1:250000); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (in preparation), Fishguard (Sheet 210, 1:50,000) (NERC)*; ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006a), North Pembrokeshire / Gogledd Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL35 (1:25, 000).

Ramsey Island
Terrestrial surface of Ramsey island including a gently sloping coastal platform dominating the eastern part of the island and rising to around 60m, and the distinctive rocky knolls of Carnysgubor and Carnllundain. The latter steeply rise to 101 and 128m respectively. Island is dominated by Ordovician volcanic rocks with slaty mudrocks and sandstone to the NE.
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost, damaged or made inaccessible (e.g. due to development, inappropriate restrictions due to focus on bird conservation on island , etc ) and ensure that the SSSI is maintained in favourable condition by implementation of a management plan.
Includes key parts of the Ramsey / Yns Dewi SSSI [Ordovician Igneous; Ordovician: Arenig-Llanvirn].
BASSETT, M.G. (ed.) (1982), Geological excursions in Dyfed, South West Wales (NMW); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1990), St. Davids (Sheet 209, 1:50,000) (NERC); COCKS, L.R.M. et al. (1992), Geological Society, London, Special Publication 21; ELLIS-GRUFFYDD, D. (1988), Rocks and Scenery of the Pembrokeshire National Park (PCNP); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006a), North Pembrokeshire / Gogledd Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL35 (1:25, 000); RUSHTON, A.W.A. et al. (1999), Geological Conservation Review Series 1

Ramsey Island (coast)
Rocky cliffs of Ramsey island and local areas of foreshore and beach. Dominated by Ordovician volcanic rocks with slaty mudrocks and sandstone to the NE.
Cliff. Wave-cut platform. Sea-cave / cave. Boulder. Sand beach. Beach
Mainly natural undefended coastline . Lies within the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park.
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost, damaged or made inaccessible (e.g. due to development, inappropriate restrictions due to focus on bird conservation on island , etc ) and ensure that the SSSI is maintained in favourable condition by implementation of a management plan.
Top of cliff/ steep coastal slope and mean low tide mark.
Key part of Ramsey / Yns Dewi SSSI [Ordovician Igneous; Ordovician: Arenig-Llanvirn].
BASSETT, M.G. (ed.) (1982), Geological excursions in Dyfed, South West Wales (NMW); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1990), St. Davids (Sheet 209, 1:50,000) (NERC); COCKS, L.R.M. et al. (1992), Geological Society, London, Special Publication 21; ELLIS-GRUFFYDD, D. (1988), Rocks and Scenery of the Pembrokeshire National Park (PCNP); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006a), North Pembrokeshire / Gogledd Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL35 (1:25, 000); RUSHTON, A.W.A. et al. (1999), Geological Conservation Review Series 1

Trefeiddau Moor
Drift filled basin in the western-most part of the St. David''s peninsula, probably once occupied by a much larger lake than that now present. Includes both lake and glacial deposits.
Ensure that no significant deposits or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development/ forestry, drainage, etc), including through carrying out a survey to identify candidate RIGS for protection through develop plan policies and constraint mapping.
Break of slope at edge of lake/depositional basin sediment fill.
No regionally deposits/ landforms noted during present survey and geomorphology considered to be typical of feature/ process and not currently known to be exceptional.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1990), St. Davids (Sheet 209, 1:50,000) (NERC); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006a), North Pembrokeshire / Gogledd Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL35 (1:25, 000).

Carn Lidi (St. David''s Head)
Coastal area with WSW-ENE orientation and the two distinctive, steep sided rocky knolls of Carn Llidi and Carn Perfedd/ Carnedd Lleithr. Includes a narrow valley separating the latter form the rocky ridge forming St. David''s Head itself. Slopes to E and S more gentle. Crags are formed of intrusive igneous rocks (dolerite-gabbro) with Ordovician slates between.
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development/ forestry, etc) and that the SSSI is maintained in favourable condition by implementation of a management plan.
Top of cliffs/steep coastal slope and base of solids geology massif to S and E.
Forms a key part of the St David''s Peninsula Coast SSSI [Caledonian Igneous; ?Quaternary of Wales].
BASSETT, M.G. (ed.) (1982), Geological excursions in Dyfed, South West Wales (NMW); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1990), St. Davids (Sheet 209, 1:50,000) (NERC); ELLIS-GRUFFYDD, D. (1988), Rocks and Scenery of the Pembrokeshire National Park (PCNP); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006a), North Pembrokeshire / Gogledd Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL35 (1:25, 000); STEPHENSON, D. et al. (1999), Geological Conservation Review Series 17 (JNCC);

The Burrows of Tywyn
Sand beach and dunes rising over and burying former cliffs. System artificially modified and partly occupied by golf course.
Sand / shingle foreshore. Active sand dune. Stabilised sand dune. Sand beach. Beach. Engineered topography
Natural system significantly modified as a golf course. Lies within the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park.
Maintain natural system and ensure that no further features or deposits of geomorphological or geological significance are damaged or destroyed, including through carrying out a survey to identify candidate RIGS for protection through develop plan policies and constraint mapping.
Margins of current sand dune area, adjacent beach and mean low water.
Natural system significantly modified as a golf course.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1990), St. Davids (Sheet 209, 1:50,000) (NERC); ELLIS-GRUFFYDD, D. (1988), Rocks and Scenery of the Pembrokeshire National Park (PCNP); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006a), North Pembrokeshire / Gogledd Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL35 (1:25, 000).

Clegyr-Boia
Coastal platform forming the terrestrial part of the southern headland of the St. David''s peninsula. Dominated by a flat surface up to around 50-60m above sea-level with some local, broad and low mounds. Geology dominated by Precambrian volcanic rocks with glacial clays to the NE.
Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). Lake / reservoir (artificial). Slope. Hill top. Spring
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development/ forestry, etc), including through carrying out a survey to identify candidate RIGS for protection through develop plan policies and constraint mapping. Ensure that the SSSI is maintained in favourable condition by implementation of a management plan.
Margins of valley systems, top of cliffs and base of massif to N.
Adjacent to St David''s Peninsula Coast SSSI (part) [Precambrian of England and Wales, etc] and includes related geology.
BASSETT, M.G. (ed.) (1982), Geological excursions in Dyfed, South West Wales (NMW); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1990), St. Davids (Sheet 209, 1:50,000) (NERC); CARNEY, J.N. et al. (2000), Geological Conservation Review Series 20 (JNCC);
ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006a), North Pembrokeshire / Gogledd Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL35 (1:25, 000).
Additional Level 4 features include: Disused quarry; Natural crags and inland outcrops.

St. David''s Head - Aber Mawr coast
Rocky cliffs of the N side of the St. David''s peninsula between St. David''s Head and Abermawr. Rocky foreshore very limited and developed mainly around a few small coves, the most significant of which is Abereiddi Bay. Coast has a general WSW-ENE orientation.
Cliff. Wave-cut platform. Sea-cave / cave. Boulder. Sand / shingle foreshore. Beach. Waterfall / rapids
Mainly natural undefended coastline with limited coastal defence, etc. Lies within the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park.
Maintain natural coastal system and ensure that no features or deposits of geomorphological or geological significance are damaged or destroyed. Ensure that the SSSI is maintained in favourable condition by implementation of a management plan.
Mean low tide mark and top of cliff/ steep coastal slope.
Includes two key geological SSSIs (St David''s Peninsula Coast SSSI (part) [including Ordovician: Arenig-Llanvirn, Caledonian Igneous; ?Quaternary of Wales;] and Arfordir Abereiddi SSSI [Ordovician: Arenig-Llanvirn; Caledonian Igneous]).
BASSETT, M.G. (ed.) (1982), Geological excursions in Dyfed, South West Wales (NMW); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1990), St. Davids (Sheet 209, 1:50,000) (NERC); ELLIS-GRUFFYDD, D. (1988), Rocks and Scenery of the Pembrokeshire National Park (PCNP); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006a), North Pembrokeshire / Gogledd Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL35 (1:25, 000); RUSHTON, A.W.A. et al. (1999), Geological Conservation Review Series 18 (JNCC); STEPHENSON, D. et al. (1999), Geological Conservation Review Series 17

Strumble Head (Abernach-Goodwick coast)
Rocky coastline between Goodwick and Aber bach, including the Strumble Head peninsula. Cliffs rise to around120m W of Harmony, but are lower in the Goodwick area where shore areas have been developed as a harbour. Rocky foreshore generally very narrow or absent, even in coves. Dominated by Ordovician slates and volcanic rocks.
Cliff. Wave-cut platform. Sea-cave / cave. Boulder. Island. Sand beach. Beach. Rock platform. Shingle / gravel. Coastal slope. Engineered topography
Mainly natural undefended coastline with limited coastal defence, etc. Lies within the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park.
Maintain natural systems and ensure that no further features or deposits of geomorphological or geological significance are damaged or destroyed. Ensure that the SSSI is maintained in favourable condition by implementation of a management plan.
Mean low tide mark and top of cliff/ steep coastal slope.
Includes key areas of Strumble Head-Llechafad Cliffs SSSI [Caledonian Igneous].
BASSETT, M.G. (ed.) (1982), Geological excursions in Dyfed, South West Wales (NMW); ELLIS-GRUFFYDD, D. (1988), Rocks and Scenery of the Pembrokeshire National Park (PCNP); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006a), North Pembrokeshire / Gogledd Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL35 (1:25, 000); STEPHENSON, D. et al. (1999), Geological Conservation Review Series 17 (JNCC).

Whitesands Bay - Newgale Sands
Famous coastal section including important exposures of Cambrian and Precambrian rocks. Dominated by cliffs with typically no or very limited areas of rocky foreshore. Locally coves have sandy beaches and the mouths of several small rias also present.
Cliff. Wave-cut platform. Sea-cave / cave. Boulder. Island. Sand beach. Beach. Sand. Shingle / gravel
Maintain natural systems and ensure that no further features or deposits of geomorphological or geological significance are damaged or destroyed. Ensure that the SSSI is maintained in favourable condition by implementation of a management plan.
Mean low tide mark and top of cliff/ steep coastal slope.
Includes SSSI with high concentration of GCR sites (St David''s Peninsula Coast SSSI [including Precambrian of England and Wales; Cambrian; Quaternary of Wales; Coastal Geomorphology of Wales GCR sites]).
BASSETT, M.G. (ed.) (1982), Geological excursions in Dyfed, South West Wales (NMW); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1990), St. Davids (Sheet 209, 1:50,000) (NERC); CAMPBELL, S. and BOWEN, D.Q. (1989), Geological Conservation Review 1 (NCC); CARNEY, J.N. et al. (2000), Geological Conservation Review Series 20 (JNCC); ELLIS-GRUFFYDD, D. (1988), Rocks and Scenery of the Pembrokeshire National Park (PCNP); MAY, V.J. and HANSOM, J.D. (2003), Geological Conservation Review Series 28 (JNCC); ORDNANCE SUR
Additional Level 4 features include: Ria.

River Alun
Narrow river course in a steep sided valley which flows past St. David''s to the sea at Porth Clois. Source is within broad marshy areas SE of the Carn Lidi massif. Includes narrow flood plain areas (Quaternary: Holocene). Bedrock dominated by Precambrian igneous rocks granite.
Lake / reservoir (artificial). River channel (natural). Spring
Maintain natural systems and ensure that no features or deposits of geomorphological or geological significance are damaged or destroyed including through carrying out a survey to identify candidate RIGS for protection through develop plan policies and constraint mapping.
Break of slop at top of steep valley sides in S and margins of level drift filled areas in N.

River Solva
Higher part of the Solva river, occupying a relatively shallow valley, centrally situated within the St. David''s peninsula. Includes level floodplain areas and several branches originate in broad, often marshy basins. Some glacial clay present as well as river alluvium (Quaternary: Pleistocene-Holocene).
Lake / reservoir (artificial). River channel (natural). Flood plain. Spring
Dominantly natural system with limited significant canalisation / flood defence works etc.
Maintain natural systems and ensure that no features or deposits of geomorphological or geological significance are damaged or destroyed ), including through carrying out a survey to identify candidate RIGS for protection through develop plan policies and constraint mapping.

Tretio Common
Broad basin and connected valleys with a level to very slightly undulating surface. Includes areas of mire, rough grassland, etc. Dominated by glacial clays.

Whitchurch (airfield)
Original terrain highly modified by levelling and infill to construct airfield.
Urban / industrial development. Engineered topography
No natural features survive. Lies within the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park.

Solva
Gently undulating terrain W of the Solva river and rising to around 90m. Dominated by Cambrian slates and sandstones with Precambrian to the NE. Gently slopes towards coast and rises to a slight ridge in the N.
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development/ forestry, etc), including through carrying out a survey to identify candidate RIGS for protection through develop plan policies and constraint mapping. Ensure that the SSSI is maintained in favourable condition by implementation of a management plan.
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif and junction with valley systems/ coastal slope/cliff.
Key area of Cambrian outcrop including key sites (e.g. Dwrhyd Pit SSSI [Cambrian]).
BASSETT, M.G. (ed.) (1982), Geological excursions in Dyfed, South West Wales (NMW); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1990), St. Davids (Sheet 209, 1:50,000) (NERC); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006a), North Pembrokeshire / Gogledd Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL35 (1:25, 000); RUSHTON, A.W.A. et al. (1999), Geological Conservation Review Series 18 (JNCC).

Pont Clegy
Steep-sided, incised valley linking the drift filled depressions of the Tretio Common area to the sea at Caer Bwdy. Bedrock is Precambrian and Cambrian.

Brawdy Airfield
Original terrain highly modified by levelling and infill to construct airfield.

St. David''s
Valley delineated terrain, gently rising up from the coast to the S, and from the E, to a form a low dome at around 75m in the St. David''s area. Area around platform-like. Also includes a lower area of coastal platform at around 35-40 in the Caerfai Bay area. Dominated by Precambrian igneous rocks with Cambrian to the S.
Breaks of slope at base of solid geology massif/ junction with drift-filled valley system below and steep coastal slope/ cliff.
BASSETT, M.G. (ed.) (1982), Geological excursions in Dyfed, South West Wales (NMW); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1990), St. Davids (Sheet 209, 1:50,000) (NERC); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006a), North Pembrokeshire / Gogledd Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL35 (1:25, 000).

Lower Solva
Incised, steep-sided lower section of the Solva Valley, excluding intertidal area. Locally flat base indicates infill, probably including estuarine alluvium. Includes the lower part of the adjacent Talybont valley. Bedrock Cambrian.
Lake / reservoir (artificial). River channel / canal (artificial). River channel (natural). Flood plain. Slope
Beak of slope at top of steep valley sides..
Includes a key part of the St David''s Peninsula Coast SSSI [including Cambrian and Coastal Geomorphology of Wales GCR sites].
BASSETT, M.G. (ed.) (1982), Geological excursions in Dyfed, South West Wales (NMW); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1990), St. Davids (Sheet 209, 1:50,000) (NERC); ELLIS-GRUFFYDD, D. (1988), Rocks and Scenery of the Pembrokeshire National Park (PCNP); MAY, V.J. and HANSOM, J.D. (2003), Geological Conservation Review Series 28 (JNCC); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006a), North Pembrokeshire / Gogledd Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL35 (1:25, 000); RUSHTON, A.W.A. et al. (1999), Geological Conservation Review Serie

Talybont
Higher, non-incised section of a stream valley which ultimately flows into the Solva ria. Includes a level flood-plain area and a broader basin E of Ffynnonddewi (Quaternary: Pleistocene-Holocene).
Maintain natural systems and ensure that no features or deposits of geomorphological or geological significance are damaged or destroyed including through carrying out a survey to identify candidate RIGS for protection through develop plan policies and constraint mapping.
Breaks of slope at base of solid geology massif/ junction with drift-filled valley system.

Ynys Barry
Coastal block separated by the Abereiddy-Portgain valley from the rest of Pembrokeshire. Top flattened, highest in the S at 54m. slight fall to W and E. Dominated by Ordovician slates.
Base of valley sides and top of cliff/ steep coastal slope.

Abereiddy - Porthgain
L-shaped valley system, linking the coast at Abereiddy Bay to the coast at Porthgain. Level valley floor includes alluvial deposits. Sites of valley above steep E of Abereiddy.
Rural area with limited significant development. Lies within the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park.
Margins of level drift filled base to valley system - steeper sides above included in adjacent AAs.

Aber Mawr
Incised, steep sided coastal valley occupied by marsh/ wetland and separated from coast by barrier beach. Includes adjacent, smaller but similar coastal valley at Aberbach.
Sand / shingle foreshore. Sand beach. Bar. Gravel / shingle ridge. Beach. Sand. Slope. Spring
Mainly natural undefended coastline with limited coastal defence and rural area with limited development. Lies within the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park.
Maintain natural systems and ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development, coastal defence, etc). Ensure that the SSSI is maintained in favourable condition by implementation of a management plan.
Mean low tide mark coastward and top of steep incised valley sides landward.
Includes Aber Mawr SSSI [Quaternary of Wales].
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1990), St. Davids (Sheet 209, 1:50,000) (NERC); CAMPBELL, S. and BOWEN, D.Q. (1989), Geological Conservation Review 1 (NCC); ELLIS-GRUFFYDD, D. (1988), Rocks and Scenery of the Pembrokeshire National Park (PCNP); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006a), North Pembrokeshire / Gogledd Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL35 (1:25, 000).

Trefin
Gently sloping coastal surface developed to N of Croes-goch - Mathry ridge. Rises to around 90m towards E but includes platform to around 60m in the Abercastle area which is cut by the Abercastle valley. Bedrock geology dominated by Ordovician slates.
Top of coastal slope/cliff and base of higher massifs to S.

Croes-goch
Long, low ridge with rounded crests and broadly WSW-ENE orientation. Rises to around 130m, falling to the N towards a coastal platform and also to the S, towards the drift filled basin of Tretio Common. Includes the distinct craggy knoll of Carn Penbeny. Dominated by Ordovician slates.
Slope. Hill top. Tor. Spring. Urban / industrial development
Dominantly rural area with limited significant development. Lies partly within the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park.
Cliff/ coastal slope and base of slopes southwards.
Includes a minor part of an SSSI, although major rocky knoll/ tor of potential regionally significance present in W of area.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry; Natural crags and inland outcrops; Block slopes/ surface stone.

Llangloffan
Low rounded block up to around 110m, with a flattish top. Surrounded by valley systems, slopes steepest in S and E; to NW gradual slope towards coast. Bedrock dominated by Cambrian ''flags'' (sandstone-slate layering).
Rural area with no significant development. A limited area of the AA lies within the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park.
Breaks of slope at base of solid geology massif/ junction with valley system below.

Castlemorris
Flat to gently sloping broad and branching valley system (to the W) and contiguous low gradient slopes between solid geology massif and alluvial depression N of Castlemorris (to the E). Dominated by glacial deposits (Quaternary: Pleistocene). May form part of a glacial meltwater channel system.

Upper Western Cleddau - Esgyrn Bottom
Complex of broad drift filled river valleys in the upper reaches of the Western Cleddau river system, now occupied by small ''misfit'' streams. Interpreted as major glacial meltwater channels, locally including the sites of former lakes. Valley sides above steep and incised only to E in the Esgyrn Bottoms - Trecwn areas.
Lake / reservoir (artificial). River channel / canal (artificial). River channel (natural). Flood plain. Spring
Rural area with no significant development. A small part of the AA lies within the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park.
Breaks of slope at base of solid geology massif/ junction with drift-filled valley systems.
Part of important meltwater channel system including Esgyrn Bottom SSSI [Quaternary of Wales].
BASSETT, M.G. (ed.) (1982), Geological excursions in Dyfed, South West Wales (NMW); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1990), St. Davids (Sheet 209, 1:50,000) (NERC); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (in preparation), Fishguard (Sheet 210, 1:50,000) (NERC)*; CAMPBELL, S. and BOWEN, D.Q. (1989), Geological Conservation Review 1 (NCC); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006a), North Pembrokeshire / Gogledd Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL35 (1:25, 000).

Abercastle
Coastal stream system with level base, including narrow flood plain (Quaternary: Holocene), flowing NW to the sea at Abercastle.
Lake / reservoir (artificial). Flood plain
Maintain natural processes and ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development/ forestry, etc), including through carrying out a survey to identify candidate RIGS for protection through develop plan policies and constraint mapping.

Tyrhos
Branching drift filled valleys and basins on the W side of the Western Cleddau. Dominated by glacial deposits (Quaternary: Pleistocene).
Maintain natural processes and ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development/ forestry, etc), including through carrying out a survey to identify candidate RIGS for protection through develop plan policies and constraint mapping.

Brandy Brook - Bathesland Water
Steep-sided, incised valley system reaching the sea at Newgale with a broad alluvium filled, marshy section behind a barrier beach (former ria) (Quaternary: ?Pleistocene-Holocene). Includes a smaller incised coastal feature to the S (Bathesland Water). Bedrock dominated by ''Coal Measures'' sandstones and shales.
Maintain natural processes and ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development/ forestry, etc), including through carrying out a survey to identify candidate RIGS for protection through develop plan policies and constraint mapping. Consider restoring marshland systems where reclamation has taken place near coast Newgale Beach..
Top of steep valley sides, and edge of beach system/road.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1990), St. Davids (Sheet 209, 1:50,000) (NERC); CANTRILL, T.C. et al. (1916), The geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part XII, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (HMSO); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1978), Milford (Sheets 226 and 227, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006a), North Pembrokeshire / Gogledd Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL35 (1:25, 000).
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry; Mine shaft/adit;; Marsh/bog/fen.

Western Cleddau
Section of major river system between the tidal limit at Haverfordwest and the glacial meltwater channel complex beyond the Heathfield area. Shows typical lowland river features, including a relatively wide floodplain and meandering channel. Locally course has steep slopes above, as in the Treffgarne Gorge area but otherwise is not significantly incised.
River channel / canal (artificial). River channel (natural). Flood plain. River terrace
Maintain natural system and processes and ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development/ forestry, etc), including through carrying out a survey to identify candidate RIGS for protection through develop plan policies and constraint mapping.
Break of slope at edge river/floodplain/terrace system.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1976), Haverfordwest (Sheet 228, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006a), North Pembrokeshire / Gogledd Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL35 (1:25, 000); STRAHAN, A. et al. (1914), The geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part XI, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (HMSO).

Newgale Sands
Long sandy beach/foreshore with high shingle ridge landward which protects coastal meres / marshes as at Newdale... Barrier artificially maintained and pinned by road, carparks etc... Submerged forest deposits seasonally exposed on seaward side of barrier...
Sand beach. Bar. Gravel / shingle ridge. Beach
System has been damaged by intervention and pinned by road and carparks... Lies within the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park...
Maintain natural system and processes and ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e...g... due to development/ forestry, etc), including through carrying out a survey to identify candidate RIGS for protection through develop plan policies and constraint mapping... Consider redesigning infrastructure to restore natural evolution of bar structure...
Mean low tide mark and landward margin of artificially maintained bar system...
Regionally significant sites/ landforms not confirmed by present survey and geomorphology considered to be typical of feature/ process and not currently known to be exceptional... Although system has significant educational value it is damaged by intervention and pinned by road and carparks...
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1990), St... Davids (Sheet 209, 1:50,000) (NERC); CANTRILL, T...C... et al... (1916), The geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part XII, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (HMSO); ELLIS-GRUFFYDD, D... (1988), Rocks and Scenery of the Pembrokeshire National Park (PCNP); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1978), Milford (Sheets 226 and 227, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006a), North Pembrokeshire / Gogledd Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL35 (1:25, 000)...

Treffynnon - Blaen-llyn
Major block of terrain with general W-E orientation and forming a low broad ridge rising to around 140-160m. To N, scarp like face developed, to S slope less prominent. Dominated by Ordovician sandstones and slates with some Precambrian volcanic rocks.

Mathry
Rounded and slightly elongated WSW-ENE hill with moderately steep sides and rising to around 143m. Dominated by Ordovician and Cambrian sandstones and slates.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1990), St. Davids (Sheet 209, 1:50,000); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006a), North Pembrokeshire / Gogledd Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL35 (1:25, 000).

Llanddiniog
Undulating coastal block rising to a dissected platform between around 100-110m in E to 70-80m in W. Dominated by Cambrian slates and sandstones.
Dominantly rural area with limited significant development. Lies partly within the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park.
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif and junction with valley systems/ coast.

Nolton Haven to Little Haven coast
Rock cliffs - up to c.80m - and associated beaches of the central and southern part of St. Bride''s Bay, between Nolton Haven and Little Haven. Includes some areas of rocky foreshore and short lengths of barrier beach (with incised valleys behind). Dominated by Carboniferous ''Coal Measures'' sandstones and shales.
Stratigraphic formation(s). Superficial deposits. Active processes. Structural features
Cliff. Wave-cut platform. Sea-cave / cave. Boulder. Sand beach. Beach. Coal / mineral spoil tips
Maintain natural system and processes and ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development/ forestry, etc) and ensure that SSSs are maintained in favourable condition by implementation of management plans.
Includes two SSSIs with excellent exposures of Carboniferous rocks (Arfordir Niwgwl - Aber Bach / Newgale - Little Haven Coast [Carboniferous: Westphalian, Quaternary of Wales, Variscan Structures]; De Porth Sain Ffraid / St Bride''s Bay South SSSI (part) (Variscan Structures)).
BASSETT, M.G. (ed.) (1982), Geological excursions in Dyfed, South West Wales (NMW); CANTRILL, T.C. et al. (1916), The geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part XII, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (HMSO); CLEAL, C.J. and THOMAS, B.A. (1996), Geological Conservation Review Series 11 (Chapman and Hall); ELLIS-GRUFFYDD, D. (1988), Rocks and Scenery of the Pembrokeshire National Park (PCNP); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1978), Milford (Sheets 226 and 227, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS); ORDNANCE SUR

Nolton Haven
Incised, steep sided coastal valley, cutting down rapidly to sea level with flat base (alluvium fill).
CANTRILL, T.C. et al. (1916), The geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part XII, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (HMSO); NSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1978), Milford (Sheets 226 and 227, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006b), South Pembrokeshire / De Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL36 (1:25, 000).

Cuffern-Great Treffgarne Mountains
WSW-ENE orientated and relatively narrow,steep sided ridge rising to around 178m. Dominated by hard Ordovician volcanic rocks which were once exploited in many small quarries. Eastern end includes two important rocky tor features (Quaternary: Pleistocene).
Rural area with no significant development. A small area of the AA lies within the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park.
Breaks of slope at base of solid geology massif/ ridge.
Includes part of Ceunant a Thyrrau Trefgarn / Treffgarne Gorge and Tors (part) [Quaternary of Wales].
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1990), St. Davids (Sheet 209, 1:50,000) (NERC); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), The Rocks of Wales / Gregiau Cymru (1:250000); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (in preparation), Fishguard (Sheet 210, 1:50,000) (NERC)*; CAMPBELL, S. and BOWEN, D.Q. (1989), Geological Conservation Review 1 (NCC); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006b), South Pembrokeshire / De Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL36 (1:25, 000).

Treffgarne
Broad undulating platform developed on either side of the Cuffern-Great Treffgarne mountains ridge and typically at around 100-120m. Dissected by streams with some local patches of glacial clays in depressions (Quaternary: Pleistocene). Former are often parallel with a NW-SE trend on the S side of the block which makes a low feature. Includes steep W slopes of Treffgarne Gorge in the E.
Lake / reservoir (artificial). Slope. Hill top. Spring
Rural area with no significant development. A small area of the AA lies within the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park.
Maintain natural system and processes and Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development/ forestry, etc), including through carrying out a survey to identify candidate RIGS for protection through develop plan policies and constraint mapping.
No regionally significant sites/ landforms noted during present survey and geology/ geomorphology considered to be typical of feature/ process and better exposed elsewhere.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1990), St. Davids (Sheet 209, 1:50,000) (NERC); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), The Rocks of Wales / Gregiau Cymru (1:250000); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (in preparation), Fishguard (Sheet 210, 1:50,000) (NERC)*; CANTRILL, T.C. et al. (1916), The geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part XII, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (HMSO); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1978), Milford (Sheets 226 and 227, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006b), South Pembr

Broadhaven
Incised steep-sided and relatively shore coastal valley cut in ''Coal Measures'' sandstones and shales (Carboniferous). Significant development in its lower part which includes a large central basin with less steep slopes.
Extensively developed although parts of valley system not significantly altered. Lies within the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park.
Maintain natural system and processes and Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development/ forestry, etc), including through carrying out a survey to identify candidate RIGS for protection through develop plan policies and constraint mapping.
Break of slope at top of steep valley sides and base of slope to E.
CANTRILL, T.C. et al. (1916), The geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part XII, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (HMSO);
CAMPBELL, S. and BOWEN, D.Q. (1989), Geological Conservation Review 1 (NCC); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1978), Milford (Sheets 226 and 227, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006b), South Pembrokeshire / De Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL36 (1:25, 000).

Little Haven
Steep sided incised, but relatively short coastal valley cut in ''Coal Measures'' sandstones and shales (Carboniferous).
Extensively developed in lower part of valley although higher parts still show characteristic morphology. Lies within the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park.
Break of slope at top of steep valley sides.
CANTRILL, T.C. et al. (1916), The geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part XII, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (HMSO); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1978), Milford (Sheets 226 and 227, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006b), South Pembrokeshire / De Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL36 (1:25, 000).

Stockport
Branching drift-filled valley system including with alluvium and glacial deposits. Base of valleys level to gently sloping.
Maintain natural system and processes and ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development/ forestry, etc), including through carrying out a survey to identify candidate RIGS for protection through develop plan policies and constraint mapping.
Break of slope at edge floodplain /terrace/ drift filled valley systems
CANTRILL, T.C. et al. (1916), The geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part XII, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (HMSO); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1978), Milford (Sheets 226 and 227, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006b), South Pembrokeshire / De Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL36 (1:25, 000).

Haverfordwest
Urban and industrial development of Haverfordwest including valley slopes on the the W side of the Western Cleddau valley. Bedrock dominated by Silurian shales.
Slope. Urban / industrial development. Engineered topography
Ensure that no remaining, significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development/ forestry, etc), including through carrying out a survey to identify candidate RIGS for protection through develop plan policies and constraint mapping.
Margins of urban development/ edge of valley systems.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1976), Haverfordwest (Sheet 228, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006b), South Pembrokeshire / De Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL36 (1:25, 000); STRAHAN, A. et al. (1914), The geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part XI, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (HMSO).

Merlin''s Bridge
Low W-E ridge-like feature S of Haverfordwest, rising to around 88m. E side includes relatively gentle slopes adjacent to the Cleddau ria; to the N falls away more gently towards a tributary stream valley; in the S, however, a steeper scarp-like features is developed due to the presence of ''Millstone Grit'' sandstone. Slopes to N dominated by Silurian shales.
Slope. Hill top. Coal / mineral spoil tips. Urban / industrial development
Dominantly rural area with limited area of significant development. A very small part of the AA lies within the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park.
Breaks of slope at junction with drift-filled valley systems and base of higher escarpment above.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1976), Haverfordwest (Sheet 228, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006b), South Pembrokeshire / De Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL36 (1:25, 000); STRAHAN, A. et al. (1914), The geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part XI, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (HMSO).

Cleddau estuary
Classic ''drowned'' river system or ria, including broad meanders and extensive mudflats in marginal creeks (some with saltmarsh development). Upper areas of system include flood plain areas, probably with the development of high saltmarsh [Quaternary: Holocene].
Marsh / saltmarsh. Lower saltmarsh / mudflat. Upper saltmarsh / grazing marsh. Creek. River channel (natural)
Mainly natural system with limited significant modification.
Maintain natural system and processes and ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development/ forestry, etc), including through carrying out a survey to establish at least RIGS for classic ria and hence protection through develop plan policies and constraint mapping.
Margins of estuary system including to Normal Tide Limit upstream.
Classic ria - not presently with geoconservation designation.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1976), Haverfordwest (Sheet 228, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006b), South Pembrokeshire / De Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL36 (1:25, 000); STRAHAN, A. et al. (1914), The geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part XI, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (HMSO).
Additional Level 4 features include: Meander; Ria.

Camrose
Broad, undulating depression typically at around 60-70m dominated by Ordovician and Silurian slaty mudrocks and surrounded to the N, W and S by a low escarpment of ''Millstone Grit'' sandstone (Carboniferous). Deeply cut by stream valleys often with a W-E orientation, with smaller tributaries at right angles to main course. Some areas of glacial clay present.
Margin of valley systems and base of low feature of ''Millstone Grit'' to S and W and Treffgarne AA to N.
CANTRILL, T.C. et al. (1916), The geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part XII, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (HMSO); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1976), Haverfordwest (Sheet 228, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1978), Milford (Sheets 226 and 227, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006b), South Pembrokeshire / De Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL36 (1:25, 000); STRAHAN, A. et al. (1914), The geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part XI, Memoirs of the Geolog

Ratford Bridge
Isolated segment of stream-valley system with relatively broad drift-filled base. General NW-SE orientation [Quaternary: Holocene].
Maintain natural system and processes and ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development/ forestry, etc), including through carrying out a survey to identify candidate RIGS for protection through develop plan policies and constraint mapping.
Break of slope at edge river/ floodplain /terrace/ drift filled valley systems
CANTRILL, T.C. et al. (1916), The geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part XII, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (HMSO); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1978), Milford (Sheets 226 and 227, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006b), South Pembrokeshire / De Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL36 (1:25, 000).

Simpson Cross
xtensive, stream-dissected area occupying the hinterland of the Havens coast and passing inland on the S to S of Haverfordwest... Includes low escarpment of ''Millstone Grit'' around the Camrose depression up to around 110-115m and falls away to the S and W... Cut by coastal, incised valleys... Dominated by Carboniferous shales and sandstones... Includes the Freystone area S of Haverfordwest, between a ''Millstone Grit'' ridge to the N and the ridge of Precambrian rocks of the Johnston area
Slope. Hill top. Scarp slope. Spring. Coal / mineral spoil tips. Urban / industrial development
Dominantly rural area with limited significant development... Lies partly within the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park...
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e...g... due to development/ forestry, etc), including through carrying out a survey to identify candidate RIGS for protection through develop plan policies and constraint mapping...
Break of slope at top of coastal cliffs/ slope, base of higher ridges to S and and base of low escarpment in central area...
No regionally significant sites/ landforms noted during present survey and geology/ geomorphology considered to be typical of feature/ process and is either widespread or not currently known to be exceptional...
ANTRILL, T...C... et al... (1916), The geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part XII, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (HMSO); CLEAL, C...J... and THOMAS, B...A... (1996), Geological Conservation Review Series 11 (Chapman and Hall); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1976), Haverfordwest (Sheet 228, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1978), Milford (Sheets 226 and 227, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006b), South Pembrokeshire / De Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL36

Mountain Water Bridge
Drift-filled level base to stream valley on the N side of the Cuffen-Great Treffgarne mountain ridge (Quaternary: Pleistocene-Holocene).
Break of slope at edge river/ floodplain /terrace/ drift filled valley systems.

Skomer Island
Planned surface of Skomer Island, averaging at around 50-60 m but rising locally to just under 80m. Surface crags typical. Includes The Neck, a smaller island to the E and linked by a narrow ridge. Dominated by Silurian volcanic rocks.
Island with no significant development. Lies within the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park.
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost, damaged or made inaccessible (e.g. due to development, inappropriate restrictions due to focus on bird conservation on island, etc ) and ensure that the SSSI is maintained in favourable condition by implementation of a management plan.
Part of Skomer Island and Middleholm SSSI [Caledonian Igneous].
BASSETT, M.G. (ed.) (1982), Geological excursions in Dyfed, South West Wales (NMW); CANTRILL, T.C. et al. (1916), The geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part XII, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (HMSO); ELLIS-GRUFFYDD, D. (1988), Rocks and Scenery of the Pembrokeshire National Park (PCNP); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1978), Milford (Sheets 226 and 227, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS); STEPHENSON, D. et al. (1999), Geological Conservation Review Series 17 (JNCC).

Skomer Island coast
Rocky coast of Skomer Island. Dominantly cliffs with virtually no foreshore, excepting a small beach in the Haven area. Includes Midland Island.
Cliff. Wave-cut platform. Boulder. Island. Beach. Waterfall / rapids
Natural undefended coastline. Lies within the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park.
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost, damaged or made inaccessible (e.g. due to development, inappropriate restrictions due to focus on bird conservation on island, etc ) and ensure that the SSSI is maintained in favourable condition by implementation of a management plan.
Classic geological area forming part of Skomer Island and Middleholm SSSI [Caledonian Igneous].
BASSETT, M.G. (ed.) (1982), Geological excursions in Dyfed, South West Wales (NMW); CANTRILL, T.C. et al. (1916), The geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part XII, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (HMSO); ELLIS-GRUFFYDD, D. (1988), Rocks and Scenery of the Pembrokeshire National; ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006b), South Pembrokeshire / De Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL36 (1:25, 000); STEPHENSON, D. et al. (1999), Geological Conservation Review Series 17 (JNCC).

Skokholm Island
Flat surfaced island at around 40-45m, with steep cliffs and narrow rocky foreshore areas. Composed of late Silurian or early Devonian siltstones and sandstones of the ''Old Red Sandstone''.
Cliff. Wave-cut platform. Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). Waterfall / rapids. Spring
Undefended coast, no development. Lies within the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park.
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development/ forestry, etc), and carry out a survey to identify candidate RIGS for protection through develop plan policies and constraint mapping.

St. Ann''s Head
Virtually flat-topped headland typically around 60m above sea level but rising to 70m in the S. Separated from the rest of the Marloes peninsula by the Dale valley. High cliffs in W with steep coastal slopes on the E. Bedrock is ''Old Red Sandstone'' siltstones and sandstones although cover of glacial clays (Quaternary: Pleistocene) occupies most of central N.
CANTRILL, T.C. et al. (1916), The geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part XII, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (HMSO);
ELLIS-GRUFFYDD, D. (1988), Rocks and Scenery of the Pembrokeshire National Park (PCNP); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1978), Milford (Sheets 226 and 227, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006b), South Pembrokeshire / De Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL36 (1:25, 000).

Dale
Segment of former W-E valley system cut by coastal erosion. Steep-sided, incised with a low flattened area to the E (former mere?). Bedrock is ''Old Red Sandstone'' siltstones and sandstones with some glacial clays present.
Dominantly rural area with limited development. Lies within the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park.
No regionally significant sites/ landforms confirmed during present survey and geology/ geomorphology considered to be typical of feature/ process and is either widespread or not currently known to be exceptional.

Marloes
Forms the main terrestrial area of the Marloes peninsula as a level platform, mainly at around 60m. Locally rises in the N to around 70m. Dominated by Silurian volcanic rocks with some areas of glacial clay [Quaternary: Pleistocene]. Includes an area levelled to construct an airfield.
Top of cliff and Dale valley and beak of slope associated with low feature to NE.
BASSETT, M.G. (ed.) (1982), Geological excursions in Dyfed, South West Wales (NMW); CANTRILL, T.C. et al. (1916), The geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part XII, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (HMSO); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1978), Milford (Sheets 226 and 227, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006b), South Pembrokeshire / De Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL36 (1:25, 000).

St. Ismaels
Extensive undulating area cut by river/stream valleys and rising from around 60m in the S and W to 80m+ in the NE. Includes an area levelled to construct an airfield. Bedrock dominated by ''Old Red Sandstone'' siltstones and sandstones with some older Silurian rocks in the St. Ishmael''s area.
Lake / reservoir (artificial). Slope. Hill top. Spring. Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit. Urban / industrial development
Margins of drift filled valley systems and cliff top

Slatehill
Low mound-like hill dominated by Silurian volcanic rocks, between Pickleridge and a stream to the E. Slopes steeper only in NW.

Burton
Low platform-like area up to around 50-60m and falling to the Westfield valley on the W and the Cleddau ria to the E and S with steep marginal slopes (including several short incised valleys. Terrace-like feature also present beside estuary. Bedrock dominated by ''Old Red Sandstone'' sandstones (Devonian).
River terrace. Slope. Hill top. Spring. Urban / industrial development
Dominantly rural area with limited significant development. Lies partly within the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park.
Base of slope/ junction with estuary systems, also valleys systems and base of massif / higher ridge above.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1976), Haverfordwest (Sheet 228, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1978), Milford (Sheets 226 and 227, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006b), South Pembrokeshire / De Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL36 (1:25, 000); STRAHAN, A. et al. (1914), The geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part XI, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (HMSO);

Herbrandston
Extensive relatively level area averaging 50-60m but cut by stream valleys giving an undulating surface. Rise to the N. Forms the immediate hinterland of Milford Haven town. Bedrock dominated by ''Old Red Sandstone'' siltstones and sandstones (Silurian-Devonian).
Margins of industrial/ urban areas, main valley systems, coast and low feature of PMBRKGL159 to N.
CANTRILL, T.C. et al. (1916), The geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part XII, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (HMSO);
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1976), Haverfordwest (Sheet 228, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1978), Milford (Sheets 226 and 227, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006b), South Pembrokeshire / De Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL36 (1:25, 000); STRAHAN, A. et al. (1914), The geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part XI, Memoirs of the Geolog

Neyland
Developed area of Neyland including dockyard and marina alongside Westfield Pill. Bedrock dominated by ''Old Red Sandstone'' sandstones (Devonian).
Cliff. Slope. Urban / industrial development. Engineered topography
Ensure that no surviving, significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development/ forestry, etc), including through carrying out a survey to identify candidate RIGS for protection through develop plan policies and constraint mapping.

Pickleridge
Estuary of river system now dominated by extensive saltmarsh/ wetlands. Includes the Pickleridge shingle ridge and the shingle-rich embayment of Dale Roads (Quaternary: Holocene).
Gravel / shingle ridge. Beach. Lower saltmarsh / mudflat. Abandoned channel / Ox Bow lake. Coastal defence works
System only appears to show minor modifications. Lies within the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park.
Margins of valley drift/ saltmarsh system.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry; Natural crags and inland outcrops; Mine shaft/adit; Meander; Marsh/bog/fen.

Rickeston Bridge
Incised valley feature with locally relatively broad drift-filled base. Drains into Sandy Haven Pill. Bedrock dominated by ''Old Red Sandstone'' siltstones and sandstones (Silurian-Devonian).

Robeston West (refinery)
Levelled and landscaped area for oil refinery. Bedrock is Old Red Sandstone'' siltstones and sandstones (Silurian-Devonian).
Lake / reservoir (artificial). Urban / industrial development. Engineered topography
Area of industrial development: no natural features remain.
Should the site be redeveloped, temporary section recording would be appropriate.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1978), Milford (Sheets 226 and 227, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006b), South Pembrokeshire / De Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL36 (1:25, 000); STRAHAN, A. et al. (1914), The geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part XI, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (HMSO).

St. Ann''s Head coast
Rock cliffs and narrow rocky foreshore around St. Ann''s head promontory. Dominated by ''Old Red Sandstone'' siltstones and sandstones (Silurian-Devonian).
Cliff. Wave-cut platform. Boulder. Sand beach
Maintain natural system and processes and ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development/ forestry, etc), including through carrying out a survey to identify candidate RIGS for protection through develop plan policies and constraint mapping. Ensure that the SSSI is maintained in favourable condition by implementation of a management plan.
Includes Dale and South Marloes Coast (part) [including Non-marine Devonian and Variscan Structures GCR sites).
BARCLAY, W.J. et al. (2005), Geological Conservation Review Series 231 (JNCC); BASSETT, M.G. (ed.) (1982), Geological excursions in Dyfed, South West Wales (NMW); CANTRILL, T.C. et al. (1916), The geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part XII, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (HMSO); ELLIS-GRUFFYDD, D. (1988), Rocks and Scenery of the Pembrokeshire National Park (PCNP); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1978), Milford (Sheets 226 and 227, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS);
ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006b), Sout

Musselwick Sands to Marloes Sands coast
Rocky cliffs and marginal sandy beaches and rocky foreshore of the westernmost Marloes promontory. Dominated by Silurian rocks including volcanics with sandstones and mudrocks (including Lower Old Red Sandstone)..
Cliff. Wave-cut platform. Sea-cave / cave. Island. Sand beach. Sand. Waterfall / rapids
Includes part of Dale and South Marloes Coast (including Silurian: Wenlock; Silurian: Llandovery; Caledonian Igneous; Non-marine Devonian; and Variscan Structures GCR sites).
ALDRIDGE, R.J. et al.(2000), Geological Conservation Review Series 17 (JNCC); BARCLAY, W.J. et al. (2005), Geological Conservation Review Series 231 (JNCC); BASSETT, M.G. (ed.) (1982), Geological excursions in Dyfed, South West Wales (NMW); CANTRILL, T.C. et al. (1916), The geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part XII, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (HMSO); ELLIS-GRUFFYDD, D. (1988), Rocks and Scenery of the Pembrokeshire National Park (PCNP); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1978), Mil
ALDRIDGE, R.J. et al.(2000), Geological Conservation Review Series 17 (JNCC); BARCLAY, W.J. et al. (2005), Geological Conservation Review Series 231 (JNCC); BASSETT, M.G. (ed.) (1982), Geological excursions in Dyfed, South West Wales (NMW);
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (2003), Cardigan and Dinas Island (Sheets 193 and 210, pt, 1:50,000) (NERC);
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), The Rocks of Wales / Gregiau Cymru (1:250000);
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (2007, in press), Newcastle Emlyn (Shee

The Nab Head coast
Rock cliff and very narrow shore between Musselwick sands and Mill Haven. Dominated by ''Old Red Sandstone'' siltstones and sandstones (Silurian-Devonian).
Cliff. Wave-cut platform. Sea-cave / cave. Sand beach
ELLIS-GRUFFYDD, D. (1988), Rocks and Scenery of the Pembrokeshire National Park (PCNP); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1978), Milford (Sheets 226 and 227, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006b), South Pembrokeshire / De Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL36 (1:25, 000).

Borough Head coast
High and very steep north facing cliffs up to at least 85m. Minor foreshore only in extreme W. Dominated by dolerite (intrusive igneous rock) with Carboniferous shales, etc. below.
Maintain natural system and processes and ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development/ forestry, etc). Ensure that the SSSI is maintained in favourable condition by implementation of a management plan.
Includes part of De Porth Sain Ffraid / St Bride''s Bay South SSSI (part) (Variscan Structures).
BASSETT, M.G. (ed.) (1982), Geological excursions in Dyfed, South West Wales (NMW); CANTRILL, T.C. et al. (1916), The geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part XII, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (HMSO); ELLIS-GRUFFYDD, D. (1988), Rocks and Scenery of the Pembrokeshire National Park (PCNP); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1978), Milford (Sheets 226 and 227, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006b), South Pembrokeshire / De Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL36 (1:25, 000).

Howelston
Narrow coastal ridge, broadly E-W with high cliffs up to around 91m to N and low feature to S. Dominated by dolerite (intrusive igneous rocks).
Top of cliff, base of low feature inland.
No regionally significant sites/ landforms noted during present survey and geology/ geomorphology considered to be typical of feature/ process.
CANTRILL, T.C. et al. (1916), The geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part XII, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (HMSO); ELLIS-GRUFFYDD, D. (1988), Rocks and Scenery of the Pembrokeshire National Park (PCNP); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1978), Milford (Sheets 226 and 227, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006b), South Pembrokeshire / De Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL36 (1:25, 000).

Gelliswick (refinery)
Levelled and landscaped area for oil refinery. Bedrock is ''Old Red Sandstone'' siltstones and sandstones (Silurian-Devonian).
Engineered topography - natural features removed. Lies partly within the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park.
Engineered topography - natural features removed. No comment necessary.
Engineered topography - natural features removed.

Great Castle Head coast
Rock cliff and shore with small sandy embayments between Musselwick Point and Little Castle Head. Dominated by ''Old Red Sandstone'' siltstones and sandstones (Silurian-Devonian).
Cliff. Wave-cut platform. Sand beach. Sand. Coastal slope
Mainly natural undefended coastline with limited coastal defence, etc. Lies partly within the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park.
Maintain natural system and processes and ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development, coastal defence,etc), and ensure that the SSSI is maintained in favourable condition by implementation of a management plan.
Includes Milford Haven Waterway: Musselwick Point to Littlewick Point SSSI (part) [Non-marine Devonian].
ALDRIDGE, R.J. et al.(2000), Geological Conservation Review Series 17 (JNCC); BARCLAY, W.J. et al. (2005), Geological Conservation Review Series 231 (JNCC); BASSETT, M.G. (ed.) (1982), Geological excursions in Dyfed, South West Wales (NMW); CANTRILL, T.C. et al. (1916), The geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part XII, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (HMSO); eet 193 (incl. Sheet 210, pt) (1:50,000) (NERC); ELLIS-GRUFFYDD, D. (1988), Rocks and Scenery of the Pembrokeshire National Park (PC

Slatemill Bridge
Drift-filled river-stream valley flowing into the Mullock Bridge area with level base (Quaternary: ?Pleistocene-Holocene).
Dominantly natural system with limited flood defence works etc. Lies within the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park.
Maintain natural system and processes and ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development, flood defence works , etc), including through carrying out a survey to identify candidate RIGS for protection through develop plan policies and constraint mapping.
Break of slope at edge river/floodplain/terrace system.

Sandyhaven Pill
''Drowned'' incised coastal river valley with marginal rock cliffs and sand and rock foreshore in lower part and saltmarsh and steep incised sides in upper part [Quaternary: Holocene].
Rock cliff and shore. Saltmarsh. Estuary
Cliff. Wave-cut platform. Sand beach. Sand. Shingle / gravel
Maintain natural system and processes and ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development/ forestry, etc). Ensure that the SSSI is maintained in favourable condition by implementation of a management plan.
Mean low tide mark and top of low cliff.
Includes a limited area within the Milford Haven Waterway: Musselwick Point to Littlewick Point SSSI (part) [Non-marine Devonian].
LDRIDGE, R.J. et al.(2000), Geological Conservation Review Series 17 (JNCC); BASSETT, M.G. (ed.) (1982), Geological excursions in Dyfed, South West Wales (NMW); CANTRILL, T.C. et al. (1916), The geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part XII, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (HMSO); ELLIS-GRUFFYDD, D. (1988), Rocks and Scenery of the Pembrokeshire National Park (PCNP); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1978), Milford (Sheets 226 and 227, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS);
ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006b), South

Waterston (refinery)
Levelled and landscaped area for oil refinery. Bedrock is ''Old Red Sandstone'' siltstones and sandstones (Silurian-Devonian).
Area of industrial development: no natural features remain.
Should the site be redeveloped, temporary section recording would be appropriate.

Bolton Hill Bridge
Drift-filled river-stream valley flowing from the Johnston ridge and joining the Western Cleddau at Haverfordwest (Quaternary: Holocene). Locally sides above steep.
Break of slope at edge river/ floodplain /terrace/ drift filled valley systems
CANTRILL, T.C. et al. (1916), The geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part XII, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (HMSO); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1976), Haverfordwest (Sheet 228, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1978), Milford (Sheets 226 and 227, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006b), South Pembrokeshire / De Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL36 (1:25, 000); STRAHAN, A. et al. (1914), The geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part XI, Memoirs of the Geolog

Hook Bridge
Drift-filled E-W tributary stream valley of the Cleddau ria, down stream from Haverfordwest (Quaternary: Holocene, etc)... Relatively broad base level to gently sloping
Dominantly natural system with limited significant canalisation / flood defence works etc... apparent... A very small part of the AA lies within the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park...
Maintain natural system and processes and ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e...g... due to development/ forestry, etc), including through carrying out a survey to identify candidate RIGS for protection through develop plan policies and constraint mapping...
Break of slope at edge river/floodplain/terrace system...
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1976), Haverfordwest (Sheet 228, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006b), South Pembrokeshire / De Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL36 (1:25, 000); STRAHAN, A... et al... (1914), The geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part XI, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (HMSO)...

Johnston
Broad low, WNW-ESE ridge south of Haverforwest and rising to around 100m. Narrower to the W, expanding to the E. Dominated by igneous rocks including Precambrian. Forms low scarp-like feature to N and S
Dominantly rural area with limited significant development. A small area of the AA lies within the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park.
Key area of outcrop of Precambrian Johnston Complex - no SSSIs selected but potential area for RIGS.
BASSETT, M.G. (ed.) (1982), Geological excursions in Dyfed, South West Wales (NMW); CANTRILL, T.C. et al. (1916), The geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part XII, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (HMSO); CARNEY, J.N. et al. (2000), Geological Conservation Review Series 20 (JNCC); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1976), Haverfordwest (Sheet 228, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1978), Milford (Sheets 226 and 227, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS);
MAY, V.J. and HANSOM, J.D. (20

Ashdale
E-W incised tributary stream valley on the W side of the Cleddau ria, down stream from Haverfordwest. Bed rock dominated by Carboniferous and Devonian sandstones and mudrocks.
Dominantly natural system with limited significant canalisation / flood defence works etc. apparent.
Break of slope at edge river/floodplain/terrace system.

Milford Haven
Urban and industrial development of Milford Haven, including docks. Bedrock is ''Old Red Sandstone'' siltstones and sandstones (Silurian-Devonian).
Slope. Urban / industrial development. Engineered topography
Ensure that no surviving, significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development/ forestry, etc), including through carrying out a survey to identify candidate RIGS for protection through develop plan policies and constraint mapping.

Hayston Bridge
Section of river/stream valley, which curves in an arc N of Milford Haven and joining Westfield Pill near Neyland. Lower part is narrow and incised but upstream valley sides are lower and the valley has a level drift-filled base.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1976), Haverfordwest (Sheet 228, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1978), Milford (Sheets 226 and 227, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006b), South Pembrokeshire / De Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL36 (1:25, 000); STRAHAN, A. et al. (1914), The geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part XI, Memoirs of the Geolo

Hubberston Pill
Incised and now partly flooded river valley blocked downstream by development of Milford Haven (Quaternary: Holocene). Bedrock is ''Old Red Sandstone'' siltstones and sandstones (Silurian-Devonian).
Lake / reservoir (artificial). Urban / industrial development

Gelliswick Bay
Rocky cliff and some areas of narrow foreshore and small sandy bay between Sandy Haven and Milford Haven. Significantly affected locally by adjacent industrial development.
Cliff. Wave-cut platform. Sand beach. Beach. Shingle / gravel. Coastal slope. Urban / industrial development
Parts of AA significantly affected by industrial and urban development although key areas protected by SSSI.
Maintain natural system and processes and ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development/ coastal defence, etc), including through carrying out a survey to identify candidate RIGS in areas outwith SSSI boundary for protection through develop plan policies and constraint mapping. Ensure that the SSSI is maintained in favourable condition by implementation of a management plan.
Includes part of the Milford Haven Waterway: Musselwick Point to Littlewick Point SSSI (part) [Non-marine Devonian].
ALDRIDGE, R.J. et al.(2000), Geological Conservation Review Series 17 (JNCC); BASSETT, M.G. (ed.) (1982), Geological excursions in Dyfed, South West Wales (NMW); CANTRILL, T.C. et al. (1916), The geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part XII, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (HMSO); ); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1978), Milford (Sheets 226 and 227, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006b), South Pembrokeshire / De Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL36 (1:25, 000).

Castle Pill
Incised, steep-sided and partly flooded valley on N side of Cleddau estuary immediately E of Milford Haven. Bedrock is ''Old Red Sandstone'' siltstones and sandstones (Silurian-Devonian).
Lower saltmarsh / mudflat. Creek. Shingle / gravel. Slope
Partly modified by development, unclear if management generally appropriate or not.
Maintain natural system and processes and ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development/ flood defence, etc), including through carrying out a survey to identify candidate RIGS for protection through develop plan policies and constraint mapping.

Westfield Pill
Incised, steep-sided and partly flooded valley on N side of Cleddau estuary and E of Neyland. Bedrock is ''Old Red Sandstone'' siltstones and sandstones (Silurian-Devonian).
Lower saltmarsh / mudflat. Creek. Coastal defence works. Urban / industrial development
Partly developed with marina etc, although some natural features remain.
Maintain natural system and processes and ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development/ forestry, etc), including through carrying out a survey to identify candidate RIGS for protection through develop plan policies and constraint mapping

Llanstadwell coast
Coastal are between Milford Haven and Neyland, including steep coastal slope and industrial installations such as jetties. Shore narrow to W and wider with sand in E. Bedrock dominated by ''Old Red Sandstone'' sandstones (Devonian).
Wave-cut platform. Sand / shingle foreshore. Sand beach. Sand. Coastal slope. Urban / industrial development
Partly developed, including industrially, although natural features remain.
CANTRILL, T.C. et al. (1916), The geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part XII, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (HMSO); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1976), Haverfordwest (Sheet 228, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1978), Milford (Sheets 226 and 227, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006b), South Pembrokeshire / De Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL36 (1:25, 000); STRAHAN, A. et al. (1914), The geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part XI, Memoirs of the Geolog

Treffgarne Gorge
Steep river valley slope / gorge-like feature on the E side of the Western Cleddau S of Wolf''s Castle. Includes tor like features. Bedrock includes Ordovician volcanic rocks with periglacial surface features (Quaternary: Pleistocene).
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development/ forestry, etc), and that the SSSI is maintained in favourable condition by implementation of a management plan.
Base and top of steep section of valley side.
Includes nationally important periglacial features (Ceunant a Thyrrau Trefgarn / Treffgarne Gorge and Tors [Quaternary of Wales]).
Additional Level 4 features include: Natural crags and inland outcrops; Block slopes/ surface stone.

Spittal Brook
WSW-ENE orientated drift-infilled stream valley system initiating in broad basin of Wallis Moor. Includes parallel tributary stream initiating in and Ambleston Common [Quaternary: ?Pleistocene-Holocene].
Break of slope at edge river floodplain /terrace/ drift filled valley systems.

Bethesda
Block of undulating terrain up to around 90m between eastern Cleddau and a tributary valley and County boundary. Steep slopes adjacent to valleys to S and W and deeply cut by stream valleys. SW corner includes a lower more gently sloping apron (with drift deposits?). Dominated by Ordovician and Silurian slates with thin sandstones.
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif and junction with valley systems and county boundary.

Llawhaden
Massif dominated by by Ordovician and Silurian slates with thin sandstones. Rises to around 90-110m with valleys systems to W, N and E and deeply dissected by streams. E side forms slopes of Eastern Cleddau valley and has several small incised streams. N, W and S slopes also significant.

Wiston
E-W ridge dominated by by Ordovician and Silurian slates with thin sandstones. Rises to around 120m with steep southern and northern sides, cut into by streams on either side.
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif and junction with valley systems/ lower ''platform'' of bedrock geology.

Cartlett Brook - Colby Moor
NE-SW drift filled valley system level base. Includes a broadly E-W valley system which expands to a broad basin in the Colby Moor area with a very gently sloping surface. Sides above locally moderately steep but in the most part not significantly incised (Quaternary: Pleistocene-Holocene?).
Break of slope at edge of floodplain /terrace/ drift filled valley systems

Eastern Cleddau
Mature river system originating in higher ground S of the Preseli Mountains then developing a broad floodplain with well developed meanders until estuary/ria system reached. Includes the drift filled floors of the Afon Syfynwy, Deepford Brook, Afon Rhyd-afallen, etc., tributaries. As well as alluvium, some glacial deposits probably also locally present (Quaternary: Pleistocene-Holocene).
Lake / reservoir (artificial). River channel (natural). Flood plain. River terrace
Dominantly natural system with limited significant canalisation / flood defence works etc. apparent. A small part of the AA lies within the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park.
Maintain natural system and processes and ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development/ flood defence works, etc). Carry out a survey to identify candidate RIGS for protection through develop plan policies and constraint mapping.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (in preparation), Fishguard (Sheet 210, 1:50,000) (NERC)*; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1976), Haverfordwest (Sheet 228, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006b), South Pembrokeshire / De Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL36 (1:25, 000); STRAHAN, A. et al. (1914), The geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part XI, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (HMSO).

Clarbeston Road
Area of lower terrain between the massif s of Spittal and Wiston. Forms a broadly E-W, stream-dissected vale, risng to around 70-75m in the N and 80-85m in the S, with a the Deepford Brook valley centrally (with WNW-ENE allignment). Dominated by Ordovician slates.
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif and junction with valley systems, also at base of higher ridges.

Penffordd
Generally southward sloping block deeply dissected by sub-parallel incised stream valleys. To N higher ground rises up to the Preseli Mountains, to S falls towards Eastern Cleddau valley system. Dominated by Ordovician slates. Some incipient steeped features may reflect varying bedrock geology form N to S.
Top of incised valley sides and base of feature/escarpment to N.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), The Rocks of Wales / Gregiau Cymru (1:250000); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (in preparation), Fishguard (Sheet 210, 1:50,000) (NERC)*; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1976), Haverfordwest (Sheet 228, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006a), North Pembrokeshire / Gogledd Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL35 (1:25, 000); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006b), South Pembrokeshire / De Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL36 (1:25, 000);
STRAHAN, A. et al. (1914), The geology of the S

Llanycefn
Narrow SSE-NNW wedge of terrain between two steeply incised valleys. General southwards slope, in parallel with the Penffordd area to the W. Dominated by Ordovician slates. Some incipient steeped features may reflect varying bedrock geology form N to S. Low river cliff present in extreme SE adjacent to Eastern Cleddau valley.
Top of incised valley sides, base of feature to N.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), The Rocks of Wales / Gregiau Cymru (1:250000); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (in preparation), Fishguard (Sheet 210, 1:50,000) (NERC)*; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1976), Haverfordwest (Sheet 228, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006a), North Pembrokeshire / Gogledd Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL35 (1:25, 000); STRAHAN, A. et al. (1914), The geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part XI, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (HMSO).

Haverfordwest (Prendergast)
Urban and industrial development of Haverford west, E of the Western Cleddau. Bedrock geology includes Silurian slates and sandstones.
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development, etc), and ensure that the SSSI is maintained in favourable condition by implementation of a management plan.
Area of intensive urban development: few natural features remain (SSSI is very important scientifically but a very small artificial section).
ALDRIDGE, R.J. et al.(2000), Geological Conservation Review Series 17 (JNCC); BASSETT, M.G. (ed.) (1982), Geological excursions in Dyfed, South West Wales (NMW); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1976), Haverfordwest (Sheet 228, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006b), South Pembrokeshire / De Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL36 (1:25, 000); STRAHAN, A. et al. (1914), The geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part XI, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (HMSO).

Spittal
Undulating but gently rising platform from around 120-150m in the S to 190m in the N and dominated by Ordovician slates. Cut by stream valleys. Includes a SW-NE scarp-like feature in the Woodstock area which is probably fault controlled and follows alignment of river valley to SW. Also an E-W low ridge in the Hengoed-Cuckold area underlain by volcanic rocks.
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif and junction with valley systems and lower areas.

Crundale
Block of terrain NE of Haverfordwest bounded to W and E by valley systems and dominated by Ordovician slates. Surface remarkably level, varying from 50m in the S to 80m in the N. Cut by small stream valleys, especially alongside the Cartlett Brook. Forms low feature only along E side of Western Cleddau river valley. Includes the disused Haverfordwest Airfield area of artificially levelled terrain at around 50m.
Slope. Hill top. Spring. Urban / industrial development. Engineered topography
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif and junction with valley systems and higher escarpment to N.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), The Rocks of Wales / Gregiau Cymru (1:250000); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (in preparation), Fishguard (Sheet 210, 1:50,000) (NERC)*; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1976), Haverfordwest (Sheet 228, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006b), South Pembrokeshire / De Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL36 (1:25, 000); STRAHAN, A. et al. (1914), The geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part XI, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (HMSO).

Llys-y-fran Reservoir
Artificial reservoir and dam in drowned valley.
No exposure, valley submerged beneath reservoir.
Provide opportunities to record geological exposures during maintenance or low stands of reservoir.

Slebech
Agglomeration of E-W ridges formed of Silurian slates with thin sandstone bands. Includes Merryborough-Hobbin''s Hill, Ridgeway, Arnold''s Hill and Rosehill areas rising up to arounf 75-95m. Northern ridge is the most prominent and steep sided - it is also very narrow. In the E, the ridges coalesce to form a platform-like surface at around 70-80m but cut by steep sided cwms.
Waterfall / rapids. Flood plain. Slope. Hill top
Breaks of slope at base of low ridges of AA.

Milin Brook
Section of narrow drift-filled, non-incised stream valley with level floor. Continuation of creek N-S creek on the N side of the Cleddau ria which separates the Boulston and Picton Park areas.
Dominantly natural system with no or limited significant canalisation / flood defence works etc. apparent. A small part of the AA lies within the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park.

Boulston
Block of Carboniferous ''Millstone Grit'' and ''Coal Measures'' shales and sandstone outcrop between and within a meander of the Western Cleddau to the W and the Milin Brook creek to the E. Rises gently from the S and from the N form an E-W low ridge at around 50m.
Edge of estuary system base of low feature to N.

Picton Park
Block of Carboniferous ''Millstone Grit'' and ''Coal Measures'' shales and sandstone outcrop between Eastern Cleddau to the E and the Milin Brook creek to the W. Rises gently from the S to around 55-70m, forming a platform like area within the fork of the Cleddau estuary, and dissected to W, S and E by stream valleys.
Margins of estuary system to S and base of scrap of Lower Palaeozoic to N.

South Dairy Mountain
Block of terrain E of Haverfordwest, dominated by Silurian mudrocks. Forms a lower undulating area below the escarpment of the Slebach area and rising to around 50m. Includes a slight ridge in the Calraboro area of sandstone. Cut by stream valleys to N, W, S and centrally. Margins slightly steeper above the Cleddau estuary to the SW. Slopes gently to N and S, with a low basin in the latter area.
Breaks of slope at junction with drift-filled valley system below and base of higher escarpment above.

Whiteleys
Vale-like depression between the massif of Sleebach and Llawaden with E-W trend and cut by stream. Raised above the Eastern Cleddau to the E and dominated by Ordovician slates.
Break of slope at base of higher solid geology massifs above.

Lampeter Vale
Broad drift filled vale curving from W-E to NE eastwards. Broad flat base suggests that lake deposits may be present although now occupied by a meandering stream and probably terrace-like features (Quaternary: ?Pleistocene-Holocene). Includes a section of the flood plain of the Afon Daulin the valley of which the vale opens into.
Lake / reservoir (artificial). Flood plain. Spring
Break of slope at edge of drift filled valley system.

Gorse wen
Very gently sloping platform / surface on the SE side of Lampeter Vale and adjacent to the Afon Daulin valley. Appears to be a drift feature, possibly glacial/ fluvioglacial in origin (Quaternary: Pleistocene). Small streams present. Gently rises to base of solid geology escarpment to S.
Break of slope at edge of drift filled valley system below and escarpment above.

Tygwyn
Very gently sloping platform / surface on the S side of Lampeter Vale. Appears to be a drift feature, possibly glacial/ fluvioglacial in origin and part of the same process as the Gorse Wen area (Quaternary: Pleistocene). Gently rises to base of solid geology escarpment to S.
Break of slope at edge of drift filled valley system below and escarpment above.

Lampeter Velfrey
Scarp-like feature of Ordovician slates with volcanic rocks on the S side of Lampeter Vale, rising above the low drift-filled depression to the N. Top of escarpment forms a slight platform at around 100m below a higher escarpment of Devonian ''Old Red Sandstone''. Cut by several cwms.
Breaks of slope to lower slopes below and escarpment above.
Includes Chwarel Bryn Banc SSSI (Bryn Bank Quarry) (Ordovician: ''Llandeilo''], although making a relatively small contribution to the character of the AA as a whole.

Robeston Wathen
Discrete, sub-triangular hill within the fork of the Eastern Cleddau valley system and the Narberth stream valley. Steep-sided NW face and moderately steep SE and NE slopes. Rises to nearly 100m.
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development/ forestry, etc) and ensure that the SSSI is maintained in favourable condition by implementation of a management plan.
Includes important limestone development in the Ordovician (Robeston Wathen Quarries SSSI [Ordovician: Ashgill]).
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1976), Haverfordwest (Sheet 228, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006b), South Pembrokeshire / De Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL36 (1:25, 000); RUSHTON, A.W.A. et al. (1999), Geological Conservation Review Series 18 (JNCC); STRAHAN, A. et al. (1914), The geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part XI, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (HMSO).

Coxlake
Area of terrain significantly lower than the Robeston Wathen and Narberth massifs to the W and E, but still rising to around 40m, albeit relatively gently, above river valleys to S and N. Underlain by Silurian mudrocks with some glacial clay (Quaternary: Pleistocene).
Break of slope at edge of drift filled valley systems below and escarpment sabove.

Longford - Stoneyford
Forms an apron, locally terrace-like, with relatively gentle slopes around the N, E and S sides of the Narberth - Llanddewi Velfrey massif and a broad basin in the Whitley Farm area at the western end of Lampeter Vale. Includes glacial sands and gravels (Quaternary: Pleistocene) in the N and presumed to include similar deposits in the S (where the area is likely to represent the continuation of the feature / deposit of the Tygywn and Gorse wen areas on the S side of the Vale). Some bedrock exp
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif above and junction with valley system below..

Narberth - Llanddewi Velfrey
Prominent block with steep scarp surrounding the N, W and SW of Lampeter Vale and formed of Ordovician and Silurian slates, the latter with thin sandstone bands, Dissected by steep-side cwms, most prominently on the N side of the Vale where a sub-plateau feature at around 135-145 m is present in the Llandewi Velfrey area. Scarp also present on the W side of the ridge, W of Narberth.
Slope. Hill top. Scarp slope. Plateau. Spring. Urban / industrial development
Includes nationally important proposed geological SSSI at Pengawse Hill (Ordovician stratigraphy).
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1976), Haverfordwest (Sheet 228, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006b), South Pembrokeshire / De Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL36 (1:25, 000); RUSHTON, A.W.A., et al. . 1999. Geological Conservation Review Series 18, JNCC; STRAHAN, A. et al. (1914), The geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part XI, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (HMSO).

Canaston
Gently sloping low apron on the N side of the Templeton ''Old Red Sandstone'' ridge and marginal to the Cleddau river system. Profile suggests drift domination probably including glacial deposits (Quaternary: Pleistocene).
Lake / reservoir (artificial). Slope. Alluvial fan (ancient)
Breaks of slope at edge of estuary system and presumed solid geology slopes behind.

Templeton
Prominent ridge of ''Old Red Sandstone'' siltstones and sandstones (Devonian) between the Eastern Cleddau in the W and the County boundary in the E. Rises to around 200m in the E and 90-140m in the W. Prominent scarp on S side, and towards western and eastern end of N side. Width of ridge expands slightly from W to E. Cut by several steep-sided cwms on N side.
Dominantly rural area with limited significant development. A small part of the AA lies within the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park.
Break of slope at base of ridge of Old red Sandstone.

Amroth
Three adjacent deeply incised coastal valleys cut into Carboniferous shales and sandstones, mainly ''Coal Measures''.

The Water''s Edge
Small coastal wedge of mainly ''Coal Measures'' (Carboniferous) shales and sandstones between coast, incised cwm of the Trelissy Wood area and County boundary.
Coast, top of incised valley to W and county boundary to E.

Pleasant Valley (Ford''s Lake)
Deeply incised coastal valley system, parallel to those of the Amroth area to the E. Includes narrow level base in extreme S. Uppermost part not significantly incised and with narrow flood plain. Dominated by ''Coal Measures'' (Carboniferous) shales and sandstones.
Dominantly rural area with limited significant development. A small part of the AA lies within the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Mine shaft/adit; Meander; Marsh/bog/fen.

Ludchurch
E-W platform-like block below Devonian ''Old Reds sandstone'' escarpment and at around 125-146m. Dominated by Carboniferous limestone with significant areas of glacial clay (Quaternary: Pleistocene). Several large, disused quarry complexes present. Slopes to S steeper in the W but more gentle in the E.
Dominantly rural area with limited significant development. A small part of the AA lies within the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park.

Summerhill
Block dominated by ''Coal Measures'' (Carboniferous) shales and sandstones between platform of Ludchurch and deeply dissected valley systems to S. Includes a low rise in the Kings Park area up to around 129m marking the presence of a sandstone band (= Upper sandstone Formation). To S, slope is coastward.
Top of incised valley sides and base of feature of PMBRKGL201.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1976), Haverfordwest (Sheet 228, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006b), South Pembrokeshire / De Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL36 (1:25, 000); STRAHAN, A. et al. (1914), The geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part XI, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (HMSO)

Craig-y-borion
Small area isolated from similar features of Summerhill and Trelessy by deeply incised valleys of the Amroth area. Dominated by ''Coal Measures'' (Carboniferous) shales and sandstones with central higher area marking the presence of a sandstone band (= Upper Sandstone Formation). To S, slope is coastward.

Trelessy
Heavily dissected block within the deeply incised valleys of the Amroth area. Dominated by ''Coal Measures'' (Carboniferous) shales and sandstones with central bank marking the presence of a sandstone band (= Upper Sandstone Formation). To S, slope is coastward.
Top of steep valley sides and base of feature to N.

Pen-lan
Deeply incised, steep-sided valley cutting down through the Templeton ''Old Red Sandstone'' (Silurian-Devonian) ridge towards Lampeter Vale.

Loveston Lake - King''s Moor
Branching tributary of the Cleddau system with often broad, flat to gently sloping basins, especially in the King''s Moor area. Glacial deposits probably present in addition to alluvium (Quaternary: Pleistocene-Holocene).
Flood plain. Spring. Coal / mineral spoil tips. Urban / industrial development
Break of slope at edge river/ floodplain /terrace/ drift filled valley systems

Martletwy-Saundersfoot
Extensively area of undulating terrain, dissected by dendritic stream systems producing a very uneven surface. Platform is generally up to 100m in the NW but lower towards the coast. Developed over outcrop of Carboniferous shales and sandstones (mainly ''Coal Measures''). Locally sandstone beds make slight features as in the Beacon Hill area. Local areas of glacial clays, including filling basins; periglacial head probably widespread in valleys (Quaternary: Pleistocene). Towards the coast in t
Slope. Hill top. Spring. Urban / industrial development. Engineered topography
Dominantly rural area with only localised significant development. Lies partly within the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park.
Breaks of slope, including adjacent to valley systems and higher ridge to N.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1976), Haverfordwest (Sheet 228, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1977), Pembroke and Linney Head (Sheets 244 and 245, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006b), South Pembrokeshire / De Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL36 (1:25, 000); STRAHAN, A. et al. (1914), The geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part XI, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (HMSO).
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry; Mine shaft/adit; Meander; Marsh/bog/fen; Road/railway cutting.

Coheston
Island-like block of relatively low, domed terrain on the S side of the Cleddau estuary/ ria, rising to around 67-72m with creeks to SW and E. Slopes steep besides river, but not high. Slopes southwards towards Pembroke area. dominated by ''Old Red Sandstone'' sandstones (Devonian).
Base of low massif, including margins of estuary system.
BASSETT, M.G. (ed.) (1982), Geological excursions in Dyfed, South West Wales (NMW); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1976), Haverfordwest (Sheet 228, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS); STRAHAN, A. et al. (1914), The geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part XI, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (HMSO).

Carew Newton
Low, gently undulating area below the escarpment of the Carew Mountain area and the Carew River creek. Gently rise to the SE where steeper marginal slopes are developed in the Cardeeth area. Many old quarries present, partly flooded in the NW. Dominated by Carboniferous limestone.
Break of slope at base of low feature caused by ''Millstone Grit'' to NE. Estuary/ river system elsewhere.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1976), Haverfordwest (Sheet 228, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS); STRAHAN, A. et al. (1914), The geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part XI, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (HMSO).

Garron
Narrow WNW-ESE belt of very gently sloping to flat terrain developed over Carboniferous limestone, between escarpments of Martletwy, etc and Lawrenny areas.
Margins of level area of AA/ bases of steeper slopes to SW and NE, also estuary.

Caldney Island
Terrestrial surface of island forms a flat to very gently sloping surface at arpund 60m above sea level. Dominated by Carboniferous limestones in the N and ''Old Red Sandstone'' sandstones in the S. Northern part of the island slopes towards area of dunes in NE.
Stabilised sand dune. Urban / industrial development
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1977), Pembroke and Linney Head (Sheets 244 and 245, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS);
ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006b), South Pembrokeshire / De Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL36 (1:25, 000).

Caldney Island coast
Rock cliffs and foreshore platform and local sand beaches of Caldney Island and St. Margaret''s Island.
Cliff. Wave-cut platform. Island. Sand beach. Sand. Shingle / gravel
Mainly natural undefended coastline. Lies within the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park.
Carry out a survey to identify candidate RIGS for protection through develop plan policies and constraint mapping. Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development, coastal defence, etc).
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1977), Pembroke and Linney Head (Sheets 244 and 245, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006b), South Pembrokeshire / De Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL36 (1:25, 000).

Carew River
Drift-filled valley system joining the Cleddau estuary/ ria near Sageston includes some relatively broad areas. Alluvium probably dominates (Quaternary: Holocene).

Langdon
Low mound of bedrock geology within the drift-filled basins of the Lowveston Lake-King''s Moor area (composed of ''Coal Measures'' (Carboniferous) shales and sandstones.
Break of slope at edge of surrounding drift filled valley systems.

Lawrenny
Sub-triangular massif forming a promontory between the main Cleddau estuary channel and side-creeks. Rises to 57m with steep slopes around, including prominent escarpment to NE. Dominated by ''Old Red Sandstone'' siltstones and sandstone.
Break of slope at base of knoll or edge of estuary system.

The Ritec
Branching, coastal river basins now dominated by marshland and representing former lake/ lagoon in drowned estuary (Quaternary: Holocene). Separated from sea by sand dune barrier of The Burrows.
Although modified by development near coast, natural character retained inland. Lies within the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park.
Break of slope at edge of depositional basin sediment fill.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1977), Pembroke and Linney Head (Sheets 244 and 245, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006b), South Pembrokeshire / De Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL36 (1:25, 000).

Saundersfoot - Tenby coast
Coastal area with broad sandy beaches with significant areas of rock platform and cliffs behind with associated steep coastal slope. Includes a shingle ridge at Amroth and sea defences at Saundersfoot and Tenby. Coal Measures'' (Carboniferous) shales and sandstones dominate.
Stratigraphic formation(s). Superficial deposits. Active processes. Structural features
Cliff. Wave-cut platform. Sand / shingle foreshore. Sand beach. Sand. Shingle / gravel. Coastal slope. Waterfall / rapids. Coastal defence works
Mainly natural undefended coastline but some areas of coastal defence, etc. Lies within the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park.
Maintain natural system and processes and ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development/ coastal defence, etc). Ensure that the SSSIs area maintained in favourable condition by implementation of a management plan.
Includes several SSSIs (Arfordir Saundersfoot - Telpyn / Saundersfoot - Telpyn Coast SSSI [including Carboniferous: Westphalian]; Tenby Cliffs and St. Catherine''s Island SSSI [Dinantian of South England and South Wales; Carboniferous: Namurian]; Waterwynch Bay to Saundersfoot Harbour SSSI [Carboniferous: Westphalian]).
BASSETT, M.G. (ed.) (1982), Geological excursions in Dyfed, South West Wales (NMW); CLEAL, C.J. and THOMAS, B.A. (1996), Geological Conservation Review Series 11 (Chapman and Hall); COSSEY, P.J. et al. (2004), Geological Conservation Review Series 29 (JNCC); ELLIS-GRUFFYDD, D. (1988), Rocks and Scenery of the Pembrokeshire National Park (PCNP);
GEORGE, T.N. et. al. (1976), Geological Society, London, Special Publication 7; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1976), Haverfordwest (Sheet 228, 1:

The Burrows
Sand dunes and sandy foreshore SW of tenby and E of Penally (Quaternary: Holocene).
Active sand dune. Stabilised sand dune. Sand beach. Sand
Partly stabilised and pinned by development. Lies within the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park.
No regionally significant sites/ landforms noted during present survey and geology/ geomorphology considered to be typical of feature/ process and is either widespread, better exposed elsewhere or not currently known to be exceptional (sand dunes not within GCR site).
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1977), Pembroke and Linney Head (Sheets 244 and 245, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS);
ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006b), South Pembrokeshire / De Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL36 (1:25, 000).

St. Florence
Narrow WNW-ESE area with low topography, often virtually flat, but rising gently to S towards ''Old Red Sandstone'' escarpment. Realtively broad centrally, but narrows to ESE and WNW and dominated by Carboniferous limestone. Includes disused airfield with levelled topography.
Sea-cave / cave. Slope. Spring. Doline. Urban / industrial development. Engineered topography
Many karstic features (e.g. dolines) are reported to have been infilled.
Maintain and restore natural karstic systems and processes and ensure that no further significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development,l infill, etc), including through carrying out a survey to identify karstic features and candidate RIGS for protection through develop plan policies and constraint mapping. Ensure that the SSSI is maintained in favourable condition by implementation of a management plan.
Margin of river/estuary system and break of slope at base of escarpments to S and N.
Area includes karstic systems (caves, dolines, etc) including sites of SSSI status.
CAMPBELL, S. and BOWEN, D.Q. (1989), Geological Conservation Review 1 (NCC); GEORGE, T.N. et. al. (1976), Geological Society, London, Special Publication 7; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1976), Haverfordwest (Sheet 228, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006b), South Pembrokeshire / De Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL36 (1:25, 000); STRAHAN, A. et al. (1914), The geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part XI, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (HMSO).

The Ridgeway
Prominent ridge up to 80-90m, trending generally NNW-ESE from the coast at Pennally to the S side of Pembroke Dock and the Cleddau estuary. Very narrow in E but broadening slightly to W; steep escarpment on either side throughout. Dominated by ''Old Red Sandstone'' conglomerates (Devonian).
Dominantly rural area with significant development only in W. Lies within the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park.
Break of slope at base of escarpments to N and S.
No regionally significant sites/ landforms noted during present survey although the Ridgeway conglomerate is stratigraphically regionally important and forms a significant landscape feature.
BASSETT, M.G. (ed) 1982, Geological excursions in Dyfed, SW Wales, NMW; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1976), Haverfordwest (Sheet 228, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1977), Pembroke and Linney Head (Sheets 244 and 245, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006b), South Pembrokeshire / De Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL36 (1:25, 000); STRAHAN, A. et al. (1914), The geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part XI, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (HMSO).

Giltar Point - Skrinkle Haven coast
Rock cliff and shore between Giltar Point and Shrinkle Haven. Shore generally very narrow except in havens where sandy beaches are developed. Dominated by Carboniferous limestones showing important karstic features.
Cliff. Wave-cut platform. Sea-cave / cave. Sand beach. Sand. Shingle / gravel
Mainly natural undefended coastline. Lies within the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park.
Maintain natural system and processes and ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development/ coastal defence, etc), including through carrying out a survey to identify candidate RIGS for protection through develop plan policies and constraint mapping.
Carboniferous limestones showing important karstic features, including palaeokarst,, of at least regional importance.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1977), Pembroke and Linney Head (Sheets 244 and 245, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS);
ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006b), South Pembrokeshire / De Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL36 (1:25, 000).

Manorbier - Stackpole coast
Rock cliff and shore between Skrinkle Haven and Freshwater East. Above cliff, steep grassy coastal slope often present. rocky foreshore well developed along the Manorbier coast, with areas of sand. Includes the sandy bay of Freshwater East with dunes behind. Dominated by by ''Old Red Sandstone'' siltstones and sandstones (Silurian-Devonian).
Cliff. Wave-cut platform. Sea-cave / cave. Active sand dune. Stabilised sand dune. Sand beach. Sand. Shingle / gravel
Mainly natural undefended coastline. Lies within the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park.
Maintain natural system and processes and ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development, coastal defence, etc). Ensure that the SSSI is maintained in favourable condition by implementation of a management plan.
Includes Freshwater East to Skrinkle Haven SSSI? [''Non-marine Devonian'', Palaeozoic Palaeobotany]; Stackpole Quay-Trewent Point SSSI [Silurian: Wenlock; Variscan Structures].
ALDRIDGE, R.J. et al.(2000), Geological Conservation Review Series 17 (JNCC); BASSETT, M.G. (ed.) (1982), Geological excursions in Dyfed, South West Wales (NMW); CLEAL, C.J. and THOMAS, B.A. (1995), Geological Conservation Review Series 9 (Chapman and Hall); ELLIS-GRUFFYDD, D. (1988), Rocks and Scenery of the Pembrokeshire National Park (PCNP);
GEORGE, T.N. et. al. (1976), Geological Society, London, Special Publication 7; HOWELLS, S. (1999), Stackpole Estate: Geological Notes (National Trus

Pembroke Dock
Urban and industrial area of Pembroke Docks including flat area to S, rising up to Llanion promontory in the N. Extensively modified by development, including dockyards.
Slope. Hill top. Urban / industrial development. Engineered topography
Margins of industrial/ urban development of Pembroke Dock.

Jameston
Broad and remarkably level area around 35-50m developed on Carboniferous limestones. rises slightly to N and S towards ''Old Red Sandstone'' escarpments.
Coastal slope. Spring. Urban / industrial development
Maintain and if necessary reinstate natural karstic processes and ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development/ forestry, etc), including through carrying out a survey to identify candidate RIGS for protection through develop plan policies and constraint mapping.
Breaks of slope at base of escarpment to N and lower feature to S.
No regionally significant sites/ landforms noted during present survey although karstic systems may be present.

Pembroke
Low ridge rising between two small valleys, including that of the Pembroke River. Includes Pembroke old town and castle, the latter surrounded by low limestone cliffs. Formed by a syncline in Carboniferous limestone.
Sea-cave / cave. Slope. Hill top. Urban / industrial development
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development, etc), including through carrying out a survey to identify candidate RIGS for protection through develop plan policies and constraint mapping.
Break of slope at edge of surrounding river floodplain /terrace and low feature in E.
Although largely developed, AA does retain geological exposures, is directly related to structural features and includes caves.

Tenby
Urban area of Tenby including St. Catherines Island. Bedrock dominated by Carboniferous limestone.
Cliff. Island. Slope. Coastal defence works. Urban / industrial development
Largely developed area with no significant geological features - SSSI represents only very minor area of AA. Lies within the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park.
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development, coastal defence, etc) and ensure that the SSSI is maintained in favourable condition by implementation of a management plan.
Margins of developed area and connected St Catherine''s Island.
Largely developed area with no significant geological features - SSSI represents only very minor area of AA.
BASSETT, M.G. (ed.) (1982), Geological excursions in Dyfed, South West Wales (NMW); CLEAL, C.J. and THOMAS, B.A. (1996), Geological Conservation Review Series 11 (Chapman and Hall); COSSEY, P.J. et al. (2004), Geological Conservation Review Series 29 (JNCC); ELLIS-GRUFFYDD, D. (1988), Rocks and Scenery of the Pembrokeshire National Park (PCNP);
MAY, V.J. and HANSOM, J.D. (2003), Geolo

Pembroke River (estuary)
Broad embayment into which the Pembroke river flows, forming a virtually enclosed basin with only a narrow entrance into the Cleddau estuary. Includes broad mudflats and some narrow marginal saltmarsh (Quaternary: Holocene).
Marsh / saltmarsh. Lower saltmarsh / mudflat. Creek. Shingle / gravel. Coastal defence works
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1976), Haverfordwest (Sheet 228, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1977), Pembroke and Linney Head (Sheets 244 and 245, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006b), South Pembrokeshire / De Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL36 (1:25, 000); STRAHAN, A. et al. (1914), The geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part XI, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (HMSO).

Pembroke River
Drift-filled valleys of two parallel streams (Quaternary: Holocene) which converge in Pembroke where they are artificially maintained as a lake within the town
Lake / reservoir (artificial). River channel / canal (artificial). River channel (natural). Flood plain. Urban / industrial development
Rivers and floodplains significantly modified in Pembroke town area.
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features that survive are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development/ forestry, etc), including through carrying out a survey to identify candidate RIGS for protection through develop plan policies and constraint mapping.
Break of slope at edge river/floodplain/terrace/lake system.
No regionally significant sites/ landforms noted during present survey and geology/ geomorphology considered to be typical of feature/ process; significantly modified in Pembroke town area.

Thrustle Mill
Coastal valley with drift-infill including marsh - broadens towards coast Quaternary: ?Pleistocene-Holocene (Quaternary: Holocene). Barrier beach / sand dunes now separates former lagoon from sea. WNW-ENE orientated.

Monkton
Low terrace-like feature at 15-20m above sea-level on the S side of the Pembroke ria and partly occupies by urban and industrial development. Bedrock dominated by Carboniferous limestone.
Partly developed. Lies within the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park.
Ensure that no surviving, significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development, etc), including through carrying out a survey to identify candidate RIGS for protection through develop plan policies and constraint mapping.
Break of slope at edge of river floodplain /terrace/ estuarine systems and base of low feature above.

Greenhill (power station)
Excavated and landscaped area for industrial development. Bedrock includes Carboniferous limestone and ''Old Red Sandstone'' sandstones, etc (Devonian).
Reclaimed land. Urban / industrial development. Engineered topography
Recording of temporary exposures if site is redeveloped would be appropriate.
Area highly modified for industrial installation.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1976), Haverfordwest (Sheet 228, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1977), Pembroke and Linney Head (Sheets 244 and 245, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006b), South Pembrokeshire / De Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL36 (1:25, 000); STRAHAN, A. et al. (1914), The geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part XI, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (HMSO).

Rhoscrowther (refinery)
Excavated and landscaped area for industrial development. Bedrock includes Carboniferous limestone and ''Old Red Sandstone'' siltstones and sandstones, etc (Devonian).
Lake / reservoir (artificial). Urban / industrial development. Engineered topography
Area highly modified for industrial installation.
Recording of temporary exposures if site is redeveloped would be appropriate.
CANTRILL, T.C. et al. (1916), The geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part XII, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (HMSO); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1978), Milford (Sheets 226 and 227, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006b), South Pembrokeshire / De Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL36 (1:25, 000);.

Angle
WNW-ESE orientated headland, including Angle Point. Highest in N, sloping to central valley and then rising gently to base of ''Old Red Sandstone'' escarpment to S. Dominated by Carboniferous limestone.
Top of cliffs and base of low escarpment to S.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1977), Pembroke and Linney Head (Sheets 244 and 245, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS); NSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1978), Milford (Sheets 226 and 227, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006b), South Pembrokeshire / De Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL36 (1:25, 000).

Hundleton
Broad area of outcrop of ''Old Red Sandstone'' siltstones and sandstones (Silurian-Devonian). Includes a low escarpment to the N and a slightly steep one to the S, both with a general WNW-ESE orientation. Central area forms a dissected sub-platform at up to 70-80m. Includes some blown sand in the Castlemartin - Newton area. Includes the headland of Rosscrowther with some Carboniferous limestone. Includes several narrow belts of Ordovician and Silurian slates and sandstones.
Break of slope at base of low feature to N and S, also junction with valley systems and coast.
HOWELLS, S. (1999), Stackpole Estate: Geological Notes (National Trust); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1977), Pembroke and Linney Head (Sheets 244 and 245, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1978), Milford (Sheets 226 and 227, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006b), South Pembrokeshire / De Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL36 (1:25, 000).

Broomhill - Brownslade Burrows
Extensive sand dune system which rises from beach level over former cliff areas (Quaternary: Holocene). In part stabilised and with sand pits. Includes sand beach and extensive area of rocky foreshore in centre of Bay with adjacent cliff.
oastal (marine, etc).. Sand dune.. Stream..
Cliff. Wave-cut platform. Boulder. Sand / shingle foreshore. Active sand dune. Stabilised sand dune. Dune slack. Sand beach. Sand. Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit
Rural area with no significant development although partial inclusion within military ranges may lead to disturbance. Lies within the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park.
Maintain natural system and processes and ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development, military activity, etc), Ensure that the SSSI is maintained in favourable condition by implementation of a management plan.
Mena low tide mark and and inland limits of active/ sub-active dune system,
Important sand dune system and including Broomhill Burrows SSSI [Variscan Structures, Non-marine Devonian?]; Castlemartin Cliffs and Dunes SSSI [Dinantian of South England and South Wales; Variscan Structures; Coastal Geomorphology of Wales].
ALDRIDGE, R.J. et al.(2000), Geological Conservation Review Series 17 (JNCC); BARCLAY, W.J. et al. (2005), Geological Conservation Review Series 231 (JNCC); BASSETT, M.G. (ed.) (1982), Geological excursions in Dyfed, South West Wales (NMW);urvey (HMSO); ELLIS-GRUFFYDD, D. (1988), Rocks and Scenery of the Pembrokeshire National Park (PCNP);
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1977), Pembroke and Linney Head (Sheets 244 and 245, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS); MAY, V.J. and HANSOM, J.D. (2003), Geological

Angle Bay
Broad embayment with entrance to Cleddau estuary/ ria narrowed slightly by points on either side. Shore area dominated by sands with scattered areas of flat rock (including Carboniferous limestone and Devonian sandstone). Cliffs low. Includes an area of reclaimed marsh in SE.
Cliff. Wave-cut platform. Sand / shingle foreshore. Mud-dominated foreshore. Sand beach. Marsh / saltmarsh. Sand
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development/ coastal defence, etc), including through carrying out a survey to identify candidate RIGS for protection through develop plan policies and constraint mapping.
Mean low tide mark and top of low cliff.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1977), Pembroke and Linney Head (Sheets 244 and 245, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1978), Milford (Sheets 226 and 227, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006b), South Pembrokeshire / De Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL36 (1:25, 000).

West Angle Bay - Freshwater West coast
Cliff, steep coastal slope and rocky foreshore around the Angle headland. Dominated by ''Old Red Sandstone'' siltstones and sandstones (Silurian-Devonian) with some Carboniferous limestone in N. Includes important raised beach features (Quaternary: Pleistocene).
Cliff. Wave-cut platform. Sea-cave / cave. Boulder. Island. Sand / shingle foreshore. Beach. Sand. Raised beach / platform
Maintain natural system and processes and ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development/ coastal defence, etc). Ensure that the SSSI is maintained in favourable condition by implementation of a management plan.
Includes Arfordir Penrhyn Angle / Angle Peninsula Coast [Quaternary of Wales, Non-Marine Devonian].
BARCLAY, W.J. et al. (2005), Geological Conservation Review Series 231 (JNCC); BASSETT, M.G. (ed.) (1982), Geological excursions in Dyfed, South West Wales (NMW); CANTRILL, T.C. et al. (1916), The geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part XII, Memoirs of the Geological Survey (HMSO); CAMPBELL, S. and BOWEN, D.Q. (1989), Geological Conservation Review 1 (NCC); ELLIS-GRUFFYDD, D. (1988), Rocks and Scenery of the Pembrokeshire National Park (PCNP);
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1977), Pemb

St. Govan''s head - Linney Head coast
High limestone cliffs are characteristic (up to around 40m) and include a range of classic geomorphological features including caves, stacks, arches, etc. Very little foreshore area. Cliff line has characteristic WNW-ENE orientation.
Cliff. Wave-cut platform. Sea-cave / cave. Boulder. Scree / talus
Maintain natural system and processes and ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development/ forestry, etc). Ensure that the SSSI is maintained in favourable condition by implementation of a management plan.
Includes Castlemartin Cliffs and Dunes SSSI [Dinantian of South England and South Wales; Variscan Structures; Coastal Geomorphology of Wales]
BASSETT, M.G. (ed.) (1982), Geological excursions in Dyfed, South West Wales (NMW); COSSEY, P.J. et al. (2004), Geological Conservation Review Series 29 (JNCC); ELLIS-GRUFFYDD, D. (1988), Rocks and Scenery of the Pembrokeshire National Park (PCNP); HOWELLS, S. (1999), Stackpole Estate: Geological Notes (National Trust); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1977), Pembroke and Linney Head (Sheets 244 and 245, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS); MAY, V.J. and HANSOM, J.D. (2003), Geological Conservation Review S

Castlemartin Corse
WNW-ENE orientated valley with moderately steep slopes on either side and a broad floor. Latter includes a lower, flat area which is marshy to the W and a slightly higher very gently sloping terrace-like features on the S side of the valley. Seaward end of valley to W blocked by dunes of Broomhill Burrows. Includes minor side valley to N with narrow floodplain. (Quaternary: ?Pleistocene-Holocene).
Although nor currently with designation, AA represents a major area of deposition with a potentially important late glacial to post glacial sediment/climate record (i.e. submerged forest ''beds'' overlying probable till seen on beach to W and probable equivalents developed here).

Stackpole Warren
Area of sand dunes, partly stabilised/ modified over Carboniferous limestone platform (averaging around 35m above sea level). Includes adjacent sandy beaches.
Sand / shingle foreshore. Active sand dune. Stabilised sand dune. Sand beach. Beach. Sand
Sand dune system reported to have been modified although whether deterioration continues is unclear. Lies within the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park.
Maintain or reinstate natural system and processes and ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development, etc), including through carrying out a survey to identify candidate RIGS for protection through develop plan policies and constraint mapping.
Margins of blown sand dominated area and cliff top.
Sand dune system reported to have been modified - No regionally significant sites/ landforms noted during present survey and geology/ geomorphology considered to be typical of feature/ process and is either widespread, better exposed elsewhere or not currently known to be exceptional.
HOWELLS, S. (1999), Stackpole Estate: Geological Notes (National Trust); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1977), Pembroke and Linney Head (Sheets 244 and 245, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006b), South Pembrokeshire / De Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL36 (1:25, 000).
Additional Level 4 features include: Disused quarry?

Stackpole Park
Platform developed on Carboniferous limestone at around 30-35m, with ''Old Red Sandstone'' escarpment to N and sand dunes to S.
Top of cliffs, base of low escarpment to N and edge of valley system to W.
HOWELLS, S. (1999), Stackpole Estate: Geological Notes (National Trust); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1977), Pembroke and Linney Head (Sheets 244 and 245, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006b), South Pembrokeshire / De Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL36 (1:25, 000).

Stackpole
Flooded coastal, incised, branching valley system with steep sides - water level artificially maintained. Sand dunes form barrier with sea. Bedrock dominated by Carboniferous limestone.
Lake / reservoir (artificial). Slope. Spring
System shows general form of ria despite artificial maintenance of water levels. Lies within the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park.
Ensure that no further significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development, other management works, etc), including through carrying out a survey to identify candidate RIGS for protection through develop plan policies and constraint mapping.
System shows general form of ria despite artificial maintenance of water levels.
HOWELLS, S. (1999), Stackpole Estate: Geological Notes (National Trust); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1977), Pembroke and Linney Head (Sheets 244 and 245, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006b), South Pembrokeshire / De Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL36 (1:25, 000).
Additional Level 4 features include: Disused quarry; Marsh/bog/fen; Ria.

Stackpole Head
Short belt of limestone cliffs (Carboniferous) on the seaward margin of Stackpole Warren. Virtually no foreshore and one small bay present.
Cliff. Wave-cut platform. Sea-cave / cave. Sand beach. Beach
Additional Level 4 features include: Natural arch.

Pwllcrochan Flats
Cliff, coastal slope and shore, partly modified by industrial development (refinery)., between Sawdern Point and Pennar Mouth.
Cliff. Wave-cut platform. Sand / shingle foreshore
Although areas of industrial development are present, the majority of the Aspect Area is not developed. Lies partly within the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park.
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to industrial development), including through carrying out a survey to identify candidate RIGS for protection through develop plan policies and constraint mapping.
Mean low water and top of coastal cliff.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1976), Haverfordwest (Sheet 228, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1978), Milford (Sheets 226 and 227, 1:50,000) (OS / IGS); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006b), South Pembrokeshire / De Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL36 (1:25, 000); STRAHAN, A. et al. (1914), The geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part XI, Memoirs of the Geolo

Fishguard
Low massif rising form the sea at Fishguard with a general SW-NE orientation. Cut by glacial outwash channel to the NE, with drift filled valley systems to W and S. Dominated with Ordovician slates with some volcanic rpocks to the N and Cambrian sandstones in the S. Includes the town of Fishguard on sloping coastal platform.
Dominantly rural area with significant development only in N. A small part of the AA lies within the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park.
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif / junction with drift-filled valley systems.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (in preparation), Fishguard (Sheet 210, 1:50,000) (NERC)*; ORDNANCE SURVEY (2006a), North Pembrokeshire / Gogledd Sir Benfro, Explorer Map OL35 (1:25, 000).

Claerwen-Elan
Steep sided upland river valleys, courses structurally controlled, modified by glaciation and now partially drowned by reservoirs. Claewen stream braided in places.
Artificial water bodies and channels. Engineered features and reclaimed / infilled land. Other
Lake / reservoir (artificial). River channel (natural). Flood plain. Peat bog. Engineered topography
Although dammed and partially flooded by reservoirs, no further deterioration noted.
Although dammed and partially flooded by reservoirs, no further damage to geomorphological features within the valley system should be permitted.
AA boundary generally corresponds to county boundary or the edge of a well developed floodplain or low terrace, where a significant break of slope marks the base of the valley sides. Where reservoirs are present, the edge of the flooded area correspond to the AA boundary.
Structurally controlled upland river valleys including important Quaternary climate record in peat, etc., but major parts of system drowned by resrvoirs and features no longer visible.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1993), England and Wales Sheet 179 (1:50 000); CAMPBELL, S. & BOWEN, D.Q. (1989), Geological Conservation Review 1; DAVIES, J.R. et al. (1997), Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179 (England and Wales); LEWIS, C.A. in LEWIS, C.A. (1970) Glaciations of Wales and adjoining areas, (Longman); ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999b), Explorer 200 (1:25,000 scale); ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999d), Explorer 214 (1:25,000 scale).
Additional Level 4 features include: Meanders.

Old Radnor
Two adjacent hills of Precambrian rocks linked by a low ridge of Silurian rocks (Wenlock-Ludlow) and rising above the vale/plain of PWYSGL614.
Nunatak. Slope. Hill top. Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit. Coal / mineral spoil tips
Exposures mainatined by active quarrying, although ultimately unchecked expansion of works could become unsustainable and loss of deposits may begin to become significant in the long term.
Ensure that quarry expansion does not prejudice long term survival of key formations and features by agreeing appropriately afteruse and geological conservation schemes.
Boundaries correspond to boundaries of Precambrian inliers and associated Dolyhir Limestone, which have a topographical expression related to ground raised above the level of the surrounding mudrock-dominated vale. Detailed geological maps available in various publications (see bibliography).
Includes excellent exposures of rare Precambrian rocks with Silurian unconformity, including unique fossil-rich limestones, recognised to be of at least national importance through SSSI designation.
Siveter in ALDRIDGE, R.J. et al. (2000), Geological Conservation Review Series 17; Jones in CARNEY, J.N. et al. (2000), Geological Conservation Review Series 20; DAVIES, J.H. et al. (1978), Geology of Powys in outcrop, Powys County Council; ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999c), Explorer 201 (1:25,000 scale); SIVETER, D.J. et al. (1989), Silurian Field Excursions, National Museum of Wales/Geologist''s Association; Woodcock in TREAGUS, J.E. (1992), Geological Conservation Review Series 3; Woodcock in WOODCO
Includes additional features at Level 4: Crags and natural inland rock exposures.

Llandegley
Narrow and rugged ridge dominated by Ordovician volcanic rocks rising above lower lying areas dominated by mudrocks.
Upland area with no significant development.
Upland area with no significant development - no issues apparent.
Narrow ridge dominated by Ordovician volcanic rocks rising above lower lying areas dominated mudrocks - AA boundary corresponds to main break of slope at base of ridge.
Relatively small outcrop of units better developed in PWYSGL367 (Carneddau ridge) but forms part of classical Builth-Llandrindod Wells Ordovician inlier.
DAVIES, J.H. (MS geological map of Radnorshire); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1977), Classical Areas of British Geology-Llandrindod Wells Ordovician Inlier (1:25,000); ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999b), Explorer 200 (1:25,000 scale).
Additional Leve l4 features include: Disused quarries; Natural inland outcrops and crags.

Craig Dyfnant
Relatively smouth-surfaced upland plateau dissected by deep, steep sided valleys and underlain by early Silurian (Llandovery) mudstones (''Rhyader Pale Shales'' aucct.). Mudstones intensely folded and cleaved and develop rocky crags on the valley sides.
Upland area with limited development pressure.
Although area has limited development pressure, road works, etc., associated with reservoir maintenence could prejudice potential geological SINC - liaison with responsible company and highways authority therefore essential.
North-east and south-west valleys correspond to the base of steep valley sides - north-west boundary is geological, representing the contact with sandstone-dominated turbiditic sequences of the Telychian (Silurian), with a minor change in topography (latter area tends to be more uneven); south-east boundary follows a prominantly crag which coincides with the geological contact with the underlying Cwmere Formation (Silurian, Rhuddanian) - see PWYSGL979 (Pen Garnddu).
Key oucrop of ''Rhyader Pale Shales'' with potential geological SINC and part of significant landscape feature (Cambrian Mountains).
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1993), England and Wales Sheet 179 (1:50 000); DAVIES, J.H. et al. (1978), Geology of Powys in outcrop, Powys County Council; DAVIES, J.R. et al. (1997), Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179 (England and Wales); ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999b), Explorer 200 (1:25,000 scale);
ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999c); Wilson et al. in WOODCOCK, N.H & BASSETT, M.G. (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, University of Wales Press.
Additional Level 4 features: Stream; Crags and natural inland rock outcrops.

Beacon Hill-Bryn Mawr
High distinctly upland area of dissected plateau, in places over 480m in altitude. Hill / mountain tops with noticeable flattened tops and dissected by steep sided valleys, which in the north (Cerri Hills) have a general south-west-north-east trend, reflecting the Severn Valley disturbance.
River channel (natural). River terrace. Hill top. Scarp slope. Dip slope. Plateau. Moraine. Alluvial fan (ancient). Landslip (ancient). Spring
Dominantly rural/area including open upland with limited development.
Ensure that potential SINCs potential GCR sites are safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping. Encourage sensitive management of such sites, including development of management plans. Ensure that no other significant features of geological or geomorphological significance, including glacial landforms and deposits (e.g. moraine) are lost or damaged due to development or other operations.
Boundary corresponds to county boundary in north-east, scarp feature to south west and valley or topographic indentation to south-east which corresponds closely to edge of tectonically controlled topography of the Pontesford-Linley disturbance.
Major upland block with potential GCR site/SSSI (Beacon Hill) and at least two potential geological SINCs (Knucklas castle and Nant Rhyty-Fedw).
ALDRIDGE, R.J. et al. (2000), Geological Conservation Review Series 17; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), England and Wales Sheet 165 (1:50 000); CAVE, R. (2001), Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheet 165 (England and Wales); DAVIES, J.H. et al. (1978), Geology of Powys in outcrop, Powys County Council; ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999d), Explorer 214 (1:25,000 scale); TYLER, J.E. & WOODCOCK, N.H (1987), Geological Journal 22, 73-86; WOODCOCK, N.H & BASSETT, M.G. (1993), Geological excursions in
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry; Natural crags and inland outcrops; Meander; Marsh/bog/fen..

Crossgates
spect Area represents the the sloping or undulating terrain dominated by early Silurian (Llandovery) mudrocks beween the escarpment of the Penstrowed Grits Formation (PWYSGL422 - Pistyll-Ddyle; Silurian,Welock) and the Clywadog Brook - also between the latter and the River Ithon (both included in PWYSG934 - Ithon). Also includes part of an inlier of late Ordovician (Caradoc) Pentre Formation in the south-east, and a thin sliver of Ordovician (Ashgill) on the east side of the Clywadog Brook -
No significant development pressue noted whcich could damage sites, although inadvertent agaricultural damage is possible.
No significant development pressue noted whcich could damage sites, although inadvertent agricultural damage is possible. Confirmation of potential geological SINC would help address this potential threat.
North-east boundary represents the base of the escarpment of the Penstrowed Grits Formation (PWYSGL422 - Pistyll-Ddyle) and the western and south-eastern boundaries the floodplains of the Clywadog Brook and the River Ithon (PWYSG934 - Ithon).
Silurian sequence is important for studies of evolution of welsh basin and area includes Pentre Farm potential geological SINC (Ordovician, Caradoc).
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1993), England and Wales Sheet 179 (1:50 000); DAVIES, J.H. (MS geological map of Radnorshire); DAVIES, J.R. et al. (1997), Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179 (England and Wales); r (1:25,000); ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999b), Explorer 200 (1:25,000 scale); ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999d), Explorer 214 (1:25,000 scale); Wilson et al. in WOODCOCK, N.H & BASSETT, M.G. (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, University of Wales Press.
Additional level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry.

Penybont-Hundred House
Undulating low hills developed on mudrock dominated formations of mid Silurian (Wenlock) age below escarpment of more resistant Ludlow (late Silurian) siltstones, etc. of Radnor Forest (PWYSGL807) and Aberedw-Glascwm (PWYSGL435).
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance, including glacial landforms and deposits, are lost or damaged due to development or other operations
Boundary corresponds to base of escarpment to east and margins of Ordovician inlier to west. Boundary with Llanbister (PWYSGL546) to north lies within Pontesford-Linley disturbance.
Outcrop of widespread geology; exposures of at least regional importance not currently recorded.
DAVIES, J.H. (MS geological map of Radnorshire); DIMBERLINE, A.J. & WOODCOCK, N.H (1987), Geological Journal 22, 73-86; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1977), Classical Areas of British Geology-Llandrindod Wells Ordovician Inlier (1:25,000); ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999a), Explorer 188 (1:25,000 scale);
ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999b), Explorer 200 (1:25,000 scale); TYLER, J.E. & WOODCOCK, N.H (1987), Geological Journal 22, 73-86; WOODCOCK, N.H & BASSETT, M.G. (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, Unive

Marteg
Narrow river channel in lower part where it approched the Wye, however upper part includes broad valleys with significant till infil which complete suurrounds and isolates the hill of PWYSGL386 (Cefn Cenarth).
River channel (natural). Waterfall / rapids. Flood plain
Upland area without significant development - would benefit from survey to clarify significance of glacial and fluvial features present.
AA boundary corresponds to the edge of a well developed floodplain, low terrace or till platform where a significant break of slope marks the base of the valley sides.
Typical upland valley with features related to glacial processes.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1993), England and Wales Sheet 179 (1:50 000); DAVIES, J.R. et al. (1997), Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179 (England and Wales); ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999b), Explorer 200 (1:25,000 scale); ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999d), Explorer 214 (1:25,000 scale).
Additional Levl 4 features include: Meander; Incised Meander.

Edw
Aspects Area represents the upper part of the River Edw valley where a realtively wide flood plain is developed with meander belts and areas of marsh/bog. The flood plain is developed in a relatively open and low lying area of Ordovician and Silurian mudrocks and is virtually terminated where the river flows southwards through a narrow incised valley in the more resistant late Silurian (Ludlow) siltstones, etc, of PWYSGL435 (Aberedw-Glascwm).
Well developed floodplain system with meander belts typical of a natural river system indicating minimal interference with natural processes.
Maintain natural river system by minimising changes such as canalisation and bank protection.
The Aspect Area boundary represents the edge of a significant flat floodplain, which is effectively terminated downstream where the river flows southwards through a narrow incised valley which crosses PWYSGL435 (Aberedw-Glascwm).
Well developed floodplain system with meander belts typical of a natural river system.
ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999b), Explorer 200 (1:25,000 scale).
Additional Level 4 features: Meander, marsh/bog.

Tyfaener
Disected and plateau-like hills capped by cleaved Ordovician rocks including sandstones with steep and high valley sides. Including steep northern side of glacial valley of Clymedog, running through Abbeycwmhir. Ridges and valleys tectonically controlled.
Undeveloped upland with forestry. Forestry operations have the potential to create useful exposures however.
Forestry operations have the potential to create useful exposures and recording of such exposures should be encouraged.
Northern boundary corresponds to break of slope on edge of plateau. Base of valley slope/edge of river flood plain/low terrace marks southern and eastern boundaries.
Outcrops of part of important Tywi Anticline but some notable exposures.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1993), England and Wales Sheet 179 (1:50 000); DAVIES, J.R. et al. (1997), Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179 (England and Wales); ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999b), Explorer 200 (1:25,000 scale); ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999d), Explorer 214 (1:25,000 scale); Waters et al. in WOODCOCK, N.H & BASSETT, M.G. (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, University of Wales Press.
Additional level 4 features: Streams; Disused quarries.

Wennalt
Dissected segment of plateau underlain by intensely folded and faulted ''Rhyader Pale Shales'', with craggy, steep valley sides.
Upland area with limited development threat.
Northern boundary is district boundary; southern boundary is base of steep slopes and edge of valley floor with superficial deposits of PWYSGL191 (Marteg).
Typical outcrop of ''Rhyader Pale shales'', as seen elsewhere in the district.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1993), England and Wales Sheet 179 (1:50 000); DAVIES, J.R. et al. (1997), Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179 (England and Wales); ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999d), Explorer 214 (1:25,000 scale);
Additional Level 4 features: Stream; Crags and other natural inland rock outcrops; Disused quarry.

Wye
Major river system, with very wide flood plain in its lower part with large well developed meanders. Higher areas narrower but floodplain still significant, Includes an intermediate section with a more upland character, including a narrow floodplain and rock exposure in bed of river.
River channel (natural). Waterfall / rapids. Flood plain. Abandoned channel / Ox Bow lake. River terrace
No dams or significant stretches of canalisation.
Maintain natural character of river system and minimise damaging changes.
AA boundary corresponds to the county boundary (generally in the middle of the river channel) and to the edge of the floodplain/lowest terrace at the base of the valley sides.
Classic river system, modified by glacial action.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1993), England and Wales Sheet 179 (1:50 000); DAVIES, J.R. et al. (1997), Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179 (England and Wales); LEWIS, C.A. in LEWIS, C.A. (1970) Glaciations of Wales and adjoining areas, (Longman); ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999a), Explorer 188 (1:25,000 scale);
ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999b), Explorer 200 (1:25,000 scale); ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999c), Explorer 201 (1:25,000 scale); ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999d), Explorer 214 (1:25,000 scale).
Additional Level 4 features include: Meander; River-cliff.

Disgmylfa
The area forms part of the Downton Group (Pridoli, Silurian) outcrop of the Begwns (PWYSGL365) but is separated by the River Arrow valley (PWYSGL550). It forms a low dome dominated by rough grassland with a steeper sub-scarp face to the west and gently dipping to the south-east.
Slope. Hill top. Scarp slope. Dip slope. Peat bog. Spring. Scarp
Boundaries relate to geology and topography, although precise positioning of the latter is difficult in the absence of contemporary geological maps.Western boundary corresponds to the base of a low scarp and southern boundary to the base of the valley sides of the River Arrow (PWYSGL550).
Includes significant areas of bog which may contain Quaternary climactic information.
DAVIES, J.H. (MS geological map of Radnorshire); ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999c), Explorer 201 (1:25,000 scale);

Thorn
Area of steep topography and varied Silurian geology affected by the Church Stretton fault complex, which has sliced outcrops into a series of generally north-east/south-west trending blocks, lending to the development of hills/ridges with this orientation. Dominated by rocks of Ludlow age, with Pridoli in dip slopes.
Landscape scale features robust and land use non industrial.
Ensure SINC sites are formally listed and included in Local Plans, etc..
Boundary corresponds to base of scarp to south-west, river valley floors/low terraces to west and east and arbitarily drawn along a valley to the north-west, to separate the area form the dominantly upland area, historically defined as Radnor Forest (PWYSGL807).
Unusual tectonically influenced topography but few described localities.
DAVIES, J.H. et al. (1978), Geology of Powys in outcrop, Powys County Council; DAVIES, J.H. (MS geological map of Radnorshire); ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999c), Explorer 201 (1:25,000 scale); Woodcock and Tyler in WOODCOCK, N.H & BASSETT, M.G. (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, University of Wales Press;
Additional Level 4 features: Disused quarry; stream

Nantglas
Wide area of relatively low, gentle topography with rough grassland and some forestry - underlain by late Ordovician strongly cleaved mudrocks...
Generally undeveloped...although maintanance of road side exposures beside A470 is important as contribution to potential geological SINC...
Maintanance of road side exposures beside A470 is important as contribution to potential geological SINC...
North-west and south-east boundaries correspond to break of slope at base of ridge of PWYSGL434 and PWYSGL547 respectively; edge of river flood plain/low terrace forms boundary to north-east and south-west...
Forms part of Tywi Anticline and includes site of potential SINC status but generally little exposure...
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1993), England and Wales Sheet 179 (1:50 000); DAVIES, J...H... et al... (1978), Geology of Powys in outcrop, Powys County Council; DAVIES, J...R... et al... (1997), Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179 (England and Wales); ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999b), Explorer 200 (1:25,000 scale); Wilson et al... in WOODCOCK, N...H & BASSETT, M...G... (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, University of Wales Press...
Additional Level 4 features: Stream; Disused quarry;

Howey
Undulating lowland area underlain by Silurian mudrocks of dominantly Wenlock age. Separated from Ordovician mudrocks of the Llandrindod Wells-Builth Wells inlier mainly by faulting on the south side of the Tywi Structure, but with virtually no topographic expression. Largely blanketted by glacial clays (till).
Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). River channel (natural). Flood plain. Slope. Hill top
Key sites protected through SSSI legislation. Maintenance of clean exposures for research and educational essential.
Key sites protected through SSSI legislation. Maintenance of clean exposures for research and educational essential establishement and implementation of management plans essential. Status of potential geological SINC needs to be clarified.
South-east boundary dominantly geological (Silurian-Ordovician contact); north-west and south-west boundaries represent edge of floodplains of Wye amd Ithon valleys (PWYSGL260 and 934 respectively).
Classical area for Wenlock (Silurian) stratigraphy with four SSSIs plus potential geological SINC - also important Quaternary SSSI site with key vegetation/climactic record.
Siveter in ALDRIDGE, R.J. et al. (2000), Geological Conservation Review Series 17; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1993), England and Wales Sheet 179 (1:50 000); CAMPBELL, S. & BOWEN, D.Q. (1989), Geological Conservation Review 1; DAVIES, J.H. et al. (1978), Geology of Powys in outcrop, Powys County Council;
DAVIES, J.H. (MS geological map of Radnorshire); DAVIES, J.R. et al. (1997), Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179 (England and Wales); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (
Additional Level 4 features: Meander; Disused Quarry; Stream; Marsh/bog.

Lugg
Aspect area represents the wide base of a broad rounded valley, dominated by active flood plain and low terrace deposits. The valley regularly bifurcates, side branches terminations have a wide rounded morphology. Morphology is clearly glacial in origin. Close to Presteigne the valley widens dramatically and a broad plain is included in the Aspect Area.
River channel (natural). Flood plain. River terrace. Glacial U-shaped valley
Well developed glacial U-shaped valley with remarkably regular bifurcations and no reservoir, etc, construction.
Reservoir construction, although highly unlikely, would serious damage the geomorphology of the Aspect Area. Aforestation of the valley sides may disturb or conceal geomprphological features and assessments of new locations for planting should consider such potential impacts.
Aspect Area represents the wide base of a broad rounded valley - the boundary being drawn at the major change of slope, at the base of the steep valey sides. Upstream the boundary corresponds to a marked narrowing of each branch of the valley with a wide bowl-like morphology. Downstream the valley dramatically widens close to Presteigne and a wide plain dominated by superficial deposits is included within the Aspect Area.
Well developed glacial U-shaped valley with remarkably regular bifurcations.
LEWIS, C.A. in LEWIS, C.A. (1970) Glaciations of Wales and adjoining areas, (Longman); ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999b), Explorer 200 (1:25,000 scale); ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999c), Explorer 201 (1:25,000 scale); ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999d), Explorer 214 (1:25,000 scale).
Additional level 4 features: Meander; Marsh/bog.

Gilfach
Undulating hilly terrain forming part of the outcrop of the same late Ordovician Formation as PWYSGL818 (St. Cynllo''s Church Formation - cleaved mudstones) and separated only by the floodplain of the River Dulas.
No significant development or notable sites.
Boundaries correspond to the outcrop of the St. Cynllo''s Church Formation, with some topgraphic expression to the south-east being marked by a ridge. Northern boundary corresponds to the floodplain of the River Dulas.
Geological related to PWYSGL866 but without potential SINC sites.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1993), England and Wales Sheet 179 (1:50 000); DAVIES, J.R. et al. (1997), Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179 (England and Wales); ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999b), Explorer 200 (1:25,000 scale); Wilson et al. in WOODCOCK, N.H & BASSETT, M.G. (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, University of Wales Press.
Additional Level 4 features include: Streams; Disused quarries.

Begwns
Escarpment and dip-lope of latest Silurian (Pridoli) rocks. Higher ground to the north includes limited areas of upland , with an undulating, locally stepped, topography which gradually lowers to the south-east, where well developed field systems and red soils are typical.
iver and stream erosion and deposition..
River channel (natural). Flood plain. River terrace. Scarp slope. Stepped topography
No significant development pressure and therefore management as dominantly agricultural land is unlikely to prejudice landscape value.
Southern and northern boundaries corresponds to base / break of slope at edge of floodplain/lower terraces of River Wye (PWYSGL260) and Bachawy, etc., streams (PWYSGL992) respectively. North-west boundary corresponds to the base of a scarp. All boundaries correspond to geologically controlled topographic changes.
Currently without selected potential geological SINCs and geology typical of Pridoli rocks of south Wales and the Welsh borderlands.
DAVIES, J.H. (MS geological map of Radnorshire); ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999a), Explorer 188 (1:25,000 scale).

Carneddau-Carreg Wiber
Rugged ridge dominated by Ordovician rocks (Carneddau) and contiguous outcrops of similar units forming Carreg Wiber to the north. Includes a large active quarry complex.
Slope. Hill top. Spring. Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit. Coal / mineral spoil tips
Condition generally good as quarry active and SSSI designations in place. Potential geological SINC sites, however, have no formal protection and may be at risk.
Potential geological SINC sites, however, have no formal protection and may be at risk - formal designation therefore necessary.
Boundaries of AA generally correspond to the limits of the outcrop of the Builth Volcanic Group and typically marked by a strong break of slope against contacts with mudrock units, which form lower-lying surrounding areas.
Classic area with several SSSI and potential geological SINC sites.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1993), England and Wales Sheet 179 (1:50 000); DAVIES, J.H. et al. (1978), Geology of Powys in outcrop, Powys County Council; DAVIES, J.H. (MS geological map of Radnorshire); DAVIES, J.H. et al. (1978), Geology of Powys in outcrop, Powys County Council; DAVIES, J.R. et al. (1997), Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179 (England and Wales); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1977), Classical Areas of British Geology-Llandrindod Wells Ordovician Inl
Additional Level 4 features include: Disued quarries; Streams; Natural inland outcrops and crags.

Camlo
Dissected plateau area with steep-sided valleys and level hill-tops on south side of Abbeycwmhir valley. Significant forestry.
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance, including glacial landforms and deposits are lost or damaged due to development or other operations including forestry.
Boundaries correspond to river valley flood plain to north and margins/break of slope on edge of dissected plateau feature to east and south.
Key area of anticlinal structure with quarries but no sites of at least regional status currently identified.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1993), England and Wales Sheet 179 (1:50 000); DAVIES, J.R. et al. (1997), Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179 (England and Wales); ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999b), Explorer 200 (1:25,000 scale); WOODCOCK, N.H & BASSETT, M.G. (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, University of Wales Press.

Cefn Cenarth
Hill, isolated from remainder of outcrop of ''Rhyader Pale shales'' by valley filled with superficial deposits (=PWYSGL191 - Marteg). Highly folded and faulted with craggy valley sides.
Upland area with no significant development pressure.
Upland area with no significant development pressure - maintenence of current regime neutral for geological features.
Site boundary corresponds to base of steep slopes of hill/edge of sub-level valley floor (=PWYSGL191, Marteg).
Unusual hill surrounded by valley, but without significant documented exposures.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1993), England and Wales Sheet 179 (1:50 000); DAVIES, J.R. et al. (1997), Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179 (England and Wales); ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999d), Explorer 214 (1:25,000 scale);
Additional level 4 features: Disused quarry.

Lanyre
Low lying area showing subdued undulating topography; underlain mainly by mudrocks of early Silurian (Llandovery) age forming part of the eastern limb of the Twyi anticline. Characteristically blanketed by glacial deposits including till.
River channel (natural). Slope. Hill top
Limited development pressure, although agricultural activity may lead to inadvertent damage to site, e.g. infil with waste materials.
Ensure that agricultural, etc. activity does not lead to inadvertent damage to key sites, e.g. infil with waste materials, by confirming SINC status.
Eastern boundary corresponds to the edge of the floodplain of the River Ithon (PWYSGL934); north-western boundary largely corresponds to a geological system boundary (Ordovician-Silurian), with a limited topographic expression. Boundary with PWYSGL19 (Dol-y-fan-Rhiw Gwraidd) represents base of steep hill slope, which may be a consequence of the Garth Fault.
Silurian geology not well exposed, although superficial deposits include at least one site of potential SINC status.
RITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1993), England and Wales Sheet 179 (1:50 000); DAVIES, J.H. et al. (1978), Geology of Powys in outcrop, Powys County Council; DAVIES, J.H. (MS geological map of Radnorshire); DAVIES, J.R. et al. (1997), Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179 (England and Wales); LEWIS, C.A. in LEWIS, C.A. (1970) Glaciations of Wales and adjoining areas, (Longman); ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999b), Explorer 200 (1:25,000 scale); SIVETER, D.J. et al. (1989), Silurian Field
Additional Level 4 features: Stream; Disused quarry; River cliff.

Pistyll-Ddyle
Prominant scarp and ridge formed of Pentrowed Grits Formation (Silurian, Wenlock), levelling off to form a narrow plateau.
Slope. Hill top. Scarp slope. Spring. Scarp
No significant development, although forestry covers significant areas - if the latter does not lead to damage to quarry sites and other exposures it is not a threat.
Ensure that forestry and other works do not damage quarry sites and other geological exposures.
Boundaries geological and strongly represented by topography. Base of prominant scarp forms western boundary. Edge of narrow plateau where it falls away northwards forms northern boundary with PWYSGL735 (David''s Well-Waum) and Ithon valley floor forms eastern boundary (PWYSGL934).
Prominant landscape feature formed of geological important turbiditic sandstones of Wenlock (mid Silurian) age.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1993), England and Wales Sheet 179 (1:50 000); DAVIES, J.H. et al. (1978), Geology of Powys in outcrop, Powys County Council; DAVIES, J.H. (MS geological map of Radnorshire); DAVIES, J.R. et al. (1997), Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179 (England and Wales); DIMBERLINE, A.J. & WOODCOCK, N.H (1987), Geological Journal 22, 73-86; (1:25,000); ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999b), Explorer 200 (1:25,000 scale); ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999d), Explorer 214 (1:25,000
Additional Level 4 features: Disused quarry, Stream

Gwastedyn
Distinctive north-east/south-west orientated ridge composed of three hills with steep sides; includes an Ordovician-Silurian boundary.
Waterfall / rapids. Slope. Hill top. Scarp slope. Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit. Coal / mineral spoil tips
Quarry maintains extensive exposures of characteristic geology of the Aspect Area and therefore contributes very significantly to the evaluation. Roadside exposures may be at risk from roadworks, however.
Ensure that restoration plans for the active quarry conserve key sections through the geological units present. Ensure that roadside exposures are maintained.
Main boundaries correspond to the base of the steep slopes that characterise the sides on the ridge.
Distinctive landscape feature with potential geological SINC sites including a major working quarry.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1993), England and Wales Sheet 179 (1:50 000); DAVIES, J.H. et al. (1978), Geology of Powys in outcrop, Powys County Council; DAVIES, J.H. (MS geological map of Radnorshire);
DAVIES, J.R. et al. (1997), Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179 (England and Wales);
ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999b), Explorer 200 (1:25,000 scale).
Additional Level 4 features: Disused quarry; Marsh/bog.

Aberedw-Glascwm
Mainly upland areas dominated by late Silurian (Ludlow) siltstones and sandstones with a general dip to the south-east; disected by glacial and river valleys. Includes tectonically controlled landscape south-east of the Church Stretton fault.
Active upland river or stream channel system. Other
iver and stream erosion and deposition..
River channel (natural). River terrace. Slope. Hill top. Scarp slope
Dominated by upland, with little or no development pressure. Existing management therefore generally appropriate.
Maintain geological and geomorphological features and ensure that any development or change of landuse (e.g. to forestry), does not prejudice key sites and features (e.g. potential geological SINCs).
Boundaries mapped using topographic changes/breaks of slope which are largely a result of changes in underlying geology. In the south-west river valleys delineate the boundary, to the north, the base of a scarp rising from a broader vale of softer older Silurian, etc., rocks forms the boundary. Similarly, to the north east the edge of the area is marked by the base of the steep slopes surrounding the depression of PWYSGL614 (Maesyfed). To the north, a valley separates the AA from the geologica
Significant upland area dominated by siltstones and sandstones of late Silurian (Ludlow-Pridoli) age, including several sites of at least regional geological significance.
DAVIES, J.H. et al. (1978), Geology of Powys in outcrop, Powys County Council; DAVIES, J.H. (MS geological map of Radnorshire); ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999b), Explorer 200 (1:25,000 scale); ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999c), Explorer 201 (1:25,000 scale); ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999d), Explorer 214 (1:25,000 scale); SIVETER, D.J. et al. (1989), Silurian Field Excursions, National Museum of Wales/Geologist''s Association; Cherns in WOODCOCK, N.H & BASSETT, M.G. (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, University of W
Additional Level 4: Disused quarries; Natural crags and rock outcrops.

Upper Wye
Relatively narrow river-floodplain system in steep-sided valley, locally flowing on bedrock. North-west - south-west orientation of upper part distinctive. Includes some sections with a wider flood plain but constrained by surrounding upland massifs.
River channel / canal (artificial). River channel (natural). Flood plain. Urban / industrial development
Dominantly rural area with limited development, except around Rhyader.
Minimise damage to key areas of the river system, including through implementation of catchment management plan with a strong geomorphological component.
AA boundary corresponds to the edge of a well developed floodplain or low terrace, where a significant break of slope marks the base of the valley sides.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1993), England and Wales Sheet 179 (1:50 000); DAVIES, J.R. et al. (1997), Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179 (England and Wales); (1:25,000); ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999b), Explorer 200 (1:25,000 scale); ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999d), Explorer 214 (1:25,000 scale).

Caban Coch
Effectively now a promontary of early Silurian (Llandovery) rocks, with steep and high valley sides rising to a narrow plateau. Forms part of the Rhiwnant Anticline.
Development in area restricted by GCR/SSSI designations, although proximity to reservoir and dam may increase risk of damage by construction works, including roadworks.
Development in area restricted by GCR/SSSI designations, although proximity to reservoir and dam may increase risk of damage by construction works, including roadworks. Safeguarding key exposures, e.g. through detailed site management planning, is therefore appropriate.
Western and southern boundaries defined by reservoir; north-east boundary is geological with little topographical expression (e.g. contact of Gafalt Flags with ''Rhyader Pale Shales'' of PWYSGL932 (Crugun-Ci).
Classic area for coarse facies of the Llandovery turbidite sequence in the region, including GCR site/SSSI.
Aldridge in ALDRIDGE, R.J. et al. (2000), Geological Conservation Review Series 17; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1993), England and Wales Sheet 179 (1:50 000); DAVIES, J.H. et al. (1978), Geology of Powys in outcrop, Powys County Council; DAVIES, J.R. et al. (1997), Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179 (England and Wales); ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999b), Explorer 200 (1:25,000 scale); SIVETER, D.J. et al. (1989), Silurian Field Excursions, National Museum of Wales/Geologist''s As
Additional Level 4 features: Stream; Disused quarry; Crags and other natural inland rock outcrops.

Llanbister
Broad undulating platform to east of Ithon valley underlain by Middle Silurian mudrocks with a developed cleavage. Valleys often have a typical east-north-east - west-south-west orientation.
Ensure that potential SINC is safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping. Ensure that no other significant features of geological or geomorphological significance, including glacial landforms and deposits, are lost or damaged due to development or other operations including forestry.
Boundary corresponds to river flood plain to west. base of Upper Silurian (Ludlow) escarpment to east. seaparated from PWYSGL187 by valley within Pontesford-Linley disturbance.
Includes Blaen y Cwm Quarry potential geological SINC.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), England and Wales Sheet 165 (1:50 000); CAVE, R. (2001), Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheet 165 (England and Wales): DAVIES, J.H. et al. (1978), Geology of Powys in outcrop, Powys County Council; DAVIES, J.H. (MS geological map of Radnorshire); DIMBERLINE, A.J. & WOODCOCK, N.H (1987), Geological Journal 22, 73-86; (1:25,000); ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999b), Explorer 200 (1:25,000 scale);
ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999d), Explorer 214 (1:25,000 scale); WOODCOCK, N.

Dol-y-fan-Rhiw Gwraidd
Distinctive, discrete upland area comprising two ridges separated by a platform and geologically spanning the Ordovician-Silurian boundary; mainly composed of mudrock units but includes late Ordovician (Ashgill) conglomerates. Steep south-east side may be related to Garth Fault (i.e. tectonically controlled).
Limited development pressure, although road improvements and other road-side developments have the potential to damage parts of the potential SINC.
Limited development pressure, although road improvements and other road-side developments have the potential to damage parts of the potential geological SINC. Management should therefore aim to establish a dialgue with highways authorities, including through confirmation of potential SINC.
South-west boundary corresponds to edge of Floodplain of River Wye (PWYSGL260); remaining boundaries relate to the base of the steep hill slopes which surround the Aspect Area.
Includes sites which form part of the key transect through Tywi Anticlinal structure along the A470.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1993), England and Wales Sheet 179 (1:50 000); DAVIES, J.H. et al. (1978), Geology of Powys in outcrop, Powys County Council; DAVIES, J.H. (MS geological map of Radnorshire); DAVIES, J.R. et al. (1997), Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179 (England and Wales); ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999b), Explorer 200 (1:25,000 scale); Wilson et al. in WOODCOCK, N.H & BASSETT, M.G. (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, University of Wales Press;
Additiona lLevel 4 features: Disued quarry.

Arrow
Well developed river floodplain with meander belts. Steep valley sides and upland character in upper reaches.
Well developed river floodplain with meander belts typical of a natural river system without significant intervention.
Maintain natural river system and prevent significant modification of the system by canalisation, bank-protection, etc..
Boundaries correspond to edge of significant flat floodplain surface.
Well developed river floodplain with meander belts typical of a natural river system.
ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999a), Explorer 188 (1:25,000 scale); ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999c), Explorer 201 (1:25,000 scale).

Stonewall
Relatively high hilly area to west, decreasing broadly south-eastwards, and dominanted by latest Silurian (Pridoli) Downton Group.
River channel (natural). Flood plain. Slope. Hill top. Spring
Western boundary corresponds to edge of plateau of PWYSGL613 and beginning of gradually lowering of topography eastwards towards the county boundary. Northern and southern limits defined by river floodplains/low terraces of rivers Teme and Lugg (PWUSGL777 and 352).
No specific geological sites recorded, although potential for exposures exists.
DAVIES, J.H. (MS geological map of Radnorshire); ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999c), Explorer 201 (1:25,000 scale);
Woodcock and Tyler in WOODCOCK, N.H & BASSETT, M.G. (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, University of Wales Press;

Castelltinboeth
Isolated, small outcrop of Pentrowed Grits Formation (Silurian, Wenlock), separtaed by River Ithon from contiguous areas (PWYSGL422 (Pistyll-Ddyle) and PWYSGL999 (Gaer)) by the River Ithon (PWYSGL934. Includes steep slopes adjacent to valley.
Retention of exposures in roadside quarries which are of scientific and educational value is essential - any loss would be unacceptable.
Retention of exposures in roadside quarries which are of scientific and educational value should be a priority.
Western boundary corrsponds to valley floor of PWYSGL934 (Ithon). eastern boundary is essentially geological, with little topographic expression.
Although very small in extent the area includes exposures of scientific and educational value (although not currently listed as potential SINCs).
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1993), England and Wales Sheet 179 (1:50 000); DAVIES, J.H. et al. (1978), Geology of Powys in outcrop, Powys County Council; DAVIES, J.H. (MS geological map of Radnorshire);
DAVIES, J.R. et al. (1997), Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179 (England and Wales); DIMBERLINE, A.J. & WOODCOCK, N.H (1987), Geological Journal 22, 73-86; ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999d), Explorer 214 (1:25,000 scale); SIVETER, D.J. et al. (1989), Silurian Field Excursions, Nati
Additional Level 4 features: Disused quarry.

Maesyfed
Lowland vale - area forms a wide depression dominated by relatively soft mudrocks of the Coalbrookdale Formation (Silurian).
The area forms a wide depression dominated by relatively soft mudrocks of the Coalbrookdale Formation (Wenlock, Silurian), drained by the Hindwel Brook and its tributaries, with well developed floodplains and meanders. Glacial deposits are also present. Includes the floor of a glacial valley, entering the depression from the west.
Active lowland river-flood plain system. Glacial mountain valley
iver and stream, including migration of meanders and flood plain deposition of alluvium..
Lake / reservoir (artificial). River channel (natural). Flood plain. River terrace. Glacial U-shaped valley
River and stream processes largely remain unimpeded and limited development pressure.
Maintain natural river and stream processes by restricting development in flood plain areas and of river or stream channels. Ensure geological recording takes place of significant temporary excavations.
Boundary follows break of slope related to geological boundary (Coalbrookedale Formation/more resistant Silurian units e.g. siltstone/sandstone dominated, of Llandovery/Ludlow or Pridoli age). Boundary is estimated in places, however, as contemporary geological maps not available.
Potential for scientifically useful temporary exposures in Silurian rocks. Natural river/stream flood plain systems may have some research value. No significant published studies.
DAVIES, J.H. (MS geological map of Radnorshire); ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999c), Explorer 201 (1:25,000 scale).
Includes additional features at Level 4: River cliff; Marsh/bog

Garth Hill-Heyop Valley
Segment of distinct upland ridge comprising elongated hills with intervening valleys showing a distinct east-north-east - west-south-west orientation. Corresponds to the Pontesford-Linley disturbance and marks the boundary between uncleaved sediments to the south-east and cleaved sediments to the north-west.
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance, including glacial landforms and deposits are lost or damaged due to development or other operations, including forestry.
Boundaries correspond to escarpment to south-west, river valley flood plain to north-east and margins of strongly orientated topography of Pontesford-Linley disturbance to south-east and north-west.
Segment of significant upland ridge with tectonically controlled features but sites of at least regional significance not yet identified.
DAVIES, J.H. (MS geological map of Radnorshire); ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999b), Explorer 200 (1:25,000 scale);
ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999c), Explorer 201 (1:25,000 scale); ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999d), Explorer 214 (1:25,000 scale); WOODCOCK, N.H & BASSETT, M.G. (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, University of Wales Press.

Great Castle
Forms part of the relatively low and undulating terrain formed by the outcrop of the Nantmel Mudstones Formation, although isolated form other areas (PWYSGL335, 818) by a river system and floodplain (PWUSGL943)...
North-west boundary corresponds to break of slope of ridge of PWYSGL434 which approximates to the edge of the outcrop of the Nantmel Mudstones Formation; other boundaries correspond to edge of flood plain/low terrace of River Dulas...
Contributes to Tywi structure but is small and has no notable exposures...
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1993), England and Wales Sheet 179 (1:50 000); DAVIES, J...R... et al... (1997), Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179 (England and Wales); (1:25,000); ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999b), Explorer 200 (1:25,000 scale); Wilson et al... in WOODCOCK, N...H & BASSETT, M...G... (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, University of Wales Press...

Rhyader
Undulating farmland passing into rocky ridge north-west of Rhyader, with higher ground to the north-east... Dominated by ''Rhyader Pale Shales'' but also includes other, contiguous mudrock-dominated units up the the level of the first major sandstone dominated formation, the Glanyrafon Formation...
Some development but current condition probably acceptable...
Ensure that key sites are not lost through confirmation of status of potential geological SINCs...
North-west and south-west boundaries correspond to river valleys; south-east boundary is marked by base of steep slope of ridge of PWYSGL434 (Gwastedyn); north-east boundary shows a limited topographic expression, with a low scarp forming the edge of the sandstone containing units of PWYSGL711 (Moel Hywel)...
Includes ''Rhyader Pale Shales'' in type area and section of important geological traverse of region (i...e... potential geological SINC) but no other notable sites recorded...
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1993), England and Wales Sheet 179 (1:50 000); DAVIES, J...H... et al... (1978), Geology of Powys in outcrop, Powys County Council; DAVIES, J...R... et al... (1997), Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179 (England and Wales); ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999b), Explorer 200 (1:25,000 scale); ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999d), Explorer 214 (1:25,000 scale); Wilson et al... in WOODCOCK, N...H & BASSETT, M...G... (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, University of Wal
Additional level 4 features: Disused quarry; Stream; Crags and natural inland rock outcrops...

Upper Ithon
Upper reaches of Ithon river-flood plain system; flood plain relatively narrow with steep to moderate sloping valley sides. Flows parallel to Upper Silurian scarp to east.
Minimise damage to key areas of the river system, including through implementation of catchment management plan with a strong geomorphological component.
AA boundary corresponds to the edge of a well developed floodplain or low terrace, where a significant break of slope marks the base of the valley sides.
ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999b), Explorer 200 (1:25,000 scale); ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999d), Explorer 214 (1:25,000 scale).

Camnant
Undulating upland-style terrain, corresponding to the outcrop of Ordovician mudrocks forming the eastern part of the Builth-Llandrindod Inlier, passing northwards to lower terrain but retaining upland style vegetation
Undulating lowland hill terrain. Undulating upland terrain
River channel / canal (artificial). River channel (natural). Slope. Hill top
Ensure geological localities of scientific and educational important are protected...
Boundaries in south and east correspond to the limit of the Ordovician inlier and have little topographical expression although there is a marked vegetational change from semi-natural grassland/heath to improved agricultural land in AA to the east (PWYSGL571); western boundary, etc..., corresponds to the break of slope at the base of the Carneddau and other volcanic rock dominated ridges...
Forms key part of classic Ordovician inlier and includes potential geological SINC...
DAVIES, J...H... et al... (1978), Geology of Powys in outcrop, Powys County Council; DAVIES, J...H... (MS geological map of Radnorshire); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1977), Classical Areas of British Geology-Llandrindod Wells Ordovician Inlier (1:25,000); ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999b), Explorer 200 (1:25,000 scale)...
Additional Level 4 features include: Streams, Meanders, Disused quarries...

Dolhelfa
Typical upland plateau developed on early Silurian (Llandovery) slates with thin turbiditic sandstones on the east south-east side of the Garth fault. Limited in extent by county boundary and dissected by steep valleys.
Dominated by upland with few development issues - presence of wind farms generally neutral for geomorphology, etc.. Some risk from roadworks to potential geological SINC,
Few development issues - presence of wind farms generally neutral for geomorphology, etc., and opportunities for conserve exposures along access roads could be investigated. Confirm status of SINC and liaise with highways authorities.
Boundaries correspond to Radnorshire county boundary, the base of steep valley side to the south and north and a geological boundary to the south-east, with minor topographical change.
Contributes to key potential geological SINC which demonstrates a transect through the early Silurian (Llandovery) geology of the district and forms part of significant landscape feature (Cambrian Mountains).
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1993), England and Wales Sheet 179 (1:50 000); DAVIES, J.H. et al. (1978), Geology of Powys in outcrop, Powys County Council; DAVIES, J.R. et al. (1997), Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179 (England and Wales); ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999d), Explorer 214 (1:25,000 scale).
Additional Level 4 features: Stream; Crags and other natural inland rock outcrops.

Black Hill-Hengwm Hill
Upland ridge of uncleaved late Silurian rocks south-east of Pantesford-Linley disturbance. Includes dome of Ludlow rocks of Black Hill, Pilleth and escarpment and dip-slope of Ludlow rocks in the Hengwm Hill area.
Slope. Hill top. Scarp slope. Dip slope. Plateau. Spring
Ensure that no other significant features of geological or geomorphological significance, including glacial landforms and deposits are lost or damaged due to development or other operations including forestry.
Correspond to escarpment to south-west, junction with Pridoli dominated dip-slope to east, river valley flood plain to north-east and margin of tectonically controlled topography of Pontesford-Linley disturbance to north-west.
Forms part of major upland ridge but regionally important sites not currently identified.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), England and Wales Sheet 165 (1:50 000); CAVE, R. (2001), Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheet 165 (England and Wales); DAVIES, J.H. (MS geological map of Radnorshire);
LEWIS, C.A. in LEWIS, C.A. (1970) Glaciations of Wales and adjoining areas, (Longman); ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999c), Explorer 201 (1:25,000 scale); WOODCOCK, N.H & BASSETT, M.G. (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, University of Wales Press.

Penmaenau-Newmead
Western edge of Builth-Llandrindod inlier, dominated by Ordovician mudrocks and sloping upwards to the volcanics dominated ridge of Carneddau (PWYSGL367).
Key sites designated as SSSIs although potential geological SINCs currently have no protection
Key sites designated as SSSIs although potential geological SINCs currently have no protection - this issue requires action.
Western boundary corresponds to the edge of Builth-Llandrindod inlier, with limnited topographical expression; eastern boundary marks the edge of the volcanic rock dominated ridge of Carneddau (PWYSGL367).
Classic area with several famous geological SSSIs and potential geological SINCs; forms part of famous Builth-Llandrindod Wells Ordovician inlier.
DAVIES, J.H. et al. (1978), Geology of Powys in outcrop, Powys County Council; DAVIES, J.H. (MS geological map of Radnorshire); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1977), Classical Areas of British Geology-Llandrindod Wells Ordovician Inlier (1:25,000); ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999b), Explorer 200 (1:25,000 scale); Owens in RUSHTON, A.W.A. et al. (1999), Geological Conservation Review Series 18.
Additional Levl 4 features include: Disused quarries; Streams; Natural inland outcrops and crags.

Trumau
Distinct block of upland plateau underlain by cleaved mudrocks of Lower Silurian age and rising to over 500 m. Dissected on the south-west and north-east by deep valleys. Peat and till typical of plateau.
Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). Waterfall / rapids. Slope. Hill top. Peat bog
Open upland area with no development - threats to geological features therefore very few.
Maintain existing regime for open upland area, although as a road section, the potential geological SINC may be at risk.
North east and south-west boundaries correspond to the base of the Claerwen and Elan valleys (PWYSGL113); north-west boundary represents the edge of a broad area of very low topography and extensive peat developement; south-east boundary is drawn at the base of the lowest significant sandstone unit within the Caerau Mudstone Formation and although primarily geological, does correspond to a slight change in character, with the plateau surface in PWYSGL709 being slightly more irregular than that
Significant upland area, with natural exposures, peat formation and potential geological SINC; forms part of significant landscape feature (Cambrian Mountains).
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1993), England and Wales Sheet 179 (1:50 000); DAVIES, J.H. et al. (1978), Geology of Powys in outcrop, Powys County Council; DAVIES, J.R. et al. (1997), Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179 (England and Wales); ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999b), Explorer 200 (1:25,000 scale); ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999d), Explorer 214 (1:25,000 scale); Wilson et al. in WOODCOCK, N.H & BASSETT, M.G. (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, University of Wales Press.
Additional Level 4 features include: Crags and natural inland outcrops; Stream.

Moel Hywel
ndulating terrain, dominated by early Silurian (Llandovery) sequence, including alternating turbiditic sandstone-mudstone sequence with a fracture cleavage (Glanyrafon Formation) which forms a low feature marking the south-western part of the Aspect Area. This sequence is sandwiched between two leaves of the Dolgau Mudstone Formation and eventually disappears eastwards - the former now forming the terrain below the overlying escarpment of mid Silurian (Wenlock) turbiditic sandstones of the
Informative Silurian sequence but relatively poorly exposed, development unlikely in area. Confirmation of potential geological SINC required to avoid inadvertant damage, e.g. due to agricultural infil.
Confirmation of potential geological SINC required to avoid inadvertent damage, e.g. due to agricultural infil.
Boundaries reflect geological influence on topography: Low feature / escarpment forms south-western boundary; northwestern boundary marked by escarpment of Penstrowed Grits Foramation (PWYSGL422, Pistyll-Ddyle). Separated from (PWYSGL180, Crossgates) by river floodplain (PWYSGL934, Ithon).
Informative Silurian sequence but relatively poorly exposed.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1993), England and Wales Sheet 179 (1:50 000); DAVIES, J.H. et al. (1978), Geology of Powys in outcrop, Powys County Council; DAVIES, J.R. et al. (1997), Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179 (England and Wales); (1:25,000); ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999b), Explorer 200 (1:25,000 scale); ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999d), Explorer 214 (1:25,000 scale); Wilson et al. in WOODCOCK, N.H & BASSETT, M.G. (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, University of Wales Press
Additional Level 4 features: Stream; Disused quarry; Marsh/bog.

David\'\'s Well-Waum
Undulating hills developed on mudrock dominated formation of mid Silurian (Wenlock) age in dip slope north of escarpment of Penstrowed Grits Formation (PWYSGL422 - Pistyll-Ddyle).
No significant development and therefore risks to geological sites mainly limited to agricultural practice (e.g. infil).
No significant development and therefore risks to geological sites mainly limited to agricultural practice (e.g. infil). To reduce such risks, assessment of surviving quarries and their potential geological SINCstatus is advisable.
Southern boundaries correspond to the top of the Penstrowed Grits escarpment (PWYSGL422). Northern boundary is county boundary and eastern boundary corrsponds to the floodplain and low terraces of the River Ithon (PWYSGL934).
Area includes disused quarries, but none currently selected for potential geological SINC status and similar geology represented more extensive (e.g. PWYSGL337 - Howey).
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1993), England and Wales Sheet 179 (1:50 000); DAVIES, J.H. (MS geological map of Radnorshire); DAVIES, J.R. et al. (1997), Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179 (England and Wales); DIMBERLINE, A.J. & WOODCOCK, N.H (1987), Geological Journal 22, 73-86; ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999d), Explorer 214 (1:25,000 scale); Dimberline and Woodcock in WOODCOCK, N.H & BASSETT, M.G. (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, University of Wales Press;
Additionallevel 4 features: Disused quarries, stream.

Upper Clywedog
Narrow flood plain in steep-sided valley with meandering channel. Higher parts of valley system include some till.
Minimise damage to key areas of the river system, including through implementation of catchment management plan with a strong geomorphological component.
AA boundary corresponds to the edge of a well developed floodplain or low terrace, where a significant break of slope marks the base of the valley sides.
Typical upland style river and flood plain system.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1993), England and Wales Sheet 179 (1:50 000); DAVIES, J.R. et al. (1997), Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179 (England and Wales); (1:25,000); ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999b), Explorer 200 (1:25,000 scale); ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999d), Explorer 214 (1:25,000 scale).

Teme
Aspect area represents a structurally controlled broad valley, dominated by an active flood plain and low terrace deposits...
Flood plain. River terrace. Spring. River channel (natural)
Typical broad river valley and floodplain system, although some development pressure in Knighton area has led to loss of flood plain - such development should be carefully monitored to minimise damage to the river and floodplain system...
Aspect Area represents the wide flat valley floor, the boundary being drawn at the change of slope at the base of the valley sides...
Typical broad river valley and floodplain system...
LEWIS, C...A... in LEWIS, C...A... (1970) Glaciations of Wales and adjoining areas, (Longman); ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999b), Explorer 201 (1:25,000 scale); ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999d), Explorer 214 (1:25,000 scale)...
Additional Level 4 features: Meander; River cliff...

Radnor Forest
Upland plateau dominated by siltstones and sandstones of late Silurian (Ludlow) age and dissected by glacial valleys, now occupied by rivers
Active upland river or stream channel system. Mountain glacial-erosion terrain
iver and strean erosion and deposition..
Gorge/gully/ravine. Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). River channel (natural). Waterfall / rapids. Flood plain. River terrace. Slope. Hill top. Scarp slope. Plateau. Peat bog. Glacial U-shaped valley. Glacial hanging valley. Scarp
Upland area with no development pressure. Forestry, however, has the potential to obscure or damage glacial features and deposits and proposals for any expansion should therefore included an assessment of the potential impact on geomorphological features.
As forestry operations have the potential to obscure or damage glacial features and deposits, proposals for any expansion should therefore included an assessment of the potential impact on geomorphological features. In addition repositioning forestry after felling where it may currently obscure key geomorphological features, may be appropriate.
Boundaries correspond to break of slope separating level valley floors from adjacent steep valley sides, e.g. of PWYSGL777 (Teme); also base of scarp in west and north-west. Separation from PWYSGL435 (Aberedw-Glascwm) and PWYSGL332 (Thorn) corresponds to valleys and separates the upland area historically known as Radnor Forest from adjacent, slighly lower upland areas.
Upland area with sites of national importance (candidate SSSIs) for Silurian (Ludlow) stratigraphy and significant glacial features.
Siveter in ALDRIDGE, R.J. et al. (2000), Geological Conservation Review Series 17; DAVIES, J.H. et al. (1978), Geology of Powys in outcrop, Powys County Council; DAVIES, J.H. (MS geological map of Radnorshire); LEWIS, C.A. in LEWIS, C.A. (1970) Glaciations of Wales and adjoining areas, (Longman); ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999b), Explorer 200 (1:25,000 scale); ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999c), Explorer 201 (1:25,000 scale); SIVETER, D.J. et al. (1989), Silurian Field Excursions, National Museum of Wales/Geologi
Additional level 4: Crags and other inland natural rock exposures.

Cefnnantmel
Hill slopes and valleys forming the sides of a depression underlain by strongly cleaved Ordovician mudrocks.
Ensure notable localities remain accessible for research or study.
South-western boundary corresponds to the edge of a river floodplain/low terrace; other boundaries broadly correspond to the edges of ridges marking the boundary of the outcrop of the Nantmel Mudstones Formation.
Contributes to Tywi structure and has some notable exposures including a potential SINC.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1993), England and Wales Sheet 179 (1:50 000); DAVIES, J.H. et al. (1978), Geology of Powys in outcrop, Powys County Council; DAVIES, J.R. et al. (1997), Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179 (England and Wales); ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999b), Explorer 200 (1:25,000 scale); Wilson et al in WOODCOCK, N.H & BASSETT, M.G. (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, University of Wales Press;

Coed y Cefn
Isolated hill of early Silurian (Llandovery) mudrock on a broad terrace adjacent to the River Wye valley. Includes glacial deposits in surrounding valley and lake.
Glacial mountain valley. Undulating upland terrain
Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). River terrace. Slope. Hill top
Although close to Rhyader and the Elan/Claerwen valley dams, the landscape of the area has not been damaged by development pressure. Current landuse is therefore non-damaging.
Boundaries correspond to break of slope at edge of broad valley floor surrounding Coed y Cefn and also to the edge of the active floodplains of the River Wye and Claerwen-Elan valley Aspects areas (PWYSGL 260 and 113 respectively).
Although the solid geology of Coed y Cefn is better exposed elsewhere, as an isolated hill completely surrounded by a glacial valley its context in the glacial evolution of the area may be more significant.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1993), England and Wales Sheet 179 (1:50 000); DAVIES, J.R. et al. (1997), Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179 (England and Wales); (1:25,000); LEWIS, C.A. in LEWIS, C.A. (1970) Glaciations of Wales and adjoining areas, (Longman); ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999b), Explorer 200 (1:25,000 scale).

Nantmel
Undulating hilly area, which with PWYSGL353 forms part of same outcrop of the St. Cynllo''s Church Formation (Caradoc, Ordovician), now separated by a river floodplain.
Potential geological SINCs could be inadvertantly damaged by agricultural operations - formal designation is therefore crucial.
Boundary generally corresponds to the outcrop of the St. Cynllo''s Church Formation, which in places broadly equates with a ridge. Southern boundary is edge of flood plain/low terrace of River Dulas.
Key outcrops in the core of the Tywi anticline including potential geological SINCs.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1993), England and Wales Sheet 179 (1:50 000); DAVIES, J.H. et al. (1978), Geology of Powys in outcrop, Powys County Council; DAVIES, J.R. et al. (1997), Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179 (England and Wales); ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999b), Explorer 200 (1:25,000 scale); Wilson et al. in WOODCOCK, N.H & BASSETT, M.G. (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, University of Wales Press.
Additional Level 4 features include: Streams, Disused quarries.

Garreg Lwyd
Upland plateau, dissected by deep, steep valleys and underlain by highly folded and faulted cleaved mudstones and siltstones of the ''Rhyader Pale Shales'' and forms part of significant landscape feature (Cambrian Mountains).
Dominantly upland area with little development pressure.
Dominantly upland area with little development pressure but includes key road sections as a potentail geological SINC - the latter requires safeguarding through confirmation of status and liaison with highways authorities.
South-west, north-east and south-east boundaries correspond to the base of steeps valley sides; north-west boundary is geological with Llandovery sandstones of PWYSGL679 (Dolhefa) in contact - topographic expression is not significant.
Characteristic area of outcrop of ''Rhyader Pale Shales'' including section of key potential geological SINC which provides a transect through the Llandovery (early Silurian) geology of the area and forms part of significant landscape feature (Cambrian Mountains).
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1993), England and Wales Sheet 179 (1:50 000); DAVIES, J.H. et al. (1978), Geology of Powys in outcrop, Powys County Council; DAVIES, J.R. et al. (1997), Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179 (England and Wales); ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999b), Explorer 200 (1:25,000 scale); ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999d), Explorer 214 (1:25,000 scale).
Additional Level 4 components: Stream; Crags and other inland natural rock outcrops; Disused quarry.

Llanfawr
Irregular topography, slightly raised above vale of Silurian mudrocks to the west, underlain by Ordovician mudrocks with doleritic intrusions; disused quarries characteristic.
Lake / reservoir (artificial). Slope. Hill top. Spring
Llanfawr Quarries SSSI under favourable management, although at risk from irresponsible fossils collecting and urban fringe issues such as fly-tipping.
Manage SSSI sites for research and education; ensure other sites are protected and all temporary excavations recorded.
Eastern boundary corresponds to river floodplain; northern and western boundaries represent the edge of the Ordovician inlier and have minimal topographical expression; southern boundary marks limit of Ordovician mudrock-dominated sequence, although topgraphical expression is again limited.
Includes classic Ordovician stratigraphical and palaeontological sites and forms part of famous Builth-Llandrindodo Wells inlier.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1993), England and Wales Sheet 179 (1:50 000); DAVIES, J.H. et al. (1978), Geology of Powys in outcrop, Powys County Council; DAVIES, J.H. (MS geological map of Radnorshire);
DAVIES, J.R. et al. (1997), Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179 (England and Wales); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1977), Classical Areas of British Geology-Llandrindod Wells Ordovician Inlier (1:25,000); ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999b), Explorer 200 (1:25,000 scale); Owens i
Additional Level 4 features include: Disused quarries.

Crugan-Ci
Upland plateau with significant deveolpment of crags and surface rock exposures, surrounded by steep valley sides; underlain dominantly by slates of the ''Rhyader Pale Shales'' which are highly folded and faulted.
Waterfall / rapids. Slope. Hill top. Peat bog. Cwm/corrie
Upland area with limited development pressure, therefore limited risks to geological features, excepting risks due to road works, including associated with reservoir maintenance.
Confirm status of potential geological SINC and liaise with highways authorities to ensure that no damage/loss occurs.
South-east and north-east boundaries correspond to the base of steep valley sides; north-west boundary reoresents change to the more irregular plateau of Llandovery sandstones; part of south west boundary corresponds to base of steep valley sides, although southern tip is primarily geologically defined and separates the AA from the sandstone and conglomerates of the earlier Silurian Caban Coch Conglomerate Formation, etc (see PWYSGL534 (Caban Coch).
Key area of outcrop of well known ''Rhyader Pale Shales'' including potential geological SINC and part of Cambrian Mountains.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1993), England and Wales Sheet 179 (1:50 000); DAVIES, J.H. et al. (1978), Geology of Powys in outcrop, Powys County Council; DAVIES, J.R. et al. (1997), Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179 (England and Wales); ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999b), Explorer 200 (1:25,000 scale); ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999d), Explorer 214 (1:25,000 scale).
Additional Level 4 features: Stream; Crags and natural inland rock outcrops.

Ithon
River system with a distinct lowland style including a relatively wide floodplain with well developed meanders.
River channel (natural). Waterfall / rapids. Flood plain
Limited intervention or alteration of the river channel and floodplain.
Minimise intervention or alteration of the river channel and floodplain, including through implementation of catchment management plan with a strong geomorphological component.
Typical river system including some stretches of potential geomorphological interest.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1993), England and Wales Sheet 179 (1:50 000); DAVIES, J.R. et al. (1997), Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179 (England and Wales); LEWIS, C.A. in LEWIS, C.A. (1970) Glaciations of Wales and adjoining areas, (Longman); ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999a), Explorer 188 (1:25,000 scale); ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999b), Explorer 200 (1:25,000 scale); ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999d), Explorer 214 (1:25,000 scale).
Additional Level 4 features include: Incised Meander; Meanders; River cliff.

Grafiau
Relatively broad and level area with gentle slope to the south-west. Surface dominated by peat bogs and small streams.
Undeveloped moorland - prevent changes and disturbance of sensitive deposits.
Boundary corresponds to county boundary to north-west and south-west and to break/base of slope to south east, adjacent to slightly higher and dryer area of the plateau.
Area of significant peat accumulation and natural ponds with potential for Quaternary climate record.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1993), England and Wales Sheet 179 (1:50 000); DAVIES, J.R. et al. (1997), Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179 (England and Wales); ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999b), Explorer 200 (1:25,000 scale); ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999d), Explorer 214 (1:25,000 scale).
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream, Meander.

Dulas
Relatively wide river floodplain with well developed meanders.
River develops meanmders with little interference visible.
Maintain natural rivers systems and prevent canalisation, bank protection, etc, in well developed meander belts.
Boundary corresponds to beak of slope where valley sides meet edge of level floodplain - termination downstream and hence separation from PWYSGL934 of Aspect Area is where valley significantly narrows and floodplain is very narrow or absent.
Relatively wide river floodplain with well developed meanders, typical of a natural river system.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1993), England and Wales Sheet 179 (1:50 000); ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999b), Explorer 200 (1:25,000 scale);

Gwar-y-Ty
Distinctive upland plateau underlain by early Silurian (Llandovery) turbiditic sandstones, etc...... dissected by deep structurally orientated north-west - south-east valleys and part of significant landscape feature (Cambrian Mountains)...
Upland area with little development pressure...
Upland area with little development pressure, maintenace in current form neutral for geological and geomorphological features...
North-eastern and south-western boundaries correspond to the base of deep structurally controlled valleys (in the north this also corresponds to the district boundary)... South-east boundary is geological with minor topographical expression, although surface of plateau of PWYSGL971 is more uneven than that of adjacent area to the sout-east (PWYSGL932 - Crugun-Ci)...
Distinctive plateau but notable exposures of geological units cited form neighbouring aspect areas but forms part of significant landscape feature (Cambrian Mountains)...
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1993), England and Wales Sheet 179 (1:50 000); DAVIES, J...R... et al... (1997), Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179 (England and Wales); ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999b), Explorer 200 (1:25,000 scale); ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999d), Explorer 214 (1:25,000 scale); Wilson et al... in WOODCOCK, N...H & BASSETT, M...G... (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, University of Wales Press...
Additional Level 4 features include: Streams...

Pen Garnddu
Includes part of the Ordovician core of the Rhiwnant Anticline, exposed across a promontary with steep, high sides. Cleaved slates of the Cwmere Formation characteristic.
Upland area with little development pressure.
Ensure exposures remain available for study, including safeguard of potential geological SINC.
Boundaries on south, east and north side defined by reservoirs or base of valley sides of PWYSGL113 (Claerwen-Elan); boundary on north-west side (with PWTSGL140 (Craig Dyfnant) is geological and partially marked by a line of crags.
Includes top Ordovician units and Ordovician-Silurian boundary and north-eastern limit of Rhownany Anticline and forms part of significant landscape feature (Cambrian Mountains).
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1993), England and Wales Sheet 179 (1:50 000); DAVIES, J.H. et al. (1978), Geology of Powys in outcrop, Powys County Council; DAVIES, J.R. et al. (1997), Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179 (England and Wales); ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999b), Explorer 200 (1:25,000 scale).
Additional Level 4 features: Stream; Disused quarry; Crags and other natural inland rock outcrops.

Hanter
Isolated rounded hill (Hanter Hill), tectonically emplaced along the Church Stretton fault complex and rising above the level of the surrounding vale of Silurian (Wenlock) mudrocks. Isotopic dating suggests these are possible the oldest rocks in England and Wales at c. 700 million years old.
Maintained as open countryside - no significant threats identified
Ensure geological heritage protected by formally establishing GCR site and hence SSSI and / or geological SINC.
Boundary corresponds to related geologic/l topographical changes, e.g. contact of resistant Precambrian igneous rocks rising above vale of softer Silurian (Wenlock) mudrocks. Geological maps available in various publications (see bibliography).
Rare outcrop of Precambrian igneous rocks, possible the oldest in England and Wales at c. 700 million years old.
Jones in CARNEY, J.N. et al. (2000), Geological Conservation Review Series 20; DAVIES, J.H. et al. (1978), Geology of Powys in outcrop, Powys County Council; ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999c), Explorer 201 (1:25,000 scale); Woodcock in WOODCOCK, N.H & BASSETT, M.G. (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, University of Wales Press;
Includes additional level 4 features: Disused quarry; Natural crags and inland rock exposures.

Ros Goch
Upland wetland or other depositional basin.
River valley trending parallel to geological structure (north-east/south-west) with well developed meanders in Bach Howey Brook which has its source in the Ros Goch, an area of marshland/bog representing the former site of a lake.
iver and stream erosion and deposition.. Peat formation..
River channel (natural). Flood plain. Peat bog. Former lake (e.g. silted up). Spring
System appears to be healthy, without peat extraction, etc.. Any extraction or water abstraction could be very damaging to the deposit.
Maintain healthy hydrological system to protect peat, etc.deposits and their vegetational/climactic record.
Boundary corresponds to the wide floodplain of the Bachaway Brook and the flat valley floor occupied by Ros Goch Common. North-eastwards the course of the Camlo stream becomes very narrow and the distinctive wide flood plain is lost, therby separting the Aspect Area from the main valley of the River Arrow (PWYSGL550).
Ros Goch Common includes an important Quaternary vegetational and climactic record dating back to the last Ice Age - it is therefore a possible potential geological SINC.
BARTLEY, D.D. (1960), New Phytologist 59, 238-262; LEWIS, C.A. in LEWIS, C.A. (1970) Glaciations of Wales and adjoining areas, (Longman); ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999a), Explorer 188 (1:25,000 scale); ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999c), Explorer 201 (1:25,000 scale).
Additional Level 4 features: Meanders, Marsh/bog

High level blanket bog (Quaternary, Holocene)... dominated depression of the and slopes on the top of the Lower Silurian sandstone dominated upland plateau of the Llan Ddu Fawr area... Includes W slopes of a short section of the Elan valley to the E with a broad level to gently sloping valley mire system (Gors Lwyd)... Lake also present (Llyn y Fign)...
Ensure that no features or natural systems of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are lost or damaged (e...g... due to development or forestry)... Ensure that SSSI features are maintained in favourable condition by implementation of management plans...
Break of slope at edge of drift filled valley systems and valley sides / escarpment above...
Includes GCR / SSSI features of national / international importance...
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1993, Sheet 179, 1:50 000 Geological Series... DAVIES, J...R... et al... 1997, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 and 179, BGS... ORDNANCE SURVEY 1999c, Explorer 214 (1:25,000)... CAMPBELL, S... and BOWEN, D...Q... 1989, Geological Conservation Review: Quaternary of Wales, NCC...

Gaer
Elevated area/ridge with upland vegetation character, although no distinct scarp developed; represents termination of outcrop of the Penstrowed Grits Formation (Silurian, Wenlock) of areas PWYSGL422 (Pistyll-Ddyle) and PWYSGL601 (Castelltinboeth).
Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). Slope. Hill top. Plateau
No significant development which might destroy key features.
Ensure continued management does not lead to loss of geological and geomorphological features.
Boundaries generally relate to changes in slope angle as a consequence of more resistant underlying geology - nevertheless separation not always clear and much less distinct than for, e.g. PWYSGL422 (Pistyll-Ddyle).
Represents termination of facies of Pentrowed Grits Formation and includes a locality of scientific /educational value (although not currently listed as a potential geological SINC site; Locality 3 in Dimberline and Woodcock in Woodcock and Bassett 1994).
DAVIES, J.H. (MS map of Radnorshire); ORDNANCE SURVEY (1999b), Explorer 200 (1:25,000 scale); Dimberline and Woodcock in WOODCOCK, N.H & BASSETT, M.G. (1993), Geological excursions in Powys, University of Wales Press.

Mochras Farm
Quaternary dunes & alluvium of Morfa Harlech & Morfa Dyffryn, W of the N-S Mochras Fault. ((Mochras Farm borehole has Tertiary and Jurassic rocks in subcrop). River terrace, glacial sand & gravel, boulder clay and peat sediments. Stretches of storm gravel beach.
Active sand dune. Stabilised sand dune. Gravel / shingle ridge. Beach
Outcrop area of dune plains W of Mochras fault
SSSI - Morfa Harlech SH 560 350 - Quaternary dune plain; Morfa Dyffryn SH564254
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 135 (Solid and Drift) Harlech 1982; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map Sheet 20, Environment Agency; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Allen, P.M. and Jackson, A.A., 1985. Geology of the country around Harlech, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheet 135 (England and Wales), H.M.S.O., London.; 1:25 000 Explorer Map Sheet 18W

Crawswellt
W- and E- dipping Cambrian succession of siltstones and mudstones (Dolwen-Llanbedr fms) in shallow slopes forming the core of N-S Harlech anticline (Dolwen pericline), dissected by the S flowing Afon Eden. Slopes dissected by open meandering river valleys, and cut by major NE-SW and NNW-SSE faults. Extensive cover of boulder clay, with moraine and drumlins.
Moraine. Drumlin / Drumlin field. River channel (natural). Plateau
Outcrop area of Dolwen and Llanbbedr fms in core of anticline
Core of Harlech Dome anticline/pericline structure, Cambrian type area, glacial drift features
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 135 (Solid and Drift) Harlech 1982; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map Sheet 20, Environment Agency; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Allen, P.M. and Jackson, A.A., 1985. Geology of the country around Harlech, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheet 135 (England and Wales), H.M.S.O., London.; OS Explorer Map Sheets 18W, 23

Morfa Harlech
Dunes and alluvium of estuary mouth E of the N-S Mochras Fault, with small Cambrian outcrops of siltstones, mudstones and dolerite. Major N-S and NE-SW faults (Glyn Valley Fault). Extensive bordering drift, with areas of peat, boulder clay, head.
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 135 (Solid and Drift) Harlech 1982; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map Sheets, Environment Agency; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 18, Harlech, Porthmadog & Bala, 2002; Allen, P.M. and Jackson, A.A., 1985. Geology of the country around Harlech, Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheet 135 (Engla

Ynys
Low outcrops of NE-dipping Cambrian mudstones at mouth of estuary, with blown sand and boulder clay cover. Major N-S faults.
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 135 (Solid and Drift) Harlech 1982; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 20, Meirionnydd, 19971; 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 18, Harlech, Porthmadog & Bala, 2002; Allen, P.M. and Jackson, A.A., 1985. Geology of the country around Harlech, Memoir of the British Geological

Afon Cwm Mynach
Steep S-facing slopes of S-dipping Cambrian Rhinog-Maentwrog formation, folded into regional N-S antiform. Slopes dissected by U-shaped Cwm-Mynach valley. Extensive boulder clay in valley floor and lower sides, with alluvium. Major N-S & NE-SW faults. Disused metalliferous vein mineral (e.g. Old Clogau - gold, copper , zinc, lead) and Mn workings.
Upland valley slope. Active upland river or stream channel system. Ancient upland river / stream systems. Mineral workings
Watershed of U--shaped valley in Cambrian
SSSI Foel Ispri SH 704 202; Cambrian succession in type area, U-shaped valley, old metalliferous mine workings
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 149 Cadair Idris (Solid and Drift) 1995; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 23, Cadair Idris & Bala Lake, 2002; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 20, Meirionnydd, 1997; Pratt, W.T., Woodhall, D.G. and Howells, M.F., 1995. Geology of the country around Cadair Idris. Memoir of t

Rhinog fawr
E-facing high slopes of Rhinog Fawr in resistant, W-dipping Cambrian sandstones of Rhinog-Hafotty formations, with NW-SE & N-S dolerite dykes. Major NE-SW faults. U-shaped Afon Crawcwellt valley, with boulder clay on floor and lower slopes. Some head, scree & lacustrine deposits on higher slopes. Disused Mn mines in Hafotty Formation in S (near Diffwys).
Outcrop area of Cambrian quartzites on W side of Harlech Dome
SSSI (GCR) Rhinog Fawr SH 643286; Periglacial stone stripes; Periglacial geomorrphology, Type area for Cambrian stratigraphy: old mineral workings
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 135 (Solid and Drift) Harlech 1982; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 20, Meirionnydd, 1997; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 18, Harlech, Porthmadog & Bala, 2002; Allen, P.M. and Jackson, A.A., 1985. Geology of the country around Harlech, Memoir of the British Geological Sur

Hirgwm
S-facing slopes in Cambrian (Barmouth-Ffestiniog Formations) sandstones-mudstones, with dykes, folded into N-S regional syncline (Caerdeon syncline). Major N-S faults (Caerdeon - Bedlyn Fault). S-facing slopes with extensive drift cover of boulder clay & head, dissected by U-shaped Afon Dwynant valley. Disused metalliferous vein mines for gold, copper, lead and zinc (e.g. Figra, Nant Goch, Clogau), and Mn workings.
SSSI Mwynfa'r Figra SH 663 191; Cambrian type area, metalliferous mines
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 149 Cadair Idris (Solid and Drift) 1995; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 20, Meirionnydd, 1997; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 23, Cadair Idris & Bala Lake, 2002; Pratt, W.T., Woodhall, D.G. and Howells, M.F., 1995. Geology of the country around Cadair Idris. Memoir of t

Afon Ysgethin
Steep W-facing slopes in E-dipping Cambrian (Rhinog - Barmouth Formations) sandstones-siltstones,dissected by V-shaped Ysgethin valley. High crags in Barmouth Formation scarp slope. Extensive boulder clay cover across slopes, with drumlins (S of Llanbedr), moraine (Llyn Irddyn) and lacustrine deposits. Major N-S faults (e.g. Moelfre Fault). Disused Mn mines (e.g. Moelfre, Egryn, Hafotty).
Upland plateau. Active upland river or stream channel system. Mineral workings
W-facing slopes in Cambrian on E side of Harlech anticline
SSSI Barmouth Hillside SH 615 164; Cambrian type area, old Mn mine workings
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 135 (Solid and Drift) Harlech 1982; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 149 Cadair Idris (Solid and Drift) 1995; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 20, Meirionnydd, 1997; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 18, Harlech, Porthmadog & Bala, 2002; Allen, P.M. and Jackson, A.A., 1985

Afon Cwmnantcol
Steep W-facing slopes in E-dipping Cambrian (Rhinog-Hafotty Formations) sandstones & conglomerates, and siltstones, dissected by U-shaped Cwmnantcol valley . Major NE-SW & N-S faults (U. Artro, Moelfre Faults), also E-W faults. Cover of boulder clay, peat, head and scree on slopes. Lacustrine deposits, alluvium & terraces in valley floor. Disused Mn mine.
W-facing escarpment in Cambrian quartzites with U-shaped valley
SSSI (GCR) Rhinog Fawr SH 643286, Y Llethr SH 659261; periglacial features; Cambrian type area, U-shaped valley, disused Mn mines
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 135 Harlech (Solid and Drift) 1982; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 20, Meirionnydd, 1997; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 18, Harlech, Porthmadog & Bala, 2002; Allen, P.M. and Jackson, A.A., 1985. Geology of the country around Harlech, Memoir of the British Geological Sur

Afon Artro
NE-SW fault valley of Afon Artro (U Artro) which turns E on joining Afon Cwmnantcol. Valley dissecting steep W-facing slopes in W- & E-dipping Cambrian succession. Rhinog Formation coarse sandstones & conglomerates form high ground in E. Regional NE-SW antiform and synform, major NE-SW faults. Boulder clay cover widespread in SW, patchy peat, scree & head on higher slopes, moraine (Cwm Bychan). Disused Mn & gold mines, slate mine (Llanfair) and quarries (Llanbedr).
Moraine. Drumlin / Drumlin field. Glacial U-shaped valley
SSSI Rhinog SH 640 300 Quaternary periglacial stone stripes; Cambrian type area, periglacial features
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 135 Harlech (Solid and Drift) 1982; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 20, Meirionnydd, 1997; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 18, Harlech, Porthmadog & Bala, 2002; Allen, P.M. and Jackson, A.A., 1985. Geology of the country around Harlech, Memoir of the British Geological Su

Eisingrug
U-shaped Ceunant Llennyrch (Afon Prysor) valley in steep, NW-facing slopes of W- & N-dipping Cambrian (Barmouth-Ffestiniog Formations) siltstones, mudstones & black mudstones. Dolerite dykes in N. NE-SW folds, major NE-SW faults including Glyn Valley Fault. Extensive drift cover of boulder clay, with peat & head. Disused Mn mines and workings.
Active upland river or stream channel system. Mineral workings. Other
Glacial U-shaped valley. Coal / mineral spoil tips
Cambrian succession, U-shaped valley, mineral workings
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 135 Harlech (Solid and Drift) 1982; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 20, Meirionnydd, 1997; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 18, Harlech, Porthmadog & Bala, 2002; Allen, P.M. and Jackson, A.A., 1985. Geology of the country around Harlech, Memoir of the British Geological Sur
Ceunant Llennyrch U-shaped valley cut into W- and N-dipping Cambrian siltstones and mudstones, NE-SW folds and faults. Extensive boulder clay cover. Disused Mn workings

Cwm Camlan
Steep E-facing slopes in E- and S-dipping Cambrian (Rhinog-Maentwrog Formations) sandstones-mudstones, with intermediate dykes & intrusions, dissected by Cwm Camlan U-shaped hanging valley. N-S regional synform, major N-S faults. Peat & alluvium in floor, scree and patchy boulder clay on higher slopes. Disused Mn & gold mines.
Active upland river or stream channel system. Mineral workings
Glacial U-shaped valley. Glacial hanging valley
SSSI Cefn Coch Mine SH 718 233; U-shaped hanging valley, Cambrian type area, metalliferous mines
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 135 Harlech (Solid and Drift) 1982; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 149 Cadair Idris (Solid and Drift) 1995; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 20, Meirionnydd, 1997; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 18, Harlech, Porthmadog & Bala, 2002; Allen, P.M. and Jackson, A.A., 1985.
E-facing slopes in E- and S-dipping Cambrian sandstones-mudstones; N-S synform and faults. Cwm Camlan U-shaped hanging valley. Disused Mn and Au mines

Cwm yr Whin
S-facing slopes in S-dipping Cambrian (Barmouth-Maentwrog Formations) sandstones - mudstones, with dykes, dissected by steep U-shaped Cwm yr Whin valley. Major N-S faults. Boulder clay on valley floor, some head on slopes. Disused zinc (e.g. Foel Ispri), Mn & gold mines.
Watershed of Cwm yr Whin in S-facing dip slopes
SSSI Foel Ispri SH 704 202, Cambrian type area, U-shaped valley, metalliferous mining
:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 135 Harlech (Solid and Drift) 1982; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 149 Cadair Idris (Solid and Drift) 1995; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 20, Meirionnydd, 1997; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 18, Harlech, Porthmadog & Bala, 2002; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 23,
S-facing slopes in S-dipping Cambrian sandstones-mudstones, cut by steep U-shaped Cwm yr Whin, boulder clay in valley. N-S faults. Disused metalliferous mines

Afon Eden
High E-facing steep dip slopes in resistant, mostly E-dipping Cambrian (Rhinog-Maentwrog formations) sandstones & conglomerates, to mudstones, with dykes, with W-facing N-S scarp slope ridge of resistant Rhinog sandstones. S- flowing U-shaped Afon Eden valley, and N-flowing, fault-controlled Nant Bryn-Llefrith valleys dissected along strike. Broad valley floors covered by boulder clay, alluvium & peat. N-S major faults (e.g. Trasfynydd Fault). Disused Mn mine.
Upland valley slope. Active upland river or stream channel system. Mineral workings
Scarp slope. Dip slope. Ridge. Glacial U-shaped valley
E-facing cambrian dip slopes on E limb of Harlech anticline
Cambrian type area, mineral workings, U-shaped valley
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 135 Harlech (Solid and Drift) 1982; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 20, Meirionnydd, 1997; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 18, Harlech, Porthmadog & Bala, 2002; Allen, P.M. and Jackson, A.A., 1985. Geology of the country around Harlech, Memoir of the British Geological Su
W-facing N-S ridge of E-dipping resistant Cambrian sandstone on E of Harlech Antiform. N-S faults. N and S-flowing river valleys, with drift in broad floors. Disused Mn mine

Afon Mawddach
U-shaped Afon Mawddach valley floor, running N-S to NE-SW, joining broad E-W estuary at river mouth. NE-SW stretch from Pont Wen - Llanellfyd is fault controlled. River channel flanked by boulder clay & glacio-fluvial terraces in upper reaches down to Pont Wen, and by river terraces & alluvium in lower valley.
Ancient upland river / stream systems. Glacial mountain valley
Channel and floodplain sediments of valley floor
Recent sediments, fluvioglacial sediments, U-shaped valley
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 149 Cadair Idris (Solid and Drift) 1995; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 135 Harlech (Solid and Drift) 1982; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 20, Meirionnydd, 1997; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 18, Harlech, Porthmadog & Bala, 2002; Allen, P.M. and Jackson, A.A., 1985.
N-S & NE-SW, partly fault controlled, U-shaped Mawddach valley floor, joining broad E-W estuary at river mouth. Boulder clay, terraces & alluvium in valleys

Afon Prysor
W-facing slopes in E-dipping Cambrian succession of sandstones, siltstones & mudstones, with intermediate intrusions, dissected by U-shaped Prysor & Llafar river valleys. Extensive boulder clay & peat cover on slopes; alluvium & terraces in valley floor. Major N-S faults, including Trasfynedd & Craiglaseithin Faults.
Upland valley slope. Active upland river or stream channel system
W-facing slopes with two U-shaped river valleys - boundaries along watersheds of valleys
SSSI Llafar river section SH 735 366; Cambrian stratigraphy - type area
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 135 Harlech (Solid and Drift) 1982; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 136 Bala (Provisional solid) 1986; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 136 Bala (Provisional solid) 1986;Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 20, Meirionnydd, 1997; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 18, Harlech,
W-facing slopes in E-dipping Cambrian sandstones-mudstones, cut by U-shaped Prysor & Llafar river valleys. N-S faults. Extensive boulder clay on slopes, alluvium in valley floors

Afon Gain
W-facing slopes in E-dipping Cambrian succession of siltstones, mudstones & sandstones, with intermediate intrusions, dissected by V- to U-shaped Afon Gain valley. Major N-S faults, including Craiglaseithin & Trasfynydd Faults. Extensive boulder clay & peat on slopes, alluvium & terraces in valley floor. Disused Turf copper mine.
Active upland river or stream channel system. Mineral workings
Watershed of U-shaped valley in W-facing slopes
Cambrian stratigraphy, disused mineral mines, U-shaped valley
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 135 Harlech (Solid and Drift) 1982; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 136 Bala (Provisional solid) 1986; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 20, Meirionnydd, 1997; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 18, Harlech, Porthmadog & Bala, 2002; Allen, P.M. and Jackson, A.A., 1985. Geol
V- to U-shaped Afon Gain valley cut into E-dipping Cambrian siltstones-sandstones with intermediate intrusions. N-S faults. Extensive boulder clay on slopes, alluvium & terraces in valley. Disused Cu mine

Coed Bedd-y-Coedwr
W-facing slopes in E-dipping Cambrian (Maentwrog - Cwmhesgen Formations) mudstones & siltstones, with intrusions, dissected by steep U- to V-shaped Upper Mawddach valley. Extensive boulder clay across upper shallow slopes; alluvium, terraces and scree in floor of steep-sided lower valley. Major N-S faults. Disused metalliferous vein mines, e.g. Gwynfynedd - gold, Tyddyn Gwladys - lead, zinc, and manganese mines.
Watershed of U-shaped valley in W-facing scarp slope
SSSIs Bryn-llin-fawr SH788305; Bedd y coedr and Tyddyn Gwladys SH736268; Foel Gron Stream Section SH788282; Cambrian stratigraphy - type area, metalliferous mines
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 135 Harlech (Solid and Drift) 1982; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 20, Meirionnydd, 1997; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 23, Cadair Idris & Bala Lake, 2002; Allen, P.M. and Jackson, A.A., 1985. Geology of the country around Harlech, Memoir of the British Geological Surve
W-facing slopes in E-dipping Cambrian mudstones and siltstones with intrusions, cut by steep U- to V-shaped Upper Mawddach valley. N-S faults. Extensive drift cover. Disused metalliferous vein mines

Afon Wen
Fault-controlled V-shaped, steep-sided Afon Wen valley, running NE-SW, dissected into W-dipping Cambrian succession (Maentwrog - Ffestiniog Formations) of mudstones & siltstones, with numerous intermediate intrusions. U-shaped tributary valley running E-W towards Mawddach, floored by boulder clay, deflects into main fault-controlled valley. Scree and glacial sand and gravel in Wen valley floor. Drumlins in SW of area. Disused copper mines and tips, e.g. Glasdir, Coed y Brenin.
Active upland river or stream channel system. Ancient upland river / stream systems. Glacial mountain valley. Mineral workings
Moraine. Drumlin / Drumlin field. Glacial U-shaped valley
SSSI Glasdir Copper Mine SH 740 223, Cambrian type area, fault controlled topography
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 135 Harlech (Solid and Drift) 1982; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 20, Meirionnydd, 1997; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 23, Cadair Idris & Bala Lake, 2002; Allen, P.M. and Jackson, A.A., 1985. Geology of the country around Harlech, Memoir of the British Geological Surv
W-dipping Cambrian mudstone-siltstones cut by NE-SW fault-controlled V-shaped steep sided Afon Wen valley, with E-W U-shaped tributary. Disused Cu mines and tips

Coed y Brenin
N slopes of Wnion U-shaped valley in SE-dipping Cambrian-Ordovician (Ffestiniog Fm, Rhobell & Aran Volcanic Groups) succession of mudstones & siltstones, overlain by basalts, tuffs & siltstones, with intrusions. Regional synform and major NE-SW faults disturb general SE dip. Extensive boulder clay on S-facing slopes, with drumlins in SW; also scree, peat & lacustrine deposits. Disused slate quarries (Ffridd y castell), tips and metalliferous vein mines in NE.
Upland valley slope. Active upland river or stream channel system. Mineral workings
Moraine. Drumlin / Drumlin field. Glacial U-shaped valley. Coal / mineral spoil tips
N slopes of Wnion U-shaped valley in Upper Cambrian - Lower Ordovician
Cambrian and Rhobell volcanics type areas, U-shaped valley, glacial depositional features, disused metalliferous mine
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 135 Harlech (Solid and Drift) 1982; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 20, Meirionnydd, 1997; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 23, Cadair Idris & Bala Lake, 2002; Allen, P.M. and Jackson, A.A., 1985. Geology of the country around Harlech, Memoir of the British Geological Sur
SE-dipping Cambrian mudstones overlain by Ordovician volcaniclastics and volcanics forming N slopes of Wnion U-shaped valley. NE-SW folds and faults. Extensive boulder clay. Disused slate quarries and metalliferous mines

Afon Dwyryd
Afon Dwyryd U-shaped, alluvium covered valley floor with small outcrops of N-dipping Cambrian siltstones and sandstones (Ffestiniog Fm) near river mouth. Patches of boulder clay along bank. General NE-SW trend, but N-S faults deflect river valley S at bedrock outcrops.
Ancient upland river / stream systems. Glacial mountain valley
Mostly Recent alluvium sediments; U-shaped valley
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 119 Snowdon (Solid and Drift)1997; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;
1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 20, Meirionnydd, 1997; Howells, M.F. and Smith, M. 1997. Geology of the country around Snowdon. Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheet 119 (England and Wales), H.M.S.O., London.
Alluvium of Afon Dwyryd U-shaped valley with small outcrop of N-dipping Cambrian siltstones and sandstones and N-S fault-deflection of river near mouth

Traeth Mawr
Broad flat area of alluvium in estuary NE of Porthmadog, at confluence of Afon Glaslyn, Afon Croesor and Afon Nanmor. Small outcrops of N- and E-dipping, folded Ordovician (Nant Ffrancon Group & Cwm Eigiau Formation) siltstones, mudstones, dolerite & tuffites. Major N-S faults.
Mostly estuarine alluvium (Gwynnedd) and lower fluvial floodplain
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 119 Snowdon (Solid and Drift)1997; 1:25 000 Geology Classical Areas Maps SH53, SH55, SH63 SH6 Central Snowdonia (Solid and Drift) 1972 ; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 15, North Wales Coast, 1990; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 17, Snowdon and Conwy Valley, 2003; Howells
Broad area of alluvium NE of Porthmadog with small outcrops of N- and E-dipping Ordovician siltstones and volcaniclastics. N-S folds and faults

Arthog
astal landform assemblage including saltmarsh and broad flat area of alluvium in estuary. This area also contains Arthog Bog, a small remnant of a raised bog, now a SSSI wetland reserve.
Beneficial - Snowdonia National Park and RSPB
Aspect area corresponds to estuary and saltmarsh extent and bounded by adjacent existing aspect areas
his area is linked to the whole estuarine system but it doesn't have the distinctive features associated with the Fairbourne spit. Note SSSI

Cwm Cynfal
Upper part of Ceunant Cynfal U- to V-shaped valley dissected in N-dipping Cambro-Ordovician succession of Upper Mawddach Group - Nant Ffrancon Group sandstones & siltstones up into Rhiw Bach Volcanic Formation rhyolites & tuffs. Extensive cover of peat & boulder clay in lower valley slopes. Alluvium & alluvial fans in valley floor. Major N-S faults. Disused quarries & tips.
Glacial U-shaped valley. Coal / mineral spoil tips
SSSIs Bryn Glas Quarry SH 732 421; Cwm Cynfal 737 415; Cambrian-Ordovician stratigraphy
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 119 Snowdon (Solid and Drift)1997; 1:25 000 Geology Classical Areas Maps SH53, SH55, SH63 SH6 Central Snowdonia (Solid and Drift) 1972; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 20, Meirionnydd, 1997; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 17, Snowdon and Conwy Valley, 2003; Howells, M.F.
N-dipping Cambro-Ordovician sandstones, rhyolites and tuffs, with N-S faults, cut by U- to V-shaped upper Ceunant Cynfal valley. Extensive drift on lower slopes, alluvium in floor

Pentrhyndeudraeth
S-facing slopes of NE-SW U-shaped Dwyryd valley dissected into NE-dipping Cambrian Mawddach Group succession of sandstones, siltstones, mudstones & black mudstones. Valley slopes withdip and scarp topography, with bedding ridges of resistant lithologies. Limited drift cover of head & peat.
Scarp slope. Dip slope. Ridge. Glacial U-shaped valley. Made ground
Upper Cambrian succession, dip and scarp topography, major U-shaped valley
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 119 Snowdon (Solid and Drift)1997; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 20, Meirionnydd, 1997; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 17, Snowdon and Conwy Valley, 2003; Howells, M.F. and Smith, M. 1997. Geology of the country around Snowdon. Memoir of the British Geological Survey, S
N slopes of U-shaped Dwyryd valley cut into NE-dipping Cambrian sandstones-mudstone. Limited drift

Rhyd y Sarn
U-shaped valleys of Afon Geiddol & Afon Teigl dissected into steep S and W-facing slopes of N-dipping Cambro-Ordovician succession of sandstones, siltstones & mudstones, overlain by Rhiw Bach Volcanic Formation volcaniclastics including rhyolites & tuffs. Extensive boulder clay cover on lower valley slopes. Major N-S faults.
Upland valley slope. Active upland river or stream channel system
Watesheds of glacial U-shaped valleys in Cambro-Ordovician
SSSI Moelwyn Mawr SH 660 450; ?SSSI Tan y grisiau SH 683 453 - if SSSI for granite, then SNPGL063; Cambrian-Lower Ordovician succession including Rhiw bach Volcanic Group
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 119 Snowdon (Solid and Drift)1997; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;
1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 15, North Wales Coast, 1990; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 17, Snowdon and Conwy Valley, 2003; Howells, M.F. and Smith, M. 1997. Geology of the country around Snowdon. Memoir of the British Geological Su
N-dipping Cambro-Ordovician sedimentary and volcaniclastic succession. N-S faults cut by U-shaped valleys of Afon Geiddol and Afon Teigi. Extensive boulder clay on lower slopes

Cwm Croesor
Steep, fault-controlled U-shaped Cwm Croesor & broad Afon Maesgwm valleys, dissected in N-dipping Cambro-Ordovician succession in E limb of regional NE-SW synform. Sandstones, siltstones & mudstones with acidic intrusions are overlain by acid tuffs and rhyolite which form the fold core. Some dip & scarp topography along valley. Alluvium, moraine, extensive boulder clay (Pant Mawr), peat, head & scree. Disused slate quarries & tips (Rhosydd), working quarry in dolerite (Y garth).
Glacial U-shaped valley. Coal / mineral spoil tips. Moraine
Watesheds of Ushaped valleys in Cambro-Ordovician
SSSI Moelwyn Mawr SH 660 450 - Quaternary late glacial and periglacial features; Cambrian-Ordovician stratigraphy
Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 119 Snowdon (Solid and Drift)1997; 1:25 000 Geology Classical Areas Maps SH53, SH55, SH63 SH6 Central Snowdonia (Solid and Drift) 1972; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 20, Meirionnydd, 1997;1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 15, North Wales
N-dipping CAmbro-Ordovician sedimentary and volcanic succession in NE-SW synform, cut by fault-controlled U-shaped Cwm Croesor & broad Afon Maesgwm valleys. Extensive boulder clay

Afon Glaslyn
Slopes of Lower Glaslyn valley, which is U-shaped at junction with Nant Colwyn, but narrow & V-shaped further S through Aberglaslyn Pass. Dissected into folded and faulted Ordovician Nant Ffrancon Group mudstones and siltstones, overlain by Snowdon Volcanic Group acid and basic tuffs, basalts, rhyolites and volcaniclastics. NE-SW regional syncline, N-S major faults. Cirque, extensive boulder clay on W slopes (Cwm Bleiddiaid), with head, peat & scree, and alluvium in valley floor. Disused met
Glacial U-shaped valley in Nant Ffrancon - Snowdon Volcanic Group
Aberglaslyn SH 595 465, Ordovician volcanic stratigraphy - Snowdon Volcanic Gp; glacial geomorphology, metalliferous mining
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 119 Snowdon (Solid and Drift)1997; 1:25 000 Geology Classical Areas Maps SH53, SH55, SH63 SH6 Central Snowdonia (Solid and Drift) 1972 ; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 15, North Wales Coast, 1990; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 17, Snowdon and Conwy Valley, 2003; Howells
E-, S- and W-dipping Ordovician sedimentary and volcanic succession of U- to V-shaped Lower Glaslyn valley, NE-SW synform, N-S faults. Extensive boulder clay on W slopes. Disused metalliferous mines

Cwm Pennant
S-flowing Dwyfor & Cwm-Llefrith valleys dissected into folded and faulted Cambro-Ordovician (Dol-cyn-Afon Fm & Nant Ffrancon Group) mudstones and siltstones, overlain by Ordovician (Snowdon Volcanic Group) rhyolites, dolerites, acid and basic tuffs, and basalts. Regional NE-SW folds, NE-SW faults. Extensive boulder clay across lower and eastern valley slopes and floors, with peat & head. Alluvium in Pennant valley floor, limited in Llefrith. Well preserved cirques in valley heads.
Watershed of U-shaped valley in Ordovician Dol-cyn-afon Fm - Snowdon Volcanic Group
SSSI Craig y garn SH 510 453; Cambrian-Ordovician stratigraphy, including Snowdaon Volcanic Group, glacial geomorphology
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 119 Snowdon (Solid and Drift)1997; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;1:25 000 Geology Classical Areas Maps SH53, SH55, SH63 SH6 Central Snowdonia (Solid and Drift) 1972; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 15, North Wales Coast, 1990; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 14, Angl
Slopes in E- and W-dipping Cambro-Ordovician sedimentary and volcanic succession cut by Dwyfor and Cwm-Llefrith valleys. NE-SW folds and faults. Extensive boulder clay on slopes

Nant Colwyn
W- and E-facing slopes of Nant Colwyn U-shaped open valley disseced into folded and faulted Ordovician Snowdon Volcanic Group and Cwm Eigiau Formation acid and basic tuffs, rhyolites, basalts, sandstones, siltstones, and dolerite. High ground of ridge to W, and gentler slopes to E. Extensive boulder clay on valley floor and lower slopes, and head on higher slopes. Alluvium present in valley floor. Disused quarries & tips.
Watershed of U-shaped valley in Ordovician volcanic succession
Ordovician volcanic succession - type area, U-shaped valley
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 119 Snowdon (Solid and Drift)1997; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;
1:25 000 Geology Classical Areas Maps SH53, SH55, SH63 SH6 Central Snowdonia (Solid and Drift) 1972; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 15, North Wales Coast, 1990 ; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 17, Snowdon and Conwy Valley, 2003; Howell
Ordovician volcaniclastic and volcanic succession forming W- and E-facing slopes of Nant Colwyn U-shaped valley. Extensive boulder clay on slopes

Dyffryn Nantlle
antlle U-shaped valley with steep-shallow slopes dissected into N- and S-dipping Cambro-Ordovician succession of Marchllyn Fm-Nant Ffrancon Gp mudstones, siltstones and sandstones, overlain by Pitts Head Tuff Fm acid tuffs and rhyolites, with microgranite and dolerite intrusions. Regional E-W to NE-SW folds, major NE-SW faults. Cirque at head, eExtensive drift cover of moraine and head on slopes; boulder clay, peat and alluvium with fans in valley floor. Old mines with Cu mineralisation of
Moraine. Cwm/corrie. Glacial U-shaped valley. Coal / mineral spoil tips
Watershed of U-shaped valley in Cambro-Ordovician sedimentary/volcanic succession
SSSI Trum y ddysgl SH 544 518; Ordovician stratigraphy, Cu mineralisation, glacial geomorphology
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 119 Snowdon (Solid and Drift)1997;1:25 000 Geology Classical Areas Maps SH55/56 Llyn Padarn (Solid and Drift) 1988; 1:25 000 Geology Classical Areas Maps SH53, SH55, SH63 SH6 Central Snowdonia (Solid and Drift) 1972; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 15, North Wales Coast,
U-shaped Nantlle valley cut into Cambro-Ordovician sedimentary and volcanic succession, and intrusion. E-W to NE-SW folds, NE-SW faults. Extensive drift on slopes and floor. Disused Cu mines

Nant Peris
NW-SE Nant Peris broad U-shaped valley dissected into Cambro-Ordovician (Bronllwyd Grit Fm - Nant Ffrancon Gp) sand-dominated turbidites, siltstones & mudstones. Regional NE-SW folds and faults. Scree, head and peat on higher slopes, with moraine, alluvial fans extensive on lower slopes (e.g. Llanberis), and alluvium in valley. Cirques above valley sides. Disused quarries & tips.
Active upland river or stream channel system. Mineral workings. Glacial mountain valley
Moraine. Cwm/corrie. Glacial U-shaped valley. Coal / mineral spoil tips. Roche moutonee
SSSI Cwm Dwythwch SH 570 580 - Quaternary glaciation; SSSI Glydeiriau and Cwm Idwal SH 640 590; Glacial geomorphology, Cambrian-Ordovician succession
:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 106 Bangor (Solid) 1985; 1:25 000 Geology Classical Areas Maps SH55/56 Llyn Padarn (Solid and Drift) 1988 ; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 15, North Wales Coast, 1990; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 17, Snowdon and Conwy Valley, 2003; Howells, M.F. 1985. Geology of the
U-shaped Nant Peris valley cut into folded Cambro-Ordovician sedimentary succession. NE-SW faults. Extensive drift on slopes and in valley

Nant Ffrancon
N-S Nant Ffrancon steep-sided open, U-shaped valley cut into S-dipping Cambro-Ordovician (Bronllwyd Grit Fm - Nant Ffrancon Gp) sandy turbidites, sandstones, mudstones, & siltstones. Microgranite (Mynydd Perfedd) & porphyrite intrusions, minor dolerite dykes. Widespread drift cover, with moraine & scree on slopes, peat, alluvial cones & alluvium in wide valley floor, and boulder clay in tributary valley. Cirques cut into steep valley sides to W, hanging valleys, truncated spurs. Disused mine a
Moraine. Alluvial fan (active). Cwm/corrie. Glacial U-shaped valley. Tor
SSSI Glydeiriau and Cwm Idwal SH 640 590, Carneddau SH696657 - Classic glacial and periglacial features - erosional features e.g. cirques, tors, depositional e.g. moraine, screes; Quaternary geomorphology, Ordovician stratigraphy
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 106 Bangor (Solid) 1985; 1:25 000 Geology Classical Areas Maps SH65/66 Passes of Nant Ffrancon and Llanberis (Solid and Drift) 1985; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); e UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 15, North Wales Coast, 1990; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 17, Snowdon and Conwy Valley, 2003; Howells, M.F. 1985. Geology of the countr
Open steep sided U-shaped valley in S-dipping Cambro-Ordovician sedimentary succession. Widespread drift on slopes and floor. Hanging valleys, truncated spurs, cirques

Afon Dyfi
NE-SW to ENE-WSW, broad U-shaped Dyfi valley floor, covered with alluvium. Fault controlled by ENE-WSW Pennal Fault along eastern (higher) valley.
Ancient upland river / stream systems. Glacial mountain valley. Other
SSSI Dyfi SN 635 950; Recent alluvial sediments, U-shaped valley
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 149 Cadair Idris (Solid and Drift) 1995; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 20, Meirionnydd, 1997; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 23, Cadair Idris & Bala Lake, 2002; Pratt, W.T., Woodhall, D.G. and Howells, M.F., 1995. Geology of the country around Cadair Idris. Memoir of th
U-shaped Dyfi valley floor with broad area of alluvium. Fault controlled by ENE-WSW Pennal Fault along eastern (higher) part

Afon Arthog
N-S U-shaped hanging valley with eroded cirque in N-facing slopes of NE-SW strike ridge of S-dipping Cambro-Ordovician succession. Cambrian Mawddach Group mudstones & siltstones, Ordovician Aran Volcanic Group basalts, basic & acid tuffs & intrusions. Valley fault-controlled (N-S Arthog - Caerdeon Fault). Extensive boulder clay & moraine on shallow slopes & valley floor, with peat & scree, alluvium & alluvial fan. Disused metalliferous vein mines.
Upland plateau. Active upland river or stream channel system. Ancient upland river / stream systems. Mountain glacial-erosion terrain. Mineral workings
Scarp slope. Ridge. Moraine. Glacial hanging valley. Coal / mineral spoil tips
SSSI Cregennen SH 655 145; Cambrian-Ordovician stratigraphy, metalliferous mines
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 149 Cadair Idris (Solid and Drift) 1995; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;
1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 23, Cadair Idris & Bala Lake, 2002; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 20, Meirionnydd, 1997; Howells, M.F. 1985. Geology of the country around Bangor. Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheet 106
U-shaped hanging valley with eroded cirque in N-facing slopes of S-dipping Cambro-Ordovician sedimentary and volcanic succession. Extensive boulder clay on slopes and floor. Disused metalliferous mines

Coed y Garth
N-facing slopes of NE-SW ridge of S- & E-dipping Cambrian-Ordovician, cut by SE-NW & NE-SW U-shaped river valleys (e.g. Gwynant). Cambrian Mawddach Group mudstones & siltstones, Ordovician Rhobell Volcanic Fm basalts & Aran Volcanic Group acid & basic tuffs, dolerite & microgranite intrusions. Boulder clay and peat in valley floors, glacio-fluvial gravels in NE-SW fault-controlled valley. Disused metalliferous mines.
Upland valley slope. Active upland river or stream channel system. Ancient upland river / stream systems. Other
N-facing slopes of Mawddach valley in Mawddach Gp=Aran Volcainic Gp
Ordovician volcanic stratigraphy; glacial valleys, fault controlled valley
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 149 Cadair Idris (Solid and Drift) 1995; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;
1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 20, Meirionnydd, 1997; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 23, Cadair Idris & Bala Lake, 2002; Pratt, W.T., Woodhall, D.G. and Howells, M.F., 1995. Geology of the country around Cadair Idris. Memoir of t
N-facing slopes in S- & E-dipping Cambrian-Ordovician sedimentary and volcanic succession, cut by SE-NW and NE-SW U-shaped valleys. thick drift in valleys. Disused metalliferous mines

Pen y Garth
N-facing slopes dissected by V-shaped tributaries in S- & E-dipping Cambrian Mawddach Group mudstones & siltstones, overlain by Ordovician Aran Volcanic Group acid and basic tuffs, basalts and siltstones, with dolerite & microgranite intrusions. Regional N-S synform. Extensive boulder clay on slopes, peat on higher slopes. Disused metalliferous vein and gold mines, quarries and tips in Cambrian, e.g. Llwyngwril, Cyfannedd (Au, Pb, Zn, Ag).
Scarp slope. Alluvial fan (ancient). Coal / mineral spoil tips
N-facing slopes, bordered to E by Afon Arthog valley
SSSI Glannau Tonfanau I Friog SH 610 119; Cambrian - Ordovician volcanic stratigraphy, metalliferous mines
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 149 Cadair Idris (Solid and Drift) 1995; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;
1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 20, Meirionnydd, 1997; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 23, Cadair Idris & Bala Lake, 2002; Pratt, W.T., Woodhall, D.G. and Howells, M.F., 1995. Geology of the country around Cadair Idris. Memoir of t
N-facing slopes with tributaries in S- & E-dipping Cambrian & Ordovician sedimentary and volcanic succession, regional N-S synform. Extensive boulder clay. Disused metalliferous mines, quarries and tips

Llwyngwril
-facing slopes in E-dipping Cambrian - Ordovician succession, cut by U-shaped valley of Afon Gwril. Cambrian Mawddach Group mudstones, siltstones & black mudstones, overlain unconformably by Aran Volcanic Group basalts, acid & basic tuffs & siltstones, with dolerite dykes. Extensive boulder clay on slopes and in valley. Valley floor with alluvium and alluvial fan deposits, broad alluvial fan at mouth. Shoreface sands. Faults, including Llanigryn Fault (N-S) and Ceunant Fault (NE-SW). Disused
Coastal slope. Active upland river or stream channel system. Mineral workings
SSSI Glannau Tonfanau I Friog SH 610 119; Cambrian - Ordovician volcanic stratigraphy, U-shaped valley, disused metalliferous mines
1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 20, Meirionnydd, 1997; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 23, Cadair Idris & Bala Lake, 2002; Pratt, W.T., Woodhall, D.G. and Howells, M.F., 1995. Geology of the country around Cadair Idris. Memoir of t
W-facing slopes in E-dipping Cambrian-Ordovician sedimentary and volcanic succession, cut by U-shaped valley (Afon Gwril). Extensive boulder clay

Dyffrin Dysynni
NE-SW fault controlled, broad U-shaped Dysynni valley floor (Dysynni F) and lower Tal-y-Llyn valley (Tal-y-llyn F), and Towyn estuary... Alluvium, extensive peat and broad alluvial fan in lower Dysynni valley, and boulder clay, glacial sand and gravel... Higher reaches with boulder clay, head & alluvial fans...
Estuary. Active upland river or stream channel system. Ancient upland river / stream systems. Other
Mud-dominated foreshore. Active sand dune. Alluvial fan (ancient). Glacial U-shaped valley
SSSI Glannau Tonfanau I Friog SH 610 119; Recent sediments; fault controlled glacial valleys
1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency... Sheet 20, Meirionnydd, 1997; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 23, Cadair Idris & Bala Lake, 2002; Pratt, W...T..., Woodhall, D...G... and Howells, M...F..., 1995... Geology of the country around Cadair Id
Broad, fault-controlled NE-SW U-shaped Dysynni valley floor, lower fault controlled Tal-y-Llyn valley and Towyn estuary, with extensive alluvial and fluvioglacial deposits

Mynydd Pencoed
S-facing slopes dissected by U-shaped Dysynni valley & tributary valleys (cwms) draining into main NE-SW fault-controlled valley (Dysynni Fault). E-dipping Cambrian - Ordovician volcaniclastics & siltstone succession; many regional synforms & antiforms with N-S axes, and major NE-SW faults (e.g. Dysynni, Ceunant). Cambrian Mawddach Group mudstones & siltstones overlain by Ordovician Aran Volcanic Group basalts, acid & basic tuffs, dolerites and siltstones, and by Ceiswyn Fm siltstones. Boulde
Upland valley slope. Active upland river or stream channel system. Ancient upland river / stream systems. Mountain glacial-erosion terrain
Cwm/corrie. Glacial U-shaped valley. Landslip (ancient). Coal / mineral spoil tips
Cambrian -Ordovician stratigraphy, U-shaped valley; SSSI Dyfi SN635950
N slopes of NE-SW fault controlled U-shaped Dysynni valley & tributary valleys (cwms), in Cambrian-Ordovician sedimentary and volcunic succession. Extensive drift cover. Landslips

Cadair Idris
High crags and steep slopes of Cadair Idris, dissected by U-shaped valleys, in N- and S-dipping Ordovician Aran Volcanic Group basalts, acid & basic tuffs, rhyolites and siltstones, intruded by microgranites and dolerites. Many N-S faults. Drift cover of morainic ridges, scree, head, boulder clay, well preserved cirques, with moraine and scree in valleys.
Main Aran Volcanic Group volcanics outcrop area
SSSI Cadair Idris SH 720 130 (+GCR); glacial and periglacial landforms; Ordovician volcanic stratigraphy
High crags of Cadir Idris in N- and S-dipping Ordovician volcanic succession, N-S faults. Extensive boulder clay, head, glacial features

Tal-l-Llyn
Fault controlled (Tal-y-Llyn Fault) NE-SW, U-shaped valley floor, with alluvium, alluvial fans, head, peat and boulder clay. Large, rotational landslips, one blocking SW end of valley (river deflected to Dysynni), others higher along valley.
Active upland river or stream channel system. Glacial mountain valley. Mass movement
SSSI Cadair Idris SH 720 130 (GCR sites)
; Fault controlled valley with large rotational landslips, one deflecting river course
:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 149 Cadair Idris (Solid and Drift) 1995; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;
1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 20, Meirionnydd, 1997; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 23, Cadair Idris & Bala Lake, 2002; Pratt, W.T., Woodhall, D.G. and Howells, M.F., 1995. Geology of the country around Cadair Idris. Memoir of
NE-SW fault controlled (Tal-y-Llyn) valley floor, with alluvium, alluvial fans, head, peat and boulder clay. Rotational landslips

Mynydd Cedris
Steep N & S slopes of fault-controlled, U-shaped Tal-y-Llyn valley, with tributaries from U-shaped cwms into steep sided V-shaped valleys. Mainly Upper Ordovician (Caradoc-Ashgill) mudstones and siltstones, but some Aran Volcanic Group acid tuffs & mudstones in NE. NE-SW Tal-y-Llyn and Bala Faults. Dipping overall S, with N-S to NE-SW folding and faulting. Patchy head, scree, peat & boulder clay mainly on lower slopes and cwm floors. Head and scree on lower slopes S of major landslip in valley
Active upland river or stream channel system. Mass movement. Other
Cwm/corrie. Glacial U-shaped valley. Landslip (ancient)
Main U Ordovician outcrop area in Tal-y-llyn U-shaped valley
SSSI Cadair Idris SH 720 130 (GCR sites); Ordovician volcanic stratigraphy and upper Ordovician stratigraphy
Steep N and S slopes of fault-controlled Tal-y-Llyn valley, with tributary V-to U-shaped valleys mostly in Ordovician sedimentary succession

Moel Maesywerngoch
South-facing rounded slopes of Dyfi valley, with tributaries in cwms, in S-dipping Ordovician-Silurian succession dominantly of mudstones, with some turbiditic sandstones. NE-SW U-shaped Cwm Dwr valley, NW-SE V-shaped tributary valleys,. Dip south overall, but folded into regional synforms & antiforms with N-S to NE-SW axes. Major E-W faults bound area to south - Silwi Fault along part of Cwm Maethlon, Pennal Fault. Boulder clay, head and alluvium in Cwm Dwr valley floor, otherwise patchy b
Upland valley slope. Active upland river or stream channel system. Mineral workings
Moraine. Cwm/corrie. Glacial U-shaped valley. Coal / mineral spoil tips
U Ordovician-L Silurian stratigraphy, disused mines and slate quarries
South-facing rounded slopes of Dyfi valley, with V- to U-shaped tributary valleys, in S-dipping Ordovician-Silurian sedimentary successions. Mines and slate quarries

Aberdovey
Ridge of Silurian mudstones (Devil's Bridge-Borth Mudstone formations), bounded to N by E-W Silwi Fault and Cwm Maethlon valley, to S by Dyfi valley... N- and S-facing steep slopes, dissected by V-shaped tributary valleys... Limited drift - alluvium, fans & scree along Cwm Maethlon, patches of scree, head & boulder clay on slopes... Regional E-W synform, but also many smaller folds N-S, NE-SW... Disused slate quarries, metalliferous vein mines (e...g... Tyddyn Briddell - Zn, Pb) and tips...
Ridge of Silurian mudstone fms, bounded by E-W Silwi F, Cwm Maethlon and by Dyfi
Silurian stratigraphy, disused miines and quarries; SSSI Dyfi SN635950
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 149 Cadair Idris (Solid and Drift) 1995; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency... Sheet 20, Meirionnydd, 1997; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 23, Cadair Idris & Bala Lake, 2002; Pratt, W...T..., Woodhall, D...G... and Howells, M...F..., 1995... Geology of the country around Cadair Id
N- and S-facing steep slopes of ridge of Silurian mudstones in E-W synform, bounded to N by E-W Silwi Fault and Cwm Maethlon valley, to S by Dyfi valley

Waun y Griafolen
W-facing slopes of upper Afon Mawddach and Afon Cwm Hesgen V-shaped valleys in E-dipping Ordovician Aran Volcanic Group acid and basic tuffs, tuffites, basalts, breccias and dolerites, with siltstones, and overlying mudstones. Steep W-facing scarp in volcanics, faulted against mudstones in core of regional N-S synform forming gentler higher slopes (Waun-y-griafolen) below steeper tuffite ridge. Major N-S & NE-SW faults, regional N-S to NE-SW folds. Boulder clay and peat widespread across shal
Upper Mawddach valley in Aran Volcanin Gp
SSSI Bryn-llin-fawr SH788305; Ordovician volcanic stratigraphy
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 136 Bala (Provisional solid) 1986; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 135 Harlech (Solid and Drift) 1982; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution);
1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 20, Meirionnydd, 1997; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 23, Cadair Idris & Bala Lake, 2002; Allen, P.M. and Jackson, A.A., 1985. Geology
W-facing slopes of upper Afon Mawddach and Afon Cwm Hesgen V-shaped valleys in E-dipping Ordovician volcanic and sedimentary succession. Extensive drift on slopes

Dolwyddelan
Steep V- to U-shaped, ENE-WSW (E-draining) Lledr river valley dissected in N- and S- dipping Ordovician volcanic/sedimentary succession (Nant Ffrancon Gp, Capel Curig Volcanic Fm - Cwm Eigiau Fm - Snowdon Volcanic Group), folded into regional NE-SW synform. Siltstones & mudstones dominate S slopes of valley, siltstones with acid tuffs, rhyolites, breccias, dolerites in lower valley and N slopes. Steep dip and scarp slopes. River valley with alluvium, boulder clay, some made ground; peat & head
Active upland river or stream channel system. Other
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 119 Snowdon (Solid and Drift)1997; 1:25 000 Geology Classical Areas Maps SH53, SH55, SH63 SH6 Central Snowdonia (Solid and Drift) 1972; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 15, North Wales Coast, 1990; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 17, Snowdon and Conwy Valley, 2003; 1:25 000
V- to U-shaped Lledr valley cut into N- and S- dipping Ordovician volcanic and sedimentary succession, NE-SW synform. Drift on slopes and in river valley

Blaenau Ffestiniog
Industrial area of Blaenau Ffestiniog with mines & quarries, tips & made ground. N-dipping Ordovician (Nant Ffrancon Gp) mudstones, siltstones & slates, with rhyolites & tuffs developing lithological scarps in cliff face. Major N-S faults.
Upland valley slope. Engineered features and reclaimed / infilled land
Scarp slope. Dip slope. Coal / mineral spoil tips. Made ground. Reclaimed land
Industrial belt of mines and quarries in Orodovician slates and rhyolites
Industrial history, slate mining; Ordovician stratigraphy
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 119 Snowdon (Solid and Drift) 1997; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheets; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheets; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution);
1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 20, Meirionnydd, 1997; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 18, Harlech, Porthmadog & Bala, 2002; Howells, M.F. and Smith, M. 1997. Geology of the country around Snowdon. Memoir of the British Geological Survey

Cwm Penamnen
N-S fault controlled, straight, U-shaped cwm, with cirque at head, cut into N-dipping Ordovician (Nant Ffrancon Gp - Capel Curig Volcanic Fm - Cwm Eigiau Fm - Snowdon Volcanic Gp) siltstones, rhyolitic tuffs and breccias. Steep sided valley, with boulder clay and alluvial fans in upper valley, head along sides, alluvium in floor.
Ordovician volcanic stratigraphy, cirque, U-shaped valley
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 119 Snowdon (Solid and Drift)1997; 1:25 000 Geology Classical Areas Maps SH53, SH55, SH63 SH6 Central Snowdonia (Solid and Drift) 1972 ; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 15, North Wales Coast, 1990; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 17, Snowdon and Conwy Valley, 2003; 1:25 0
N-S fault controlled, steep sided U-shaped valley with cirque at head, cut into N-dipping Ordovician volcanic and sedimentary succession. Drift on slopes and floor

Garnedd Pen-y-bont
Drift (peat, boulder clay and alluvium) covered northern slopes of Afon Lledr valley, on Ordovician Cwm Eigiau Fm - Snowdon Volcanic Gp siltstones & mudstones, rhyolites and acid tuffs, dolerites. Major NE-SW faults, regional NE-SW antiform. Slopes dissected by meandering Afon Ystumiad & Ceunant Tyn-y-ddol, with main valley further S.
Peat and boulder clay covered N slopes of Lledr valley; Quaternary geomorphology. Ordovician volcanic stratigraphy
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 119 Snowdon (Solid and Drift)1997; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 106 Bangor (Solid) 1985; 1:25 000 Geology Classical Areas Maps SH53, SH55, SH63 SH6 Central Snowdonia (Solid and Drift) 1972; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 15, North Wales Coast, 1990; 1:25 000 OS Ex
Drift covered northern slopes of Afon Lledr valley, over Ordovician sedimentary and volcanic succession of NE-SW antiform.
Meandering river valleys

Afon Machno
E-SW fault-controlled, U-shaped Afon Machno valley and tributaries in NE-dipping Ordovician (Dol-cyn-afon Fm, Nant Ffrancon Gp (including Rhiw Bach Volcanic Fm), - Maerdy Mudstone Gp (with volcanic Llyn Conwy, Llewllyn, Crafnant formations)) mudstones, acid tuffs, rhyolites, siltstones and sandstones. Major NE-SW fault along valley, N-S fault controlled, hanging U-shaped tributary valley (Cwm Hafod-yr-edwydd). U-shaped tributaries with cirques NE-facing on northern slopes, e.g.Cwm Penmachno,
Drumlin / Drumlin field. Alluvial fan (ancient). Cwm/corrie. Glacial U-shaped valley. Glacial hanging valley
Ordovician volcanic stratigraphy, glacial features e.g. hanging valley, cirque, drumlins
:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 119 Snowdon (Solid and Drift)1997; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 120 Corwen (Solid and Drift)1993; 1:25 000 Geology Classical Areas Maps SH53, SH55, SH63 SH6 Central Snowdonia (Solid and Drift) 1972; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 15, North Wales Coast, 1990; 1:25
NE-SW fault-controlled, U-shaped Afon Machno valley cut into NE-dipping Cambro-Ordovician sedimentary and volcanic succession. U-shaped tributaries with cirques. Extensive drift cover

Glasgym
WSW-ENE, U-shaped steep tributary valley to Afon Machno, with cirque at head, dissected in N-dipping Ordovician Nant Ffrancon Gp mudstones, siltstones, sandstones, acid tuffs and thin dolerites. Widespread head, and peat, on upper slopes, boulder clay on lower valley slopes, alluvial fan & alluvium in floor.
U-shaped valley with cirque at head; Ordovician stratigraphy
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 119 Snowdon (Solid and Drift)1997; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; :25 000 Geology Classical Areas Maps SH53, SH55, SH63 SH6 Central Snowdonia (Solid and Drift) 1972;
1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency, Sheet 15, North Wales Coast, 1998 ; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 17, Snowdon and Conwy Valley, 2003; 1:25
WSW-ENE, U-shaped steep tributary valley to Afon Machno, cut into N-dipping Ordovician sedimentary and volcanic succession. Widespread drift

Vale of Conwy
NE-SW fault controlled (Ysbytty Ifan Fault) U-shaped Afon Conwy valley dissecting broad NE-facing slopes in E-dipping Ordovician-Silurian (Llyn Conwy Volcanic - Bron-y-Graig fms) succession of acid tuffs and mudstones with intermediate intrusions, overlain by thick mudstones with some thin sandstones, tuffs and limestone. NE-SW fault controlled tributary Afon Serw. Major NE-SW and N-S faults, NE-SW folds. Extensive drift cover of peat in upper valley, boulder clay in broad lower slopes and f
Drumlin / Drumlin field. Glacial U-shaped valley
U-shaped valley, Ordovician-Silurian stratigraphy, glacial depositional and erosional features
:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 119 Snowdon (Solid and Drift)1997; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 120 Corwen (Solid and Drift)1993; 1:25 000 Geology Classical Areas Maps SH53, SH55, SH63 SH6 Central Snowdonia (Solid and Drift) 1972; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 15, North Wales Coast, 1990; 1:25

Afon Eidda
NE-SW fault controlled. open U-shaped valley dissecting broad NE-facing slopes in E-dipping Ordovician-Silurian (Nant Hir Mudstone Fm (=Nant Ffrancon Gp) - Bron y Graig Fms) mudstones & siltstones, with thin sandstones, limestone and acid tuffs. N limb of regional NE-SW synform. Major NE-SW faults, also N-S faults. Extensive boulder clay on valley sides & floor, with alluvium and peat. Drumlins, and glacial meltwater channels towards NW and NE.
Drumlin / Drumlin field. Glacial U-shaped valley
Glacial depositional features, e.g. drumlins, glacial meltwater channel; (fault controlled U-shaped valley); Ordovician-Silurian stratigraphy
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 120 Corwen (Solid and Drift)1993 ; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 20, Meirionnydd, 1997; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency, Sheet 15, North Wales Coast, 1998; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 18, Harlech, Porthmadog & Bala, 2002
NE-SW fault controlled U-shaped valley on broad NE-facing slopes in mostly E-dipping Ordovician-Silurian mudstones, NE-SW faults and folds. Extensive boulder clay. Glacial features

Afon Caletwr
N-facing broad slopes of Afon Caletwyr U-shaped valley with cirque, in N-dipping Ordovician-Silurian (Nant Hir Mudstone - Bron y Graig fms) mudstones & siltstones, with thin sandstones. Major NE-SW faults (including Yspytty Ifan Fault) and NNW-SSE fault controlling upper valley. Regional NE-SW fold. Extensive boulder clay on lower slopes and floor of valley, peat on slopes. Alluvium in floor, with glacial sand & gravels in lower valley. Drumlins and glacial meltwater channels towards N.
Drumlin / Drumlin field. Cwm/corrie. Glacial U-shaped valley
Glacial depositional features e.g. drumlins, meltwater channels; Ordovician-Silurian stratigraphy
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 120 Corwen (Solid and Drift)1993 ; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency, Sheet 15, North Wales Coast, 1998; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 17, Snowdon and Conwy Valley, 2003; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 18, Harlech, Porthmadog & Bala, 2002
N-facing broad slopes of Afon Caletwyr U-shaped valley with cirque in N-dipping Ordovician-Silurian mudstones with NE-SW faults. Extensive drift. Glacial features

Afon Mynach
S-facing slopes of N-S broad, partly fault-controlled, U-shaped valley dissecting mostly E- & S-dipping Ordovician-Silurian (Nant Hir Mudstone - Bron y Graig Fms) mudstones and siltstones, with thin acid tuffs. Major N-S, NE-SW & NW-SE faults, regional NE-SW synform. Extensive boulder clay on lower slopes and valley floor, peat on slopes, alluvium on valley floor. Drumlins and glacial channels towards SE and SW into valley.
Drumlin / Drumlin field. Glacial U-shaped valley
SSSI Tryweryn river sections SH 922 368; Ordovician -Silurian stratigraphy, Glacial geomorphology
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 136 Bala (Provisional solid) 1986; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 23, Cadair Idris & Bala Lake, 2002; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 20, Meirionnydd, 1997; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency, Sheet 15, North Wales Coast, 1998
S-facing slopes of N-S broad, partly fault-controlled, U-shaped valley cut into mostly E- and S-dipping Ordovician-Silurian mudstones. Extensive drift. Glacial features

Afon Hesgyn
Partly fault-controlled, N-S U-shaped tributary valley dissecting mostly SE-dipping Ordovician (Llyn Conwy Fm) ash-flow tuffs, mudstones & siltstones. S limb of regional NE-SW antiform, and major NW-SE to N-S faults along valley floor & side. Extensive boulder clay in broad shallow valley floor and minor on lower slopes and tributary valleys, peat on higher slopes, and alluvium only in lower valley floor. Drumlins
Ordovician volcanic stratigraphy; glacial depositional features;
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 136 Bala (Provisional solid) 1986; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency, Sheet 15, North Wales Coast, 1998 ; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 20, Meirionnydd, 1997; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 23, Cadair Idris & Bala Lake, 2002
Partly fault controlled, N-S U-shaped tributary valley cut into mostly SE-dipping Ordovician mudstones and tuffs. NE-SW folds and faults. Extensive drift . Drumlims

Afon Gelyn
NE-SW fault-controlled, broad U-shaped valley cut into S-dipping Ordovician (Nant Hir Mudstone - Llyn Conwy Fms) acid tuffs, mudstones and siltstones. S limb of regional NE-SW antiform, NE-SW faults, NW-SE faults along valley floor and side. Extensive boulder clay in shallow valley slopes & floor, widespread peat on higher slopes.
Ordovician volcanic stratigraphy; glacial depositional features;
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 136 Bala (Provisional solid) 1986; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency, Sheet 15, North Wales Coast, 1998 ; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 20, Meirionnydd, 1997; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 18, Harlech, Porthmadog & Bala, 2002
NE-SW fault-controlled, broad U-shaped valley cut into S-dipping Ordovician tuffs and mudstones in NE-SW antiform. Extensive boulder clay and peat

Afon Tryweryn
E-W to NE-SW fault-controlled, open U-shaped Tryweryn valley with Llyn Celyn reservoir, dissected into E- and S-dipping Cambro-Ordovician (Ffestiniog Fm - Nant Hir Mudstone Fms) mudstones & siltstones with acid and basic tuffs intermediate intrusives & dolerite (Aran Volcanic Group). NE-SW antiform, and NE-SW, N-S and NW-SE faults. Extensive boulder clay in valley, peat on slopes, alluvium in valley floor. Drumlins on lower valley slopes. Disused quarries in W in volcanics. Llyn Arenig Fawr re
Active upland river or stream channel system. Artificial water bodies and channels. Other
U-shaped valley in Orodovician volcanics and sedimenatary succession
SSSIs Ceunant Aberderfel SH 850 395; Ffilltergerrig SH 818 373; Amnoff-Bwll stream section SH 806 367; Cambrian-Ordovician volcanic stratigraphy, glacial geomorphological features
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 136 Bala (Provisional solid) 1986;Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 20, Meirionnydd, 1997; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency, Sheet 15, North Wales Coast, 1998 ; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 18, Harlech, Porthmadog & Bala, 2002;
E-W to NE-SW fault controlled open U-shaped Tryweryn valley with Llyn Celyn reservoir, cut into E- and S-dipping Cambro-Ordovician sedimentary and volcanic succession. Extensive drift, Drumlins

Rhoswen
Broad valley slopes with extensive boulder clay cover, including lower Cynfal & Prysor valleys and Ceunant Llechrwd. Major N-S faults, including Trasfynedd Fault. Bedrock succession of N-dipping Cambrian (Ffestiniog-Dol-cyn-afon formations) sandstones, siltstones & mudstones.
SSSI Ceunant Cynfal SH700412; Cambrian of type area
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 135 Harlech (Solid and Drift) 1982; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheets; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheets; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution);
1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 20, Meirionnydd, 1997; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 18, Harlech, Porthmadog & Bala, 2002; Allen, P.M. and Jackson, A.A., 1985. Geology of the country around Harlech, Memoir of the British Geological Sur

Manod Bach
Upland slopes in quartz latite intrusion surrounded by N-dipping Ordovician (Nant Ffrancon Gp) mudstones/quarried slates and (Rhiw Bach Volcanic Fm) acid tuffs... Major N-S faults... Large slate quarries; including made ground...
Glacial mountain valley. Mineral workings. Engineered features and reclaimed / infilled land
Moraine. Coal / mineral spoil tips. Made ground
SSSI Ceunant Cynfal SH700412; Large quartz latite intrusion and surrounding aureole with slate quarries
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 119 Snowdon (Solid and Drift) 1997; 1:25 000 Geology Classical Areas Maps SH53, SH55, SH63 SH6 Central Snowdonia (Solid and Drift) 1972; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency, Sheet 15, North Wales Coast, 1998 ; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 18, Harlech, Porthmadog & Bala, 2002; How
Quartz latite intrusion surrounded by N-dipping Ordovician mudstones and slates, and tuffs... Major N-S faults... Large slate quarries, with made ground

Tan y Grisiau
Upland area of high ground formed by Ordovician Tan-y-grisiau microgranite intrusion, bounded to E by N-S major fault. Dissected by Afon Geiddol. Drift cover of boulder clay, peat & scree. Disused quarries & tips. Reservoir.
Glacial mountain valley. Mineral workings. Artificial water bodies and channels
? SSSI Tan y grisiau SH 683 453 (Grid Ref outside outcrop area); granite intrusion and aureole
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 119 Snowdon (Solid and Drift) 1997; 1:25 000 Geology Classical Areas Maps SH53, SH55, SH63 SH6 Central Snowdonia (Solid and Drift) 1972; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency, Sheet 15, North Wales Coast, 1998; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 18, Harlech, Porthmadog & Bala, 2002; How
Ordovician Tan-y-grisiau microgranite intrusion, bounded to E by N-S fault. Afon Geiddol valley, and reservoir. Drift cover

Capel Garmon
N-S fault-controlled U-shaped river valleys draining N & S, dissected into .N- & E-dipping Upper Ordovician-Silurian (Maerdy Mudstone - Denbigh Grits Fms) mudstones and siltstones, with thin sandstones. Major NW-SE to N-S faults, NE-SW folds. Extensive boulder clay in valley floors and lower slopes, with drumlins, and alluvium in valley floors; peat on higher ground.
Upland plateau. Active upland river or stream channel system. Other
U Ord -Sil plateau cut by two U-shaped river valleys
Glacial depositional features, e.g. drumlins; Ordovician-Silurian stratigraphy
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 106 Bangor (Solid) 1985; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 17, Snowdon and Conwy Valley, 2003; Howells, M.F. 1985. Geology of the country around Bangor. Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheet 106 (England and Wales), H.M.S.O., London.
N-S fault-controlled U-shaped valleys draining N and S in N-E dipping Ordovician-Silurian mudstones and siltstones. Extensive drift

Rowen
SE-flowing, partly fault-controlled Afon Tafolog - Roe, and NE-flowing, fault-controlled Gyffin valleys. dissected into S- and E-dipping Ordovician & Silurian (Cwm Eigiau Fm - Denbigh Grits Gp) Lower E-facing slopes and broad plain of S- & E-dipping Ordovician siltstones with acid and basic tuffs, overlain by thick succession of Upper Ordovician Silurian mudstones & thin sandstones. Major NW-SE (e.g. Tafolog, Roewen Faults), E-W (e.g. Anafon Fault) & N-S (e.g. Afon Gyffin Fault) faults. Exte
Upland plateau. Active upland river or stream channel system. Other
Ord-Sil plain dissected by two fault controlled river valleys
Glacial depositional features, e.g. drumlins; glacial channels; Ordovician-Silurian stratigraphy
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 94 Llandudno (Solid and Drift) 1989; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency, Sheet 15, North Wales Coast, 1998 ; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 17, Snowdon and Conwy Valley, 2003;
Lower E-facing slopes and broad plain S- & E-dipping in Ordovician-Silurian sedimentary/volcaniclastic succession, with NE- and SE-flowing U-shaped river valleys. Extensive drift on slopes and in valleys

Dolgarrog
E-facing steep scarp slope of main Conwy U-shaped valley cut by hanging valley mouths. N-, E- and S-dipping Ordovician (Crafnant Volcanic - Dolgarrog Volcanic Fms) dolerites, rhyolites, acid & basic tuffs, breccias, mudstones & siltstones. Regional NE-SW folds and faults. Boulder clay in valley mouths, moraine and head.
Upland valley slope. Active upland river or stream channel system. Ancient upland river / stream systems. Mountain glacial-erosion terrain
Moraine. Glacial U-shaped valley. Landslip (ancient). Glacial hanging valley
Steep W slope of Conwy U-shaped valley with classic glacial features; Ordovician volcanic stratigraphy
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 94 Llandudno (Solid and Drift) 1989; 1:25 000 Geology Classical Areas Maps SH 76 Dolgarrog (Solid and Drift) 1981; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency, Sheet 15, North Wales Coast, 1998 ; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 17, Snowdon and Conwy Valley, 2003;
E-facing steep scarp slope of main Conwy U-shaped valley, cut by hanging valley mouths, in Ordovician volcanic and sedimentary succession with NE-SW folds and faults

Conwy Mountain
Upland plateau in SE-dipping Ordovician (Conwy Rhyolite Formation) rhyolites and pyroclastic breccias, with sandstones. Major N-S (e.g. Penmaen Bach Fault) and NW-SE faults, and area bounded to N by E-W fault. Drift cover of boulder clay & head. Glacial drainage channels E-W across plateau. Disused quarries and made ground.
Upland area of volcanics, bounded to N by E-W fault
Ordovician volcanic stratigraphy; glacial drainage channels; SSSI Sychnant Pass SH748772 (?G)
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 94 Llandudno (Solid and Drift) 1989; 1:25 000 Geology Classical Areas Maps SH 76 Dolgarrog (Solid and Drift) 1981; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency, Sheet 15, North Wales Coast, 1998 ;
Area of high ground in SE-dipping rhyolites and sandstone, with drift cover; N-S and NW-SE faults. Glacial channels. Disused quarries

Llyn Cowlyd
SW-NE fault-controlled, U-shaped hanging valley in E-facing steep slopes of SE-dipping Ordovician (Cwm Eigiau Gp - Grinllwm Formation) acid and basic tuffs, rhyolites, basalts, siltstones, mudstones, and dolerites, overlain by U Ordovician slates & mudstones. Regional NE-SW folds, and major NE-SW to NNW-SSE faults. Volcanics form higher ground and cliffs in W. Head and scree on higher slopes of volcanics, extensive boulder clay on lower slopes, with peat and alluvium in valley floor. Llyn Cowl
Active upland river or stream channel system. Mineral workings. Artificial water bodies and channels. Other. Glacial mountain valley
Cwm/corrie. Glacial U-shaped valley. Glacial hanging valley
SSSI/GCR Y Carneddau SH 700 650; Glacial and periglacial features; Ordovician volcanic stratigraphy
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 94 Llandudno (Solid and Drift) 1989; 1:25 000 Geology Classical Areas Maps SH 76 Dolgarrog (Solid and Drift) 1981; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency, Sheet 15, North Wales Coast, 1998 ; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 17, Snowdon and Conwy Valley, 2003; Campbell, S. and Bowen, D.Q
SW-NE fault controlled, U-shaped hanging valley in E-facing steep slopes of SE-dipping Ordovician volcanic and sedimentary succession. Extensive drift

Cwm Eigiau
S W-NE partly fault-controlled, U-shaped hanging valley, with well-preserved cirques at head, in E-facing steep slopes of E-dipping Ordovician (Crafnant - Dolgarrog Volcanic Formations) thick dolerites, basalts, rhyolites, acid & basic tuffs, and siltstones. Regional NE-SW synform, with axis in valley, valley sides lithologically controlled. Extensive boulder clay on valley slopes & floor, with peat also widespread on lower slopes in upper valley. Major NE-SW to NNW-SSE faults, upper valley an
Active upland river or stream channel system. Mountain glacial-erosion terrain. Mineral workings. Artificial water bodies and channels. Other. Glacial mountain valley
Cwm/corrie. Glacial hanging valley. Coal / mineral spoil tips
Y Carneddau SH 700 650 glacial and periglacial features; Ordovician volcanic stratigraphy
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 94 Llandudno (Solid and Drift) 1989; 1:25 000 Geology Classical Areas Maps SH 76 Dolgarrog (Solid and Drift) 1981; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency, Sheet 15, North Wales Coast, 1998; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 17, Snowdon and Conwy Valley, 2003; Campbell, S. and Bowen, D.Q.
SW-NE partly fault controlled U-shaped hanging valley with well preserved cirques in E-facing steep slopes of E-dipping Ordovician volcanic and sedimentary succession. Extensive drift

Pant y Griafolen
NE-SW, partly fault controlled, U-shaped hanging valley in E-facing steep slopes of mainly E-dipping Ordovician (Llewellyn - Crafnant Volcanic Groups) rhyolites, basalts, dolerites, basic & acid tuffs, with siltstones & sandstones. Major NNE-SSW to NE-SW, and NW-SE faults. Area bounded to E by N-S to NW-SE Tal-y-Fan Fault. Extensive boulder clay in valley slopes & floor, with peat & head on upper slopes. Disused metalliferous quarries & shafts. Cirques with high reservoirs in floors (Dulyn & M
Active upland river or stream channel system. Mountain glacial-erosion terrain. Mineral workings. Other
Moraine. Cwm/corrie. Glacial U-shaped valley. Glacial hanging valley
Tal-y-llyn fault to E, Watershed to glacial valley in Ordovician volcanics
SSSI/GCR Y Carneddau SH 700 650; Ordovician volcanic stratigraphy, metalliferous mineralisation
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 106 Bangor (Solid) 1985; 1:25 000 Geology Classical Areas Maps SH 76 Dolgarrog (Solid and Drift) 1981; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheets; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheets; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency, Sheet 15, North Wales Coast, 1998 ; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 17, Snowdon and Conwy Valley, 2003; Howells, M.F. 1985. Geology of the count

Mynydd Deulyn
ault-controlled, NE-SW U-shaped valleys in steep slopes of E-dipping and regionally NE-SW folded Ordovician (Crafnant - Grinllwm Slates Fms) acid and basic tuffs, basalt, siltstones, sandstones and dolerites, overlain by mudstones and slates. Volcanics forming higher, western slopes, mudstones and slates in lower slopes. Major NE-SW faults controlling Crafnant and tributary Geirionydd valleys. Limited alluvium, and alluvial fans in valley floor, peat, head and scree in upper valleys; cirque
Active upland river or stream channel system. Mineral workings. Artificial water bodies and channels. Other. Glacial mountain valley
Cwm/corrie. Glacial U-shaped valley. Coal / mineral spoil tips
SSSI Cwm Crafnant SH739601; Ordovician volcanic stratigraphy, glacial geomorphology
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 106 Bangor (Solid) 1985; 1:25 000 Geology Classical Areas Maps SH 76 Dolgarrog (Solid and Drift) 1981; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency, Sheet 15, North Wales Coast, 1998; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 17, Snowdon and Conwy Valley, 2003; Howells, M.F. 1985. Geology of the coun
Fault-controlled, NE-SW U-shaped valleys in steep slopes of E-dipping and regionally NE-SW folded Ordovician volcanic and sedimentary succession

Llanrhychwyn
E-facing slopes of Conwy valley, cut by fault-controlled, E, NE & S draining valleys. Valleys dissected in E-dipping Ordovician (Crafnant Volcanic Group) acid and basic tuffs, dolerites, and siltstones, faulted against Ordovician (Grinllwm Slate Fm) mudstones & siltstones by major N-S Llyn y Parc Fault fault in V-shaped valley. Limited boulder clay, alluvium and moraine in valley floors. Disused quarries and mines (e.g. Hafna, Parc lead mine) and tips.
Moraine. Glacial U-shaped valley. Coal / mineral spoil tips
E-facing slopes in Crafnant Volcanic Fm and Grinllwym Slates
Ordovician volcanic stratigraphy; glacial U-shaped valleys with moraine, metalliferous mines
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 94 Llandudno (Solid and Drift) 1989; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 106 Bangor (Solid) 1985; 1:25 000 Geology Classical Areas Maps SH 76 Dolgarrog (Solid and Drift) 1981; 1:25 000 Geology Classical Areas Maps SH75 Capel Curig and Betws y Coed (Solid and Drift) 1976 ; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability
E-facing slopes of Conwy valley in E-dipping Ordovician volcanic and sedimentary succession faulted against Odovician mudstones,, cut by fault-controlled, E, NE & S draining valleys

Afon Llugwy
Broad, U-shaped E-W lower Llugwy valley, draining E, cut into mostly N- and E-dipping Ordovician (Carneddau Gp -Llanrhychwyn Slate Fm) dolerites, acid and basic tuffs, rhyolites, and mudstones, siltstones sandstones and slates. Regional N-S folds, with dip & scarp slope topography. Main valley partly fault-controlled (E-W), partly lithologically-controlled between volcaniclastics to N and mudstones to S of river. Major NE-SW to N-S faults. Boulder clay across mudstones & siltstones of lower we
Active upland river or stream channel system. Mineral workings. Other
Ordovician volcanics and U-shaped valley watershed
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 94 Llandudno (Solid and Drift) 1989; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 106 Bangor (Solid) 1985;; 1:25 000 Geology Classical Areas Maps SH75 Capel Curig and Betws y Coed (Solid and Drift) 1976; 1:25 000 Geology Classical Areas Maps SH 76 Dolgarrog (Solid and Drift) 1981; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability
Lower Llugwy valley, draining E, cut into mostly N- and E-dipping Ordovician volcanic and sedimentary succession, NE-SW to N-S faults. Extensive drift

Cwm Tal y Braich
Lower E- and S-facing slopes with cirque (Cwm Buchan) in broad U-shaped Afon Llugwy valley cut into N- and E-dipping Ordovician (Cwm Eigiau Fm - Crafnant Volcanic Gp) siltstones & slates, with rhyolitic tuffs & dolerites. Regional NE-SW synform & antiform. NNW-SSE fault controls valley side. Extensive boulder clay across lower slopes, peat & alluvium in valley floor.
Upland valley slope. Other. Glacial mountain valley
Crafnant volcanics in lower Llugwy N slopes
SSSI/GCR Y Carneddau SH 700 650 - glacial and periglacial features; Ordovician volcanic stratigraphy
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 94 Llandudno (Solid and Drift) 1989; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 106 Bangor (Solid) 1985; 1:25 000 Geology Classical Areas Maps SH77/78 Conwy (Solid and Drift) 1989;1:25 000 Geology Classical Areas Maps SH 76 Dolgarrog (Solid and Drift) 1981; 1:25 000 Geology Classical Areas Maps SH75 Capel Curig and Betws y Coed (Solid and Drift) 1976; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the
Lower slopes of broad U-shaped Afon Llugwy valley cut into N- and E-dipping Ordovician volcanic and sedimentary succession. Cirque, extensive drift cover

Dyffryn Mymbyr
Broad slopes of NE-SW U-shaped Nant Gwryd valley cut into folded Ordovician (Cwm Eigiau Fm - Capel Curig Volcanic Fm) siltstones, thin rhyolites & tuffs, dolerite & basalt. Regional NE-SW antiform, and associated major fault. Steep dip slopes on S of valley. Extensive cover of boulder clay on valley slopes, peat, and alluvium in valley floor. Head and scree on higher slopes.
U-shaped valley in Cwm Eigiau and Capel Curig Volcanic Fm
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 94 Llandudno (Solid and Drift) 1989;1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 106 Bangor (Solid) 1985; 1:25 000 Geology Classical Areas Maps SH77/78 Conwy (Solid and Drift) 1989; 1:25 000 Geology Classical Areas Maps SH 76 Dolgarrog (Solid and Drift) 1981; 1:25 000 Geology Classical Areas Maps SH75 Capel Curig and Betws y Coed (Solid and Drift) 1976; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the
Broad slopes of U-shaped Nant Gwryd valley cut into Ordovician volcanic and sedimentary succession in NE-SW antiform. Extensive drift

Duffryn Conwy
Broad flat floor & flood plain of N-S, fault-controlled Dyffryn Conwy U-shaped valley. Alluvium, alluvial fans at river mouths below hanging valleys, widespread terrace deposits, glacial sand and gravel, and boulder clay. Marine/estuarine alluvium towards river mouth. Small outcrops of disturbed Silurian shales SW of Tal y cafn. Major faults N-S, NW-SE (e.g. Pentre-felin, Eglwysbach), and NW-SE (e.g. Afon Ganol) controlling valley.
River channel (natural). Flood plain. River terrace. Alluvial fan (active). Alluvial fan (ancient). Glacial U-shaped valley
Mostly Recent alluvial deposits in glacial valley floor
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 94 Llandudno (Solid and Drift) 1989; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 106 Bangor (Solid) 1985; 1:25 000 Geology Classical Areas Maps SH77/78 Conwy (Solid and Drift) 1989; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency, Sheet 15, North Wales Coast, 1998 ; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 17, S
N-S, NW-SE (eg Pentre-felin, Eglwysbach), and NW-SE (eg Afon Ganol) controlling valley with alluvium, fans, terraces. Small outcrops of Silurian shales

Penycoed
N-facing slopes cut by U-shaped tributary valleys in S- & E-dipping Ordovician (Nant Ffrancon Group - Conwy Rhyolite Formation) mudstones and siltstones, overlain by rhyolites, breccias, and acid tuffs, with sandstones & siltstones. Volcanics form the higher, steeper slopes. Major NW-SE faults (e.g. Capelulo Fault). Valleys with extensive boulder clay, with drumlins, and head on higher slopes. Disused mine shafts.
Upland escarpment. Active upland river or stream channel system. Mineral workings. Artificial water bodies and channels
Slope. Scarp slope. Ridge. Drumlin / Drumlin field. Glacial U-shaped valley. Coal / mineral spoil tips
N-facing slopes in Ordovician siltstones and Conwy Rhyolite Fm
Conwy Rhyolite Fm stratigraphy, glacial freatures e.g. drumlins
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 94 Llandudno (Solid and Drift) 1989; 1:25 000 Geology Classical Areas Maps SH77/78 Conwy (Solid and Drift) 1989; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency, Sheet 15, North Wales Coast, 1998 ; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 17, Snowdon and Conwy Valley, 2003
N-facing slopes cut by U-shaped tributary valleys in S- & E-dipping Ordovician sedimentary and volcanic successions. NE-SW faults. Extensive drift

Penmaenmawr
Penmaen Mawr Ordovician intermediate intrusion forming upland plateau within Ordovician Nant Ffrancon Group siltstones. Scree and peat on slopes. Faults across southern edge of intrusion Extensive disused quarries and tips, with made ground, and lake in central area. {Only partly in SNP]
Mineral workings. Artificial water bodies and channels. Engineered features and reclaimed / infilled land
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 94 Llandudno (Solid and Drift) 1989; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency, Sheet 15, North Wales Coast, 1998 ; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 17, Snowdon and Conwy Valley, 2003
Ordovician intermediate intrusion (Penmaen Mawr) forming high ground (with Ordovician siltstones), faulted on S edge

Tal y Fan
Upland area & crags of E-& SE-facing slopes of upper Tafolog & Gyffin valleys in E- & S-dipping Ordovician (Conwy Rhyolite - Tal-y-Fan Volcanic Formations) rhyolites, acid & basic tuffs, breccias and dolerite intrusions, with siltstones and shales. Many NW-SE faults (e.g. Caer bach Fault), and bounded to S by major E-W Anafon Fault. Boulder clay widespread on slopes, with patches of head & peat. Tributary V-shaped valleys and disused metalliferous vein quarries and tips.
Dip slope. Glacial U-shaped valley. Coal / mineral spoil tips
S facing slopes of upper U-shaped valleys in Ordovician volcanics
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 94 Llandudno (Solid and Drift) 1989; 1:25 000 Geology Classical Areas Maps SH77/78 Conwy (Solid and Drift) 1989 ; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency, Sheet 15, North Wales Coast, 1998 ; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 17, Snowdon and Conwy Valley, 2003
High ground of E-&SE-facing slopes of upper Tafolog & Gyffin valleys in E- and S-dipping Ordovician volcanic/ sedementary succession, bounded to S by Anafon Fault. Extensive drift

Carneddau
High rocky upland with crags, dissected by U-shaped Nant-y-Benglog valley with cirque at head, in Ordovician (Capel Curig Volcanic Fm) acid tuffs, andesites, rhyolites, dolerites, and sandstones and siltstones. Regional NE-SW folds, NE-SW and E-W faults, with sharp ridges of resistant acid tuffs. Head, screes & moraine on valley slopes, boulder clay in valley, alluvium and alluvial fan at valley mouth.
Active upland river or stream channel system. Ancient upland river / stream systems. Glacial mountain valley. Artificial water bodies and channels
Moraine. Alluvial fan (active). Cwm/corrie. Glacial U-shaped valley
Ordovician Capel Curig Volcanic Fm in U-shaped valley
SSSIs Glydeiriau and Cwm Idwal SH 640 590, Carneddau SH696657; Glacial and periglacial features, Ordovician volcanic stratigraphy
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 106 Bangor (Solid) 1985; 1:25 000 Geology Classical Areas Maps SH75 Capel Curig and Betws y Coed (Solid and Drift) 1976 ; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency, Sheet 15, North Wales Coast, 1998 ; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 17, Snowdon and Conwy Valley, 2003; Howells, M.F. 1985.
High ground and crags in Ordovician volcanic and sedimentary succession folded and faulted NE-SW, with U-shaped Nant-y-Benglog valley, extensive drift

Glyder Fach
High rocky upland with crags, dissected by U-shaped Nant-y-Benglog valley with cirque at head, in Ordovician (Capel Curig Volcanic Fm) acid tuffs, andesites, rhyolites, dolerites, and sandstones and siltstones. Regional NE-SW folds, NE-SW and E-W faults, with sharp ridges of resistant acid tuffs. Head, screes & moraine on valley slopes, boulder clay in valley, alluvium and alluvial fan at valley mouth.
Active upland river or stream channel system. Glacial mountain valley. Artificial water bodies and channels
SSSIs Glydeiriau and Cwm Idwal SH 640 590; Glacial and periglacial features; Ordovician volcanic stratigraphy
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 106 Bangor (Solid) 1985; 1:25 000 Geology Classical Areas Maps SH75 Capel Curig and Betws y Coed (Solid and Drift) 1976; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency, Sheet 15, North Wales Coast, 1998 ; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 17, Snowdon and Conwy Valley, 2003; Howells, M.F. 1985. G
High crags of upper Nant Gwryd valley cut into S-dipping Ordovician volcanic/volcaniclastic succession, with tributary V-shaped valleys

Gault yr Ogof
High W crags in N-facing steep slope of Llugwy valley, dissected in E-dipping Ordovician (Capel Curig Volcanic Formation) rhyolites, acid tuffs, sandstones and siltstones, & dolerite. S limb of regional NE-SW antiform. NE-facing well-preserved cirque at head of cwm, with slopes covered by moraine, peat, scree and boulder clay.
Capel Curig Volcaninc Fm in N-facing slope of Llugwy valley
Ordovician volcanic stragraphy, classic glacial and periglacial features
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 106 Bangor (Solid) 1985; 1:25 000 Geology Classical Areas Maps SH75 Capel Curig and Betws y Coed (Solid and Drift) 1976 ; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency, Sheet 15, North Wales Coast, 1998 ; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 17, Snowdon and Conwy Valley, 2003; Howells, M.F. 1985.

Braich Ty Du
Steep high and craggy ridge of SE-dipping Ordovician (Llewellyn Volcaanic Gp) acid and basic tuffs, basalt, rhyolite, dolerite and sandstones, at head of Nant Ffrancon U-shaped valley. N limb of regional NE-SW syncline. Steep and deep sides to valley, moraine, scree on slopes; alluvial fans, boulder clay and alluvium at foot of slope in valley floor.
SSSI Glydeiriau and Cwm Idwal SH 640 590, Carneddau SH696657; Ordovician volcanic stratigraphy, classic glacial and periglacial features
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 106 Bangor (Solid) 1985; 1:25 000 Geology Classical Areas Maps SH65/66 Passes of Nant Ffrancon and Llanberis (Solid and Drift) 1985; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency, Sheet 15, North Wales Coast, 1998 ; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 17, Snowdon and Conwy Valley, 2003; Howells,
Steep ridge of SE-dipping Ordovician volcanic/sedimentary succession at head of U-shaped Nant Ffrancon valley. Extensive drift

Llanberis Pass
High upland crags with cirques in Ordovician (Snowdon Volcanic Group) acid and basic tuffs, breccias & basalts, folded into regional NE-SW synform. V- to U-shaped Llyn Peris fault-controlled NW-SE valley cut through volcanics. Alluvium and alluvial fans in valley floor. Moraine particularly along S slopes, widespread head, scree, and boulder clay.
Active upland river or stream channel system. Glacial mountain valley. Other
Moraine. Arete. Cwm/corrie. Glacial U-shaped valley
SSSIs Glyderau and Cwm Idwal SH 640 590, Snowdon - glacial and periglacial features ; Ordovician volcanic stratigraphy
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 119 Snowdon (Solid and Drift) 1997; 1:25 000 Geology Classical Areas Maps SH53, SH55, SH63 SH6 Central Snowdonia (Solid and Drift) 1972; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency, Sheet 15, North Wales Coast, 1998 ; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 17, Snowdon and Conwy Valley, 2003; Howel

Y Llymllwyd
High upland area of microgranite intrusion with metamorphic aureole in S-dipping Ordovician (Nant Ffrancon Gp - Llewellyn Volcanic Gp) siltstones and mudstones, rhyolite, basalt, basic and acid tuffs, and dolerite. Intrusion straddles watershed of Nant Peris & Nant Ffrancon valleys, forming steep cliff line to Nant Ffrancon valley towards E, with cirque in ridge. Intrusion and aureole covered by moraine and alluvial fans on N slopes, moraine also across S slopes, widespread head & scree, peat
Active upland river or stream channel system. Ancient upland river / stream systems. Glacial mountain valley
Ridge. Moraine. Cwm/corrie. Glacial U-shaped valley
SSSIs Glydeiriau and Cwm Idwal SH 640 590; glacial and periglacial features; Ordovician intrusion; , SSSI Snowdon (Yr Wyddfa) SH621535
:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 106 Bangor (Solid) 1985; 1:25 000 Geology Classical Areas Maps SH55/56 Llyn Padarn (Solid and Drift) 1988; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;1997; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency, Sheet 15, North Wales Coast, 1998 ; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 14, Anglesey. 1990; 1:25 000
High ground of microgranite intrusion with metamorphic aureole in S-dipping Ordovician sedimentary/volcanic succession. Moraine and boulder clay

Nant y Betws
Steep U-shaped Afon Gwyrfai valley, draining NW, cut into S-dipping and regionally NE-SW-folded Cambro-Ordovician (Marchllyn Fm- Nant Ffrancon Gp) mudstones, siltstones and sandstones, with dolerite intrusions. Major NE-SW faults. Steep valley sides, with alluvium and alluvial fans in valley floor. Thick boulder clay, peat & moraine on SE valley slopes. Disused quarries & tips, mine shafts (Betws Garmon), with made ground.
Moraine. Glacial U-shaped valley. Coal / mineral spoil tips. Made ground
SSSI Clogwynygarreg SH 560 538 - Late glacial pollen site in lake basin in metlwater channel; SSSI Snowdon (Yr Wyddfa) SH621535; Glacial and periglacial geomorphology, Cambrian-Ordovician stratigraphy
:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 106 Bangor (Solid) 1985; 1:25 000 Geology Classical Areas Maps SH66/67 Bethesda and Foel Fras (Solid and Drift) 1986; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;
1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 14, Anglesey. 1990 ; 1:25 000 Geology Classical Areas Maps SH55/56 Llyn Padarn (Solid and Drift) 1988; Howells, M.F. and
Steep U-shaped Afon Gwyrfai valley draining NW in S-dipping, NE-SW-folded Cambro-Ordovician mudstones/siltstones. Extensive boulder clay

Mynydd Mawr
Large circular microgranite intrusion, with dykes, forming high upland area with cliffs and a N-facing cirque, High ground covered with scree, head and boulder clay. Moraine in NE-trending valley on E side, and across slopes to W and N of intrusion. Metalliferous veins in granite (pyrite, magnetite, fluorite, lead).
Upland plateau. Glacial mountain valley. Mineral workings
Moraine. Cwm/corrie. Glacial U-shaped valley. Coal / mineral spoil tips
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 119 Snowdon (Solid and Drift) 1997; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;1:25 000 Geology Classical Areas Maps SH55/56 Llyn Padarn (Solid and Drift) 1988; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 14, Anglesey. 1990; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 17, Snowdon and Conwy Valley, 2003; Howells, M.F. and Smith, M. 1997. G
Large circular microgranite intrusion forming high ground with cliffs, N facing cirque. Scree, head on higher slopes, moraine in valley, W & N slopes

Snowdon
High cliffs, steep slopes and crags (forming spectacular scenery) of Snowdon at head of Nant-y-Betws U-shaped valley, in Ordovician (Snowdon Volcanic Group) rhyolites, basalts, breccias, acid and basic tuffs, dolerites and siltstones.Regional NE-SW synform, NE-SW faults. High cliff lines & crags, aretes, steep slopes, well preserved cirque (Cwm Clogwyn). Widespread hummocky moraine, head and scree, peat and boulder clay.
Active upland river or stream channel system. Ancient upland river / stream systems. Glacial mountain valley
Ridge. Moraine. Arete. Cwm/corrie. Glacial U-shaped valley
SSSI/GCR Snowdon (Yr Wyddfa) ; Glacial and periglacial features; Ordovician volcanic stratigraphy
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 119 Snowdon (Solid and Drift) 1997; 1:25 000 Geology Classical Areas Maps SH53, SH55, SH63 SH6 Central Snowdonia (Solid and Drift) 1972; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency, Sheet 15, North Wales Coast, 1998 ; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 17, Snowdon and Conwy Valley, 2003; Howel
High steep slopes, cliffs and crags of Snowdon in Nant-y-Betws U-shaped valley. Ordovician volcanics and siltstones in NE-SW synform; cirque and moraine

Rhobell Fawr
High upland plateau in W- and E-dipping Ordovician Rhobell Fawr Volcanic Group basalts & breccias, with little drift cover. Major N-S faults, and bounded to W by faults against intermediate intrusion. Dolerite with E-dipping sandstones (Garth Grit Fm) in basalts. Small inlier of Cambrian (Ffestiniog Fm) mudstones and siltstones within main body of volcanics.
Rhobell Fawr volcanics; bounded by faults to W
Type area for Tremadoc volcanics and stratigraphy
:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 135 Harlech (Solid and Drift) 1982; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 136 Bala (Provisional solid) 1986; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 20, Meirionnydd, 1997; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 23, Cadair Idris & Bala Lake, 2002; Allen, P.M. and Jackson, A.A., 1985. Geology
Ordovician basalts & breccias forming high ground with little drift cover. Major N-S faults, faulted to W against intrusion. Cambrian inlier in volcanics

Waen Blaen Lliw
Upper Lliw valley & drift covered shallow SE-facing slopes of Dyfrdwy valley in E-dipping and N-S folded Cambrian (Maentwrog - Dol cyn afon Fms) mudstones and siltstones, with intermediate and dolerite intrusions in W. Many NW-SE faults. Widespread boulder clay and peat on lower slopes, and alluvium in valley floor.
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 136 Bala (Provisional solid) 1986; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 20, Meirionnydd, 1997; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 18, Harlech, Porthmadog & Bala, 2002; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 23, Cadair Idris & Bala Lake, 2002
Upper Lliw valley & shallow SE-facing slopes of U-shaped Dyfrdwy valley in folded Cambrian mudstones. Widespread boulder clay on lower slopes

Pennant Lliw
Steep SE-facing upper slopes of Dyfrdwy-Bala U-shaped valley N of Bala Fault, in E-dipping Cambro-Ordovician (Dol-cyn afon Fm - Aran Volcanic Group) mudstone/siltstone succession, overlain by acid and basic tuffs, basalts, intermediate intrusions and dolerites, with interbedded sediments. N-S regional folds. Many ENE-WSW, and N-S to NE-SW faults (including Bala Fault). Fairly widespread boulder clay on lower slopes and alluvium in tributary valley floors, patchy peat and scree on higher slopes
Upland valley slope. Active upland river or stream channel system. Other
N slopes of Bala valley in Dol-cyn
-afon Fm - Aran Volcanic Gp
Cambrian-Ordovician volcanic stratigraphy; Bala fault controlled valley
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 136 Bala (Provisional solid) 1986;Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 20, Meirionnydd, 1997; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 18, Harlech, Porthmadog & Bala, 2002; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 23, Cadair Idris & Bala Lake, 2002;
Steep upper slopes of Dyfrdwy-Bala U-shaped valley N of Bala Fault, in E-dipping Cambro-Ordovician sediments and volcanics. Widespread boulder clay on lower slopes

Bryn y Ddraenen
pper N-facing steep slopes of NE-SW fault-controlled Dyfrdwy valley, S of Bala Fault, forming N-S steep E-facing cliff scarp against overlying mudstones (SNPGL103). E-dipping Cambro-Ordovician (Dol cyn afon Fm - Aran Volcanic Group) mudstones and siltstones with dolerite intrusions, overlain by acid and basic tuffs, tuffites, rhyolites and dolerites, with siltstones. Many NE-SW faults, offsetting cliff line. Widespread boulder clay and peat on valley slopes, tributary V-shaped valleys. NE-SW
Upland escarpment. Upland valley slope. Active upland river or stream channel system. Other
Dol-cyn-afon Fm - Aran Volcanic Gp E-facing escarpment
in N-facing slopes of Bala valley
Cambrian - Ordovician volcanic stratigraphy; fault controlled Bala valley
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 136 Bala (Provisional solid) 1986; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 20, Meirionnydd, 1997; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 23, Cadair Idris & Bala Lake, 2002

Bala
S-facing broad slopes N of Bala Fault in fault-controlled U-shaped valley, cut into E- and S-dipping Ordovician (Aran Volcanic Group - Allt Ddu Mudstone Fms) acid tuffs and tuffites, overlain by mudstones and siltstones. Widespread boulder clay on slopes of Llafar and other tributary valleys draining into main Dyfrdwy valley, with patches of peat and head on higher slopes. Alluvium in broad floor of Llafar valley. Major NE-SW Bala Fault along main, straight valley. Drumlins and glacial meltwat
Upland valley slope. Active upland river or stream channel system. Other
Dip slope. Drumlin / Drumlin field. Glacial U-shaped valley
N slopes of Bala valley in Aran Volcanic Gp - Allt Ddu mudstones
Ordovician volcanic stratigraphy and type area; Bala fault controlled valley
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 136 Bala (Provisional solid) 1986; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 20, Meirionnydd, 1997; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 23, Cadair Idris & Bala Lake, 2002;

Foel y Geifr
High SE-facing slopes at head of Vyrnwy valley, dissected by U-shaped Afon Nadroedd valley and tributary cwms E-dipping Ordovician-Silurian (Allt Ddu Mudstone Fm - Denbigh Grits Gp) mudstones and siltstones, with thin acid tuffs, in W limb of regional synform. E-W faults. Widespread peat and head on slopes, some boulder clay in W, and alluvium in valley floor.
Upland valley slope. Upland plateau. Active upland river or stream channel system
Watersheds at head of Vyrnwy U-shaped valley
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 136 Bala (Provisional solid) 1986; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 20, Meirionnydd, 1997; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 23, Cadair Idris & Bala Lake, 2002

Upper Dyfi
Broad S-facing slopes of upper Dyfi valley with steep, deeply incised U-shaped Dyfi and Cywarch valleys in E-dipping, regionally N-S folded Ordovician-Silurian (Nant Hir Mudstone Fm - Denbigh Grits Gp) mudstones and siltstones, with some sandstones. Both valleys have cirques preserved at heads both to E & W. Boulder clay on lower slopes in upper valleys, with alluvial fans and alluvium in valley floors. Head, scree and peat on higher slopes. N-S faults partly controlling a tributary valley.
Upland valley slope. Upland plateau. Active upland river or stream channel system
SSSI Berwyns SJ186802, Ordovian-Silurian stratigraphy, glacial erosional features (cirques)
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 136 Bala (Provisional solid) 1986; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 20, Meirionnydd, 1997; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 23, Cadair Idris & Bala Lake, 2002

Glasgwm
High ground with steep cliffs at head of Cwm Cywarch, on W side of S-facing slopes of U-shaped Dyfi valley. E-dipping Ordovician (Aran Volcanic Group) acid tuffites, tuffs, rhyyolites, and dolerites, with some siltstones and sandstones. NW-SE and E-W faults. Head and scree on high ground, with some boulder clay in top of cwms. Well-preserved cirques at head of Cwm Cywarch.
Upland escarpment. Upland valley slope. Upland plateau
Cliffs and cirques in Aran Volcanic Gp at head of Dyfi valley
SSSI Berwyns SJ186802, Ordovician volcanic stratigraphy, glacial erosional features (cirques)
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 136 Bala (Provisional solid) 1986; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 20, Meirionnydd, 1997; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 23, Cadair Idris & Bala Lake, 2002

Bala Lake
Main alluvial deposits of Bala Lake along NE-SW (Bala Fault) fault-controlled U-shaped Dyfrdwy valley. Alluvium, terraced sands, peat and boulder clay.
Recent drift deposits in fault controlled valley lake
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 136 Bala (Provisional solid) 1986; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheets; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheets; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 20, Meirionnydd, 1997; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 23, Cadair Idris & Bala Lake, 2002

Coed y Brenin
NW-facing slopes with V-shaped tributary valleys (cwms) into Afon Wnion fault-controlled valley (NE-SW Bala Fault lineament). Mainly SE-dipping Cambrian (Ffestiniog -Dol cyn afon Fms) mudstones and siltstones, with dolerites, and large rhyolite intrusion forming high ground feature of Foel Ddu. Regional N-S antiform, many N-S faults. Boulder clay widespread on lower slopes, with peat higher on slopes.
NW facing slopes of Wnion valley in Cambrian
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 136 Bala (Provisional solid) 1986; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheets; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheets; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 20, Meirionnydd, 1997; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 23, Cadair Idris & Bala Lake, 2002

Moel Rhiwen
Wide plain dissected by U-shaped Ogwen & Peris valley mouths in SE-dipping Cambrian (Fachwen - Marchllyn Fms) basalt, conglomerates and sandstones, to mudstones. Regional NE-SW folds, and major NE-SW faults.Fault-bounded to N across much of area (Aberdinlle Fault), and S boundary also faulted. Small areas of overlying Ordovician (Nant Ffrancon Gp) mudstones in fold cores in NE. Mouths of valleys open into wide plain, covered by extensive boulder clay. Glacial sand & gravel in valley slopes, a
Alluvial fan (active). Alluvial fan (ancient). Glacial U-shaped valley. Coal / mineral spoil tips
Faulted to N (Aberdinnle F) and across much of south. Plain in Cambrian succession across valley mouths.
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 106 Bangor (Solid) 1985; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheets; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheets; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 14, Anglesey. 1990.; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 17, Snowdon and Conwy Valley, 2003; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 254, Lleyn Peninsula East, 2002; Howells, M.F. 1985. Geology of the country around Bangor. Memoir

Talybont
S-dipping Ordovician (Nant Ffrancon Group mudstones & siltstones, dissected by river mouths and floodplains Bounded to S across wide area by NE-SW Aberdinlle Fault. Glacial sand & gravel deposits at valley mouths onto coastal plain; alluvial cones, alluvium along river valleys.
Flood plain. Alluvial fan (active). Alluvial fan (ancient). River channel (natural)
Coastal plain N of Aberdinnle fault, in Ordovician mudstones
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 106 Bangor (Solid) 1985; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheets; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheets; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 14, Anglesey. 1990.; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 17, Snowdon and Conwy Valley, 2003; Howells, M.F. 1985. Geology of the country around Bangor. Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheet 106 (England and Wales)

Y Lliwedd
High volcanic mountains of NNR and upper Afon Glaslyn NE-SW U-shaped fault-controlled valley in NE-SW folded Ordovician (Cwm Eigiau Fm - Snowdon Volcanic Group) acid and basic tuffs, rhyolites, basalts, breccias, dolerites, with siltstones & sandstones. Major NE-SW faults. Widespread head, with peat, boulder clay & moraine on slopes, alluvial cones and alluvium in steep sided river valley with lakes. Cliffs at valley head, iwth large E-facing ciirque, aretes. High upland lakes & reservoir. Met
Active upland river or stream channel system. Glacial mountain valley. Mineral workings. Other
Flood plain. Arete. Cwm/corrie. Glacial U-shaped valley. Glacial hanging valley. Coal / mineral spoil tips
Upper Glaslyn valley in Snowdon Volcanic Gp
SSSI Yr Wyddfa SH 625 540; Quaternary glacial and periglacial features; disused metalliferous mines; Ordovician volcanic stratigraphy
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 119 Snowdon (Solid and Drift) 1997; 1:25 000 Geology Classical Areas Maps SH53, SH55, SH63 SH6 Central Snowdonia (Solid and Drift) 1972; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheets; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheets; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency, Sheet 15, North Wales Coast, 1998; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 17, Snowdon and Conwy Valley, 2003; Howells

Marchllyn Mawr
N-facing slope from high ground of Elidir Fawr, with well-preserved cirque at head of U-shaped hanging valley with moraine. Dissected in S-dipping Cambro-Ordovician (Bronllwyd Grit - Nant Ffrancon Fms) slates, mudstones & sandstone turbidites, and siltstones. Mostly N limb of regional NE-SW antiform, and major NE-SW faults. Head, peat & scree on higher slopes, boulder clay on lower shallower slopes, some alluvium. Large Marchlyn Mawr (upper pumped storage) reservoir in upper valley. Lower val
Upland valley slope. Active upland river or stream channel system. Mountain glacial-erosion terrain. Artificial water bodies and channels
Moraine. Cwm/corrie. Glacial U-shaped valley. Glacial hanging valley
N-facing slope below Elidir Fawr in Cambro-Ordovician
SSSIs Glydeiriau and Cwm Idwal SH 640 590; Glacial geomorphology, Ordovician stratigraphy
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 106 Bangor (Solid) 1985; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 119 Snowdon (Solid and Drift) 1997; 1:25 000 Geology Classical Areas Maps SH65/66 Passes of Nant Ffrancon and Llanberis (Solid and Drift) 1985; 1:25 000 Geology Classical Areas Maps SH53, SH55, SH63 SH6 Central Snowdonia (Solid and Drift) 1972; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheets; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheets; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:10

Carnydd Llewellyn
High NW-facing slopes of m ountain area with crags in S-dipping Ordovician (Llewellyn Vocanic Group) basalts, rhyolites, tuffs, breccias & dolerites, with siltstones and sandstones. Cliffs and well preserved cirques at head of Afon Caseg U-shaped valley. E-W and NE-SW faults. Head on high ground, peat and moraine in top of valley. Scree on slopes.
Upland valley slope. Active upland river or stream channel system. Glacial mountain valley
Scarp slope. Ridge. Moraine. Cwm/corrie. Glacial U-shaped valley. Patterned ground. Scarp
Volcanic succession at head of Afon C
aseg
Y Carneddau SH 696 657 - Glacial and periglacial landforms; Ordovician volcanic stratigraphy
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 119 Snowdon (Solid and Drift) 1997; 1:25 000 Geology Classical Areas Maps SH65/66 Passes of Nant Ffrancon and Llanberis (Solid and Drift) 1985; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheets; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheets; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency, Sheet 15, North Wales Coast, 1998 ; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 17, Snowdon and Conwy Valley, 2003;

Cwm Pen Hafar
N- and W-facing slopes of Afon Caseg and Llafar U-shaped river valleys cut into S-dipping Cambro-Ordovician (Llanberis Slates Fm - Nant Ffrancon Gp) sandstones & slates, siltstones, mudstones and ironstones. Extensive head, moraine, and scree on higher slopes, alluvial cones, then boulder clay and peat on lower shallower slopes, and patches of alluvium in valley floor. Well preserved cirque (Cwm Caseg). Disused slate quarry E of Bethesda.
Active upland river or stream channel system. Ancient upland river / stream systems. Mountain glacial-erosion terrain
Scarp slope. Moraine. Cwm/corrie. Glacial U-shaped valley
U-shaped valley in Cambro-Ordovician slate/siltstone succession
SSSI Y Carneddau SH 696 657 - glacial and periglacial features; Ordovician stratigraphy
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 106 Bangor (Solid) 1985; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 119 Snowdon (Solid and Drift) 1997; 1:25 000 Geology Classical Areas Maps SH65/66 Passes of Nant Ffrancon and Llanberis (Solid and Drift) 1985; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheets; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheets; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency, Sheet 15, North Wales Coast, 1998 ; 1:25 00

Afon Ffydlas
NE-SW fault-controlled V-shaped valley dissected into SE-dipping Cambro-Ordovician (Bronllwyd Grit Fm - Nant Ffrancon Gp) sandstones, mudstones & siltstones. Regional NE-SW antiform, major NE-SW faults. Minor intermediate intrusions. Extensive boulder clay on lower slopes, head on higher north-facing steep slopes. Disused quarries in granite.
? - Edge of SSSI Y Carneddau SH 696 657 - glacial/periglacial features; Cambrian stratigraphy
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 106 Bangor (Solid) 1985; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 119 Snowdon (Solid and Drift) 1997; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheets; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheets; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 14, Anglesey. 1990.; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency, Sheet 15, North Wales Coast, 1998 ; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sh

Drosgl
Intrusive intermediate (rhyodacite) igneous body forming high plateau, dissected by steep sided S-facing Rheadr Fawr U- to V-shaped river valley. Extensive head on high slopes, moraine in sides of upper valley, with alluvium in floor.
SSSI Y Carneddau SH 696 657 - glacial and periglacial features; Ordovician stratigraphy
:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 106 Bangor (Solid) 1985; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 119 Snowdon (Solid and Drift) 1997; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheets; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheets; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution; ); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 14, Anglesey. 1990.; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency, Sheet 15, North Wales Coast, 1998; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map

Yr Aryg
High slopes and crags in N-dipping Ordovician siltsones (Nant Ffrancon Fm) and andesites, intermediate intrusions, breccias and rhyolites (Foel Fras Volcanic Complex (Llewellyn Volcanic Gp)), dissected by V- to U-shaped N-facing Rheadr Fawr valley. Moraine in valley floor. Widespread cover of head, scree & peat over volcanics.
Upland valley slope. Active upland river or stream channel system. Mountain glacial-erosion terrain
SSSI Y Carneddau SH 696 657 - glacial and periglacial features; Ordovician volcanic stratigraphy
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 106 Bangor (Solid) 1985; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 119 Snowdon (Solid and Drift) 1997; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheets; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheets; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency, Sheet 15, North Wales Coast, 1998 ; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 14, Anglesey. 1990.; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sh

Afon Anafon
Anafon & Rheadr Fawr V-to U-shaped valleys, joining Aber, cut into S-dipping Cambro- Ordovician (Marchllyn - Conwy Rhyolite Fms) sandstones, siltstones & mudstones, with rhyolites, tuffs & andesites in upper valleys. Major NE-SW faults, and NW-SE fault controlling Anafon valley. SNPGL117 & 118 form parts of upper Rheadr Fawr valley. Extensive head on higher slopes, with areas of moraine in valleys. Boulder clay and peat across lower slopes. Glacial sand/gravel and alluvium in valley lower slop
Scarp slope. Moraine. Glacial U-shaped valley
Lower glacial valleys in Ordovician sedimetary/volcanic succession
SSSI Y Carneddau SH 696 657 -glacial and periglacial features; Ordovician volcanic stratigraphy
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 106 Bangor (Solid) 1985; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 119 Snowdon (Solid and Drift) 1997; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency, Sheet 15, North Wales Coast, 1998 ; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheets; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheets; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 17, Snowdon and Conwy Valley, 2003; Howells, M.F. 1985. Geology of the country aroun

Nanmo
NE-SW fault-controlled Nanmor valley with tributary hanging valleys, in NW- and SE-dipping Ordovician (Cwm Eigiau Fm - Snowdon Volcanic Gp) acid and basic tuffs, rhyolites, dolerites, siltstones and sandstones. Regional NE-SW folds, with volcanics in synclinal axes, Nanmor Fault along V-shaped valley.Some alluvium in narrow main valley floor, head, scree and boulder clay on slopes. Disused metalliferous vein mines, quarries and tips, e.g. Cwm Bychan - copper and zinc.
Active upland river or stream channel system. Mineral workings. Other
Glacial U-shaped valley. Glacial hanging valley. Coal / mineral spoil tips
Ordovician volcanic stratigraphy; glacial features; metalliferous mines
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 119 Snowdon (Solid and Drift) 1997; 1:25 000 Geology Classical Areas Maps SH53, SH55, SH63 SH6 Central Snowdonia (Solid and Drift) 1972; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheets; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheets; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 20, Meirionnydd, 1997; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 17, Snowdon and Conwy Valley, 2003; 1:25 000 OS Ex

Dolgellau
N-facing steep slopes of Wnion-Mawddach U-shaped valley, with tributary rivers (including Clywedog) in U- & V-shaped valleys, in SE-dipping Cambrian siltstones & mudstones and Ordovician Aran Volcanic Group basalts, tuffs, dolerites, microgranites, & siltstones. Many faults, including major NE-SW Ceunant & Tal-y-Llyn Faults. Boulder clay extensive in broad Clywedog valley floor, & alluvium, moraine, boulder clay, peat, head, scree on slopes. Adits and disused metalliferous vein mines.
SSSIs Llyn Gwernan SH 703 159; Cadair Idris SH 570 821; Ordovician volcanic stratigraphy
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 135 Harlech (Solid and Drift) 1982; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 149 Cadair Idris (Solid and Drift) 1995; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 136 Bala (Provisional solid) 1986; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 20, Meirionnydd, 1997; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 23, Cadair Idris & Bala Lake, 2002; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheets; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheets; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital te

Foel Cae’rberllan
Steep S slopes of fault-controlled NE-SW U-shaped Dysynni valley, in SE-dipping Ordovician mudstones (Ty'r Garwen Mudstone - Ceiswyn Mudstone Fms). Regional NE-SW to N-S folds, NE-SW faults. Tributary steep V- to U-shaped (e.g. Waun Rhiw rogof) valleys, with peat, boulder clay, alluvial fans and alluvium in floors. Head along steep lower slope of main valley, and alluvial fans from tributaries. Little drift on higher slopes. Disused slate quarries, e.g. Perfeddnant.
Upland valley slope. Active upland river or stream channel system. Mineral workings. Other
S slopes of fault controlled valley in Ordovician mudstones
Edge of Cadair Idris SH 570 821; Fault controlled glacial valley; Ordovician stratigraphy
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 149 Cadair Idris (Solid and Drift) 1995; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheets; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheets; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution);
1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 20, Meirionnydd, 1997; Pratt, W.T., Woodhall, D.G. and Howells, M.F., 1995. Geology of the country around Cadair Idris. Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheet 149 (England and Wales), H.M.S.O

Corris Uchaf
NW-SE V- to U-shaped, steep sided tributary valleys to Afon Dulas, with minor valleys, in SE-dipping Ordovician (Ceiswyn Mudstone - Garnedd Wen Fms) mudstones and siltstones, with muddy turbidites and thin sandstones. Regional N-S antiform with axis in W valley, which is partly fault-controlled. Head, boulder clay, alluvial fans, glacial sand and gravel , and alluvium in valley floors; little drift on higher slopes. Many disused slate mines (e.g. Aberllefenni), quarries, tips - Corris slate be
Active upland river or stream channel system. Ancient upland river / stream systems. Mineral workings. Other
Cwm/corrie. Glacial U-shaped valley. Coal / mineral spoil tips
Upper Dulas U-shaped valley in Orodovician mudstones/slates
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 149 Cadair Idris (Solid and Drift) 1995;1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheets; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheets; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution);
1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 20, Meirionnydd, 1997; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 23, Cadair Idris & Bala Lake, 2002; Pratt, W.T., Woodhall, D.G. and Howells, M.F., 1995. Geology of the country around Cadair Idris. Memoir of the

Cwm Ratgoed
S-facing slopes with steep-sided V- to U-shaped valley cut into SE-dipping Ordovician (Ceiswyn Mudstone Fm) mudstones, siltstones, sandstones and mud-turbidites. Drift largely in valley floor, with alluvium, glacial sand & gravel, head and peat. Cirques at head of valley and its S-facing tributaries. Disused slate quarries, mines and tips in lower valley outside National Park.
Cwm/corrie. Glacial U-shaped valley. Coal / mineral spoil tips
U-shaped valley with cirques in Ordovician slate belt
Glacial features in U-shaped valley; (slate mines), Ordovician stratigraphy
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 149 Cadair Idris (Solid and Drift) 1995;1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheets; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheets; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution);
1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 20, Meirionnydd, 1997; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 23, Cadair Idris & Bala Lake, 2002; Pratt, W.T., Woodhall, D.G. and Howells, M.F., 1995. Geology of the country around Cadair Idris. Memoir of the

Moelfryn
NE-facing slopes S of Bala Fault and lake, cut by steep-sided U-shaped Cwm Hirnant and tributaries, in E-dipping succession of Ordovician-Silurian (Glyn Gower Siltstone - Denbigh Grit Fms) mudstones and siltstones, with some thin acid tuffs and limestone (Rhiwlas Lst). W limb of major N-S regional synform. NW-SE faults, with lower Hirnant valley fault-controlled. Widespread boulder clay over broad lower slopes and in valleys, with peat and head on higher slopes. E-W glacial meltwater channels
S slopes of Bala valley in Ordovician-Silurian
SSSIs Chwarel Cwm Himant SH 951 296; Chwarell Gelli-grin SH 944 339; Berwyns SJ186802; Ordovician-Silurian stratigraphy
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 136 Bala (Provisional solid) 1986; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 107 Denbigh (Solid and Drift) 1985; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheets; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheets; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 20, Meirionnydd, 1997; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 23, Cadair Idris & Bala Lake, 2002;
Warren, P.T. et al. 1984 Geology of the count

Dyffryn Dyfi
Alluvial deposits of U-shaped Afon Dyfi valley floor. Alluvium, peat and boulder clay.
SSSI Afon Dyfi ger Mallwyd SH 862 116; alluvial floodplain, glacial valley
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 136 Bala (Provisional solid) 1986; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheets; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheets; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution);
1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 20, Meirionnydd, 1997; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 23, Cadair Idris & Bala Lake, 2002;

Coed Blaen y cwm
S-facing slopes of tributary U-shaped valley Blaen y cwm cut into E- & S-dipping Ordovician-Silurian (Ceiswyn Mudstone Fm - ) mudstones and siltstones. Valley steep-sided, with eroded cirques at head, and with broad valley floor, joined by V-shaped minor valleys. Other minor tributaries flow E & S directly into Dyfi. Boulder clay in valley floor, with peat & head on slopes. Disused quarries, tips and mine.
Ordovician-Silurian stratigraphy in trough facies; Slate mining
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 136 Bala (Provisional solid) 1986; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheets; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheets; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution);1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 20, Meirionnydd, 1997; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 23, Cadair Idris & Bala Lake, 2002;

Dovey Forest
SE-facing slopes with steep sided V- and U-shaped valleys, in SE-dipping Ordovician-Silurian mudstones, siltstones and sandy turbidites. N-S regional synform. Steep sided U-shaped Angell and V-shaped Cwm Gerwyn valleys, with degraded cirques at head of Angell. Boulder clay, head and peat in valley floors, restricted on higher slopes. Disused quarries, tips and mine (Hendre Ddu).
Glacial valley slopes in Ordovician-Silurian mudstone succession
SSSI Berwyns SJ186802; Ordovician-Silurian stratigraphy in trough facies; slate mining
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 136 Bala (Provisional solid) 1986; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheets; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheets; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution);
1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 20, Meirionnydd, 1997; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 23, Cadair Idris & Bala Lake, 2002

Mynydd Clywedog
SE-facing slopes of U-shaped Cwm Dugoed - Cleifion valley, cut into E-dipping Ordovician-Silurian mudstones, siltstones and thin sandstones, Cut by U-shaped, steep-sided tributary valleys, with possible eroded cirque (?) in Cwm Lloi. Boulder clay largely in lower slopes and valley floors, peat and head on slopes, alluvium in river floors.
Galcial valley slopes in Ordovician-Silurian mudstones
SSSI Berwyns SJ186802, Ordovician-Silurian stratigraphy in trough facies, glacial features
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 136 Bala (Provisional solid) 1986; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheets; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheets; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution);
1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 20, Meirionnydd, 1997; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 23, Cadair Idris & Bala Lake, 2002

Afon Cerist
E-facing slopes into U-shaped Dyfi valley, with NW-SE fault-controlled, steep-sided U-shaped Cwm Cerist valley, in E- dipping Ordovician (Aran Volcanic Group - Ceiswyn Mudstone Fm) acid tuffs, tuffites and siltstones in N, faulted against mudstones and siltstones across most of the area. Cerist valley with alluvium, peat and boulder clay in broad lower slopes amd floor. Well preserved cirques at heads of tributary valleys
Upland valley slope. Active upland river or stream channel system. Mountain glacial-erosion terrain. Mineral workings
Upper glacial valley in Ordovician-Silurian
volcanic/sedimentary succession
1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 20, Meirionnydd, 1997; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 23, Cadair Idris & Bala Lake, 2002

Upland area of the Upper Dee valley below Bala, outside SNP, in SE-dipping Ordovician - Lower Silurian mudstones and turbidites. NE-SW ridges with crags (e.g. Cefn Caer Euni, Craig Wenallt), partially wooded and flanked by fault-controlled valleys. Thick boulder clay in valleys, including drumlins. U-shaped broad Dee valley floored by alluvium.
Upland plateau. Active upland river or stream channel system. Ancient upland river / stream systems
River channel (natural). Ridge. Drumlin / Drumlin field
Area is bounded by SNP to W, and by County boundaries to E
U Ordovician-L Silurian succession in upper Dee valley; fault controlled valleys
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 136 Bala (Provisional solid) 1986; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheets; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheets; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 20, Meirionnydd, 1997; 1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 23, Cadair Idris & Bala Lake, 2002; Bassett, D A, Whittington, H B and Williams, A. 1966. The stratigraphy of the Bala district, Merionethshire. Quarter

Corris Uchaf
Upland forested plateau in boulder clay covered, SE-dipping Ordovician mudstones and siltstones, dissected by tributaries of Dyfi. N-S draining upper Dulas river valley through Corris Uchaf and NE-SW Afon Llefenni (with dismantled Corris railway) S of Mynydd Abercorris. and N-S Nant Ceiswyn valley in E. Areas of made ground through Corris valley. Old slate quarries (Corris slate belt), and craggy ridge of eroded cirque.
River channel (natural). Slope. Dip slope. Plateau
Outside SNP, upper tributary valleys of Afan Dulas; bounded by NE-SW Llefenni valley to S, Dyfi Forest to E
Dissected wooded upland plateau in Ordovician mudstones and turbidites; Corris slate belt (e.g. Aberllefenni)

Oxwich Burrows
Recent dunes, salt marshes and sandy beach of Oxwich Bay at mouth of river.
Active sand dune. Stabilised sand dune. Sand beach. Marsh / saltmarsh. Creek
Beneficial, included within AONB and Oxwich NNR/SSSI.
Conserve as existing - Ensure that no significant features of geomorphological significance are lost/damaged and that the SSSI/NNR is maintained in favourable condition by implementation of management plan with a strong geomorphological basis.
Coastal dune system. Within Oxwich Bay SSSI.
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet E247 Swansea (SwD) 1977; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution);1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 35 West Glamorgan, 1990; Strahan, A. 1907. The geology of the South Wales coalfield. Part 8, The country around Swansea. Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheet 248; 1:25 000 Explorer Map Sheet 164 Gower, 200

Reynoldston
NW-SE river valley, draining SE and coastal cliffs in Dinantian (Lower Carboniferous) limestones (Black Rock Limestone Group - Oystermouth Formation) of SE- plunging NW-SE synformal fold. Steep coastal cliffs facing into Oxwich Bay on both sides. E-facing cliffs into Three Cliffs Bay. Millstone Grit Group (Upper Carboniferous) exposed in E (Oxwich Bay) of valley in core of fold. Deep tributary valleys dissected into dip slopes of limestone. NNE-SSW faults. Extensive cover of boulder clay, with
Lowland dip slope. Lowland plateau. Lowland Karst. Rock cliff and shore
River channel (natural). Dip slope. Cliff. Coastal slope
Beneficial as included within AONB and also includes SSSI/GCR sites. Biological SSSIs are also present, including Cefn Bryn Common and Berry Wood.
Includes Three Cliffs Bay GCR site - area is important for Carboniferous stratigraphy, coastal karst, and displaya a regional plunging fold structure.
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet E247 Swansea (SwD) 1977; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution);1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 35 West Glamorgan, 1990; George, T.N. 1940. The structure of Gower. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, London, 96, 131-198; Strahan, A. 1907. The geology of the South Wales coalfield. Part 8, The country a

Horton
S-SE facing dip slope of southern coastal plateau (raised beach) to coastal cliff top in Dinantian (Lower Carboniferous - High Tors Limestone Formation - Hunts Bay Oolite Group) limestones dissected by truncated N-S, fault controlled, hanging dry valleys - cwms. Extensive cover of boulder clay on plateau.
Rock cliff and shore. Lowland dip slope. Other
Hanging coastal valley. Raised beach / platform. Coastal slope. "Fossil" cliff line. Urban / industrial development
Beneficial as included in AONB, with National Trust ownership and SSSI/GCR sites ( Horton, Eastern and Western Slade SSSI).
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development, coastal works, etc. and that SSSI is maintained in favourable condition by implementation of management plan.
South facing slope of coastal platform to cliff top.
Includes Horton, E and W Slade SSSI and GCR sites. Features include raised beach/coastal plateau with fault controlled, truncated hanging dry valleys (cwms); also Lower Carboniferous stratigraphy and coastal karst.
:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet E246 Worm's Head (S&D, Provisional Edn) 2003; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet E247 Swansea (SwD) 1977; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 35 West Glamorgan, 1990; 1:25 000 Explorer Map Sheet 164 Gower, 2001; George, T.N. 1940. The structure of Gower. Quarterly Journal of

Port Eynon Bay, North foreshore
Rocky foreshore of wave cut platform and coastal cliffs in S to SE dipping Dinantian (Lower Carboniferous - Hunts Bay Oolite Group to Oxwich Head Limestone Formation) limestones. N-S to NW-SE faults cutting limestones. Fragments of cemented raised beach on rocky foreshore. Beach deposits in The Sands.
Wave-cut platform. Cliff. Sand beach. Raised beach / platform
Beneficial as within AONB, National Trust coastline and Horton, Eastern and Western Slade and Oxwich Bay SSSI and GCR sites.
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged and that the SSSI is maintained in favourable condition by implementation of management plan.
Includes Horton, Eastern and Western Slade, Oxwich Bay SSSI and GCR sites; key features including limestone stratigraphy, karst, fault-controlled topography and cemented raised beach.
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet E246 Worm's Head (S&D, Provisional Edn) 2003; George, T.N. 1940. The structure of Gower. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, London, 96, 131-198; 1:25 000 Explorer Map Sheet 164 Gower, 2001; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution);
1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 35 West Glamorgan, 1990; Campbell, S. a

Port Eynon Bay
Sand dunes and sandy beach of SE-facing bay in core of NW-SE synform. NW-SE thrust (Port Eynon Thrust), and NNW-SSE faults.
Sand beach. Active sand dune. Urban / industrial development
Beneficial as included within AONB and Heritage coastline.
Ensure that no features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development or coastal defence.
Sand dunes and beach, peat bank; bay along line of Port Eynon Thrust.
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet E246 Worm's Head (S&D, Provisional Edn) 2003; George, T.N. 1940. The structure of Gower. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, London, 96, 131-198; 1:25 000 Explorer Map Sheet 164 Gower, 2001; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution);
1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 35 West Glamorgan, 1990

Port Eynon Triassic
Triassic conglomerate in SE facing slope above Port Eynon Bay. Boulder clay cover across W border of limited outcrop area.
Generally beneficial as within AONB and Heritage coastline.
Ensure that no significant features of geological significance (e.g. exposures) are lost/damaged due to development,, etc.
Outcrop area of conglomerates within limestone outcrop belt.
Stratigraphic interest - restricted outcrop of Triassic marginal facies.
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet E246 Worm's Head (S&D, Provisional Edn) 2003; George, T.N. 1940. The structure of Gower. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, London, 96, 131-198; 1:25 000 Explorer Map Sheet 164 Gower, 2001; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution);
1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 35 West Glamorgan, 1990

Port Eynon Point
NW-SE ridge sloping to coastal point, with E and S facing rocky slopes and wavecut platform in NE-dipping Dinantian (Lower Carboniferous, Hunts Bay Oolite - Oxwich Head Limestone Formation) limestones. NE-SW faults.
Wave-cut platform. Kettle hole. Cliff. Coastal slope
Beneficial as within AONB and SSSI, Gower Coast NNR and Limestone Coast of SW Wales cSAC.
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due coastal defence, etc. and that SSSI is maintained in favourable condition by implementation of management plan.
Wave cut limestone platform and headland.
Includes SSSI (Gower Coast - Rhossili to Port Eynon), including for Carboniferous limestone stratigraphy and karst.
1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 35 West Glamorgan, 1990

Henllys
Broad plateau of boulder clay-covered Dinantian (Lower Carboniferous) limestones sloping gently towards S and N across gentle E-W ridge along axis of major synform through Llandewi. N facing dip slope dissected by meandering, SW-NE upper Burry Valley. Old quarries in S facing dip slopes. Patches of fluvioglacial sands.
Dip slope. Slope. Hill top. Urban / industrial development
Included within AONB, therefore beneficial at a landscape scale.
Watershed to E, N-S fault to W, base of Lower Limestone Shales Group to W, top of cwms in plateau to S.
Dissected limestone plateau with Burry Pill, a good example of a small river in steep glacial valley.

Port Eynon – Rhossili Cliffs
Edge of plateau with incised cwms in SW facing cliffs, and wave cut platform in NE dipping Dinantian (Lower Carboniferous) limestones. Cliffs cut by NE-SW faults forming gullies, caves. Sandy bays at W end (Mewslade and Fall Bay).
Soft-sediment cliff and shore. Lowland Karst
Cliff. Wave-cut platform. Raised beach / platform. Hanging coastal valley. Cwm/corrie. Scarp slope. Kettle hole
Beneficial as within AONB, SSSI, Gower Coast NNR, Limestone Coast of SW Wales cSAC.
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost or damaged and that the SSSI is maintained in favourable condition by implementation of a management plan.
AA is area from plateau edge from top of cwms to the coast.
Gower Coast - Rhossili to Port Eynon SSSI, including Long Hole Cave GCR; area important for limestone stratigraphy, karstic weathering, caves with Pleistocene mammals and human artefacts; truncated valleys.
1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 35 West Glamorgan, 1990; Campbell, S. a

Rhossili
E-W striking Dinantian (Lower Carboniferous) limestones forming SW sloping headland above Worms Head, dissected by NE-SW fault gully and valley to Mewslade Bay to W, and bounded to N by Lower Limestone Shale gully at base of Old Red Sandstone (Devonian) escarpment of Rhossili Down. Boulder clay cover on plateau.
Beneficial, within AONB, and National Trust heritage coastline.
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development or coastal works.
NE-SW fault to E, plateau edge to S, SW and NW, Old Red Sandstone to N.
Some geomorphological interest: Plateau slope in limestone, with fault gullies.

Worms Head
Cliffs at edge of plateau, rocky wave cut platform and peninsula/island of Worms Head, in NW-SE antiform of Dinantian (Lower Carboniferous) limestones (with fold core through slipway). Strike ridges along island and wavecut platform. Raised beach, periglacial head and glacial deposits.
Stratigraphic formation(s). Structural features. Active processes. Past processes. Superficial deposits
Wave-cut platform. Beach. Kettle hole. Raised beach / platform. Cliff. Island
Beneficial, within AONB, SSSI/ GCR site, Gower Coast NNR, Limestone Coast of SW Wales cSAC and NationalTrust ownership.
Ensure that no further significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to coastal works, etc.
Cliffs, wave cut platform and island in Dinantian limestones.
SSSI, Gower Coast - Rhossili to Port Eynon, including Worm's Head GCR site for periglacial and glacial features. Also important for Carboniferous stratigraphy and coastal geomorphology.
1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 35 West Glamorgan, 1990; Campbell, S. a

Rhossili Down
N-S strike ridge of E-W folded but mostly E-dipping, resistant Brownstones - Upper Old Red Sandstone (Devonian) above Rhossili Bay, with steep scarp slope to W and gentler dip slope to E. Boulder clay cover on lower dip slopes. Ridge crest sharp, strike deflected by E to SE plunging folds. Thick head deposits along foot of Rhossili Down.
Scarp slope. Dip slope. Coastal slope. Hill top
Beneficial, within AONB, SSSI/GCR site and National Trust ownership.
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development, etc and that SSSI management plan is implemented.
Includes Rhossili Down SSSI and Rhosili Bay GCR site with periglacial deposits (solifluction terrace); also N-S ORS ridge in E-dipping but E-W folded ORS sandstones; steep scarp slope.

Llangennith Moors
Low lying alluvial plain and former saltmarsh behind sand dunes of Llangennith and Hillend Burrows.
Superficial deposits. Structural features. Past processes
Marsh / saltmarsh. River channel / canal (artificial)
Saltmarsh/coastal marsh system has been drained and therefore is no longer a natural system.
Ensure that no further significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to land management practices, including drainage.
Former saltmarsh and alluvial plain behind dunes - now drained.

Whiteford Sands – Rhossili Bay
Sandy beaches and sand dune systems along W facing Rhossili Bay and NE facing Broughton Bay - Whiteford Sands. Active to stabilised sand dunes across broad areas of Burrows. Raised beach and till deposits E of Twlc Point (Broughton Bay GCR site).
Sand beach. Raised beach / platform. Active sand dune
Beneficial as within AONB, SSSI/GCR sites, Whiteford NNR, Carmarthen Bay and Estuaries cSAC and Carmarthen Bay Dunes cSAC.
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost or damaged and that the SSSI is maintained in favourable condition by implementation of a management plan.
Includes Whiteford Burrows-Landimore Bay SSSI for sand dune systems and Broughton Bay GCR site for Quaternary raised beach and till deposits.

Burry Holm
N facing rocky coast and E-W spit of N-dipping DInantian (Lower Carboniferous) limestones at N point of Rhossili Bay, with wave cut platform.
Wave-cut platform. Dip slope. Cliff. Sea-cave / cave. Island. Sand beach
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to coastal works, etc.
AA corresponds to outcrop of limestone forming rocky coast and headland.
Important for limestone stratigraphy and coastal geomorphology.

Coety Green
S-N valley between Old Red Sandstone (Devonian) ridges of Rhossili Down, Hardings Down and Llanmadoc Hill, in fault block of E-W folded Dinantian limestones (Lower Carboniferous). Soft lithologies of Lower Limestone Shales Group forming lower ground, with limestones forming NW facing slopes towards N coast. Boulder clay cover widespread.
Dip slope. Urban / industrial development
Beneficial at a landscape scale as within AONB.
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development, , etc.
Fault bounded to W by NW-SE to N-S faults. Bounded to W by Old Red Sandstone ridge.
Limestone valley of fault bounded block between ORS ridges.

Llanmadoc Hill
E-W and NW-SE ridges of resistant Old Red Sandstone (Devonian), forming prominent topographical features in E-SE plunging synform/antiforms. Brownstones in fold core cap Llanmadoc Hill ridge. Boulder clay on S-facing slopes of ridge, and patches of glacial sand through valley towards Llangennith Moors. Fault bounded W edge to Llanmadoc ridge.
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development, forestry, etc, including preventing adverse effects on springs and wells due to abstraction.
AA is N-S fault bounded area to W and corresponds to Old Red Sandstone outcrop area.

Cefn Bryn
WNW-ESE prominent ridge of resistant Old Red Sandstone (Devonian) sandstones and conglomerates, forming prominent topographical feature. Thrust, tight antiform, with steep S facing dipslope in sandstones. Strike of Lower Limestone Shales (Lower Carboniferous) forming narrow plateau (below thrust plane) across to parallel sandstone /conglomerate ridge through Arthur's Stone. Ridge displaced to NE by fault W of Penmaen. Minor boulder clay on lower slopes.
Plateau. Ridge. Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). Slope. Hill top. Spring
Beneficial as within AONB and biological SSSI.
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost or damaged, including springs.
AA corresponds to outcrop of resistant Old Red Sandstone forming ridges.
ORS stratigraphy in steep ridges of thrust antiform with spring line.
:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet E246 Worm's Head (S&D, Provisional Edn) 2003; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet E247 Swansea (SwD) 1977; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 35 West Glamorgan, 1990; 1:25 000 Explorer Map Sheet 164 Gower, 2001; George, T.N. 1940. The structure of Gower. Quarterly Journal of

Llanrhidian
NE-SE broad plateau in generally NE dipping Dinantian (Lower Carboniferous) mudstones-limestones, deeply dissected by steep SE-NW Burry Pill stream and dry valley to N coast. Boulder clay extensive on gentle slopes, valley incised more deeply in lower part and with alluvium in floor.
Dry valley. Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). Slope. Hill top. Peat bog. Spring
Beneficial within AONB and partly within SSSI.
Ensure that no features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development, forestry, abstraction, etc.
Dinantian plateau, "watershed" to east separates from dry valley system in SWNSGL 020.
Dry valley / 'misfit stream' geomorphology in limestone plateau. Partly in Cefn Bryn Common Biological SSSI. Springs and bogs also present.
:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet E246 Worm's Head (S&D, Provisional Edn) 2003; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet E247 Swansea (SwD) 1977; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 35 West Glamorgan, 1990; 1:25 000 Explorer Map Sheet 164 Gower, 2001; George, T.N. 1940. The structure of Gower. Quarterly Journal of

Llethrid
NE-SW broad plateau in generally NE dipping Dinantian (Lower Carboniferous) limestones, dissected deeply by Ilston and Bishopston valley systems draining SW-S to coast. Llethrid valley GCR, with dry valley, resurgence and caves. Limestone quarries (disused, one working). Boulder clay extensive on plateau. Alluvium in valley floors in lower part of valley systems.
Active upland river or stream channel system. Lowland Karst
Sea-cave / cave. Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit. Dry valley. Doline. River channel (natural). Flood plain. Slope. Spring. Urban / industrial development
Beneficial as within AONB, amd key sites are SSSIs/GCR sites.
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological interest are lost or damaged and that the SSSIs are maintained in favourable condition by the implementation of management plans.
Dinantian plateau with valley systems, including GCR sites - "watershed" separates from SWNSGL019.
Includes Llethrid valley, Pwll Du Head and Bishopston valley SSSIs - dry valley, resurgence and caves; Ilston Quarry SSSI, Ilston Quarry GCR site - Carboniferous limestone stratigraphy; Cat Hole Cave GCR - Pleistocene mammals, U Paleolithic artifacts, and periglacial screes.

Pennard Burrows
Stabilised sand dune areas to E and W of lower Ilston valley, forming steep slopes down to Three Cliffs Bay. Alluvial fans at mouth of river valley. Sandy bay. Fault controlled (NE-SW) W side to river valley to E side of bay.
Stabilised sand dune. Sand beach. Alluvial fan (ancient). Dry valley. Cliff. Marsh / saltmarsh. River channel (natural). Flood plain. Urban / industrial development
Beneficial as within AONB,and includes Penard Valley Biological SSSI. Sand dune is partly occupied by golf course, however, which may have implications for its natural evolution.
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological interest are lost or damaged, for instance due to further development or stabilisation, or depletion of sediment supply by offshore dredging.
Limits of sand dune systems, flanking Three Cliffs Bay.
Significant sand dune systems and notable dry valley present, also Penard Valley (biological) SSSI.

Pebbles Beach - Langland
S facing cliffs and wave-cut platform in mostly S to SE dipping Dinantian (Lower Carboniferous) limestones below plateau. Steep irregular cliffs, with caves in limestones cut by many N-S to NE-SW faults. Broad mouth of deeply dissected Bishopston valley has alluvial fan into Pwll Du Bay. Foreshore mostly rocky, except sandy bays at Pwll Du, Caswell and Langland.
Cliff. Sea-cave / cave. Sand beach. Wave-cut platform. Raised beach / platform
Beneficial as within AONB, with SSSI/GCR sites and Limestone Coast of SW Wales cSAC.
Ensure that no features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost or damaged and that the SSSIs are maintained in favourable condition by the implementation of management plans.
S- facing cliffs and foreshore below Dinantian plateau
SSSIs include Pwll Du Head and Bishopston Valley, Minchin Hole, Caswell Bay, Langland Bay (Rotherslade); GCR sites include Bacon Hole Cave, Minchin Hole Cave, Bosco's Den, Hunt's Bay, Three Cliffs Bay, Pwlldu Head, Caswell Bay, Langland Bay (Rotherslade), with interests including Carboniferous limestone stratigraphy, Pleistocene mammal faunas, periglacial deposits and raised beach deposits.

Mumbles Head
Mumbles Head plateau, cliffs and wave cut platform in E-W folded Dinantian (Lower Carboniferous) limestones cut by numerous N-S faults. Limestones dip N to Mumbles Bay and S towards Limeslade, with fold axis along headland. Boulder clay across plateau of headland. Irregular cliffs and inlets along S facing coast, N facing cliffs form S side of Swansea Bay. Alluvium and glacial sand and gravel at mouth of Oystermouth valley.
Cliff. Wave-cut platform. Raised beach / platform. Kettle hole. Coastal slope
Beneficial -as within AONB, SSSI/GCR sites and Heritage Coast.
Ensure that no features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost or damaged, for instance by coastal defence works or other development and that the SSSI is maintained in favourable condition by implementation of a management plan.
Site corresponds to the Mumbles headland S of urban Swansea (excludedfrom survey)
Langland (Rotherslade), SSSI and GCR - Devensian glaciation, Quaternary raised beach; Bracelet Bay GCR - Dinantian stratigraphy

Fairwood Common
NE-SW broad, gently sloping plateau in generally NE dipping Milllstone Grit Group - Productive Coal Formation (Upper Carboniferous) mudstones with sandstones and coals, dissected by meandering upper valley systems of S draining Ilston and Bishopston rivers, and by N to E-draining Killay (- Clyne) rivers. Boulder clay extensive across slopes; valley floors with alluvium, and with glacial sand and gravel in lower Clyne Valley and across Welsh Moor. Disused coal adits in Coal Measures.
Active lowland river-flood plain system. Ancient lowland river flood plain system. Mineral workings
Coal / mineral spoil tips. Lake / reservoir (artificial). River channel (natural). Flood plain. Urban / industrial development
Neutral to beneficial; Key site is within Barland Common Stream Section SSSI, with biological SSSIs at Fairwood, Pengwern and Welshmoor Commons.
Ensure that no features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost or damaged and that the SSSI is maintained in favourable condition by implementation of a management plan.
Millstone Grit Group - Coal Measure Group mudstone-dominated succession of
plateau
Includes Barland Common Stream Section SSSI (Upper Carboniferous, Millstone Grit Group, Bishopston Formation stratigraphy) and several biological SSSIs on a Millstone Grit dissected plateau.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry; marsh/bog.

Cillfor Top
Fault bounded, SE-sloping NW-SE hill (Cillfor Top) ridge in NNE dipping Millstone Grit (Upper Carboniferous) sandstones with mudstones, with steep dip slope. Small amount of boulder clay on lower E fault valley slope.
Ensure that no features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development, forestry, etc.
Hills in Millstone Grit Group sandstones forming ridge feature.
Fault bounded Millstone Grit sandstone ridge.

Welsh Moor
E-W ridge in generally N to NE dipping upper Millstone Grit Group (Llanelen Sandstones, Upper Carboniferous) - Lower Productive Coal Formation sandstones and mudstones, with E end of ridge displaced N by NW-SE major fault. Dip and scarp slope topography on hill slopes. Very limited boulder clay in W-sloping gully through mudstones.
Ensure that no features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development, forestry, etc.
Ridge feature in Millstone Grit Group - Productive Coal Formation sandstone dominated succession.
Widespread upper Millstone Grit (Llanelen Sandstones, Upper Carboniferous) sandstone dominated stratigraphy.

Llandimore
NW-SE outcrop belt of NE dipping Dinantian (Lower Carboniferous) limestones comprising N facing steep slopes and crags below Dinantian plateau, sloping to edge of Llanrhidian marsh in N. Extensive cover of boulder clay. Cut by NNE-SSW faults.
Ensure that no features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development, forestry, etc..
N facing steep slopes below plateau in DInantian limestones
Limestone stratigraphy in scarp beneath plateau with geomorphological 'fossil' cliff feature

Llanrhidian Marsh-Loughor
Llanrhidian Marsh, Sands and mudflats to S of River Loughor. Saltmarsh across broad plain from behind Whiteford Burrows up to Loughor, dissected by anastomosing channels.
Marsh / saltmarsh. Lower saltmarsh / mudflat. Upper saltmarsh / grazing marsh. Creek
Beneficial as within AONB and SSSIs designated for saltmarsh and estuary habitats and processes.
Ensure that no features or systems of geomorphological significance are lost or damaged and that the SSSIs are maintained in favourable condition by implementation of management plans.
AA corresponds to saltmarsh and coastal plain
Large developement of saltmarsh, mudflat and coastal plain sediments, including Whiteford Burrows, Landimore Marsh and Broughton Bay SSSIs; also Burry Inlet and Loughor estuary. Important area for coastal geomorphology.

Penclawdd
ENE-WSW ridge with scarp and dip slopes, stepped topography in N and NE dipping U Carboniferous S Wales Pennant Formation sandstones, mudstones and coals. Ridges offset by N-S to NE-SW faults. Patchy boulder clay in fault gullies and on NE facing dip slopes. Disused coal mine adits. Dissected by Upper Clyne Valley, flowing S, with alluvium in valley floor. Glacial sand in E on Cefn Coed hills.
Scarp slope. Dip slope. Ridge. Coal / mineral spoil tips. Slope. Hill top. Spring. Urban / industrial development
Ensure that no features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development, forestry, abstraction, etc
AA corresponds to Pennant Sandstone ridge.
Widespread Upper Carboniferous, Pennant stratigraphy with coals.

Cockett
ENE-WSW ridge of N to NE dipping upper South Wales Pennant Formation (Upper Carboniferous, Upper Pennant Measures) sandstones and coals, cut and offset by NW-SE faults and dissected by broad and deep, boulder clay filled valleys to Upper Loughor river. Steep scarp and dip slopes along ridge of rounded hills. Alluvium in valley floors. Disused quarries and mines along southern strike of Pennant sandstones.
Ancient upland river / stream systems. Other
Coal / mineral spoil tips. Slope. Hill top. Scarp slope. Urban / industrial development
Probably neutral but adajacent to urban developement which has the potential to expand.
Ensure that no features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development, forestry, etc.
AA corresponds to a Pennant sandstone ridge
Widespread Pennant sandstone geology with coals.

Loughor, Lliw
Loughor mudflats along N-S broad floodplain below Pontardawe and broad river floodplains of Lliw (N-S) and Llan (E-W) valleys, covered with alluvium. Lower, E-W part of Llan valley along synformal fold axis in South Wales Pennant Formation (Upper Carboniferous). N-S faults controlling lower Loughor and Lliw valleys and E-W fault along Llan valley.
River channel (natural). Flood plain. Marsh / saltmarsh. Lower saltmarsh / mudflat. Upper saltmarsh / grazing marsh. River channel / canal (artificial). Urban / industrial development
River systems affected by development but estuarine systems less damaged.and include beneficial regime of Burry inlet and Loughor Estuary SSSI.
Ensure that no further features of geomorphological significance are lost or damaged and that the SSSI is maintained in favourable condition by implementation of a management plan.
AA corresponds to floodplains of river valleys and lower reaches within estuary.
River-flood plain systems significantly affected by developement. Estuarine systems less affected and include part of the Burry Inlet and Loughor Estuary SSSI which includes features of coastal geomorphological importance.
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet E247 Swansea (SwD) 1977; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet E230 Ammanford (S&D) 1977; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution);1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 35 West Glamorgan, 1990; Archer, A.A. 1968. Geology of the South Wales coalfield. The upper Carboniferous and later formations of the Gwendraeth Valley an
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream, meander,

Loughor
Low rounded ridges in dip and scarp topography of low level plateau in gently dipping north limb of E-W synform in Wesphalian (Upper Carboniferous) South Wales Pennant Formation (Grovesend Beds) sandstones with thin coals. Extensive cover of boulder clay draping topography. N-S to NE-SW faults (e.g. Grovesend, Gwili Faults) forming gullies through ridges. Disused mines. Bounded by N-S fault controlled river valleys to W (Loughor) and E (LLiw).
Scarp slope. Dip slope. Ridge. Coal / mineral spoil tips. Spring. Urban / industrial development
Reported as neutral but significant urban/industrial development has lead to modification of natural landscape.
AA corresponds to Pennant sandstone synform between Loughor, Lliw and Llan valleys and E-W valley to N.
Widespread Pennant sandstone geology with coals; significant urban/industrial development.
50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet E247 Swansea (SwD) 1977; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution);1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 35 West Glamorgan, 1990; Strahan, A. 1907. The geology of the South Wales coalfield. Part 8, The country around Swansea. Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheet 248; London, HMSO, 170pp; 1:25 000 Explorer Map

Penllergaer
Broad low level plateau of E-W low ridges (dip and scarp topography) in gently S dipping SW Pennant Formation (Grovesend Beds, Upper Carboniferous) sandstones and thin coals, dissected by meandering, N-S upper Llan valley. Extensive cover of boulder clay draping topography. Broad areas of glacial sand and gravel, alluvium and some peat through NW-SE broad upper Llan valley and plateau. NE-SW to N-S faults cutting topography. Tirdonkin Fault controlling upper Llan valley. Many disused coal mine
Scarp slope. Dip slope. Lake / reservoir (artificial). River channel (natural). Flood plain. Spring. Coal / mineral spoil tips. Urban / industrial development
Includes large areas of industrial development and major roads.
Ensure that no further key features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development, forestry, etc and that SSSI is maintained in favourable condition by implementation of management plan.
AA corresponds to Pennant sandstone plateau E of Lliw, N of lower Llan Valley
Includes Penllergaer railway cutting SSSI for Upper Carboniferous, Grovesend Formation stratigraphy.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Marsh/bog; Meander.

Mynydd Pysgodlyn
High level E-W plateau of gently S dipping resistant SW Pennant Formation (Upper Carboniferous) of sandstones (Hughes and Swansea Beds) in S facing slopes, dissected by deep, steep sided, N-S valleys (Cwm Ysgrach, Cwm Nant Ddu and Cwm Cellfen, Cwm Dulais), controlled by N-S to NNW-SSE faults... Boulder clay and head on lower valley slopes... Landslips on slopes... Valleys open onto broad boulder clay covered low level plateau dissected by E-W upper Lliw valley...
Other. Upland plateau. Mass movement. Mineral workings
Cwm/corrie. Landslip (ancient). Lake / reservoir (artificial). River channel (natural). Flood plain. Spring
Neutral - upland area with no significant management issues apparent
Ensure that no features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development, forestry, abstraction, reservoir construction and maintenance...
Upland dissected plateau in widespread Upper Pennant succession with landslips and former coal workings
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet E247 Swansea (SwD) 1977; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet E230 Ammanford (S&D) 1977; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution);1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency... Sheet 35 West Glamorgan, 1990; Archer, A...A... 1968... Geology of the South Wales coalfield... The upper Carboniferous and later formations of the Gwendraeth
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry; marsh/bog...

Pontardulais
Wide N-S to E-W outwash plain of glacial sands and gravels at mouth of broad, U-shaped Loughor valley and across to Lliw plain, flanking low rounded hills of SW Pennant Formation sandstones (Upper Carboniferous). Patches of boulder clay. N-S to NNW-SSE and NE-SE faults control valleys.
Active upland river or stream channel system. Ancient upland river / stream systems. Glacial mountain valley. Other
Flood plain. River channel (natural). Spring. Urban / industrial development
Industrial development has the potential to damage or destroy features of geological/geomorphological importance - it can also create important features, such as temporary geological exposures.
Ensure that no further features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development, etc.
AA boundary corresponds to glacial sands and fluvioglacial gravels forming plain
Glacial/fluvioglacial outwash plain with no significant exposures.
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet E247 Swansea (SwD) 1977;1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet E230 Ammanford (S&D) 1977; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution);1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 35 West Glamorgan, 1990; Archer, A.A. 1968. Geology of the South Wales coalfield. The upper Carboniferous and later formations of the Gwendraeth Valley and

Banc Darren-fawr
E-W narrow strike valley in mudstone/siltstone succession below Graigola/Swansea coals, separating upland plateau areas of South Wales Pennant Formation sandstones (Upper Carboniferous). Large landslips at base of Pennant sandstones into valleys. Plateau dissected deeply by upper Dulais (NE-SW to E-W), Lliw (NE-SW and Clydach (N-S) valleys. Disused coal mines and tips along valley sides. Boulder clay and head on lower valley slopes. NNW-SSE faults controlling valleys. Reservoirs.
Upland plateau. Active upland river or stream channel system. Mineral workings
Lake / reservoir (artificial). Landslip (ancient). Coal / mineral spoil tips. River channel (natural). Flood plain. Spring
Generally neutral although reservoir construction has had a significant affect on the natural landscape
Ensure that no further features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development, forestry, construction, etc.
Strike valley with landslips below Pennant Sandstones
Large periglacial landslips, with widespread Pennant succession with coals, also fault controlled valleys.

Graig Fawr
SW-NE rounded ridge of gently S-SE dipping South Wales Pennant Formation (Hughes Beds - Upper Carboniferous) sandstones with thin coals (above Hughes coal), with steeper scarp slope to NW. Dip slope of upland plateau covered by boulder clay, and dissected by N-S fault gullies towards E. Fault offsets ridge S along Cwm Dulais valley. Glacial gravel in patches on dip slopes.
Upland area with Biological SSSI - neutral.
AA corresponds to Pennant sandstone ridge with Loughor valley to W, Cwm Dulais to S.
Prominant upland with widespread Pennant sandstone stratigraphy

Mynydd y Gwair
ENE-WSW rounded ridge in upland plateau of S dippingSouth Wales Pennant Formation (Upper Carboniferous) sandstones above Hughes coal. Steep scarp slope to N - NNW and gentle dip slope towards S. Broad tilted plateau dissected by stream valleys, but bounded by marked N-S - NNW-SSE fault gullies to W and E (upper Clydach valley). Little drift cover.
Neutral - upland area with no significant development.
Pennant sandstone ridge, bounded to W and E by fault gullies
Prominant upland area with widespread Pennant sandstone stratigraphy

Garnswllt
NW-facing scarp slope in SE dipping upper Productive Coal Formation (Lower Pennant Measures - Upper Carboniferous) sandstones, mudstones and coals, forming E slopes of SW-NE U-shaped Loughor valley and its E-W tributary Cwm Cathan. Slopes with extensive boulder clay below Pennant escarpment, cut by N-S to NNW-SSE fault gullies. Landslips below Pennant sandstones. Alluvium in tributary floors. Glacial sand and gravel in small area in S, where Loughor valley is offset to W by NW-SE fault.
Upland escarpment. Glacial mountain valley. Other
Scarp slope. Glacial U-shaped valley. Landslip (ancient). Made ground. River channel (natural). Waterfall / rapids. Flood plain. Spring
Steep scarp face and river valley with limited development- neutral
AA corresponds to Lower Pennant Measures escarpment below Pennant plateau, forming NW-facing valley slopes into Loughor valley.
Widespread Upper Productive Coal Formation (Middle Coal Meaures - Lower Pennant Measures) succession with coals.

Cwm Clydach
Partly fault controlled N-S upper Cwm Clydach valley, dissected in gently S- dipping South Wales Pennant Formation (Upper Carboniferous) sandstones of upland plateau. Valley broadens S of the Pennant ridge in a fault graben, across the softer lithologies of the Swansea Beds siltstones and mudstones, and slopes are covered with boulder clay. Landslips below Pennant sandstones in valley slope of Ty-melin uchaf. Patches of glacial sand, and alluvium in valley floors.
Glacial mountain valley. Mass movement. Upland plateau
Landslip (ancient). River channel (natural). Flood plain. Slope. Hill top. Spring
Ensure that no features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development, forestry, etc
Faults to E and W, major landslips to S.
Widespread Pennant sandstone succession with coals, landslips.

Mynydd Carnllechart
Small area, part of upland plateau in upper Brithdir Beds (Upper Carboniferous) sandstones, mudstones and siltstones below Hughes Coal, dipping SE, bounded against Pennant sandstones to W by major NNW-SSE faults. Boulder clay on lower W-facing slope of Cwm Clydach.
Neutral - upland area with no significant development
AA bounded by major fault to W, by Neath Port Talbot to E.

Cae Pant y dugoed
Glacial sand and gravel forming terrace along N bank of Afon Tawe, NW of major NE-SE fault controlling U-shaped glacial river valley.
Active upland river or stream channel system. Glacial mountain valley. Other
Fluvioglacial terrace largely concealed by development
Fluvioglacial terrace largely concealed by development - Ensure that no significant surviving features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development, etc.
AA corresponds to glacial sand terrace on N bank of Tawe.

Glais
Glacial sand and gravel terrace of hummocky moraine along hillside and forming S bank of NE-SW fault controlled Afon Tawe at Glais - Glais moraine - where valley deflects W to confluence with Clydach valley. Moraine reaching up to >50m above alluvial plain, with steep margin in S.
River terrace. Moraine. Coal / mineral spoil tips. Urban / industrial development
Key area protected by SSSI despite development elsewhere.
Conserve integrity of geomorphological feature - Ensure that no features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost or damaged and that the SSSI is maintained in favourable condition by implementation of a management plan.
AA corresponds to glacial sand/gravel/moraine terrace.
Includes Glais SSSI and GCR site - glacial moraine

Tawe
Tawe floodplain and channel in fault controlled NE-SW to N-S, broad, U-shaped lower river valley. Alluvium forming broad floodplain.
Ancient upland river / stream systems. Other
River channel (natural). Flood plain. Glacial U-shaped valley. River channel / canal (artificial). Urban / industrial development
River alluvium; river channel and floodplain in fault valley with significant modification and industrial development.
River alluvium; river channel and floodplain in fault valley with significant modification and industrial development - Ensure that no surviving features of geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development, modification of the river system, etc.
AA corresponds to river floodplain and channel

Coed Glyn y Gors
Fluvioglacial gravel bar with peat cover forming broad low plain below (S of) Glais moraine (SWNSGL043) on E bank of lower Tawe valley. Boulder clay cover across plain with disused coal mines (Swansea Beds) to fault controlled Pennant escarpment to E.
Active lowland river-flood plain system. Ancient lowland river flood plain system. Other
Flood plain. Peat bog. Coal / mineral spoil tips. Urban / industrial development
Fault controlled, glacial floodplain with some peat deposits, with widespread drainage ditch systems - reported as neutral.
Ensure that no surviviving features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development, further drainage/reclamation, abstraction, etc.
Fault controlled, glacial floodplain with some peat deposits, with widespread drainage ditch systems

Mynydd Drumau
South Wales Pennant Formation (Upper Carboniferous) sandstones in upland plateau of E-W gentle synform, forming NE-SW to N-S escarpment along E slopes of fault controlled Tawe valley. U-shaped NE-SW tributary valley to Tawe, with boulder clay in floor, at Balaclava. Broad boulder clay covered plateau facing W (with reservoir). Landslip on W slope (Craig y Pal). Coal mines and adits (disused).
Glacial U-shaped valley. Landslip (ancient). Lake / reservoir (artificial). Spring
Neutral - dominantly rural area with no significant development.
AA corresponds to Pennant escarpment and plateau, W of Tawe floodplain.
Widespread Pennant (Swansea - Grovesend Beds) succession

Kilvey Hill
NE-SW fault controlled ridge of lowland plateau comprising N-dipping, sandstone dominated Productive Coal Measures - South Wales Pennant Formation succession (Upper Carboniferous), and forming E-facing slopes to Crymlyn Bog. Extensive cover of boulder clay on slopes. Fault controlled (N-S) edge to slope.
Lake / reservoir (artificial). Spring. Coal / mineral spoil tips. Urban / industrial development
Widespread Pennant succession with industry, etc.
Ensure that no features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development, infill, etc. - in particular, as the area contains many disused quarries and pits, their proximity to urban Swansea may give some an educational potential.
AA boundary corresponds to Pennant sandstone slopes to Crymlyn Bog.
Widespread Pennant succession with industry, etc. but some potential useful sites present.

Crymlyn Bog
Broad low lying marsh area between Tawe and Neath valleys, behind coastal dune belt. Fault bounded graben, N-S Brothers and Bethel faults to W and E.
Superficial deposits. Structural features. Past processes
Marsh / saltmarsh. River channel / canal (artificial). Coal / mineral spoil tips
Ensure that no features or deposits of geological or geomorphological significance are lost or damaged and that the SSSI is maintained in favourable condition by implementation of a management plan and with regard to potentially important deposits such as peat.
Fault controlled margin to bog and LA boundary define AA
Fault graben structure with marsh deposits including peat; includes Crymlyn Bog (Biological) SSSI
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet E247 Swansea (SwD) 1977; 1:25 000 Explorer Map Sheet 165 Swansea, Neath & Port Talbot, 1998; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution);
1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 35 West Glamorgan, 1990; Strahan, A. 1907. The geology of the South Wales coalfield. Part 8, The country around Swansea. Memoir of the British Geo

Langland-Newton
Urban developments on Gower plateau, built on boulder clay covered Lower Carboniferous limestones (Hunt's Bay Oolite, Oxwich Head Limestone) folded along an E-W axis (synform). E-W and N-S faults disturb bedrock succession. Green areas and original topography of plateau remain evident.
Lowland till plain / field. Engineered features and reclaimed / infilled land
Inherent threat from urban development to integrity of landscape geomorphology
Conserve integrity of landscape geomorphology and of potential RIGS site Coltshill Quarry
Bounded to N by Bishopston Mudstone Formation of the Millstone Grit (Marros Group),around coast by SWNSGL022, SWNSGL023, to W by SWNSGL020
Coltshill quarry, Newton (261068 188332) potential RIGS - pure dolomite possible source of Mumbles Marble
GS 1:50 000 Geological map sheet E247 Swansea (S&D), 2011; OS 1:25 000 Explorer map sheet 165, Swansea, Neath and Port Talbot 1998; Google Earth; Digital Elevation Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); NRW Flood Risk Map ; Barclay, W. J. 2011. Swansea district. Sheet Explanation for sheet E247. 39pp.

Oystermouth
Fault controlled, S facing slopes of E-W river valley through urban development, floored by alluvium and glaciofluvial sand and gravel, and cut down into Carboniferous Bishopston Mudstone.
Lowland valley slope / escarpment. Engineered features and reclaimed / infilled land
Urban development of Oystermouth - Mumbles
Bounded by alluvial floodplain of valley
Fault-controlled valley through urban coastal areas
GS 1:50 000 Geological map sheet E247 Swansea (S&D), 2011; OS 1:25 000 Explorer map sheet 165, Swansea, Neath and Port Talbot 1998; Google Earth; Digital Elevation Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); NRW Flood Risk Map ; Barclay, W. J. 2011. Swansea district. Sheet Explanation for sheet E247. 39pp.

Swansea Bay
The arcuate Swansea Bay wide sandy-muddy intertidal foreshore, with patches of gravel. Overlying E-W striking Carboniferous (Oystermouth Formation, Aberkenfig Formation, Bishopston Mudstone Formation and Coal Measures) bedrock, crossed by E-W faults. Fossil tree trunks in situ become exposed periodically on Swansea Beach.
Sand / shingle foreshore. Mud-dominated foreshore. Sand beach
Shoreline Management Plan is 'Hold the line'
Swansea Bay submerged forest potential RIGS Fossil birch tree trunks in situ; West Cross Pericline potential RIGS (261400 189500) Namurian pericline exposed on foreshore
GS 1:50 000 Geological map sheet E247 Swansea (S&D), 2011; OS 1:25 000 Explorer map sheet 165, Swansea, Neath and Port Talbot 1998; Google Earth; Digital Elevation Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); NRW Flood Risk Map ; Barclay, W. J. 2011. Swansea district. Sheet Explanation for sheet E247. 39pp.

West Cross
Urban developments of West Cross and Mayals between Clyne valley and Mumbles, built on boulder clay covered (and patches of glaciofluvial gravels), E facing slope in E-W striking, N dipping Carboniferous (Oystermouth Formation, Aberkenfig Formation, Bishopston Mudstone Formation, Coal Measures) rocks
Urban developments on coastal slope between Mumbles and Clyne valley. Bounded to W by SWNSGL024

Clyne valley
Wooded E-facing slopes of SE-draining Clyne river valley, floored by alluvium. Towards the coast the river cuts through storm beach deposits and dunes. Underlain by E-W striking Lower Coal Measures. River course partly influenced by WNW-ESE fault.
Stabilised sand dune. Raised beach / platform. River channel (natural)
Conserve integrity of geomorphology and of potential RIGS site
Wooded valley of Clyne Park. Killay brick pit (260200 192000) potential RIGS in Coal Measures with fossiliferous shales beneath sub-even glacial surface

Swansea Bay beach
Strip of sand dunes fringing Swansea Bay between Clyne river estuary and Tawe estuary. Underlain by Carboniferous Coal Measures.
Shoreline management plan 'Hold the LIne'
Bounded by intertidal beach and by vegetated coast, between Clyne and Tawe rivers

University
Landscaped ground on raised beach, sand dune and glaciofluvial gravels. Underlain by E-W striking Carboniferous Coal Measures.
Bounded by dune beach, Clyne river valley to W, Singleton Park to N and E

Singleton Park
S-sloping Singleton Park on glaciofluvial sands and gravels overlying bedrock of E-W striking Carboniferous Lower and Middle Coal Measures. N-S faults disturb bedrock.
Conserve integrity of coastal slope/glacial outflow plain geomorphology
BGS 1:50 000 Geological map sheet E247 Swansea (S&D), 2011; OS 1:25 000 Explorer map sheet 165, Swansea, Neath and Port Talbot 1998; Google Earth; Digital Elevation Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); NRW Flood Risk Map ; Barclay, W. J. 2011. Swansea district. Sheet Explanation for sheet E247. 39pp.

Sketty
Urban development on S-facing scarp slope covered by glaciofluvial plain sediments, underlain by E-W striking, N-younging Carboniferous Coal Measures up into Pennant Sandstone. N-S faults disturb bedrock. Limited areas of landscaped topography.
Lowland valley slope / escarpment. Lowland glacial outwash plain / field
Scarp slope. Urban / industrial development
BGS 1:50 000 Geological map sheet E247 Swansea (S&D), 2011; OS 1:25 000 Explorer map sheet 165, Swansea, Neath and Port Talbot 1998; Google Earth; Digital Elevation Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); NRW Flood Risk Map ; Barclay, W. J. 2011. Swansea district. Sheet Explanation for sheet E247. 39pp.

Killay
Urban development on S-facing scarp slope, with limited areas of boulder clay from the last glaciation (Devension) covering bedrock of Carboniferous Middle and Upper Coal Measures and Pennant Sandstone (Brithdir Member). Bedrock strikes ESE-WNW and dips N, and is disturbed by N-S and NNW-SSE faults.
Lowland valley slope / escarpment. Lowland till plain / field
Boundary of glaciofluvial cover to E, abuts SWNSGL029 to W, SWNSGL024 to S,
BGS 1:50 000 Geological map sheet E247 Swansea (S&D), 2011; OS 1:25 000 Explorer map sheet 165, Swansea, Neath and Port Talbot 1998; Google Earth; Digital Elevation Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); NRW Flood Risk Map ; Barclay, W. J. 2011. Swansea district. Sheet Explanation for sheet E247. 39pp.

Townhill
Urban development on escarpment of E-W striking Carboniferous Pennant Sandstone Brithdir Member. Boulder clay cover over limited areas. NNW-SSE faults disturb bedrock.
Retain integrity of escarpment geomorphology seen in parkland with disused quarries
Bounded to S by fluvioglacial plain, by Hughes Member and large area of made ground to N, by SWNSGL029 to W
Rosehill Quarry Community Park RIGS site in parkland escarpment below urban development

Maritime Quarter
Made ground and landscaped topography on sand dunes overlying glaciofluvial sands and gravels to the W of the Tawe estuary. Underlain by E-W striking, N dipping Carboniferous Middle and Upper Coal Measures and Pennant Sandstone (Brithdir Member). N-S and NNW-SSE faults. Commercial and industrial development, and Maritime Quarter docks.
Sand dune. Lowland glacial outwash plain / field
Scarp slope. Made ground. Urban / industrial development. Engineered topography
Area of made ground and landscaped topography to the W of the Tawe estuary
Commercial, industrial and maritime developments on made ground and landscaped topography

Swansea Docks
Made ground of Swansea Docks over E side of Tawe estuarine alluvium and gravels and adjacent beach deposits. Underlain by E-W striking Carboniferous Coal Measures, cut by N-S faults; fault controlled Tawe valley.
Active lowland river-flood plain system. Artificial water bodies and channels
Made ground and engineered topography of Swansea Docks. Bounded to E by NPTGL003

Docks foreshore
Foreshore of gravels and sand S of the Docks. Overlying bedrock of E-W striking Carboniferous Coal Measures, cut by N-S faults.
Shoreline management plan 'Hold the Line'

Lower Tawe river valley
Lower part of the fault controlled Tawe river valley and floodplain, draining NE-SW before curving to N-S to the estuary. River channel floored by alluvium, flanked extensively by made ground on floodplain with urban development. Outflow channel through the Docks is dredged. Underlain by Carboniferous bedrock striking E-W, from Coal Measures younging N into Pennant Sandstone.
Active lowland river-flood plain system. Engineered features and reclaimed / infilled land
River channel (natural). Made ground. Urban / industrial development
Active river channel, outflow through Docks is dredged
Conserve integrity of river valley geomorphology
River channel and floodplain. Abuts to N to SWNSGL044

Cwmbwrla
Urban and industrial area on E-facing slope traversed by the railway along the west side of the Tawe valley. Developed on boulder clay and glaciofluvial gravels covering E-W striking Carboniferous Pennant Sandstone (Brithdir Member), with large areas of made ground beneath the railway and industrial area.
Sand and gravel. Silt. Boulder clay/till
Slope. Made ground. Urban / industrial development
Bounded to E by Tawe valley, to W by bedrock dominated hills of Mayhill and Townhill (SWNSGL059), and landscaped/made ground of Maritime Quarter (SWNSGL060), to N by Morriston (SWNSGL066).
Urban development, and industrial development on made ground

St Thomas
Urban development along the E side of the Tawe valley on the W and S facing slopes of Kilvey Hill. Built on boulder clay covered E-W striking, N dipping succession of Carboniferous Coal Measures and Pennant Sandstone (Brithdir Member). W fringe of area along Kilvey Hill has old quarries.
Slope. Scarp slope. Urban / industrial development
Bounded to E by Kilvey Hill SWNSGL047, to E by Tawe river valley (SWNSGL063), to S by Docks (SWNSGL061)

Morriston
Urban development on boulder clay covered Pennant Sandstone plateau, with extensive landscaped areas including recreational parks (e.g. Memorial, Llewellyn). E-W striking Carboniferous bedrock cut by NW-SE to NNW-SSE faults. Quaternery cover includes areas of glaciofluvial gravels.
Plateau. Urban / industrial development. Engineered topography
Bounded to N and W by Penllergaer (SWNSGL033), to E by Lower Tawe river valley (SWNSGL063), to S by Cwmdu (SWNSGL066)

Llansamlet
Urban and industrial development to the E of the Tawe valley, built on the largely boulder clay covered Pennant Sandstone plateau. E-W striking Carboniferous bedrock is cut by NNW-SSE and N-S faults. Extensive landscaping through the industrial estate traversed by the railway. The eastern residential areas on the north side of Kilvey Hill lack glacial drift.
Plateau. Urban / industrial development. Engineered topography
Bounded to E by Tawe valley and floodplain, to E by Kilvey Hill (SWNSGL047), to N by fluvioglacial floodplain SWNSGL045
Urban and industrial developments, extensive landscaping

Cwmdu
Industrial and urban development, crossed by railway and tunnel, on largely landscaped topography. Built on boulder clay covered, E-W striking Carboniferous Pennant Sandstone (Hughes Beds with coal seams) N of Townhill escarpment. Bedrock cut by NNW-SSE to N-S faults..
Plateau. Urban / industrial development. Engineered topography
Bounded to S by Brithdir Member, to N by escarpment (SWNSGL066), to W by SWNSGL030 Cockett, to E by SWNSGL064
Industrial and urban developments, extensive landscaping

Mynydd Henllys
Very large rotational landslip, in which the dominantly sandstone succession of the South Wales Pennant Fm above the Brithdir seam and mudstone dominated Productive Coal Fm have slipped northwestwards into the Carn valley. The slip is thought to have taken place in immediately post-glacial times as a result of the shales below the Brithdir seam having been saturated by water permeating downwards through the jointed Pennant sandstones. No mineral extraction.
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 249 Newport (Solid with Drift) 1975; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;
Squirrell, H.C. and Downing, R.A., 1969. Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part I, the Country around Newport (Mon.), 3rd edition. Memoir of the British Ge

Mynydd Maen
OS Data, Aerial Photographs. Satellite Imagery Interpretation
Southeast facing scarp slope, rising to edge of plateau in W-dipping South Wales Pennant Fm at the southeast edge of the South Wales coalfield... Valleys dissecting the scarp and plateau are steep-sided and U-shaped... No drift present... Disused sandstone quarries...
Lower boundary of South Wales Pennant Sandstone Fm
South Wales Pennant Fm escarpment, dissected by U-shaped valleys
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 232 Abergavenny (Solid and Drift) 1990; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 249 Newport (Solid with Drift) 1975; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency... Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution);
1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Barclay, W...J... 1989... Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part II, the Country

Cwm y Glyn
Steep-sided, straight, U-shaped, essentially dry valley, cut into high-level plateau of west-dipping South Wales Pennant Fm. Valley controlled by NE-SW Glyn Fault. To northeast, valley floor eroded in Productive Coal Fm and floored by extensive head. Patches of alluvium from local drainage in valley. Disused quarries and closed coal mines and waste tips.
Upland escarpment. Upland plateau. Mineral workings
Coal / mineral spoil tips. Dry valley. Glacial U-shaped valley
U-shaped, fault controlled dry valley; Productive Coal Fm mine debris
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 232 Abergavenny (Solid and Drift) 1990
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 249 Newport (Solid with Drift) 1975; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977

Cwm Lickey
OS Data, Aerial Photographs. Policies, plans & information resources
NE-SW strike valley, floored by moderately northwest-dipping Productive Coal Formation bounded by Carboniferous Limestone dip slope to southeast and South Wales Pennant Fm sandstone scarp to northwest... Lithologically controlled sides and floor to valley... Widespread head present... Disused quarries, mine shafts and waste tips... Small-scale landslips...
Landslip (ancient). Coal / mineral spoil tips. Scarp slope. Dip slope
Inappropriate restoration of former mining and quarry sites leading to loss of notable geological features: No net loss of key geological/geomorphological features should be considered acceptable.
Geological: Carboniferous LImestone dip slope to SE, South Wales Pennant Fm scarp to NW
Strike valley with coal tips, quarries, landslips in Productive Coal Fm
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 232 Abergavenny (Solid and Drift) 1990; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 249 Newport (Solid with Drift) 1975; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency... Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Barclay, W...J... 1989... Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part II, the Country

Cwminiscoy
NE-SW ridge, formed by moderately to steeply northwest dipping Lower Carboniferous limestones and dolomites above Upper Devonian conglomerates and sandstones (Quartz Conglomerate Group), bounded by scarp and dip slopes... Slopes dissected by V-shaped Cwm Lyckey, Cwm Field and Cwm y Glyn valleys... Disused Cwmyniscoy Quarry is type locality of the Cwmyniscoy Mudstone Fm and is a potential RIGS... Local head deposits...
Significant development affecting geological interest not currently noted.
Geological boundaries of Quartz Conglomerate Group and Carboniferous Limestone
RIGS site of Cwminiscoy Quarry - type locality for Cwminiscoy Shale Fm; U Devonian - Dinantian stratigraphy
1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 152 Newport and Pontypool; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 249 Newport (Solid with Drift) 1975; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency... Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution);
1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Squirrell, H...C... and Downing, R...A..., 1969... Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part I, th

Oaksford
Undulating plain with shallow slopes in red marls of Lower Devonian St Maughans Formation. Local development of nodular limestone calcrete at Pensarn Farm. NE-SW trending antiform and synform with gently to steeply dipping fold limbs, cut by NW-SE striking minor faults. No mineral extraction. Very restricted alluvium in minor valleys dissecting plain.
Wide plain with limited exposures of St Maughans Fm
1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 152 Newport and Pontypool
1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet OL13 Brecon Beacons National Park, Eastern Region
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 249 Newport (Solid with Drift) 1975; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Squirrell, H.C. and Do

Castell y Bwch
Parallel, N-S ridges, formed in two units of W-dipping St Maughans Fm sandstones, interbedded with marls. Psammosteus Limestone (calcrete horizon) in narrow outcrop band below and east of lower sandstone. No mineral extraction. Very restricted alluvium in minor valleys.
Strike ridges of St Maughans Fm sandstones with Psammosteus Limestone calcrete
1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet 152 Newport and Pontypool
1:25 000 OS Explorer Map Sheet OL13 Brecon Beacons National Park, Eastern Region
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 249 Newport (Solid with Drift) 1975; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Squirrell, H.C. and D

Llantarnam
Undulating plain in gently to moderately west dipping U Silurian - L Devonian Raglan Mudstone Fm. Alluvium in tributary valley with narrow flood plain. No mineral extraction.
Dissected plain in W-dipping Raglan Mudstone Fm
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 249 Newport (Solid with Drift) 1975; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;
Squirrell, H.C. and Downing, R.A., 1969. Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part I, the Country around Newport (Mon.), 3rd edition. Memoir of the British Ge

Afon Llwyd
Flood plain of open, meandering Afon Lwyd valley, floored by alluvium. Above Pontypool, patches of late Devensian gravelly till in valley floor. More extensive terraced river sands and gravels on W of valley south of Pontypool. No mineral extraction.
Superficial deposits. Past processes. Active processes
River valley floor and floodplain sediments, mostly modern S of Pontypool
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 232 Abergavenny (Solid and Drift) 1990; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 249 Newport (Solid with Drift) 1975; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution);
1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Barclay, W.J. 1989. Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part II, the Country aroun

Llanfrechfa
Undulating terrain with gentle slopes formed by gently to moderately west-dipping sandstones among more easily eroded Raglan Mudstone Fm marls... Gently folds of S-plunging antiform and synform in northern part... NE-SW Pontypool Road Fault along valley side of Berthin Brook... No mineral extraction... Patches of glacial sand and gravel in southwest of area...
Undulating terrain of folded Raglan Mudstone Fm
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 249 Newport (Solid with Drift) 1975; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency... Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;
Squirrell, H...C... and Downing, R...A..., 1969... Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part I, the Country around Newport (Mon...), 3rd edition... Memoir o

Coedcae Wat
Steep, easterly inclined N-S scarp slope in generally W-dipping Silurian limestones and calcareous mudstones immediately beneath Upper Silurian - Lower Devonian Raglan Mudstone Fm marls of area TRFNGL010. W and SE dips suggest presence of south-plunging folds, cut by minor E-W faults. No drift or mineral extraction.
Folded Silurian succession below Raglan Mudstone Fm
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 232 Abergavenny (Solid and Drift) 1990; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 249 Newport (Solid with Drift) 1975; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution);
1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Barclay, W.J. 1989. Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part II, the Country around

Llandegveth Reservoir
Southwestern part of Silurian inlier along N-S Usk antiform, adjacent to Llandegfedd reservoir... Gently SW-dipping Wenlock - Ludlow calcareous siltstones, nodular limestones and Pridoli (Downton) sandstones form west slope of Sor valley... Valley floor covered by alluvium... Minor E-W fault... No mineral extraction...
Usk inlier (e...g... Walmsley 1959) with potential RIGS in fossiliferous sections through Silurian in Sluvad Wood and at reservoir edge. No RIGS selected.
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 232 Abergavenny (Solid and Drift) 1990; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 249 Newport (Solid with Drift) 1975; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency... Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Barclay, W...J... 1989... Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part II, the Country

Plas y Coed
High-level plateau formed in South Wales Pennant Fm along axis of regional Gelligaer synform, dissected by U-shaped, steep-sided valley with bends... Partly restored opencast coal mine north of Cefn-y-Crib with working mine adits in the Mynyddislwyn seam... Valley floored with old waste tips... Several disused sandstone quarries...
Glacial U-shaped valley. Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit. Coal / mineral spoil tips. Reclaimed land
Wooded lower valley slopes, partially restored opencast, lake, coal workings
Upland plateau in Pennant succession with Mynyddislwyn coal, dissected by glacial valley; coal tips. Key RIGS site.
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 232 Abergavenny (Solid and Drift) 1990; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 249 Newport (Solid with Drift) 1975; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency... Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Barclay, W...J... 1989... Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part II, the Country

Cwm Du
U-shaped valley dissected in high level plateau formed by gently SW-dipping South Wales Pennant Fm, partly covered by glacial till... Steep valley sides and valley head eroded into sandstones; eroded cirque at head, boulder clay on upper slopes... Lower valley slopes and floor formed by Productive Coal Fm; floor partly covered by alluvium... W-E Trevethin Fault cuts the valley side... Disused mine shafts, restored opencast and disused quarries present... Waste tips in valley floor...
Upland plateau. Mountain glacial-erosion terrain. Mineral workings
Cwm/corrie. Glacial U-shaped valley. Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit. Coal / mineral spoil tips. Reclaimed land
U-shaped valley in Pennant succession, with eroded cirque at head. Extensive old coal mining workings.

Waun Wen
Dissected high-level plateau in gently SW-dipping South Wales Pennant Fm cut by NW-SE Clydach Bridge/Greenland Fault Zone... Area consists of heads of several W-E U-shaped valleys, with steep slopes and landslips below Pennant sandstones... Peat in upland areas, head on slopes... Disused mine shafts, adits and quarries with waste tips...
Glacial U-shaped valley. Landslip (ancient). Coal / mineral spoil tips
High level plateau in Pennant succession dissected by U-shaped valleys, with landslips. Significant area included within RIGS site.
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 232 Abergavenny (Solid and Drift) 1990; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency... Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;
Barclay, W...J... 1989... Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part II, the Country around Abergavenny, 3rd edition... Memoir of the British Geological S

Mynydd Farteg Fach
Both steep and gentle valley slopes in lower reaches of U-shaped valleys (forming areas TRFNGL014 & TRFNGL015)... Formed by gently SW-dipping Productive Coal Fm below the Brithdir Coal, cut by NW-SE Clydach Bridge/Greenland Fault zone... Extensive head in valleys; area of boulder clay in upper Lwyd... Numerous disused mine shafts and adits, with restored opencast mine and waste tips...
Slope. Glacial U-shaped valley. Coal / mineral spoil tips. Reclaimed land
Restored land, coal mines and tips in valleys - no significant change noted.
Boundary to NW with South Wales Pennant Formation, Afon Lwyd to E
Productive Coal Fm; coal mines and tips including key RIGS site.
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 232 Abergavenny (Solid and Drift) 1990; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency... Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;
Barclay, W...J... 1989... Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part II, the Country around Abergavenny, 3rd edition... Memoir of the British Geological S

Varteg
N-S to NW-SE trending ridge of gently SW-dipping Farewell Rock Fm sandstones between Cwm Ffrwd and Cwm Afon. Ridge formed by dip and scarp slopes. Disused quarries and landslip present. Boulder clay on lower dip slope
Scarp slope. Dip slope. Landslip (ancient)
Upland strike ridge in Farewell Rock Fm sandstones, with disused quarry, landslip
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 232 Abergavenny (Solid and Drift) 1990; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;
Barclay, W.J. 1989. Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part II, the Country around Abergavenny, 3rd edition. Memoir of the British Geological Survey, She

Blaenavon
Eastern slopes of upper Lwyd valley in dip slopes of gently southwest-dipping Productive Coal Fm, cut by N-S Blaenavon Fault... Extensive, partially restored opencast mines (coal and ironstone) with disused shafts, adits and waste tips... Small patch of boulder clay in valley floor...
Upland valley slope. Active upland river or stream channel system. Ancient upland river / stream systems. Mineral workings
Dip slope. Glacial U-shaped valley. Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit. Coal / mineral spoil tips. Reclaimed land
Productive Coal Fm; worked out opencasts, reclaimed land, mineral tips - no significant issues observed.
Area clearly retains features of geological and cultural heritage and educational value which should be highlighted in any management prescription (even if no RIGS site specifically selected here). In particular, the area's close proximity to the Blaenavon World Heritage site provides opportunities for visitors to experience the nature of the materials formerly mined and, in particular for educational groups, collect samples for further study. Ensure that no further features or natural systems
Productive Coal Fm; worked out opencasts, reclaimed land. Area clearly retains features of geological and cultural heritage and educational value which should be highlighted in any management prescription (even if no RIGS site specifically selected here). In particular, the area's close proximity to the Blaenavon World Heritage site provides opportunities for visitors to experience the nature of the materials formerly mined and, in particular for educational groups, collect samples for further
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 232 Abergavenny (Solid and Drift) 1990; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency... Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Barclay, W...J... 1989... Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part II, the Country around Abergavenny, 3rd edition... Memoir of the British Geological Su

Mynydd y Garn Fawr
Southwest-inclined dip slope in gently SW-dipping Farewell Rock Fm sandstones, cut by N-S, E-W and NE-SW striking faults. Lower slopes with patchy head covering. No mineral extraction. Karstic swallow hole in up-dip part of slope associated with Pwll Mawr (outside area).
Farewell Rock Fm sandstone dip slope; karstic swallow hole (main karstic area N of Torfaen area)
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 232 Abergavenny (Solid and Drift) 1990 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Barclay, W.J. 1989. Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part II, the Country around Abergavenny, 3rd edition. Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheet

Mynydd Garn Clochdy
Extensive hill slope on eastern side of Lwyd valley... Dip slope and top of scarp in gently to moderately, SW-dipping Namurian Basal Grit Fm quartzitic sandstones, with Farewell Rock Fm sandstones capping hill... Many minor N-S faults... Extensive head on hill slopes... No mineral extraction... Karstic swallow holes into underlying Dinantian to E...
Basal Grit dip and scarp slopes with karstic swallow holes in quartzites
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 232 Abergavenny (Solid and Drift) 1990; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency... Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Barclay, W...J... 1989... Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part II, the Country around Abergavenny, 3rd edition... Memoir of the British Geological Su

Cwm y Nant
Very small area at head of Cwm-y-Nant in eastern scarp slope of Mynydd-Garn-Fawr, formed of gently SW-dipping Dinantian limestones overlying the Cwmyniscoy Mudstone Fm and cut by a minor NW-SE trending fault. No drift or mineral extraction present.
Small outcrop area, Carboniferous Limestone succession of calcareous mudstones and limestones, locally karstic
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 232 Abergavenny (Solid and Drift) 1990; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;
Barclay, W.J. 1989. Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part II, the Country around Abergavenny, 3rd edition. Memoir of the British Geological Survey, She

Cwm Afon
Lower slopes of U-shaped Afon Lwyd valley north of the Trevethin Fault, but excluding alluvium in valley floor. Area of gently west-dipping Dinantian dolomites; dip slope to east and scarp to west of valley. Small inlier of Lower Limestone Shale Group immediately north of the Trevethin Fault. Isolated patches of boulder clay and head. Disused dolomite quarries in eastern slopes.
Outcrop area of Dinantian rocks N of Trevethin Fault
Dip and scarp slopes in Dinantian limestones, including disused quarry; small outcrop area of Lower Limestone Shale Group in valley
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 232 Abergavenny (Solid and Drift) 1990; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;
Barclay, W.J. 1989. Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part II, the Country around Abergavenny, 3rd edition. Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Shee

Garndiffaith
Lower valley sides of U-shaped Cwm Afon (Afon Lwyd) between Hen-Felin and Blaenavon. Shallow valley slopes in gently W-dipping Dinantian limestones and calcareous mudstones, cut by minor N-S and NW-SE faults. Disused quarries. Patches of head restricted to lower slopes.
Structural features. Active processes. Past processes. Stratigraphic formation(s). Superficial deposits
Lower valley slopes in Dinantian dolomitic limestone succession, disused quarries
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 232 Abergavenny (Solid and Drift) 1990; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Barclay, W.J. 1989. Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part II, the Country around Abergavenny, 3rd edition. Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Shee

Cwm Lasgarn
Cwm Lasgarn and tributary valley, Nant-y-Maelor, with moderate W-facing dip slopes into main U-shaped cwm Afon (Afon Lwyd). Gently west-dipping succession of Dinantian limestones, calcareous mudstones and dolomitic limestones, cut by minor NW-SE and E-W faults. Patches of head in valley floor and on north slope. No mineral extraction.
Cwm Lasgarn valley in Dinantian outcrop area
Valley slopes in Dinantian limestone succession
Barclay, W.J. 1989. Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part II, the Country around Abergavenny, 3rd edition. Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Shee

Lasgarn Wood
W-facing, moderately steep dip slope to east of Afon Lwyd north of Pontypool, formed in gently west-dipping Namurian quartzitic sandstones and shales, cut by minor E-W and NW-SE faulting. The Basal Grit Fm rests on a palaeokarstic surface in underlying Dinantian dolomitic limestones; exposures of the sub-Namurian unconformity warrant RIGS status. No drift and no mineral extraction.
Outcrop area of Namurian on dip slope of Afon Lwyd valley
Dip slope in Basal Grit quartzites above sub-Namurian unconformity on karstic Dinantian dolomitic limestones
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 232 Abergavenny (Solid and Drift) 1990; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996;Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;
Barclay, W.J. 1989. Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part II, the Country around Abergavenny, 3rd edition. Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Shee

Trevethin
N-S tributary valley joining Afon Lwyd in Pontypool... Gently to moderately west-dipping Dinantian limestones, dolomites and shales, cut by minor NE-SW faults and truncated to south by Trevethin fault... No drift cover or mineral extraction...
Includes Golf course: No significant changes noted.
Watersheds of valley, Dinantian outcrop area
Valley slopes in Dinantian limestone succession. RIGS site signifucant in context of area.
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 232 Abergavenny (Solid and Drift) 1990; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency... Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;
Barclay, W...J... 1989... Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part II, the Country around Abergavenny, 3rd edition... Memoir of the British Geological S

Mynydd Garn Wen
NW-SE ridge formed by east-facing scarp and west-inclined dip slope to east of Pontypool, in gently to moderately southwest-dipping Devonian Quartz Conglomerate and Brownstones groups, cut by NE-SW Trevethin Fault. Patches of head on dip slope. No mineral extraction.
Ridge formed by outcrop area of Devonian sandstone formations
Strike ridge in ORS, with unconformity between L and U Devonian
:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 232 Abergavenny (Solid and Drift) 1990; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 249 Newport (Solid with Drift) 1975; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Barclay, W.J. 1989. Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part II, the Country around

Pen y Garn
Hill slopes in gently to moderately southwest-dipping Farewell Rock Fm (Lower Coal Measures) sandstones, shales and coal... Bounded to north by NE-SW Trevethin Fault No drift present... Disused quarry...
Partly wooded slope - no significant changes noted
Slope in Farewell Rock sandstones. RIGS not a significant landscape-scale feature.
:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 232 Abergavenny (Solid and Drift) 1990;1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 249 Newport (Solid with Drift) 1975; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency... Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Barclay, W...J... 1989... Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part II, the Country

Pontypool Park
U-shaped tributary valley of Afon Lwyd at Pontypool Park, formed in gently to moderately west-dipping Dinantian limestones, dolomites and shales in scarp slope on west side below Coal Measures. Cut by minor NE-SW faults. No drift, but minor landslides onto shales. No mineral extraction.
Scarp slope. Glacial U-shaped valley. Landslip (ancient)
U-shaped valley with scarp slope in Dinantian succession
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 232 Abergavenny (Solid and Drift) 1990; 1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 249 Newport (Solid with Drift) 1975; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Barclay, W.J. 1989. Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part II, the Country around

Llanfihangel Pontymoel
Undulating southeasterly inclined slope dissected by tributary streams, in moderately southwest and west dipping Lower Devonian St Maughans Formation marls. Patches of head. No mineral extraction.
St Maughans Fm marls in dissected plateau
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 249 Newport (Solid with Drift) 1975; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution); 1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977;
Squirrell, H.C. and Downing, R.A., 1969. Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part I, the Country around Newport (Mon.), 3rd edition. Memoir of the British Ge

Berthin Brook
Alluvial flood plain of Berthin Brook and tributary Nant-y-pia. No mineral extraction.
Squirrell, H.C. and Downing, R.A., 1969. Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part I, the Country around Newport (Mon.), 3rd edition. Memoir of the British G

Church Farm
Low hill with shallow slopes formed by small, down-faulted inlier of Silurian Ludlow - Pridoli succession along Llanfrechfa Fault. Gently SW-dipping calcareous siltstones, impure limestones and sandstones. No mineral extraction.

Creigydd
Small, down-faulted inlier of Silurian Ludlow - Pridoli sediments along Creigydd Fault. Gently SW-dipping, calcareous siltstones, impure limestones and sandstones in narrow tributary valley of Candwr Brook at E boundary of area. No mineral extraction.
1:50 000 BGS Geological Map Sheet 249 Newport (Solid with Drift) 1975; 1:100 000 Groundwater Vulnerability Map, Environment Agency. Sheet 36, Gwent, South and Mid Glamorgan, 1996; Digital Terrain Model compiled from OS panorama digital terrain data (50m resolution);
1:625 000 Geological Map of the UK: Quaternary Geology, S sheet, 1977; Squirrell, H.C. and Downing, R.A., 1969. Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part I, the Country around Newport (Mon.), 3rd edition. Memoir of the British G

Llandegveth Reservoir 2
Artificial reservoir - no natural features normally visible.
Record geological features at times of low water level (bedrock geology includes Silurain mudrocks and limestones of potential scientific interest).
Margins of flooded area and Local Authority boundary.

Barry Docks-Cog Moors
Former estuary reclaimed to form Barry Docks and associated industrial facilities. Higher part of estuary passes into broad alluvial plain, locally showing indications of former saltmarsh channel systems, and subsequently river-flood plain systems. Drainage ditch systems typical of broad alluvial plain.
River channel / canal (artificial). Former saltmarsh / marsh. Flood plain. Coastal defence works. Made ground. Reclaimed land. Urban / industrial development. Engineered topography
Natural character of Aspect Area significantly altered by reclamation of estuary and construction of docks and associated industrial facilities.
Construction and expansion of Barry Docks and associated industrial facilities, incluing reclamation of estuary and former saltmarsh has removed the natural charcter of much of the Aspect Area. Small areas with traces of former saltmarsh channels locally survive however and conservation of such areas, including their sediment record of Quaternary climate change, could ensure that total loss of this record does not occur. Recommendations are therefore: Ensure that no surviving and potentially c
Aspect Area corresponds to margins of former estuary, now largely occupied by reclaimed and made ground, and connected river-flood plain systems.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989. Cardiff, 1:50,000 England and Wales Sheet 263 (Drift), British Geological Survey; GEORGE, T.N. 1970, British Regional Geology: South Wales (Third edition). HMSO; ORDNANCE SURVEY 1998. Explorer 151 (1:25,000); WATERS, R.A. & LAWRENCE, D.J.D. 1987, Memoir for 1: 50, 000 geological sheet 263 (England and Wales), BGS.

Moulton
Segment of broad Blue Lias' plateau (Lower Jurassic) including well developed internal scarps where softer Lavernock Shales between limestone-shale St Mary's Well Bay and Portkerry members have been eroded back to form steep slope above platform of former and below plateau of latter member. Steep sided cwms also typical.
Rural area with limited development pressure.
Ensure that no significant and potentially conservable features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development, etc, by implementing a RIGS survey to identify key sites and adopting a strategy of temporary exposure recording to ensure that significant geological features exposed in temporary excavations are recorded and important samples conserved in recognised institutions.
Boundaries correspond to river flood plain systems to west, south and east and to north are contact with marginal Triassic facies, including Penarth Group.
Forms section of broader 'Blue Lias' plateau, but significant sites not recorded.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989. Bridgend, 1:50,000 England and Wales Sheet 262 (including part Sheet 261 Sker Point) (Solid and Drift), British Geological Survey; GEORGE, T.N. 1970, British Regional Geology: South Wales (Third edition). HMSO; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989. Cardiff, 1:50,000 England and Wales Sheet 262 (iSheet 263) (Drift), British Geological Survey; ORDNANCE SURVEY 1998. Explorer 151 (1:25,000); WATERS, R.A. & LAWRENCE, D.J.D. 1987, Memoir for 1: 50, 000 geological sheet 26

Ogmore-Nash-Breaksea
Aspect Area corresponds to the cliffs and dominantly rocky foreshore between Ogmore-by-sea and Breaksea Point on the west side of the Thaw estuary. Most characteristic are the vertical cliffs of alternating limestone and shales of the Portkerry Member of the Lower Lias Formation, which include the spectacular Nash Point. Lower cliffs near Ogmore-by-sea include famous exposures of marginal Triassic and Jurassic deposits unconformably overlying Carboniferous limestone. Cliffs are cut by deep cwm
oastal erosion and sediment transport.. Alluvial fan of Col-huw Point..
Cliff. Wave-cut platform. Sea-cave / cave. Boulder. Sand / shingle foreshore. Sand beach. Alluvial fan (active). Coastal defence works
Area includes SSSIs and Glamorgan Heritage Coast with appropriate management regimes.
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to coastal defence, etc, by implementing a RIGS survey to identify key non-SSSI sites and implementing SSSI management plans at existing sites. Encourage a responsible approach to specimen, incluing fossil, collecting to minimise any risk of damage to sensitive geological features or loss of scientifically important specimens. Encourage deposition of important specimens in recognised institu
Aspect Area corresponds to foreshore and cliff.
Includes areas and sites of regional, national and international importance for studies of Triassic and Jurassic stratigraphy, palaeonotology and sedimentology, mineralisation, Quaternary climate change and coastal geomorphology.
ENTON, M.J., COOK, E. & TURNER, P. 2002, Geological Conservation Review Series 24, JNCC; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989. Bridgend, 1:50,000 England and Wales Sheet 262 (including part Sheet 261 Sker Point) (Solid and Drift), British Geological Survey; CAMPBELL, S. & BOWEN, D.Q. 1989, Geological Conservation Review: Quaternary of Wales, NCC; GEORGE, T.N. 1970, British Regional Geology: South Wales (Third edition). HMSO;
MAY, V.J. & HANSOM, J.D. 2003, Geological Conservation Review Series 28,

Penarth
Area of 'normal' mudrock-dominated Triassic (Mercia Mudstone Formation, Penarth Group) and alternating limestone-shale Lower Jurassic (Blue Lias Formation) characterised by low tabular hills capped with latter with steep slopes and low valley areas between underlain by former. Central part of Aspect Area largely covered by urban and industrial Penarth and Dinas Powis.
Lake / reservoir (artificial). Slope. Hill top. Scarp slope. Plateau. Spring. Scarp. Made ground. Urban / industrial development
Natural landscape significantly modified by urban expansion.
Ensure that no significant and potentially conservable features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development, etc, by implementing a RIGS survey to identify key sites and adopting a strategy of temporary exposure recording to ensure that significant geological features exposed in temporary excavations are recorded and important samples conserved in recognised institutions.
West boundary corresponds to river system and fault separating 'normal' facies Mercia Mudstone Group from marginal; north-west boundary is local authority boundary; south-east and east is the coast; north-east is margins of estuary system.
Underlying geology is significant but no significant surviving exposures reported and adjacent coast shows same succession well exposed and within SSSI.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989. Cardiff, 1:50,000 England and Wales Sheet 263 (Drift), British Geological Survey; GEORGE, T.N. 1970, British Regional Geology: South Wales (Third edition). HMSO; ORDNANCE SURVEY 1998. Explorer 151 (1:25,000); RICHARDSON, L. 1905, Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, London 61, 385-424; TRUEMAN, A.E. 1920, Proceedings of the Geologist's Association, London 31: 93-107, TRUEMAN, A.E. 1922, Proceedings of the Geologist's Association, London 33: 245-284; WATE

Pendoylan Moors-Ely
Broad alluvium filled basin/flood plain system, including bog, linked to narrow river-flood plain system conecting to former Ely-Taff estuary. Includes small areas of glacial boulder clay and local head on margins of basin, also tufa deposit around spring.
iver-flood plain system.. Tufa formation around spring..
Ensure that no significant and potentially conservable features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development, for instance mineral extraction or road construction, etc, by implementing a RIGS survey to identify key sites for protection through local plan policies.
Boundaries correspond to edge of flood-plain system and associated periglacial deposits (head).
Broad typical alluvium filled valley with some features of possible note including tufa deposits.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989. Cardiff, 1:50,000 England and Wales Sheet 263 (Drift), British Geological Survey; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989. Bridgend, 1:50,000 England and Wales Sheet 262 (including part Sheet 261 Sker Point) (Solid and Drift), British Geological Survey; ORDNANCE SURVEY 1998. Explorer 151 (1:25,000);
WATERS, R.A. & LAWRENCE, D.J.D. 1987, Memoir for 1: 50, 000 geological sheet 263 (England and Wales), BGS; WILSON, D., DAVIES, J.R., FLETCHER, C.J.N. & SMITH, M. 1990, Memoi
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Meander; Bog/fen; Tufa.

Ogmore Down
Area of blown sand occupying coastal platform (raised beach) of Ogmore-by-Sea and blanketing coastal slopes of Ogmore Down.
Mud-dominated foreshore. Stabilised sand dune. Coastal slope. River channel (natural)
Includes partly developed or otherwise modified areas of blown sand, e.g. within golf course, and partly developed raised beach platform.
Ensure that no significant surviving features or materials of geological or geomorphological significance are lost or damaged by assessing regional status of raised beach platform and blown sand deposits.
Boundary corresponds to limits of blown sand deposits and local authority area.
Includes partly developed or otherwise modified areas of blown sand and partly developed raised beach platform.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989. Bridgend, 1:50,000 England and Wales Sheet 262 (including part Sheet 261 Sker Point) (Solid and Drift), British Geological Survey; GEORGE, T.N. 1970, British Regional Geology: South Wales (Third edition). HMSO; ORDNANCE SURVEY 1998. Explorer 151 (1:25,000); PERKINS, J.W., GAYER, R.A. & BAKER,J.W. 1997. Glamorgan Heritage Coast - a guide to its Geology, Glamorgan Heritage Coast; WILSON, D., DAVIES, J.R., FLETCHER, C.J.N. & SMITH, M. 1990, Memoir for 1: 50, 000 ge

St. Hilary
Continuation of Carboniferous massif within Cowbridge Anticline, with 'Old Red Sandstone' (Devonian) core and flanking Triassic-Jurassic marginal deposits. Includes relatively high ridge cut by deep, steep sided Nant Aberthin valley.
Dry valley. Slope. Hill top. Spring. Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit
Dominantly rural area with working limestone quarry.
Ensure that no significant and potentially conservable features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development, quarrying, etc, by implementing a RIGS survey to identify key sites and adopting a strategy of temporary exposure recording to ensure that significant geological features exposed in temporary excavations and working quarries are recorded and important samples conserved in recognised institutions.
Western boundary corresponds to river-flood plain system, northern to glacial clay covered plateau, southern to boundary with 'normal' facies Blue Lias Formation.
The Aspect Area forms a key part of the Carboniferous-marginal Triassic-Jurassic massif within the Vale and includes key exposures of limestone in a working quarry at Pant y Ffynon and landforms of possible geomorphological significance associated with the Nant Aberthin valley.
RITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989. Cardiff, 1:50,000 England and Wales Sheet 263 (Drift), British Geological Survey; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989. Bridgend, 1:50,000 England and Wales Sheet 262 (including part Sheet 261 Sker Point) (Solid and Drift), British Geological Survey; GEORGE, T.N. 1970, British Regional Geology: South Wales (Third edition). HMSO; ORDNANCE SURVEY 1998. Explorer 151 (1:25,000); WATERS, R.A. & LAWRENCE, D.J.D. 1987, Memoir for 1: 50, 000 geological sheet 263 (England and

Argoed
Small section of the Carboniferous limestone massif forming the steep eastern side of the higher Thaw valley, and separated from VLFGLGL492 (Ewenny-Penllyn) by the valley and blanketed to the east by glacial clays of VLFGLGL532 (Pendoylan)... Includes disused limestone quarry...
Dominantly rural area with limited development pressure, although quarry at risk from inappropraite restoration as currently without conservation status...
Ensure that no significant and potentially conservable features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development, etc, by implementing a RIGS survey to identify or confirm key sites such as Argoed Quarry and adopt a strategy of temporary exposure recording to ensure that significant geological features exposed in temporary excavations are recorded and important samples conserved in recognised institutions...
Western boundary corresponds to edge of river-flood plain system and marginal head deposits of the Thaw valley; eastern boundary is margin of glacial clay covered plateau...
Relatively small area but with regionally important section in Carboniferous limestone (Argoed Quarry), including the type section of the Argoed Limestone (Holkerian)...
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989... Bridgend, 1:50,000 England and Wales Sheet 262 (including part Sheet 261 Sker Point) (Solid and Drift), British Geological Survey; GEORGE, T...N... 1970, British Regional Geology: South Wales (Third edition)... HMSO; ORDNANCE SURVEY 1998... Explorer 151 (1:25,000); WILSON, D..., DAVIES, J...R..., FLETCHER, C...J...N... & SMITH, M... 1990, Memoir for 1: 50, 000 geological sheet 261 and 262 (England and Wales), BGS...
Additional Level 4 features include: Disused quarry;

Barry Island
Distinctive low island with two southward directed points of Carboniferous limestone which mirror a third to the west, on the main land (Cold Knap Point), but included within the same Aspect Area as geology is similar. Limestone is unconformably overlain by marginal Triassic facies with conglomerates.Surface of island largely developed with residential, industrial and leisure facilities. Aspect Area includes both island and shore.
Cliff. Wave-cut platform. Island. Sand / shingle foreshore. Mud-dominated foreshore. Stabilised sand dune. Sand beach. Shingle / gravel. Lake / reservoir (artificial). Slope. Coastal defence works. Urban / industrial development
Classic area for geological studies on the coast protected by SSSI designation, although inland largely developed.
Ensure that no features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost or damaged and that the SSSI is maintained in favourable condition by implementation of a management plan.
Boundaries correspond to solid geology and shore of Barry Island and adjacent limestone headland of Cold Knap Point.
Classic area for geological studies, includes Barry Island SSSI.
BENTON, M.J., COOK, E. & TURNER, P. 2002, Geological Conservation Review Series 24, JNCC; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989. Cardiff, 1:50,000 England and Wales Sheet 263
(Drift), British Geological Survey; GEORGE, T.N. 1970, British Regional Geology: South Wales (Third edition). HMSO; ORDNANCE SURVEY 1998. Explorer 151 (1:25,000); WATERS, R.A. & LAWRENCE, D.J.D. 1987, Memoir for 1: 50, 000 geological sheet 263 (England and Wales), BGS.

Rhoose Point-Portkerry
Aspect Area corresponds to the cliffs and dominantly rocky foreshore between Ffontgari Bay and Barry, to the east of the Thaw estuary. Most characteristic are the vertical cliffs of alternating limestone and shales of the Portkerry Member of the Lower Lias Formation (Lower Jurassic), which locally have been breached by inland quarries in similar materials.
Cliff. Wave-cut platform. Sand / shingle foreshore. Coastal defence works. Reclaimed land. Engineered topography
Coastal area with signiificant defence works only at eastern end near Barry.
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to coastal defence, etc, by implementing a RIGS survey to identify key areas and protect using local plan policies. Encourage a responsible approach to specimen, incluing fossil, collecting to minimise any risk of damage to sensitive geological features or loss of scientifically important specimens. Encourage deposition of important specimens in recognised institutions.
Aspect Area includes cliff and foreshore within Blue Lias Formation outcrop (including area of latter with promenade and car park at Barry).
Aspect Area includes the type locality of the Portkerry Member of the Blue Lias Formation (Lower Jurassic), which is therefore of at least regional importance.
RITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989. Cardiff, 1:50,000 England and Wales Sheet 263 (Drift), British Geological Survey; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989. Bridgend, 1:50,000 England and Wales Sheet 262 (including part Sheet 261 Sker Point) (Solid and Drift), British Geological Survey; GEORGE, T.N. 1970, British Regional Geology: South Wales (Third edition). HMSO; ORDNANCE SURVEY 1998. Explorer 151 (1:25,000); SIMMS, M.J., CHIDLAW, N., MORTON, N. & PAGE, K.N. 2004, Geological Conservation Review Series

Ewenny-Penllyn
Continuation of low, broad ridge of Carboniferous limestone with flanking deposits of marginal facies Triassic and Jurassic. Dry valleys present.
Dry valley. Slope. Hill top. Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit. Urban / industrial development
Dominantly rural area with geological exposures partly in working quarries (providing no unique deposits are removed by quarrying).
Ensure that no significant and potentially conservable features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development,quarrying, etc, by implementing SSSI management plan and a RIGS survey to identify key sites to be protected through local plan policies. Adopt a strategy of temporary exposure and working quarry recording to ensure that significant geological features exposed in temporary excavations are recorded and important samples conserved in recognised instit
Northern boundary corresponds to local authority boundary and river-flood plain system, latter also delineates eastern. Southern boundary mainly corresponds to the junction with 'normal' facies Blue Lias.
Central part of Carboniferous limestone ridge with flanks of marginal Mesozoic (Triassic and Jurassic) with Ewenny and Pant Quarries SSSI (part, for latest Triassic (Rhaetian) mammals in fissures) and relatively complete Carboniferous limestone sequence, including working quarry.
BENTON, M.J. & SPENCER, P.S. 1995, Geological Conservation Review Series 10, JNCC; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989. Bridgend, 1:50,000 England and Wales Sheet 262 (including part Sheet 261 Sker Point) (Solid and Drift), British Geological Survey; GEORGE, T.N. 1970, British Regional Geology: South Wales (Third edition). HMSO;
ORDNANCE SURVEY 1998. Explorer 151 (1:25,000); WILSON, D., DAVIES, J.R., FLETCHER, C.J.N. & SMITH, M. 1990, Memoir for 1: 50, 000 geological sheet 261 and 262 (England an

Thaw-Waycock
Dendritic river-flood plain system in typically steep sided narrow valley, with local small alluvial fans where tributaries enter. Estuary of main Thaw River is distinctly fan shaped but significantly modified by industrial activity, including a power station, associated ash dumps and aggregate extraction.
Soft-sediment cliff and shore. Mineral workings. Engineered features and reclaimed / infilled land
iver-flood plain system.. Coastal erosion and sediment movement..
Sand / shingle foreshore. River channel / canal (artificial). River channel (natural). Former saltmarsh / marsh. Flood plain. Coastal defence works. Made ground. Reclaimed land. Urban / industrial development
Typical dendritic river-flood plain system with highly modified non-natural estuary.
Ensure that no further significant and potentially conservable features of geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development, including on floodplains, by implementing a RIGS survey to identify key sites for protection through local plan policies.
Boundaries correspond to margins of floodplain system.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989. Cardiff, 1:50,000 England and Wales Sheet 263 (Drift), British Geological Survey; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989. Bridgend, 1:50,000 England and Wales Sheet 262 (including part Sheet 261 Sker Point) (Solid and Drift), British Geological Survey; ORDNANCE SURVEY 1998. Explorer 151 (1:25,000);
WATERS, R.A. & LAWRENCE, D.J.D. 1987, Memoir for 1: 50, 000 geological sheet 263 (England and Wales), BGS; WILSON, D., DAVIES, J.R., FLETCHER, C.J.N. & SMITH, M. 1990, Memoi

Penarth Flats
Narrow Aspect Area representing the largely reclaimed and engineered remnants of the south side of the Ely-Taff estuary.
River channel / canal (artificial). Former saltmarsh / marsh. Flood plain. Coastal defence works. Made ground. Reclaimed land. Urban / industrial development. Engineered topography
Natural estuary system removed by land reclamation and construction of barrage.
Natural estuary system removed by land reclamation and construction of barrage - effectively no further decline of geomorphological features possible. Restoration of processes highly unlikely, therefore no guidelines provided in Field 22.
Boundaries correspond to edge of former estuary/salt marsh system, now largely reclaimed.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989. Cardiff, 1:50,000 England and Wales Sheet 263 (Drift), British Geological Survey; GEORGE, T.N. 1970, British Regional Geology: South Wales (Third edition). HMSO; WATERS, R.A. & LAWRENCE, D.J.D. 1987, Memoir for 1: 50, 000 geological sheet 263 (England and Wales), BGS.

Pendoylan
Relatively high and very irregular terrain, even hummocky in places, underlain by thick deposit of glacial clays with some sand, interpreted as a Devensian (i.e. last Glaciation) end moraine. local small areas of bedrock protrude through the cover, including 'Old Red Sandstone' (Devonian), Carboniferous limestone and Blue Lias Formation (Lower Jurassic).
Lake / reservoir (artificial). Slope. Hill top. Ridge. Moraine. Kettle hole. Spring. Urban / industrial development
Ensure that no significant and potentially conservable features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development, etc, by implementing a RIGS survey to identify key sites and establishing protection using local plan policies.
Northern boundary corresponds to Local Authority boundary; western and southern to edge of boulder clay cover ; north-east to Ely valley.
The area includes potentially regionally important sites showing glacio-deposition features such as kettle holes (e.g. at Mynydd y forest) and ground survey is now needed to confirm potential status.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989. Cardiff, 1:50,000 England and Wales Sheet 263 (Drift), British Geological Survey; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989. Bridgend, 1:50,000 England and Wales Sheet 262 (including part Sheet 261 Sker Point) (Solid and Drift), British Geological Survey; CAMPBELL, S. & BOWEN, D.Q. 1989, Geological Conservation Review: Quaternary of Wales, NCC; GEORGE, T.N. 1970, British Regional Geology: South Wales (Third edition). HMSO; ORDNANCE SURVEY 1998. Explorer 151 (1:25,000); WAT

Coed Hills
Small segment of dissected 'Blue Lias' plateau with distinctive tabular hills with scarp face in Lavernock Shales Member, capped by Portkerry Member limestone-shales, on a platform of St. Mary's Well Bay Member.
Slope. Hill top. Scarp slope. Plateau. Ridge
Ensure that no significant and potentially conservable features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development, etc, by implementing a RIGS survey to identify key sites and adopting a strategy of temporary exposure recording to ensure that significant geological features exposed in temporary excavations are recorded and important samples conserved in recognised institutions.
Boundaries correspond to river-flood plain systems to south and west and junction with marginal Triassic (incl. Penarth Group) to north.
Segment of broader 'Blue Lias' outcrop without significant recorded exposures but with notable landform.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989. Bridgend, 1:50,000 England and Wales Sheet 262 (including part Sheet 261 Sker Point) (Solid and Drift), British Geological Survey; GEORGE, T.N. 1970, British Regional Geology: South Wales (Third edition). HMSO; ORDNANCE SURVEY 1998. Explorer 151 (1:25,000); WILSON, D., DAVIES, J.R., FLETCHER, C.J.N. & SMITH, M. 1990, Memoir for 1: 50, 000 geological sheet 261 and 262 (England and Wales), BGS.

Ty Candy
Small segment of south-east side of Ewenny valley system, including narrow flood plain of tributary and head apron on margin of Carboniferous limestone-marginal Triassic/Jurassic massif.
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost/damaged due to development, including on flood plain.
Boundary corresponds to margins of flood plain alluvium and head deposits.
Small section of larger river-flood plain system.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989. Bridgend, 1:50,000 England and Wales Sheet 262 (including part Sheet 261 Sker Point) (Solid and Drift), British Geological Survey; GEORGE, T.N. 1970, British Regional Geology: South Wales (Third edition). HMSO; ORDNANCE SURVEY 1998. Explorer 151 (1:25,000); WILSON, D., DAVIES, J.R., FLETCHER, C.J.N. & SMITH, M. 1990, Memoir for 1: 50, 000 geological sheet 261 and 262 (England and Wales), BGS.

Sully-Lavernock-Penarth
Coastal cliff and dominantly rocky foreshore exposures of mainly marginal facies Mercia Mudstone Group (Triassic) in south-west, faulted against famous 'normal' facies Mercia Mudstone-Blue Lias Formation (Lower Jurassic) sequence to the east and north-east. Includes foreshore below promenade and coastal defenses of Penarth.
Cliff. Wave-cut platform. Island. Sand / shingle foreshore. Sand beach. Coastal defence works
Area falls largely within SSSI designations.
Ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to coastal defence, etc, by implementing a RIGS survey to identify key non-SSSI areas and implementing SSSI management plans at existing sites. Encourage a responsible approach to specimen, incluing fossil, collecting to minimise any risk of damage to sensitive geological features or loss of scientifically important specimens. Encourage deposition of important specimens in recognised institu
Aspect Area corresponds to foreshore and cliff.
Includes nationally and internationally important SSSIs for Triassic reptile footprints and lake sediments and classic Rhaetian (terminal Triassic) to early Jurassic sequence incl. type locality of Penarth Group.
ENTON, M.J., COOK, E. & TURNER, P. 2002, Geological Conservation Review Series 24, JNCC; BENTON, M.J. & SPENCER, P.S. 1995, Geological Conservation Review Series 10, JNCC; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989. Cardiff, 1:50,000 England and Wales Sheet 263 (Drift), British Geological Survey; DINELEY, D.L. & METCALF, S.J. 1999, Geological Conservation Review Series 16, JNCC; GEORGE, T.N. 1970, British Regional Geology: South Wales (Third edition). HMSO; ORDNANCE SURVEY 1998. Explorer 151 (1:25,000);

Penllyn Moor
Broad flat based valley and basin, in part with incised meander morphology, now occupied by relatively minor river-flood plain system. Sides steep with head apron at base. Rapidly narrows immedistely above Cowbridge with deposits of glacial sand and gravel within 'neck' of valley, above narrow course to the south of the town (Aspect Area VLFGLGL514, Thaw-Waycock).
River channel / canal (artificial). River channel (natural). Flood plain. Spring. Urban / industrial development
Ensure that no significant and potentially conservable deposits or features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development, including mineral extraction, by implementing a RIGS survey to identify key sites and assess the regional significance of the geomorphological and glacial/periglacial features present.
Boundaries correspond to the edge of the drift deposits (alluvium, head, glacial sand and gravel) within the valley system.
The Aspect Area includes geomorphological features and deposits suggesting a possible regional significance for Quaternary studies, for instance possible glacial/fluvioglacial origins of the misfit valley, incised meander and broad basin of Penllyn Moor.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989. Bridgend, 1:50,000 England and Wales Sheet 262 (including part Sheet 261 Sker Point) (Solid and Drift), British Geological Survey; CAMPBELL, S. & BOWEN, D.Q. 1989, Geological Conservation Review: Quaternary of Wales, NCC; GEORGE, T.N. 1970, British Regional Geology: South Wales (Third edition). HMSO; ORDNANCE SURVEY 1998. Explorer 151 (1:25,000); WILSON, D., DAVIES, J.R., FLETCHER, C.J.N. & SMITH, M. 1990, Memoir for 1: 50, 000 geological sheet 261 and 262 (Eng
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Meander; Bog/fen.

Llangan
Broad depression underlain by 'normal' facies Blue Lias formation and forming slope on northern side of more resistant Carboniferous limestone-marginal Lias ridge.
Dominantly rural area without significant development.
North-west boundary corresponds to Local Authority boundary and river-flood plain system; south, east and north-east correspond to junction with Carboniferous limestone-marginal Triassic, etc., ridge.
Area of Lower Jurassic outcrop but without significant exposure recorded.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989. Bridgend, 1:50,000 England and Wales Sheet 262 (including part Sheet 261 Sker Point) (Solid and Drift), British Geological Survey; GEORGE, T.N. 1970, British Regional Geology: South Wales (Third edition). HMSO; ORDNANCE SURVEY 1998. Explorer 151 (1:25,00); WILSON, D., DAVIES, J.R., FLETCHER, C.J.N. & SMITH, M. 1990, Memoir for 1: 50, 000 geological sheet 261 and 262 (England and Wales), BGS.

Ogmorre-St. Brides
Broad ridge dominated by Carboniferous limestone with relatively minor areas of Lias marginal deposits (Lower Jurassic). Quarries in limestone characteristic and dry valleys present. Includes coastal slope above Ogmore-by-Sea.
Lake / reservoir (artificial). Dry valley. Slope. Hill top. Urban / industrial development
Dominantly rural area with key sites notified and protected within SSSIs although latter potentially at risk if appropriate management plans not implemented.
Ensure that no significant and potentially conservable features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development, quarrying, etc, by implementing SSSI management plans and a RIGS survey to identify key additional sites. Also adopt a strategy of temporary exposure recording to ensure that significant geological features exposed in temporary excavations are recorded and recording of quarry sites takes place as they develop. Ensure that important specimens are co
North and north-east boundaries correspond to river-flood plain systems, south-west to coast, south-east to junction with 'normal' facies 'Blue Lias'.
Key part of Carboniferous limestone-marginal Mesozoic (Triassic-Jurassic} ridge, adjacent to famous coastal sections and including sites of international palaeontological importance (Cnap Twt SSSI - Rhaetian flora in fissures) and Ewenny and Pant Quarries SSSI (part), also Duchy Quarry (same GCR site but within biological SSSI) ((Rhaetian mammals in fissures).
BENTON, M.J. & SPENCER, P.S. 1995, Geological Conservation Review Series 10, JNCC; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989. Bridgend, 1:50,000 England and Wales Sheet 262 (including part Sheet 261 Sker Point) (Solid and Drift), British Geological Survey; CLEAL, C.J., THOMAS, B.A., BATTEN, D.J. & COLLINSON, M.E. 2001, Geological Conservation Review Series 22, JNCC; GEORGE, T.N. 1970, British Regional Geology: South Wales (Third edition). HMSO; ORDNANCE SURVEY 1998. Explorer 151 (1:25,000); WILSON, D., D
Additional Level 4 features include: Disused quarry; Natural crags and inland outcrops;

Wenvoe
Forms eastern most limits of Carboniferous limestone-marginal Triassic-Jurassic massif, and is dominated by two distinct outcrops of limestone, each with a north-west/south-east scarp and a south-west inclined dip-slope, separated by a lower valley of softer 'normal' facies Mercia Mudstone Group within which Wenvoe is sited. Marginal facies only well developed west of the western limestone mass, south-east of the eastern and around a smaller limestone outcrop in north-eastern Barry.
Undulating lowland hill terrain. Lowland dip slope. Lowland Karst
Lake / reservoir (artificial). Slope. Hill top. Scarp slope. Dip slope. Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit. Urban / industrial development
Partly rural, partly urban but with working and other quarries with significant exposures of Carboniferous succession and possibly also marginal Triassic facies. Outcrop of same in north-east Barry already largely concealed by urban expansion however,
Ensure that no significant and potentially conservable features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development, quarrying, etc, by implementing a RIGS survey to identify key sites and adopting a strategy of temporary exposure recording to ensure that significant geological features exposed in temporary excavations are recorded and important samples conserved in recognised institutions
Northern boundary corresponds to limits of glacial clay cover, south-west to junction with 'normal' facies Blue Lias Formation, west and south-east to river-flood plain systems.
Eastern limits of Carboniferous-marginal Triassic massif with distinct scarp and dip topography. Working and other quarries potentially include significant exposures of Carboniferous succession and marginal Triassic facies.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989. Cardiff, 1:50,000 England and Wales Sheet 263 (Drift), British Geological Survey; GEORGE, T.N. 1970, British Regional Geology: South Wales (Third edition). HMSO; ORDNANCE SURVEY 1998. Explorer 151 (1:25,000); WATERS, R.A. & LAWRENCE, D.J.D. 1987, Memoir for 1: 50, 000 geological sheet 263 (England and Wales), BGS.

Llanwit-St. Athan
Broad, low, dissected coastal plateau underlain by Lias (Lower Jurassic) with steep sided valleys and short steep cwms cut into cliffs adjacent to the coast... Level plateau includes two airfields... Some periglacial deposits (head) in some valleys and cwms...
Flood plain. Slope. Hill top. Scarp slope. Plateau. Spring. Urban / industrial development
Dominantly rural area including Heritage Coast - development pressure therefore limited...
Ensure that no significant features or materials of geological or geomorphological significance are lost or damaged by implementing RIGS survey and site selection and temporary section recording... Maintain SSSI features in favourable condition by implementation of a management plan...
Boundary corresponds to cliff top or beach/land boundary to south, edge of river/flood plain systems to east and centrally and contact of 'normal' Lias with Carboniferous limestone-marginal Mesozoic facies to north...
Includes part of Monknash Coast SSSI with Pleistocene-Holocene features but with no other recorded sites with significant geological exposures...
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989... Bridgend, 1:50,000 England and Wales Sheet 262 (including part Sheet 261 Sker Point) (Solid and Drift), British Geological Survey; CAMPBELL, S... & BOWEN, D...Q... 1989, Geological Conservation Review: Quaternary of Wales, NCC; GEORGE, T...N... 1970, British Regional Geology: South Wales (Third edition)... HMSO; ORDNANCE SURVEY 1998... Explorer 151 (1:25,000); PERKINS, J...W..., GAYER, R...A... & BAKER,J...W... 1997... Glamorgan Heritage Coast - a guide to it

Alun-Ewenny
Dendritic valley system of Alun river and its confluence with the Ewenny river-estuary system. Includes narrow steep sided gorge of the Alun river where it cuts through the Carboniferous limestone massif between Ewenny village and St. Bride's Major.
River channel (natural). Flood plain. Spring. Limestone gorge
Ensure that no significant and potentially conservable features of geomorphological interest in the river system are lost/damaged due to development, including on the flood plain, by implementing a RIGS survey to assess possible status.
Boundaries correspond to margins of flood plain system.
Typical river system including gorge through limestone massif.

Peterston
Undulating terrain with central higher ground dominated by Blue Lias Formation (Lower Jurassic) and flanks blanketed by glacial boulder clays with some sands representing part of a late Devensian (last glacial) end moraine.
Lake / reservoir (artificial). Slope. Hill top. Spring. Urban / industrial development
Dominantly rural area with limited development pressure.
Northern and north-east boundary correspond to local authority boundary, west and south to edge of Ely river-flood plain system.
Forms part of both Lias (Lower Jurassic) outcrop and Boulder Clay cover of the Vale but without notable sites recorded.
RITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989. Cardiff, 1:50,000 England and Wales Sheet 263 (Drift), British Geological Survey; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989. Bridgend, 1:50,000 England and Wales Sheet 262 (including part Sheet 261 Sker Point) (Solid and Drift), British Geological Survey; GEORGE, T.N. 1970, British Regional Geology: South Wales (Third edition). HMSO; ORDNANCE SURVEY 1998. Explorer 151 (1:25,000); WATERS, R.A. & LAWRENCE, D.J.D. 1987, Memoir for 1: 50, 000 geological sheet 263 (England and

Llanbethery
Segment of dissected 'Blue Lias' plateau, including internal scarps where softer Lavernock Shales Member has been eroded to steep slope below plateau of limestone-shale Portkerry Member and above platform of St. Mary's Well Bay Member. Steep sided cwms also present.
Dominantly rural area without significant development.
Boundaries on south-west, south and east corresponds to river-flood plain systems. Northern boundary is junction with marginal Triassic facies, incl. Penarth Group, and Carboniferous massif.
Segment of 'Blue Lias' plateau but without recorded significant exposures.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989. Cardiff, 1:50,000 England and Wales Sheet 262 (Sheet 263) (Drift), British Geological Survey; GEORGE, T.N. 1970, British Regional Geology: South Wales (Third edition). HMSO; ORDNANCE SURVEY 1998. Explorer 151 (1:25,000); WILSON, D., DAVIES, J.R., FLETCHER, C.J.N. & SMITH, M. 1990, Memoir for 1: 50, 000 geological sheet 261 and 262 (England and Wales), BGS.

Sully
Rounded, elongated headland of Triassic marginal facies on the south side of the Cadoxton (Barry) docks/estuary. Small outcrops of Carboniferous limestone also present. Includes significant urbanisation.
No significant exposures or other features noted although urbanisation has significant affected natural landscape.
Ensure that no further significant and potentially conservable features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development, etc, by implementing a RIGS survey to identify key sites and protect through local plan policies. Adopt a strategy of temporary exposure recording to ensure that significant geological features exposed in temporary excavations are recorded and important samples conserved in recognised institutions.
Northern boundary corresponds to Cadoxton estuary and reclaimed land around Barry Docks; southern is the coast; eastern corresponds to a fault separating marginal facies from softer 'normal' facies Mercia Mudstone Group.
No significant exposures noted although marginal facies could yield significant materials in temporary excavations as adjacent SSSI on coast includes reptile footprints.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989. Cardiff, 1:50,000 England and Wales Sheet 263 (Drift), British Geological Survey; GEORGE, T.N. 1970, British Regional Geology: South Wales (Third edition). HMSO; ORDNANCE SURVEY 1998. Explorer 151 (1:25,000); WATERS, R.A. & LAWRENCE, D.J.D. 1987, Memoir for 1: 50, 000 geological sheet 263 (England and Wales), BGS.

Barry-Rhoose
Section of broad, low, dissected coastal plateau underlain by Lias (Lower Jurassic) with steep sided valleys and short steep cwms cut into cliffs adjacent to the coast. Large cement quarries present, with disused sites intersecting cliffs. Level plateau includes Cardiff Airport. Some alluvium and periglacial deposits (head) in some valleys and cwms. Includes part of urban and industrial Barry.
Flood plain. Slope. Hill top. Scarp slope. Spring. Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit. Made ground. Urban / industrial development
Working and disused quarries provide exposures with educational potential although in Barry geomorphology of landscape has been degraded by development
Southern boundary corresponds to coast (top of cliffs etc); northern and western boundaries are edges of river-flood plain systems; eastern boundary is geological contact of 'normal, Lias facies and Triassic (Penarth Group}.
Area includes key inland exposures of Lower Jurassic, Blue Lias Formation with scientific and educational potential and therefore including possible candidate RIGS sites.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989. Bridgend, 1:50,000 England and Wales Sheet 262 (including part Sheet 261 Sker Point) (Solid and Drift), British Geological Survey; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1989. Cardiff, 1:50,000 England and Wales Sheet 263 (Drift), British Geological Survey; GEORGE, T.N. 1970, British Regional Geology: South Wales (Third edition). HMSO; ORDNANCE SURVEY 1998. Explorer 151 (1:25,000); PERKINS, J.W., GAYER, R.A. & BAKER,J.W. 1997. Glamorgan Heritage Coast - a guide to its Geolog

Morfa Ystradowen
Broadly sub-triangular basin with level floor underlain by glacial silt, head, peat and glacial lake sediments. Now dominated by rough grassland/moor.
Lake / reservoir (artificial). Former lake (e.g. silted up)
No siginificant development currently within area, although there has been former mineral extraction.
Ensure that no significant features or deposits of geological or geomorphological significance are lost/damaged due to development, including mineral extraction, by assessing potential RIGS status of Area.
Boundaries correspond to edge of drift infill of depression (head, etc).
The presence of glacial lake sediments associated with glacial silt, head and peat suggests a site of at least regional (i.e. RIGS) significance for Quaternary studies.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Bog/fen.

Ruabon Mountain
Upland ridge formed by sandstones of the ''Millstone Grit'' (mainly Upper Carboniferous) with a broadly NNE-SSW orientation and dip slope to east. Forms the western limits of Wrexham County Borough. Rises up to around 460-500m and falls to around 300m; lower part include some areas of cover by glacial clays. Mainly open moorland with some scattered shafts and locally surface boulders, especially in the N.
Boulder. Slope. Hill top. Dip slope. Coal / mineral spoil tips
Rural area with no significant development. Aspect Area lies wholly or partly within the proposed extension to the Clwydian Hills AONB (2008).
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development/ forestry, etc) and that RIGS sites are protected through develop plan policies and constraint mapping.
County boundary to SW, base of low feature to NW, base of steeper upper part of slopes on E side of massif.
Major landscape feature marking the NW margin of the County and including key regionally important stratigraphical sites (RIGS).
BENNETT, J. (ed.) (1995), Minera Lead Mines and Quarries (Wrexham Maelor Borough Council); BEVINS, R.E. and MASON, J.S. (1999), Welsh Metallophyte and metalogenic evaluation project: Results of a Minesite Survey of Clwyd (NMW); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), Wrexham (Sheet 121); MALPAS, J.(2007), Clwydian Range Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, Local Geodiversity Action Plan (AHNE Brynian Clwd / Clwydian Range AONB, NEWRIGS, CCW); NEWRIGS (2005-2006), North East Wales RIGS Group Site Reco
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry; Natural crags and inland outcrops; Mine shaft/adit; Marsh/bog/fen; Tufa; Block slopes/ surface stone.

Nant y Cwm Mawr
Narrow and incised valley cutting through the crest of the Ruabon-Esclusham Mountain, ''Millstone Grit sandstone ridge (mainly Upper Carboniferous). Flow is broadly south-westwards. May be meltwater channel as also links to a valley to the NW. disused shafts present.
Rural area with no significant development. Aspect Area lies wholly or partly within the proposed extension to the Clwydian Hills AONB (2008).
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development/ forestry, etc) .
BENNETT, J. (ed.) (1995), Minera Lead Mines and Quarries (Wrexham Maelor Borough Council); Results of a Minesite Survey of Clwyd (NMW); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), Wrexham (Sheet 121); MALPAS, J.(2007), Clwydian Range Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, Local Geodiversity Action Plan (AHNE Brynian Clwd / Clwydian Range AONB, NEWRIGS, CCW);
NEWRIGS (2005-2006), North East Wales RIGS Group Site Records; ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 256 (1:25,000 scale); ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Scienc

Pool Park
Relatively gentle western slopes of Esclusham Mountain, sloping to the west into the Aber Sychnant valley. Dominated by glacial clay (Quaternary: Pleistocene) covering Carboniferous limestone. Mine workings characteristic, including shafts and waste tips.,
Rural area with no significant contemporary development. Aspect Area lies wholly or partly within the proposed extension to the Clwydian Hills AONB (2008). Key sites have GCR / RIGS status.
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost, damaged or made inaccessible (e.g. due to development, forestry, etc) and ensure that the GCR site is notified as an SSSI and maintained in favourable condition by implementation of a management plan (including with appropriate regulations to prevent damaging levels of specimen collecting).
Break of slope at edge of drift filled valley system below and low escarpment above.
Area includes GCR site (also RIGS) for mineralogical features of at least national importance.
BENNETT, J. (ed.) (1995), Minera Lead Mines and Quarries (Wrexham Maelor Borough Council); BEVINS, R.E. and MASON, J.S. (1999), Welsh Metallophyte and metalogenic evaluation project: Results of a Minesite Survey of Clwyd (NMW); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), Wrexham (Sheet 121); MALPAS, J.(2007), Clwydian Range Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, Local Geodiversity Action Plan (AHNE Brynian Clwd / Clwydian Range AONB, NEWRIGS, CCW); NEWRIGS (2005-2006), North East Wales RIGS Group Site Rec

Minera Quarries
Sub triangular area of Carboniferous limestone, characterised by large quarry workings to the N and many mine workings to the S. Forms an undulating platform-like surface with a low escarpment to the W and which has been cut by the Clywedog valley on its eastern side, developing a steep-sided gorge-like feature.
Superficial deposits. Active processes. Past processes. Other. Stratigraphic formation(s)
Aspect Area lies wholly or partly within the proposed extension to the Clwydian Hills AONB (2008). Currently not believed to be declining, although measures should be implemented to ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost due to development, especially those of national and regional importance (i.e. SSSI and RIGS).
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development/ forestry, etc) and that RIGS sites are protected through develop plan policies and constraint mapping and SSSI through implementation of management plan.
Generally limits of limestone outcrop, including low bank to NW and W and base of slope above to S.
Area includes nationally and regionally important karstic features (caves and limestone pavement) and regionally important stratigraphical and mineralogical sites.
BENNETT, J. (ed.) (1995), Minera Lead Mines and Quarries (Wrexham Maelor Borough Council); BEVINS, R.E. and MASON, J.S. (1999), Welsh Metallophyte and metalogenic evaluation project: Results of a Minesite Survey of Clwyd (NMW); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), Wrexham (Sheet 121); DEACON, J. and BUREK, C.V. (1997), Countryside Council for Wales, Contract Science Report 157; MALPAS, J.(2007), Clwydian Range Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, Local Geodiversity Action Plan (AHNE Brynian Clwd /
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry; Natural crags and inland outcrops; Mine shaft/adit; Cave; limestone pavement.

Maes Maelor-Aber Sychnant
Includes the valley of the Aber Sychnant, developed between Esclusham Mountain to the E and part of the Berwyn massif to the W. Flows broadly northwards and joins the WSW-ENE Nany y Ffrith valley on a broad platform before the latter develops a deep gorge to the ENE. Dominated by glacial clays in the south (Quaternary: Pleistocene) with some peat and alluvium (Quaternary: Recent) with minor outcrops of Ordovician and Carboniferous mudrock.
Rural area with no significant development. Aspect Area lies wholly or partly within the proposed extension to the Clwydian Hills AONB (2008).
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development/ forestry, etc) .
Edge of low depression to E and W of streams; county boundary to NW
BENNETT, J. (ed.) (1995), Minera Lead Mines and Quarries (Wrexham Maelor Borough Council); BEVINS, R.E. and MASON, J.S. (1999), Welsh Metallophyte and metalogenic evaluation project: Results of a Minesite Survey of Clwyd (NMW); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), Wrexham (Sheet 121); MALPAS, J.(2007), Clwydian Range Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, Local Geodiversity Action Plan (AHNE Brynian Clwd / Clwydian Range AONB, NEWRIGS, CCW); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 256 (1:25,000 scale); ROB

Afon Sychnant valley (west)
Small area of Ordovician slaty mudroscks adjacent to the county boundary and forming the western slopes of the Afon Sychnant valley.
Rural area with no significant development..Aspect Area lies wholly or partly within the proposed extension to the Clwydian Hills AONB (2008).
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development, forestry, etc).
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), Wrexham (Sheet 121); MALPAS, J.(2007), Clwydian Range Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, Local Geodiversity Action Plan (AHNE Brynian Clwd / Clwydian Range AONB, NEWRIGS, CCW); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 256 (1:25,000 scale); ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex. In: Wrexham LANDMAP: Volume 2. (WCB and CCW); WEDD, C.B. et al. (1927-1928), Memoirs of the Geological Survey, Sheet 121 (Wrexham).

Bwlchgwyn
WSW-ENE orientated ridge of Upper Carboniferous, ''Millstone Grit'' sandstones rising up to around 300m. To the NW is the gorge of the Nant y Ffrith and to the SE a steep escarpment-like slope. Flattens off on the top of the feature where the villages of Bwlchgwyn and Gwynfryn are situated. Includes a large sandstone quarry.
Dominantly rural area with limited significant development. Aspect Area lies wholly or partly within the proposed extension to the Clwydian Hills AONB (2008).
Ensure that no significant geological, geomorphological or former mining features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development, forestry, etc) and that RIGS sites are protected through develop plan policies and constraint mapping.
Top of gorge slopes to N and NE and base of feature to S and SE.
Includes regionally important geological site for Carboniferous stratigraphy.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), Wrexham (Sheet 121); MALPAS, J.(2007), Clwydian Range Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, Local Geodiversity Action Plan (AHNE Brynian Clwd / Clwydian Range AONB, NEWRIGS, CCW); NEWRIGS (2005-2006), North East Wales RIGS Group Site Records; ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex. In: Wrexham LANDMAP: Volume 2. (WCB and CCW); WEDD, C.B. et al. (1927-1928), Memoirs of the Geological Survey, Sheet 121 (Wrexham).
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry?; Mine shaft/adit.

Minera- Llwyneinion
Upper valley sides in the Minera area between the Clywedog ''gorge'' and the higher sandstone-controlled massifs of the Brymbo and Bwlchgwyn areas. Slopes generally relatively gentle around Minera but steepening below the Brymbo plateau. Includes a platform in the Ddol Deg Farm area, on the S side of the Clywedog gorge and below the Esclusham Mountain massif. Surface dominated by glacial clays (Quaternary: Pleistocene).
Dominantly rural area with limited significant development. Aspect Area lies wholly or partly within the proposed extension to the Clwydian Hills AONB (2008).
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development, forestry, etc) .
Break of slope at base of steeper slopes of bedrock-dominated areas above and top of lower slopes below. Also top of steep valley sides and margins of dense urban areas.
BENNETT, J. (ed.) (1995), Minera Lead Mines and Quarries (Wrexham Maelor Borough Council); BEVINS, R.E. and MASON, J.S. (1999), Welsh Metallophyte and metalogenic evaluation project: Results of a Minesite Survey of Clwyd (NMW); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), Wrexham (Sheet 121); MALPAS, J.(2007), Clwydian Range Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, Local Geodiversity Action Plan (AHNE Brynian Clwd / Clwydian Range AONB, NEWRIGS, CCW); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 256 (1:25,000 scale) ; RO

Upper Clywedog
Incised, steep sided valley of the Clywedog stream, between the Minera area and Bersham where its sides become much lower. Cuts down through galcial clays (Quaternary: Pleistocene) to locally expose Upper Carboniferous bedrock sandstone and mudstone. Stream locally has a narrow floodplain and some terrace deposits.
River channel (natural). River terrace. Slope
Dominantly rural area with limited significant development. Aspect Area lies wholly or partly within the proposed extension to the Clwydian Hills AONB (2008).
Maintain natural system and processes and ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development, forestry, etc).
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), Wrexham (Sheet 121); MALPAS, J.(2007), Clwydian Range Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, Local Geodiversity Action Plan (AHNE Brynian Clwd / Clwydian Range AONB, NEWRIGS, CCW); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 256 (1:25,000 scale) ; ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex. In: Wrexham LANDMAP: Volume 2. (WCB and CCW); WEDD, C.B. et al. (1927-1928), Memoirs of the Geological Survey, Sheet 121 (Wrexham).

Trefechan - The Wern
Intermediate slopes of the Ruabon-Esclusham Mountain massif, rising to around 300m in places and sloping generally eastwards. Surface covered with a veneer of glacial deposits (Quaternary: Pleistocene), mainly clay, locally very uneven, even hummocky. Slopes are cut by several incised valleys including the Nant y Crogfryn, Trefechan Brook and Bronwylfa valleys.
Lowland valley slope / escarpment. Upland valley slope
Lake / reservoir (artificial). Slope. Spring
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development, forestry, etc) .
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif above and top of lowest gentle slopes below.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), Wrexham (Sheet 121); MALPAS, J.(2007), Clwydian Range Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, Local Geodiversity Action Plan (AHNE Brynian Clwd / Clwydian Range AONB, NEWRIGS, CCW); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 256 (1:25,000 scale); ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex. In: Wrexham LANDMAP: Volume 2. (WCB and CCW); WEDD, C.B. et al. (1927-1928), Memoirs of the Geological Survey, Sheet 121 (Wrexham).

Nant y Crogfryn
Steep sided, incised stream valley draining the Ruabon-Esclusham Mountain massif, and cutting down through the glacial clay cover of the slopes (Quaternary: Pleistocene). Gradient decreases at the base of the main hill slope and the sides of the valley lower and a wider base with alluvium develops (Quaternary: Holocene).
Lake / reservoir (artificial). River channel (natural). Flood plain. Slope
Maintain natural system and processes and ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development, forestry, etc).
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), Wrexham (Sheet 121); MALPAS, J.(2007), Clwydian Range Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, Local Geodiversity Action Plan (AHNE Brynian Clwd / Clwydian Range AONB, NEWRIGS, CCW); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 256 (1:25,000 scale); ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex. In: Wrexham LANDMAP: Volume 2. (WCB and CCW); WEDD, C.B. et al. (1927-1928), Memoirs of the Geological Survey, Sheet 121 (Wrexham).

Trefechan Brook
Deeply incised valley draining the Ruabon-Esclusham Mountain massif, cutting down through the glacial clay (Quaternary: Pleistocene) cover of the slopes to expose Upper Carboniferous, ''Millstone Grit'' bedrock. Upper part of valley relatively broad and deep.
Lake / reservoir (artificial). River channel (natural). Flood plain. Slope
Maintain natural system and processes and ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development, forestry, etc) and that RIGS sites are protected through develop plan policies and constraint mapping.
Includes RIGS site for Carboniferous stratigraphy of regional importance.
RITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), Wrexham (Sheet 121); MALPAS, J.(2007), Clwydian Range Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, Local Geodiversity Action Plan (AHNE Brynian Clwd / Clwydian Range AONB, NEWRIGS, CCW); NEWRIGS (2005-2006), North East Wales RIGS Group Site Records; ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 256 (1:25,000 scale); ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex. In: Wrexham LANDMAP: Volume 2. (WCB and CCW); WEDD, C.B. et al. (1927-1928), Memoirs of the Geological Survey, Sheet

Garth
Middle slopes of Ruabon-Esclusham Mountain massif, representing the continuation southwards of Aspect Area GL010. Separated form the latter by the incised Trefechan Brook valley and cut by the Tref-y-nant Brook to the south. Surface dominated by glacial clays (Quaternary: Pleistocene) with some Upper Carboniferous ''Millstone Grit'' sandstones in the south.
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development, forestry, etc).
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif above and top of more gentle slopes below.

Delph
Relatively gentle slopes at the base of the SE end of the Ruabon-Esclusham Mountain massif between Acrefai and Penycae. Surface dominated by glacial clays (Quaternary: Pleistocene) forming a veneer over Upper Carboniferous ''Coal Measures''. Characterised by extensive traces of former coal mining including shafts and tips and site of large opencast, now restored.
Lake / reservoir (artificial). Slope. Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit. Coal / mineral spoil tips. Engineered topography
Dominantly rural area with limited significant development, although topography modifies by restored former coal opencast. Aspect Area lies wholly or partly within the proposed extension to the Clwydian Hills AONB (2008).
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development, forestry, etc) and that surviving historical mine workings are conserved and assessed for their geological value (e.g. resource within tip heaps).
Base of steeper slopes above and margins of incised stream valleys, urban areas, etc.

Trevor
More or less level platform on the N side of the Dee valley, E of Cefn Mawr and S of Acrefai at the base of the slopes of the Ruabon Mountain massif. Largely developed. Includes an area of valley slopes below Trevor House and a small part of a probable river terrace on the N side of the river beside the A539. Bedrock geology very varied but dominated by Carboniferous rocks.
Unclear if declining or not: area partly developed although natural features remain. Aspect Area lies wholly or partly within the proposed extension to the Clwydian Hills AONB (2008).
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development, forestry, etc) and that RIGS sites are protected through develop plan policies and constraint mapping.
County boundary to S;base of slopes to N and edge of dense urban areas to E.
Area includes RIGS site for Carboniferous stratigraphy of regional importance.
RITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), Wrexham (Sheet 121); MALPAS, J.(2007), Clwydian Range Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, Local Geodiversity Action Plan (AHNE Brynian Clwd / Clwydian Range AONB, NEWRIGS, CCW); NEWRIGS (2005-2006), North East Wales RIGS Group Site Records; ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 256 (1:25,000 scale); ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex. In: Wrexham LANDMAP: Volume 2. (WCB and CCW); WEDD, C.B. et al. (1927-1928), Memoirs of the Geological Survey, Sheet

Tref-y-nant Brook
Incised, section of the Tref-y-nant valley between Cefn-y-Fedw and Tref-y-nant where the stream has cut into the glacial clays (Quaternary: Pleistocene) slopes on the E side of the Ruabon Mountain massif. Incision deepest in the higher section of stream where the hill slopes are steepest. Stream locally cuts down into Upper Carboniferous, ''Coal Measures'' bedrock.
Maintain natural system and processes and ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development, forestry, etc).

Acrefai - Plas Madoc
Industrial and urban development on relatively gentle slops between the base of the Ruabon Mountain massif and the incised valley of the River Dee. Includes a terrace of glacial sands and gravels on the N side of the river. Geology dominated by glacial deposits including clays (Quaternary: Pleistocene).
Natural features and deposits largely modified or concealed by development.
Ensure that any surviving geological or geomorphological features are not lost or damaged (e.g. due to new development, etc).

Pont Cysyllte - Coedleodd - Afon Eitha
Steep valley sides and associated incised tibutary valleys on the N side of the River Dee between Cysyllte and Graig (S of Bryn Pen-y-lan). Includes the Afon Eitha valley. Lower to the W below Trevor, but higher to the E and including the northern part of the incised meanders of the Newbridge and Coedloedd areas. Represents post-glacial incision by the River Dee through a glacial terrace to expose Upper Carboniferous bedrock (dominated by mudrocks).
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development, forestry, etc). Assess RIGS status of incised river features and consider designation.
Base of top op of steep, incised valley sides.
Forms part of incised section of River Dee with important river cliff features of possible regional significance.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; River cliff.

River Dee (Cysyllte-Overton)
Flood plain, active channel and low terrace of the incised section of the River Dee between Cysyllte and Overton bridges. Includes a narrow gorge-like section near Black Park and well-developed incised meanders near Newbridge, Coedloedd and Erbistock. Dominated by alluvium (Quaternary: Holocene), but locally Upper Carboniferous bedrock is exposed in the river bed and bank.
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development, forestry, etc) and that RIGS sites are protected through develop plan policies and constraint mapping. Assess RIGS status of incised river features and consider designation.
Break of slope at edge of drift filled river-valley system..
Forms part of incised section of River Dee with important river cliff features of possible regional significance and includes RIGS of regional importance for Carboniferous stratigraphy.
RITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), Wrexham (Sheet 121); MALPAS, J.(2007), Clwydian Range Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, Local Geodiversity Action Plan (AHNE Brynian Clwd / Clwydian Range AONB, NEWRIGS, CCW); NEWRIGS (2005-2006), North East Wales RIGS Group Site Records; ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 256 (1:25,000 scale); ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex. In: Wrexham LANDMAP: Volume 2. (WCB and CCW); WEDD, C.B. et al. (1927-1928), Memoirs of the Geological Survey, Sheet
Additional Level 4 features include: Meander; Flood defence bank/works.

Froncysyllte-Newbridge
Steep, valley sides on the S side of the River Dee from W of Froncysyllte to Newbridge. Represents post-glacial incision through glacial deposits (Quaternary: Pleistocene) into Upper Carboniferous bedrock. Includes a narrow terrace-like feature in the Ty-Isa Farm.
Area partly modified, but natural features remain. Aspect Area lies wholly or partly within the proposed extension to the Clwydian Hills AONB (2008).
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development, forestry, etc). Assess RIGS status of incised river features and consider designation.
Forms part of incised section of River Dee with important river cliff features of possible regional significance.

Pen-y-graig - Froncysyllte
Steep sided promontory of the Berwyn Hill massif into the Froncysyllte area, on the S side of the Dee valley. Dominated by Carboniferous limestone, and includes a large disused quarry and part of the Froncysyllte town.
Area partly developed although natural features remain. Aspect Area lies wholly or partly within the proposed extension to the Clwydian Hills AONB (2008).
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development, forestry, etc) and that potential RIGS status of limestone quarries assessed.
Base of steep valley sides below and break/steepening of slope above.
No regionally significant sites/ landforms noted during present survey although disused limestone quarries may be of some local interest.

Foel
Prominenet broadly east-west ridge of Silurian slaty mudrocks, rising to nearly 400m in the E and 520m in the W. Steepest side to the E where it is cut by the Ceiriog valley. Top levels of or is slightly domed. Forms part of ridge between the Dee and Ceiriog valleys, dissected by the County bounadary. Cut by steep sided cwms on the S side, some with glacial clay (Quaternary: Pleistocene) fill (included mainly in adjacent AAs).
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development, forestry, etc).
County boundary to N and top of steep valley sides to S and base of feature to E and SW.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), Wrexham (Sheet 121); MALPAS, J.(2007), Clwydian Range Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, Local Geodiversity Action Plan (AHNE Brynian Clwd / Clwydian Range AONB, NEWRIGS, CCW); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 255 (1:25,000 scale); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 256 (1:25,000 scale); ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex. In: Wrexham LANDMAP: Volume 2. (WCB and CCW); WEDD, C.B. et al. (1927-1928), Memoirs of the Geological Survey, Sheet 121 (Wr

New Hall
Gently undulating platform dominated by glacial clays (Quaternary: Pleistocene) Through which low rounded knolls of Carboniferous bedrock geology protrude (e.g. in the Chirk castle and Cefn-yr-Werm areas. Southern side cut by the Ceiriog valley.
Lake / reservoir (artificial). Slope. Hill top
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development, forestry, etc) .
Base of Silurian massif to W and base of low feature to E and top of steep valley sides to S.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), Wrexham (Sheet 121); MALPAS, J.(2007), Clwydian Range Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, Local Geodiversity Action Plan (AHNE Brynian Clwd / Clwydian Range AONB, NEWRIGS, CCW); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 255 (1:25,000 scale); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 256 (1:25,000 scale);
PAGE, K.N. (2005), Flintshire LANDMAP: Geological Landscapes Aspect Layer Technical Report (CCW);
ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex. In: Wrexham LANDMAP: Volu

Afon Bradley - Pont-y-blew - Castle Mill
Steep valley slopes on the S side of the Dee from the Pentre-Black Park area and into the Ceiriog valley, from tenement to Castle Mill. Includes the Afon Bradley tributary valley. Slopes incised by post-glacial down-cutting through glacial deposits (including terrace feature in the Chirk-Halton area), locally exposing Upper Carboniferous bedrock. Cuts glacial/ fluvioglacial fill (Quaternary: Pleistocene) of the Ceiriog valley where it forms a distinct lower valley slope, separated from the hig
River terrace. Slope. Landslip (active). Spring
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development, forestry, etc). Assess RIGS status of incised river features and consider designation.
Base and top of of steep, incised valley sides.
Forms part of incised section of River Dee with important river cliff features of possible regional significance.

Afon Ceiriog
Active floodplain and low terrace (Quaternary: Holocene) of the Ceiriog river from its confluence with the Dee near Tenement to Swch-cae-rhiw (where the valley narrows and becomes V-shaped). Dissects the Ceiriog valley''s glacial fill. Includes a narrow section near Pandy where the valley is narrow and gorge-like and the floodplain very narrow or virtually absent. Probably includes some exposure of Ordovician bedrock in the river bed in such areas.
Break of slope at edge river/ floodplain /terrace/ drift filled valley systems.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), Wrexham (Sheet 121); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (2000), Oswestry (Sheet 137); MALPAS, J.(2007), Clwydian Range Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, Local Geodiversity Action Plan (AHNE Brynian Clwd / Clwydian Range AONB, NEWRIGS, CCW); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 255 (1:25,000 scale); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 256 (1:25,000 scale); ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex. In: Wrexham LANDMAP: Volume 2. (WCB and CCW); WEDD, C.B. et al. (1927

Dyffryn (cwm)
Dyffryn area and sloping apron at the base of the higher valley slopes below Mars Wood and the Bron-heulog area. Cut to the east by a lower section of steep valley side representing post-glacial down cutting.
Break of slope at edge of drift filled valley system below and solid geology massif above.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), Wrexham (Sheet 121); MALPAS, J.(2007), Clwydian Range Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, Local Geodiversity Action Plan (AHNE Brynian Clwd / Clwydian Range AONB, NEWRIGS, CCW);
ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 255 (1:25,000 scale); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 256 (1:25,000 scale);
ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex. In: Wrexham LANDMAP: Volume 2. (WCB and CCW); WEDD, C.B. et al. (1927-1928), Memoirs of the Geological Survey, Sheet 121 (W
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry; River cliff.

Crogen Iddon
Remnant of glacial clay fill (Quaternary: Pleistocene) of Ceiriog valley forming apron at the base of steep slopes of southern side of valley in the Crogen Idon area...
Rural area with no significant development... Aspect Area lies wholly or partly within the proposed extension to the Clwydian Hills AONB (2008)...
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e...g... due to development, forestry, etc) ...
Break of slope at edge of river system/ flood plain below and base of steeper slopes of solid geology massif above...
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), Wrexham (Sheet 121); MALPAS, J...(2007), Clwydian Range Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, Local Geodiversity Action Plan (AHNE Brynian Clwd / Clwydian Range AONB, NEWRIGS, CCW); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 255 (1:25,000 scale); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 256 (1:25,000 scale); ROBERTS, R... (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex... In: Wrexham LANDMAP: Volume 2... (WCB and CCW); WEDD, C...B... et al... (1927-1928), Memoirs of the Geological Survey,

Henmer
Section of solid geology massif on the S side of the Ceiriog valley and adjacent to the County boundary near Bronygarth. Steep western slopes with strong break of slope at top; northern slopes rise steeply and then level of the plateau-like Henmer House area. Dominated by Silurian slaty mudrocks with low knoll in the Plas-crogen area underlain by Carboniferous limestone.
Top of steep valley sides to N and W, stream in valley to S and County boundary to E.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), Wrexham (Sheet 121); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (2000), Oswestry (Sheet 137); MALPAS, J.(2007), Clwydian Range Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, Local Geodiversity Action Plan (AHNE Brynian Clwd / Clwydian Range AONB, NEWRIGS, CCW); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 255 (1:25,000 scale); ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex. In: Wrexham LANDMAP: Volume 2. (WCB and CCW); WEDD, C.B. et al. (1927-1928), Memoirs of the Geological Survey, Sheet 121 (Wr

Graig
Steep valley sides forming the western part of the Henmer area, on the S side of the Ceiriog valley. Sharp break of slope at top. Includes the cwm of Nant Iorwerth.
Base and top of of steep, incised valley sides.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), Wrexham (Sheet 121); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (2000), Oswestry (Sheet 137); MALPAS, J.(2007), Clwydian Range Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, Local Geodiversity Action Plan (AHNE Brynian Clwd / Clwydian Range AONB, NEWRIGS, CCW); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 255 (1:25,000 scale); ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex. In: Wrexham LANDMAP: Volume 2. (WCB and CCW); WEDD, C.B. et al. (1927-1928), Memoirs of the Geological Survey, Sheet 121 (Wr

Nant Iorwerth - Nant Gwryn
Broad area of glacial clay (Quaternary: Pleistocene) filled cwms on the S side of the Ceiriog valley and above Llwynmawr. Includes the valleys of Nant Iowerth and Nant Gwryd. Relative gentle slopes contrast with steep slopes of solid geology massif above.
Break of slope at edge of river system/ flood plain below and base of steeper slopes of solid geology massif above.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), Wrexham (Sheet 121); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (2000), Oswestry (Sheet 137); MALPAS, J.(2007), Clwydian Range Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, Local Geodiversity Action Plan (AHNE Brynian Clwd / Clwydian Range AONB, NEWRIGS, CCW); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 255 (1:25,000 scale); ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex. In: Wrexham LANDMAP: Volume 2. (WCB and CCW); WEDD, C.B. et al. (1927-1928), Memoirs of the Geological Survey, Sheet 121 (Wr

Ty-draw - Fron Frys
Knoll-like feature, rising steeply above the Ceiriog valley to the N and cut by the Pandy gorge to the W and with a low escarpment to the S (which separates it from adjacent high ground). Dominated by Silurian slaty mudrocks with some sandstone. Well developed scree and block slopes on NW slopes.
Slope. Scree / talus. Hill top. Rockslide (ancient)
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif and low feature to S.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), Wrexham (Sheet 121); MALPAS, J.(2007), Clwydian Range Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, Local Geodiversity Action Plan (AHNE Brynian Clwd / Clwydian Range AONB, NEWRIGS, CCW);
ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 255 (1:25,000 scale); ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex. In: Wrexham LANDMAP: Volume 2. (WCB and CCW); WEDD, C.B. et al. (1927-1928), Memoirs of the Geological Survey, Sheet 121 (Wrexham).

Dolywern
Steep valley sides to the N of the Ceiriog between Pontadog and Glyn Ceiriog, and including several incised cwms. Sharp break of slope at top of valley sides with are cut into Silurian slaty mudrocks.
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development, forestry, etc) and that RIGS sites are protected through develop plan policies and constraint mapping.
Base and top of of steep, incised valley sides.
Includes site of regional importance (RIGS) for Ordovician stratigraphy.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), Wrexham (Sheet 121); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (2000), Oswestry (Sheet 137); MALPAS, J.(2007), Clwydian Range Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, Local Geodiversity Action Plan (AHNE Brynian Clwd / Clwydian Range AONB, NEWRIGS, CCW); NEWRIGS (2005-2006), North East Wales RIGS Group Site Records;
ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 255 (1:25,000 scale); ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex. In: Wrexham LANDMAP: Volume 2. (WCB and CCW); WEDD, C.B. et

Gwyningal Wood
Relatively small area of steep valleys sides to the N of the Ceiriog in the Gwyningal Wood area. Cut into Silurian slaty mudrocks and Carboniferous limestone. Rises above glacial clay platform / apron below.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), Wrexham (Sheet 121); MALPAS, J.(2007), Clwydian Range Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, Local Geodiversity Action Plan (AHNE Brynian Clwd / Clwydian Range AONB, NEWRIGS, CCW); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 255 (1:25,000 scale); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 256 (1:25,000 scale); ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex. In: Wrexham LANDMAP: Volume 2. (WCB and CCW); WEDD, C.B. et al. (1927-1928), Memoirs of the Geological Survey, Sheet 121 (Wre

Cerrid-duon - Pen-y-fedw
Broadly E-W low ridge between the Afon Terw -Nant Ysgallog and Nant Aberlos valleys. Around 377m in the E, rising to c.590m in W, passing from enclosed land to open moorland. In latter area natural crags developed. Slopes to S and N generally relatively gentle, but incised to E by Pandy gorge. Cut by incised Ty''n-twpath valley. Ridge follows band of Silurian sandstones with slopes to N and S of Silurian and Ordovician, respectively, silty mudrocks.
Waterfall / rapids. Slope. Hill top. Coal / mineral spoil tips
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development, forestry, etc) and that RIGS sites are protected through develop plan policies and constraint mapping.
Stream in valley to N and low feature on N side of valley to S.
Although includes part of regionally important site for Silurian stratigraphy, interest of latter lies mainly within WRXHMGL035. Other geological etc features considered to be better exposed elsewhere or not currently known to be exceptional.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), Wrexham (Sheet 121); MALPAS, J.(2007), Clwydian Range Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, Local Geodiversity Action Plan (AHNE Brynian Clwd / Clwydian Range AONB, NEWRIGS, CCW); NEWRIGS (2005-2006), North East Wales RIGS Group Site Records; ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 255 (1:25,000 scale); ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex. In: Wrexham LANDMAP: Volume 2. (WCB and CCW); WEDD, C.B. et al. (1927-1928), Memoirs of the Geological Survey, Sheet

Cerriog Forest
Forest-dominated, gentle slopes, rising northwards to the crest of an E-W ridge which broadly corresponds to the County boundary in the W. To the E, northern limit defined by base of Y Foel massif. Includes a steeper side promontory E of Cefn Canol, which is cut by the Ceiriog valley. Dominated by Silurian slaty mudrocks.
Valley/stream to S, base of steeper upper slope to NE and county boundary to NW.
Includes key section of RIGS for Silurian stratigraphy (regionally important).
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), Wrexham (Sheet 121); MALPAS, J.(2007), Clwydian Range Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, Local Geodiversity Action Plan (AHNE Brynian Clwd / Clwydian Range AONB, NEWRIGS, CCW); NEWRIGS (2005-2006), North East Wales RIGS Group Site Records; ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 255 (1:25,000 scale); ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex. In: Wrexham LANDMAP: Volume 2. (WCB and CCW);
WEDD, C.B. et al. (1927-1928), Memoirs of the Geological Survey, Sheet

Dolydd Ceiriog
Broad depression at the head of the Nant Ysgally section of the Ceiriog.system. Dominated by Quaternary deposits including glacial clays (Quaternary: Pleistocene) and peat. (Quaternary: Holocene). Developed over Ordovician slaty mudrocks.

Graig Fawr
Steep side gorge linking the Dolydd Ceiriog area to the main Ceiriog valley to the S. Includes crags in upper part and to SE where screes are also well developed. Includes W-E section of incised, steep-side tributary of Nant Rhydwillyn.
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development, forestry, etc) and that potential RIGS status is assessed.
Significant narrow, steep-sided gorge with rock outcrops and scree slopes of potential regional geological importance.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Natural crags and inland outcrops; Scree slopes.

Bryn Du
Broad upland massif, rising to around 500m, Broadly triangular in form with SW and SE sides corresponding to the Ceiriog valley and with the WSW flowing Nant Blaeth u cwm to the N. SW and SE sides only cut by incised cwms. Sides of massif relatively steep but levelling-of to form relatively flat top. Dominated by Ordovician slaty mudrocks with volcanic rock. Includes steep sides of Ceiriog valley with crags in the Coed Cochin area.
Maintain natural systems and processes and ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development, forestry, etc).
Break of slope at edge of valley drift below or top of steep valley sides.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), Wrexham (Sheet 121); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (2000), Oswestry (Sheet 137); MALPAS, J.(2007), Clwydian Range Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, Local Geodiversity Action Plan (AHNE Brynian Clwd / Clwydian Range AONB, NEWRIGS, CCW); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 255 (1:25,000 scale);
ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex. In: Wrexham LANDMAP: Volume 2. (WCB and CCW); WEDD, C.B. et al. (1929), Memoirs of the Geological Survey, Sheet 137 (Oswest
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Natural crags and inland outcrops; Marsh/bog/fen.

Morles Brook
Incised, steep-side valley flowing eastwards towards the Craignant area and the County boundary. Dominated by Ordovician slaty siltstones.
); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (2000), Oswestry (Sheet 137); MALPAS, J.(2007), Clwydian Range Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, Local Geodiversity Action Plan (AHNE Brynian Clwd / Clwydian Range AONB, NEWRIGS, CCW); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 255 (1:25,000 scale); ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex. In: Wrexham LANDMAP: Volume 2. (WCB and CCW); WEDD, C.B. et al. (1929), Memoirs of the Geological Survey, Sheet 137 (Oswestry).

Nant Llechwedd-gwyn (cwm)
Steep valley sides of the Ceiriog, between Glyn Ceiriog and Pont-y-Meibion, forming the E side of the narrow Pandy gorge. Includes the steep N side of the Nant Llechwedd-gwyn cwm. Dominated by Ordovician slaty mudrocks with several bands of volcanic rocks which outcrop as crags.
Slope. Scree / talus. Landslip (ancient)
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development, forestry, etc) and that SSSI is protected through implementation of management plan.
Significant landscape feature with GCR site/SSSI of at least national importance for Ordovician stratigraphy.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), Wrexham (Sheet 121); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (2000), Oswestry (Sheet 137); MALPAS, J.(2007), Clwydian Range Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, Local Geodiversity Action Plan (AHNE Brynian Clwd / Clwydian Range AONB, NEWRIGS, CCW); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 255 (1:25,000 scale); ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex. In: Wrexham LANDMAP: Volume 2. (WCB and CCW); STEPHENSON, D. et al. (1999), Geological Conservation Review Series 17 (JNCC);

Erw Wladys
Sloping glacial clay fill of cwm (Quaternary: Pleistocene) above Glyn Ceiriog on the N side of the Ceiriog valley. Includes section of river terrace adjacent to floodplain, at base of slopes.
Break of slope at edge of river system/ flood plain below and base of steeper slopes of solid geology massif above.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), Wrexham (Sheet 121); MALPAS, J.(2007), Clwydian Range Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, Local Geodiversity Action Plan (AHNE Brynian Clwd / Clwydian Range AONB, NEWRIGS, CCW);
ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 255 (1:25,000 scale); ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex. In: Wrexham LANDMAP: Volume 2. (WCB and CCW); WEDD, C.B. et al. (1927-1928), Memoirs of the Geological Survey, Sheet 121 (Wrexham).

Llanarmon Dyffryn Ceiriog
Glacial clay (Quaternary: Pleistocene) apron and cwm fills on the S side of the Ceiriog valley between Llanarmon Dyffryn Ceiriog and Nant Llechwedd-gwyn. Slopes relatively gentle, contrasting with steep solid geology slopes above. Includes the base of the Cyrchynan valley.
Break of slope at edge of river system/ flood plain below and base of steeper slopes of solid geology massif above.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (2000), Oswestry (Sheet 137); MALPAS, J.(2007), Clwydian Range Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, Local Geodiversity Action Plan (AHNE Brynian Clwd / Clwydian Range AONB, NEWRIGS, CCW); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 255 (1:25,000 scale); ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex. In: Wrexham LANDMAP: Volume 2. (WCB and CCW); WEDD, C.B. et al. (1929), Memoirs of the Geological Survey, Sheet 137 (Oswestry).

Hendre Quarry
Relatively small area of steep valley sides, E of the Ceiriog at the southern end of the Pandy gorge and in the Hendre Farm area. Characterised by a row of disused quarries following a band of igneous rock (which also forms the crest of the spur above), intruded into Ordovician slaty mudrocks.
Includes exposures of Ordovician igneous rocks of regional importance (RIGS).
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (2000), Oswestry (Sheet 137); MALPAS, J.(2007), Clwydian Range Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, Local Geodiversity Action Plan (AHNE Brynian Clwd / Clwydian Range AONB, NEWRIGS, CCW); NEWRIGS (2005-2006), North East Wales RIGS Group Site Records; ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 255 (1:25,000 scale); ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex. In: Wrexham LANDMAP: Volume 2. (WCB and CCW); WEDD, C.B. et al. (1929), Memoirs of the Geological Survey, Sheet 137

Dolwen - Tuhwntir Afon
Glacial clay (Quaternary: Pleistocene) apron and cwm fills on the N side of the Ceiriog valley in the Dolwen - Tuhwntir Afon area. Eastern cwn relatively blunt and parallel sided; western more v-shaped and incised.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (2000), Oswestry (Sheet 137); MALPAS, J.(2007), Clwydian Range Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, Local Geodiversity Action Plan (AHNE Brynian Clwd / Clwydian Range AONB, NEWRIGS, CCW);
ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 255 (1:25,000 scale); ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex. In: Wrexham LANDMAP: Volume 2. (WCB and CCW); WEDD, C.B. et al. (1929), Memoirs of the Geological Survey, Sheet 137 (Oswestry).

Tregeiriog (cwms)
Glacial clay (Quaternary: Pleistocene) apron and cwm fills on the N side of the Ceiriog valley between Llwythder and the Pontrichad area.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (2000), Oswestry (Sheet 137); MALPAS, J.(2007), Clwydian Range Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, Local Geodiversity Action Plan (AHNE Brynian Clwd / Clwydian Range AONB, NEWRIGS, CCW); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 255 (1:25,000 scale); ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex. In: Wrexham LANDMAP: Volume 2. (WCB and CCW); WEDD, C.B. et al. (1929), Memoirs of the Geological Survey, Sheet 137 (Oswestry).

Nant Cwm-llawenog
Level to very gently sloping floor of the very deep, E-W Nant Cwm-llawenog glacial valley. Dominated by glacial clays with some alluvium, including where the stream has dissected the former (Quaternary: Pleistocene-Holocene). Valley sides rise 200m above in places and valley ends in a rounded cwm on the Berwyn ridge.
Break of slope at edge of valley drift infill and base of steeper slopes of solid geology massif above.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1986), Bala (Sheet 136); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (2000), Oswestry (Sheet 137); MALPAS, J.(2007), Clwydian Range Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, Local Geodiversity Action Plan (AHNE Brynian Clwd / Clwydian Range AONB, NEWRIGS, CCW); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 255 (1:25,000 scale); ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex. In: Wrexham LANDMAP: Volume 2. (WCB and CCW); WEDD, C.B. et al. (1929), Memoirs of the Geological Survey, Sheet 137 (Oswestry).

Nant Caledwynt
Steep valley slopes and incised valleys on the S side of the massif of Bryn Du and N side of the Ceiriog valley. Western valley V-shaped and cuts back almost to the top of the ridge. Glacial clay (Quaternary: Pleistocene) infills base of parts of the cwms and forms apron below. Bedrock dominated by Ordovician slaty mudrocks.

Pontadog
Relatively small area of glacial clay (Quaternary: Pleistocene) infilling a cwm on the N side of the Ceiriog valley in the Pontadog area.
Rural area with no significant development..Aspect Area lies wholly or partly within the proposed extension to the Clwydian Hills AONB (2008).

Craig-y-Pandy
Steep valley slopes forming the western side of the Pandy gorge, N of Pandy. Includes disused quarries and natural crags in Ordovician volcanic rocks and slaty mudrocks. Includes the steep northern side of the Afon Terw valley W of Pandy, including Craig-y-Pandy
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development, forestry, etc) and that SSSI is protected through implementation of management plan.
Significant landscape features with GCR site/ SSSI of at least national importance for Ordovician stratigraphy.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), Wrexham (Sheet 121); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (2000), Oswestry (Sheet 137); MALPAS, J.(2007), Clwydian Range Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, Local Geodiversity Action Plan (AHNE Brynian Clwd / Clwydian Range AONB, NEWRIGS, CCW); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 255 (1:25,000 scale); ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex. In: Wrexham LANDMAP: Volume 2. (WCB and CCW); STEPHENSON, D. et al. (1999), Geological Conservation Review Series 17 (JNCC);

Foel Goch - Pen-yr-eryr
ection of high upland massif dissected by deep valleys and forming the SW margin of the County on the S side of the Ceiriog valley. Rises to over 77m in the at Cadair Bronwen. Includes the sides of the broadly U-shaped glacial valley of Nant Cwm-llawenog which rise to at least 200m above the valley floor and terminate in a rounded cwm crags to the W, with steep rock cliffs / crags below the Berwyn ridge. To the N is the E-W ridge of Pen-yr-eryr with its gentler northern slopes. Southern part
Undulating upland terrain. Upland valley slope. Active upland river or stream channel system
Slope. Hill top. Cwm/corrie. Glacial U-shaped valley
Maintain natural system and processes, ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development, forestry, etc) and assess potential RIGS status of glacial features.
County boundary to W and S, and break of slope at edge of valley systems below.
Major landscape feature in Wrexham including high sided glacial valley and well developed cirque.
RITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1986), Bala (Sheet 136); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (2000), Oswestry (Sheet 137);
MALPAS, J.(2007), Clwydian Range Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, Local Geodiversity Action Plan (AHNE Brynian Clwd / Clwydian Range AONB, NEWRIGS, CCW); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 255 (1:25,000 scale); PAGE, K.N. (2006), Montgomeryshire LANDMAP: Geological Landscapes Aspect Layer Technical Report. (CCW); ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex. In: Wrexham LANDMAP:

Nant Blaeth y Cwm
Relatively gentle lower slopes of the Afon Terw valley in the Hen Hafod area. Includes a terrace-like feature on the N side of the valley, above Groag y Gelli and Graig y Pandy. Valley relatively shallow to the W but cut steeper to the E. Geology varied, dominated by Ordovician slaty mudrocks with volcanic horizons.
Break of slope at edge of depression in valley, with low feature above.

Pont-y-Meibion
Area of steep valley sides on the W of the Ceiriog forming the southern part of the Pandy gorge. Includes the incised valley above Berllan-helyg. Dominated by Ordovician slaty mudrocks with volcanic horizons.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (2000), Oswestry (Sheet 137); MALPAS, J.(2007), Clwydian Range Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, Local Geodiversity Action Plan (AHNE Brynian Clwd / Clwydian Range AONB, NEWRIGS, CCW); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 255 (1:25,000 scale); ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex. In: Wrexham LANDMAP: Volume 2. (WCB and CCW); WEDD, C.B. et al. (1929), Memoirs of the Geological Survey, Sheet 137 (Oswestry).

Nant Rhydwilym
Upper part of Nant Rhydwllyn valley where it broadens above the Swch-cae-rhiw gorge to form a relatively level to gently sloping area between the massifs of Pen plaenau and Pen-yr-eryr. Dominated by glacial clays with some peat (?blanket bog) (Quaternary: Pleistocene-Holocene)].
Break of slope at edge of depression/ depositional basin.

Pen-plaenau
Western section of ridge which includes Bryn Du, and separated from it by the gorge of Graig Fawr. Relatively gentle slopes to S and N to drift dominated depressions. Ridge relatively low with broad and levelled top; rises up to around 600m at the low peak N of Pen Bwlch Llandrillo in the extreme W. Dominated by Ordovician slaty mudrocks with extensive blanket bog cover (Quaternary: Holocene)].
Break of slope at edge of depression/ depositional basin/ base of low ridge.

Cae-mor
Upland massif on the S and E side of the Ceiriog valley. Rising up to nearly 450m with very steep sides to the N in the Bedwlwyn area where it is dissected by cwms , with glacial clay fill below. Cut by the Pandy gorge to the W. Top levels off to form broad very slightly domed platform. Dominated by Ordovician slaty mudrocks.
County boundary to S, top of steep valley sides to W and N, also stream valley.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), Wrexham (Sheet 121); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (2000), Oswestry (Sheet 137); MALPAS, J.(2007), Clwydian Range Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, Local Geodiversity Action Plan (AHNE Brynian Clwd / Clwydian Range AONB, NEWRIGS, CCW); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 255 (1:25,000 scale); PAGE, K.N. (2006), Montgomeryshire LANDMAP: Geological Landscapes Aspect Layer Technical Report. (CCW); ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex. In: Wrexham LANDMAP:

Bryn-yr-Eos
Undulating platform at around 90-105m in the Chirk area. Includes a fluvioglacial terrace in the Pentre area. Cut by the Dee valley to the N. Surface with glacial clays, sands and gravels (Quaternary: Pleistocene). Includes the inner core of the Newbridge incised meander.
Partly developed area but natural features remain. Aspect Area lies wholly or partly within the proposed extension to the Clwydian Hills AONB (2008).
Base of low feature to Wand E, top of valley sides to S and N and edge of urban Chirk.

Mount Sioh
Undeveloped section of Brymbo platform to west of town. Developed on outcrop of ''Coal Measures'' sandstone (Upper Carboniferous) and averages around 280m. Low scarp like feature to S and W and evidence of former mining operations on surface.
Lake / reservoir (artificial). Slope. Hill top. Urban / industrial development. Engineered topography
Area modified by industrial activity including coal mining although natural features remain.
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development, forestry, etc). .
Base of low feature surrounding plateau.

Nant y Ffrith
Steep southern slopes of Nant y Ffrith gorge between Ffrith and the Four Crosses area. Includes a parallel, but relatively short, incised stream valley S of Glascoed and a linking section of steep valley side SW of Ffrith. Valley controlled by faulting; geology dominated by Upper Carboniferous ''Millstone Grit'' sandstones.
Significant fault-controlled valley with geological site for structural geology of regional importance.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), Wrexham (Sheet 121); MALPAS, J.(2007), Clwydian Range Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, Local Geodiversity Action Plan (AHNE Brynian Clwd / Clwydian Range AONB, NEWRIGS, CCW); NEWRIGS (2005-2006), North East Wales RIGS Group Site Records; ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 255 (1:25,000 scale); PAGE, K.N. (2005), Flintshire LANDMAP: Geological Landscapes Aspect Layer Technical Report (CCW); ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex. In: Wrexham LANDMA

Coedpoetr
Developed area of Coedpoetr town on a platform formed of ''Coal Measures'' sandstone (Upper Carboniferous). Includes a relatively steep scarp like feature to the E.
Slope. Scarp slope. Urban / industrial development
Area of intensive urban and industrial development: few natural features remain.
Ensure that any surviving geological or geomorphological features are not lost or damaged (e.g. due to new development, etc).
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), Wrexham (Sheet 121); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 256 (1:25,000 scale);
ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex. In: Wrexham LANDMAP: Volume 2. (WCB and CCW); WEDD, C.B. et al. (1927-1928), Memoirs of the Geological Survey, Sheet 121 (Wrexham).

Moss
NNW-SSE ridge controlled by sandstones of ''Coal Measures'' age (Upper Carboniferous). Largely developed but character of landform still distinctive.
Area partly developed although natural features remain.
Ensure that any surviving geological or geomorphological features are not lost or damaged (e.g. due to new development, etc).
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), Wrexham (Sheet 121); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 256 (1:25,000 scale);
ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex. In: Wrexham LANDMAP: Volume 2. (WCB and CCW); WEDD, C.B. et al. (1927-1928), Memoirs of the Geological Survey, Sheet 121 (Wrexham).

Sydallt
Narrow NNW-SSE ridge of ''Coal Measures'' sandstone (Upper Carboniferous), parallel to that of the Moss area. Developed mainly in the S and rising to around 170m at Windy Hill in the N.
Area partly developed although natural features remain.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), Wrexham (Sheet 121); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 256 (1:25,000 scale);
ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex. In: Wrexham LANDMAP: Volume 2. (WCB and CCW); WEDD, C.B. et al. (1927-1928), Memoirs of the Geological Survey, Sheet 121 (Wrexham).
Additional Level 4 features include: Disused quarry; Mine shaft/adit (?).

Gyfynys
Platform on the S side of the Ffrith valley with an irregular cover of glacial sand and gravel (Quaternary, Pleistocene).
Top of steep valley side to N and base of slopes of solid geology to S.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), Wrexham (Sheet 121); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 256 (1:25,000 scale); ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex. In: Wrexham LANDMAP: Volume 2. (WCB and CCW); (Chapman and
WEDD, C.B. et al. (1927-1928), Memoirs of the Geological Survey, Sheet 121 (Wrexham).

Ffrwd
Level to gently sloping narrow base of NNE trending valley between the Moss and Sydallt ridges. Connects to the Ffrith valley to the N via a distinctive bend. Alluvium recorded (Quaternary, Holocene) but probably includes some partly infilled areas.
River channel (natural). Flood plain. Made ground
Feature probably significantly modified by development.
No regionally significant sites/ landforms noted during present survey and geology/ geomorphology considered to be typical of feature/ process and not currently known to be exceptional. Feature also probably significantly modified by development.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), Wrexham (Sheet 121); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 256 (1:25,000 scale); ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex. In: Wrexham LANDMAP: Volume 2. (WCB and CCW); WEDD, C.B. et al. (1927-1928), Memoirs of the Geological Survey, Sheet 121 (Wrexham).

The Wauns - Berse
Undulating surface averaging around 90m, but rising to 120-130m in the S. Dominated by glacial sand and gravel (Quaternary, Pleistocene) which has locally been quarried (e.g. at Alyn Waters). Some glacial landforms remain, however, including the important Wauns esker. Includes some developed or otherwise modified areas including an infilled valley at new Broughton. Some stream valleys include small areas of alluvium (Quaternary, Holocene).
Lake / reservoir (artificial). Flood plain. Esker. Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit. Urban / industrial development
Area modified by development, although natural features remain in more rural areas. Potential for further loss is high.
Ensure that no further significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development, forestry, etc) and that RIGS sites are protected through develop plan policies and constraint mapping
Base of low slopes to W, margins of main valley systems and urban areas.
Although modified by development, area still includes fluvioglacial features of regional importance, including the Wauns Esker RIGS.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), Wrexham (Sheet 121); DUNKLEY, P.N. (1981), Mineral Assessment Report, Institute of Geological Sciences, No. 61; HAINS, B.A. (1991), British Geological Survey Technical Report (Onshore geology series) WA/91/4; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1965), NEWRIGS (2005-2006), North East Wales RIGS Group Site Records; ORDNANCE SURVEY ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 256 (1:25,000 scale); PAGE, K.N. (2005), Flintshire LANDMAP: Geological Landscapes Aspect Layer Techn

Gwersyllt-Bradley
Dense urban development of the Gwersyllt area, covering a glacial sand and gravel terrace (Quaternary, Pleistocene).
Area of intensive urban and industrial development: few natural features remain.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), Wrexham (Sheet 121); DUNKLEY, P.N. (1981), Mineral Assessment Report, Institute of Geological Sciences, No. 61; HAINS, B.A. (1991), British Geological Survey Technical Report (Onshore geology series) WA/91/4; ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 256 (1:25,000 scale); ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex. In: Wrexham LANDMAP: Volume 2. (WCB and CCW); WEDD, C.B. et al. (1927-1928), Memoirs of the Geological Survey, Sheet 121 (Wrexham).

Alyn Waters (valley)
Steep-sided, incised valley between Llay bank and the Llay area. Cuts through the glacial sand and gravel terrace (Quaternary, Pleistocene) which dominates central northern Wrexham to reveal Upper Carboniferous bedrock. Floor of valley includes areas of narrow floodplain and terrace deposits (Quaternary, Holocene).
River channel (natural). Flood plain. River terrace. Slope
Dominantly rural area but with some modification and adjacent development.
Top of of steep, incised valley sides (base downstream).
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), Wrexham (Sheet 121); DUNKLEY, P.N. (1981), Mineral Assessment Report, Institute of Geological Sciences, No. 61; HAINS, B.A. (1991), British Geological Survey Technical Report (Onshore geology series) WA/91/4; ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 256 (1:25,000 scale); ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex. In: Wrexham LANDMAP: Volume 2. (WCB and CCW); WEDD, C.B. et al. (1927-1928), Memoirs of the Geological Survey, Sheet 121 (Wrexham).

Afon Alyn
Floodplain of the River Alyn between its merger with the Dee floodplain near Ithell''s Bridge and its virtual disappearance upstream from Gresford as the valley suddenly narrows and becomes incised. Lowest part relatively narrow buts broadens upstream between Gresfrd and Llay with some stretches of well-developed meanders. Where the valley cuts into the glacial sand and gravel terrace which dominates central northern Wrexham the sides above are incised and relatively steep.
Natural features locally modified by development.
Break of slope at edge of river system/ flood plain.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), Wrexham (Sheet 121); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1999), Flint (Sheet 108); DAVIES, J.R. et al. (2004), Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheet 108 (Flint); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 256 (1:25,000 scale); ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex. In: Wrexham LANDMAP: Volume 2. (WCB and CCW); WEDD, C.B. et al. (1927-1928), Memoirs of the Geological Survey, Sheet 121 (Wrexham).

Rackery
Northern section of the famous ''Wrexham Delta Terrace'', dominated by glacial sand and gravel with clays to the N (Quaternary, Pleistocene). Surface slightly uneven, at around 80-85m and characterised by large areas of mineral workings, mainly disused. To NE, edge of terrace marked by discrete slope or bank, above the Cheshire Plain and Dee floodplain below.
Slope. Kettle hole. Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development, forestry, etc) and that SSSI is protected through the implementation of a management plan.
Base of low feature to NW, edge of valley system to SW and SE, County boundary and edge of urban development.
Forms part of glacial and fluvioglacial ''Wrexham Delta Terrace'' complex and includes a small geological exposure of national importance for Quaternary studies (SSSI).
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), Wrexham (Sheet 121); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1999), Flint (Sheet 108); DAVIES, J.R. et al. (2004), Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheet 108 (Flint); DUNKLEY, P.N. (1981), Mineral Assessment Report, Institute of Geological Sciences, No. 61; HAINS, B.A. (1991), British Geological Survey Technical Report (Onshore geology series) WA/91/4; ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 256 (1:25,000 scale); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 266 (1:25,000 scale); ROB

Llay
Urban and industrial development of Llay town, including areas of former mineral workings. Lies on glacial sand and gravel (Quaternary, Pleistocene) of the ''Wrexham Delta Terrace''.
Area of intensive urban and industrial development: few natural features remain.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), Wrexham (Sheet 121); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1999), Flint (Sheet 108); ; DAVIES, J.R. et al. (2004), Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheet 108 (Flint); DUNKLEY, P.N. (1981), Mineral Assessment Report, Institute of Geological Sciences, No. 61; HAINS, B.A. (1991), British Geological Survey Technical Report (Onshore geology series) WA/91/4; ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 256 (1:25,000 scale); ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex. In: W

Honkley
Very gently NE inclined surface between the low bank which marks the edge of the ''Wrexham Delta Terrace'' to the W and the Dee river system (including terrace deposits) to the E. Dominated by glacial clays (Quaternary, Pleistocene).
Base of low feature to W, and junction with flat areas to E and County boundary to N.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1999), Flint (Sheet 108); DAVIES, J.R. et al. (2004), Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheet 108 (Flint); Explorer 256 (1:25,000 scale); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 266 (1:25,000 scale); ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex. In: Wrexham LANDMAP: Volume 2. (WCB and CCW).

Burton Meadows
Distinctive flat, low-lying plain developed in area of former post-glacial lake (Quaternary, Holocene). Dark organic-rich sediments and drainage ditches characteristic.
Maintain natural system and processes and ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development, forestry, etc) and that potential RIGS status of deposits is assessed.
Edge of flat former lake area and associated sediments, also County boundary.
Deposits of major post-glacial lake, potentially with important climate and vegetational change record.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1999), Flint (Sheet 108); DAVIES, J.R. et al. (2004), Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheet 108 (Flint); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 256 (1:25,000 scale); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 266 (1:25,000 scale); ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex. In: Wrexham LANDMAP: Volume 2. (WCB and CCW).

Rossett
Extensive area of river terrace deposits (Quaternary, ?Holocene). between the Alyn valley and Pulsford Brook.. Averages around 10m above sea-level in the E, rising to 15-20m centrally. Includes some small areas of glacial deposits (Quaternary, Pleistocene).
Margins of level area including base of low feature to W and S.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1999), Flint (Sheet 108); DAVIES, J.R. et al. (2004), Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheet 108 (Flint); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 256 (1:25,000 scale); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 266 (1:25,000 scale); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2005), Explorer 257 (1:25,000 scale); ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex. In: Wrexham LANDMAP: Volume 2. (WCB and CCW).

River Dee (Overton Bridge-Trevalyn)
Broad, flat, alluvium-dominated floodplain (Quaternary, Holocene) of the mature River Dee system downstream from Overton Bridge. S of Holt the floodplain is typically over 1.5km wide with very well developed meanders. Only on the S side from Bangor-on-Dee are river cliffs/ incised sides well developed above where the system cuts into the glacial deposit terrace that dominates the area. To the W of Bangor-on-Dee an extensive area of terrace deposits is developed (GL087). The flood plain narrows
River channel (natural). Flood plain. Abandoned channel / Ox Bow lake. River terrace
Maintain natural system and processes and ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development, forestry, etc) and that SSSI is protected through implementation of management plan.
Break of slope at edge river/ floodplain / low terrace system.
Key section of major river-floodplain system with well-developed meander belt of national importance (SSSI).
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1999), Flint (Sheet 108); DAVIES, J.R. et al. (2004), Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheet 108 (Flint); EARP, J.R. and TAYLOR, B.J. (1986), Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheet 109 (Chester and Winsford); GREGORY, K.J. (ed.) (1997, Geological Conservation Review Series 13 (Chapman and Hall); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1965), Chester (Sheet 109); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1967), Nantwich (Sheet 122); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCE

Gresford
Urban development of Gresford town, including disused mineral workings on its N side adjacent to the Alyn valley. Underlain by glacial sand and gravel (Quaternary, Pleistocene) of the ''Wrexham Delta Terrace''.
Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit. Reclaimed land. Urban / industrial development
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), Wrexham (Sheet 121); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1999), Flint (Sheet 108); DAVIES, J.R. et al. (2004), Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheet 108 (Flint); DUNKLEY, P.N. (1981), Mineral Assessment Report, Institute of Geological Sciences, No. 61; HAINS, B.A. (1991), British Geological Survey Technical Report (Onshore geology series) WA/91/4; ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 256 (1:25,000 scale); ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex. In: Wre

Holt
Low, flat topped feature at around 19-20m above sea-level and capped by river terrace deposits with glacial clay above (Quaternary, Pleistocene); Triassic sandstones and conglomerates below. Forms a low feature to the SW and W and cut by the river Dee to the E, forming a shallow gorge.
Partly modified by development, although natural features and quarry exposures remain.
Edge of low feature formed by higher river terrace.
AA includes regionally important exposures of Triassic sandstones and conglomerates and river terrace features (both RIGS).
); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1967), Nantwich (Sheet 122); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2005), Explorer 257 (1:25,000 scale); POOLE, E.G. and WHITEMAN, A.J. (1966), Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, Sheet 122 (Nantwich and Whitchurch); ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex. In: Wrexham LANDMAP: Volume 2. (WCB and CCW).
Additional Level 4 features include: Disused quarry; River cliff.

Alyn valley (Gresford)
Steep, south-eastern sides of the Alyn valley below Gresford. Significantly modified by road and rail systems and passing south-westwards into a quarried area, opposite Bryn Alyn. Also includes areas of made ground and a remnant of river terrace to the NE (Quaternary, Holocene?). Dominated, however, by glacial sand and gravel (Quaternary, Pleistocene) with Upper Carboniferous bedrock below.
Slope. Urban / industrial development. Engineered topography
Area significantly modified by industrial activity and infrastructure development.
Base and top of steep valley sides and associated development.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), Wrexham (Sheet 121); BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1999), Flint (Sheet 108); DAVIES, J.R. et al. (2004), Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheet 108 (Flint); DUNKLEY, P.N. (1981), Mineral Assessment Report, Institute of Geological Sciences, No. 61; HAINS, B.A. (1991), British Geological Survey Technical Report (Onshore geology series) WA/91/4; ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 256 (1:25,000 scale); ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex. In: Wre
Additional Level 4 features include: Disused quarry; Road/railway cutting.

Isycoed - Parkside
Broad, low area very slightly inclined towards the Dee floodplain system, falling from around 30m below the ''Wrexham Delta Terrace'' to the W to around 10m above sea-level. Surface smooth to N becoming slightly irregular centrally; characterised throughout by many small ponds. Dominated by glacial clays (Quaternary, Pleistocene), but includes some marginal areas of river terrace deposits as around Trevalyn Hall to the N and S of Holt (Quaternary, Holocene).
Mapped edge of floodplain area to E, base of low feature to W.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), Wrexham (Sheet 121); DAVIES, J.R. et al. (2004), Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheet 108 (Flint); EARP, J.R. and TAYLOR, B.J. (1986), Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheet 109 (Chester and Winsford); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1965), Chester (Sheet 109); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1967), Nantwich (Sheet 122); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 256 (1:25,000 scale); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2005), Explorer 257 (1:25,000 scale); POOLE, E

Wrexham Industrial Estate
Extensive area landscaped for industrial development.
Made ground. Urban / industrial development. Engineered topography
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), Wrexham (Sheet 121); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1967), Nantwich (Sheet 122); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 256 (1:25,000 scale); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2005), Explorer 257 (1:25,000 scale); POOLE, E.G. and WHITEMAN, A.J. (1966), Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, Sheet 122 (Nantwich and Whitchurch); ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex. In: Wrexham LANDMAP: Volume 2. (WCB and CCW); WEDD, C.B. et al. (1927-1928), Memoirs of th

Cross Lanes
Gently sloping glacial clay-dominated area between the ''Wrexham Delta Terrace'' to the W and the River Dee system to the SE (falls from around 60-65m to 35-40m above sea-level. Surface gently irregular, possibly representing remnants of glacial landforms. SE margin of area above deposits of the Dee river system marked by low degraded feature, cut by stream valleys (e.g. in the Cockbank and Eyton areas).
Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). Slope. Urban / industrial development
Base of low feature to W and low feature to E (adjacent to river terrace feature).
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), Wrexham (Sheet 121); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1967), Nantwich (Sheet 122); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 256 (1:25,000 scale); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2005), Explorer 257 (1:25,000 scale); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2005), Explorer 257 (1:25,000 scale); ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex. In: Wrexham LANDMAP: Volume 2. (WCB and CCW); WEDD, C.B. et al. (1927-1928), Memoirs of the Geological Survey, Sheet 121 (Wrexham).

Borras
ey section of the famous ''Wrexham Delta Terrace'', forming a platform to the E and NE of Wrexham city dominated by glacial sand and gravel (Quaternary, Pleistocene). Surface characteristically irregular, especially S of Gresford where rounded depressions, some flooded, represent glacial ''kettle holes''. Surface typically at around 70-75m above sea level, with a low escarpment-like feature to the E (dropping to around 50-60m). Sand and gravel workings typical, including large active site W
Slope. Kettle hole. Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit. Urban / industrial development
Dominantly rural area with limited significant development, but including active sand and gravel quarries. Unprotected features may be being removed by quarrying, however.
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development, forestry, etc) and that RIGS sites are protected through development plan policies and constraint mapping and SSSI through implementation of management plan.
Margins of urban development to W and N and base of feature to E.
Key area of the famous fluvioglacial ''Wrexham delta terrace" with geomorphological features of national and regional importance including well developed kettle holes and exposures in working quarries.
ALL, D.F. (1982), Mineral Assessment Report, Institute of Geological Sciences, No. 106; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), Wrexham (Sheet 121); DUNKLEY, P.N. (1981), Mineral Assessment Report, Institute of Geological Sciences, No. 61; HAINS, B.A. (1991), British Geological Survey Technical Report (Onshore geology series) WA/91/4; ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 256 (1:25,000 scale); ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex. In: Wrexham LANDMAP: Volume 2. (WCB and CCW); WEDD, C.B. et

Llan-y-pwll
In S comprises an uneven surfaced platform below the low feature marking the edge of the Wrexham Delta Terrace to the W (dropping from around 50 to 35m above sea level). Dominated by glacial clays with some glacial lake deposits to the SW in the Plas Issa area (Quaternary, Pleistocene) and a small area of river terrace deposits on the N side of the Clywedog in the Llyn Onn area (Quaternary, Holocene?). Irregular surface may included remnants of glacial landforms; scattered small ponds also ch
Base of feature to W and margins industrial area of base of low feature to E.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), Wrexham (Sheet 121); DUNKLEY, P.N. (1981), Mineral Assessment Report, Institute of Geological Sciences, No. 61; HAINS, B.A. (1991), British Geological Survey Technical Report (Onshore geology series) WA/91/4; ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 256 (1:25,000 scale); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2005), Explorer 257 (1:25,000 scale); ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex. In: Wrexham LANDMAP: Volume 2. (WCB and CCW); WEDD, C.B. et al. (1927-1928), Memoirs of the Ge

Clywedog (Ddol-Five Fords Bridge)
Section of alluvium dominated (Quaternary, Holocene), Clywedog valley from the end of its narrow, incised upper section near Ddol to the Wrexham Industrial Estate. Typical with narrow floodplain and some small areas of low terrace. Valley is cut into the ''Wrexham Delta Terrace'' forming steep sides above. River canalised as it enters the Wrexham Industrial Estate. Includes the alluvium-dominated floor of the Black Brook tributary.
Lake / reservoir (artificial). River channel / canal (artificial). River channel (natural). Flood plain. River terrace
Area partly affected by development although natural features remain.
Break of slope at edge of river system/ flood plain system.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), Wrexham (Sheet 121); ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex. In: Wrexham LANDMAP: Volume 2. (WCB and CCW); WEDD, C.B. et al. (1927-1928), Memoirs of the Geological Survey, Sheet 121 (Wrexham).

Lower Clywedog
Area of relatively broad floodplain with very well developed, albeit small-scale meander belt. Constrained to S and N in upper part by flood defences of the Wrexham Industrial Estate.
River channel (natural). Flood plain. Abandoned channel / Ox Bow lake
Dominantly rural area with limited significant development. Not known to be declining.
Maintain natural system and processes and ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development, forestry, etc). Assess RIGS potential of river system.
Break of slope at edge of river system/ flood plain system.
River system appears to retain very well developed meander belt including ox-bow lakes of potential regional (i.e. RIGS) importance. It could therefore be of significant educational value as the smaller scale makes it more suitable for study than the much larger meanders of the the Dee.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), Wrexham (Sheet 121); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1967), Nantwich (Sheet 122); POOLE, E.G. and WHITEMAN, A.J. (1966), Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, Sheet 122 (Nantwich and Whitchurch); ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex. In: Wrexham LANDMAP: Volume 2. (WCB and CCW); WEDD, C.B. et al. (1927-1928), Memoirs of the Geological Survey, Sheet 121 (Wrexham).

Big Wood - Mill Pool Covert
Steep, valley sides to the S of the Clywedog river in the Erddig Park area, cutting into the ''Wrexham Delta terrace''. Includes the incised valley in which Mill Pool lies. Dominated by glacial sand and gravel (Quaternary, Pleistocene).
ALL, D.F. (1982), Mineral Assessment Report, Institute of Geological Sciences, No. 106; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), Wrexham (Sheet 121); DUNKLEY, P.N. (1981), Mineral Assessment Report, Institute of Geological Sciences, No. 61; HAINS, B.A. (1991), British Geological Survey Technical Report (Onshore geology series) WA/91/4; ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 256 (1:25,000 scale); ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex. In: Wrexham LANDMAP: Volume 2. (WCB and CCW); WEDD, C.B. et

Coed-y-glyn
Steep, valley sides to the N of the Clywedog river and immediate S of Wrexham city, cutting into the ''Wrexham Delta terrace''. Dominated by glacial sand and gravel (Quaternary, Pleistocene).
Area apparently partly modified by development although natural features remain.
Ensure that any surviving geological or geomorphological features of significance are not lost or damaged (e.g. due to new development, etc).
ALL, D.F. (1982), Mineral Assessment Report, Institute of Geological Sciences, No. 106; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), Wrexham (Sheet 121); DUNKLEY, P.N. (1981), Mineral Assessment Report, Institute of Geological Sciences, No. 61; HAINS, B.A. (1991), British Geological Survey Technical Report (Onshore geology series) WA/91/4; ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 256 (1:25,000 scale); ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex. In: Wrexham LANDMAP: Volume 2. (WCB and CCW); WEDD, C.B. et

Pen-y-lan - Bryn-newydd
Extensive, gently sloping platform of glacial deposits, dominated by clays in the S but with significant sand and gravel in N (Quaternary, Pleistocene). Forms the southwards extension of the ''Wrexham Delta Terrace'' system, rising from around 70-75m above sea level in the e to around 100-110m in the W. To the W the area is marked by the base of glacial clay-covered slopes at the base of the Ruabon-Esclusham Mountain massif and to the E by a low feature which rises above low-lying glacial cla
Slope. Hill top. Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit. Coal / mineral spoil tips. Urban / industrial development
Base of low feature to W and to E (where feature included in AA). Edge of river valley systems to S and N.
Working quarry present although no regionally significant sites/ landforms noted during present survey and geology/ geomorphology considered to be typical of feature/ process and is either widespread,or not currently known to be exceptional.

Eyton
Relatively large and distinctive area of river terrace deposits (Quaternary, Holocene?) on the N side of the Dee between the end of the narrow incised section at Overton Bridge and the Clywedog valley near Pickhill. Terrace averages around 25-30m above sea level, rising to around 40m to the SW and is widest in the Eyton area, narrowing northwards. Feature is cut by the incised Dee valley near Overton Bridge and also cut by streams draining the glacial clay platform to the NW.
Margins of terrace feature, including low bank to NW and base of feature to SE.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), Wrexham (Sheet 121); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1967), Nantwich (Sheet 122); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 256 (1:25,000 scale); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2005), Explorer 257 (1:25,000 scale); POOLE, E.G. and WHITEMAN, A.J. (1966), Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, Sheet 122 (Nantwich and Whitchurch); ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex. In: Wrexham LANDMAP: Volume 2. (WCB and CCW); WEDD, C.B. et al. (1927-1928), Memoirs of th

Bangor-on-Dee
Terrace feature (Quaternary, Holocene) on the SE side of the Dee, on which most of Bangor-on-Dee is constructed. Level surface averages around 20m above sea level.
Area partly developed although natural features remain. Not known to be declining.
Ensure that any surviving geological or geomorphological features of significance are not lost or damaged (e.g. due to new development, etc).
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), Wrexham (Sheet 121); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1967), Nantwich (Sheet 122); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2005), Explorer 257 (1:25,000 scale); POOLE, E.G. and WHITEMAN, A.J. (1966), Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, Sheet 122 (Nantwich and Whitchurch); ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex. In: Wrexham LANDMAP: Volume 2. (WCB and CCW); WEDD, C.B. et al. (1927-1928), Memoirs of the Geological Survey, Sheet 121 (Wrexham).

Overton
Terrace feature composed of glacial sand and gravel (Quaternary, Pleistocene). within and cut by an incised meander of the Dee river. Surface remarkably flat, averaging around 65m above sea level. Passes to glacial clay to the E and SE. Includes the developed area of Overton .
Plateau. Spring. Urban / industrial development
Top of steep valley sides to S and N and base of feature to W, edge of platform to E.
BALL, D.F. (1982), Mineral Assessment Report, Institute of Geological Sciences, No. 106; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), Wrexham (Sheet 121); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 256 (1:25,000 scale); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2005), Explorer 257 (1:25,000 scale); ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex. In: Wrexham LANDMAP: Volume 2. (WCB and CCW); WEDD, C.B. et al. (1927-1928), Memoirs of the Geological Survey, Sheet 121 (Wrexham).

Dee Bank
River terrace feature (Quaternary, Holocene) within and cut by an incised meander of the Dee river. Averages around 45m above sea level, and is around 10-15m above the current river floodplain. River cliffs below expose Upper Carboniferous sandstones and mudrocks.
Margins of terrace feature including base of slope to E and river system below.
Forms the lowest part of the incised upper section of the Dee river valley system of possible regional significance (i.e. RIGS) for fluvial geomorphology.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), Wrexham (Sheet 121); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 256 (1:25,000 scale); ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex. In: Wrexham LANDMAP: Volume 2. (WCB and CCW); WEDD, C.B. et al. (1927-1928), Memoirs of the Geological Survey, Sheet 121 (Wrexham).

Brynhovah
Western section of broader glacial clay (Quaternary, Pleistocene) dominated platform south of the Dee valley and extending westwards from Overton and Bangor-on-Dee. Aspect Area forms a narrow N-S wedge-shaped feature with a steeper back adjacent to the Dee valley to the W, but sloping more gently towards Millbrook to the E and rises from around 30m above sea level to the N to around 55m in the S. Eastern slopes characterised by parallel drainage system, with many small streams with varying deg
Maintain natural system and processes and ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development, forestry, etc). Investigate potential RIGS status of Millbrook stream system.
Top of steep valley sides (e.g. to E) and base of feature to NW.
No regionally significant sites/ landforms noted during present survey and geology/ geomorphology considered to be typical of feature/ process and is either widespread, better exposed elsewhere or not currently known to be exceptional. Nevertheless does included parallel streams of Millbrook system of possible regional importance.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), Wrexham (Sheet 121); EARP, J.R. and TAYLOR, B.J. (1986), INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1967), Nantwich (Sheet 122); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2005), Explorer 257 (1:25,000 scale);
POOLE, E.G. and WHITEMAN, A.J. (1966), Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, Sheet 122 (Nantwich and Whitchurch); ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex. In: Wrexham LANDMAP: Volume 2. (WCB and CCW); WEDD, C.B. et al. (1927-1928), Memoirs of the Geological Surve

Millbrook
River-stream system incised into the glacial clay (Quaternary, Pleistocene) platform that dominates areas to the S of the Dee river system in the Overton - Tallarn Green area. Characterised by remarkable ''herring-bone'' drainage pattern with relatively straight NNW orientated main valley fed by NE flowing streams to the W and NW orientated streams to the E.
Maintain natural system and processes and ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development, forestry, etc). Investigate potential RIGS status of Millbrook stream system.
Characterised by remarkable ''herring-bone'' drainage pattern of possible regional (i.e. RIGS) importance.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), Wrexham (Sheet 121); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1967), Nantwich (Sheet 122); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2005), Explorer 257 (1:25,000 scale); POOLE, E.G. and WHITEMAN, A.J. (1966), Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, Sheet 122 (Nantwich and Whitchurch); ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex. In: Wrexham LANDMAP: Volume 2. (WCB and CCW); WEDD, C.B. et al. (1927-1928), Memoirs of the Geological Survey, Sheet 121 (Wrexham).

Emral Brook
Dendritic stream valley system draining broadly NNW to the Dee river system from the glacial clay (Quaternary, Pleistocene) platform that dominates the Overton - Tallarn Green area. Stream valleys are incised to the S, including in the Sandy Lane area, but becoming lower to the N, with a floodplain meander belt below Turpinford Bridge.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1967), Nantwich (Sheet 122); ORDNANCE SURVEY(2000), Explorer 240 (1:25,000 scale); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2005), Explorer 241 (1:25,000 scale); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2005), Explorer 257 (1:25,000 scale); POOLE, E.G. and WHITEMAN, A.J. (1966), Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, Sheet 122 (Nantwich and Whitchurch); ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex. In: Wrexham LANDMAP: Volume 2. (WCB and CCW).

Wallington
Central section of extensive glacial clay (Quaternary, Pleistocene) dominated platform south of the Dee valley in the Overton to Tallarn Green area. Forms a broadly NNE-SSW orientated area between the Millbrook and Emral Brook valleys, rising from around 15-20m above sea level in the N to around 60m in the S (northern area is generally flatter however). Surface characterised by many small ponds. Includes a small area of river terrace adjacent to the Emral Brook near Worthenbury.
Edge of main valley systems to E and W, county boundary to S and low feature to N
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1967), Nantwich (Sheet 122); Explorer 240 (1:25,000 scale); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2005), Explorer 241 (1:25,000 scale); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2005), Explorer 257 (1:25,000 scale); POOLE, E.G. and WHITEMAN, A.J. (1966), Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, Sheet 122 (Nantwich and Whitchurch); ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex. In: Wrexham LANDMAP: Volume 2. (WCB and CCW).

Penley - Tallarn Green
Eastern section of extensive glacial clay (Quaternary, Pleistocene) dominated platform south of the Dee valley in the Overton to Tallarn Green area. Forms a very gently sloping surface between the base of a low feature in the Hanmer area at around 65m above sea level, falling to around 20m in the Worthenbury area (where a narrow river terrace feature is present at around 15m). Includes many small ponds and is cut by small streams which contributes to a slightly irregular surface.
Edge of valley system to W county boundary to NE and S, base of low feature to E and to N adjacent to Dee flood plain.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1967), Nantwich (Sheet 122); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1967), Wem (Sheet 138); ORDNANCE SURVEY(2000), Explorer 240 (1:25,000 scale); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2005), Explorer 241 (1:25,000 scale); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2005), Explorer 257 (1:25,000 scale); POOLE, E.G. and WHITEMAN, A.J. (1966), Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, Sheet 122 (Nantwich and Whitchurch); ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex. In: Wrexham LANDMAP: Volume 2. (W

Wynnstay Park
Low domed massif, broadly N-S orientated and rising to around 135m above sea level. Bedrock dominated by Upper Carboniferous sandstones and mudrocks which emerges locally through a relatively thin veneer of glacial clays (Quaternary, Pleistocene). Area is cut by the incised river Dee system to the SD and SW.
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development, forestry, etc) and that RIGS sites are protected through development plan policies and constraint mapping.
Low feature with site of regional importance for Carboniferous stratigraphy (RIGS).
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), Wrexham (Sheet 121); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 256 (1:25,000 scale); ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex. In: Wrexham LANDMAP: Volume 2. (WCB and CCW); WEDD, C.B. et al. (1927-1928), Memoirs of the Geological Survey, Sheet 121 (Wrexham).

Gyfelia Brook
Section of the Gyfelia Brook valley with a narrow but persistent floodplain in the Old Soutley area. Floodplain discontinuous northwards although stream cuts an incised valley in the Millpool area before entering the Clywedog valley.
Break of slope at edge of river system/ flood plain.

Rhostyllen
Urban developed area of Rhostyllen town and adjacent disused colliery site with large and prominent waste tip.. Constructed mainly over glacial clays (Quaternary, Pleistocene).
Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit. Urban / industrial development
Ensure that any surviving geological or geomorphological features of significance are not lost or damaged (e.g. due to new development, etc) and including the potential geological resource of the colliery spoil tip.

The Dunks
Alluvium dominated former floodplain of stream (Quaternary, Holocene) cutting south-eastwards across Wrexham city to join the Clywedog valley to the S. Includes the broad depression of the Dunks area. Now extensively developed and modified, including areas of made ground.
Artificial water bodies and channels. Engineered features and reclaimed / infilled land
Flood plain. Urban / industrial development. Engineered topography
Ensure that any surviving geological or geomorphological features of significance are not lost or damaged (e.g. due to new development, etc).
Break of slope at edge of former stream system/ flood plain.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), Wrexham (Sheet 121); HAINS, B.A. (1991), British Geological Survey Technical Report (Onshore geology series) WA/91/4; ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 256 (1:25,000 scale); ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex. In: Wrexham LANDMAP: Volume 2. (WCB and CCW); WEDD, C.B. et al. (1927-1928), Memoirs of the Geological Survey, Sheet 121 (Wrexham).

Wrexham
Urban and industrially developed areas of Wrexham city. Mainly developed over glacial sand and gravel (Quaternary, Pleistocene).
Slope. Former lake (e.g. silted up). Urban / industrial development. Engineered topography

Hanmer
ore area of broad terrace-like feature (at around 90-100m above sea level) which forms the SE corner of the County and includes extensive areas of glacial sand and gravel with some clay (Quaternary, Pleistocene). In the Hanmer area the topography is very irregular with numerous hollows, some of which are flooded (including Hanmer Mere), and consequently closely resembles the classic ''kettle hole'' dominated landscape of the ''Wrexham Delta Terrace'' S of Gresford. In contrast to the latter,
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development, forestry, etc) and that RIGS potential is assessed.
Edge of valley system to N, county boundary to SW and general limits of hummocky topography to SE and E.
Includes ''kettle hole'' dominated landscape similar to the famous ''Wrexham Delta Terrace'' but apparently less disturbed by quarrying and more intact. Assessment of RIGS potential essential.
NSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1967), Nantwich (Sheet 122); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1967), Wem (Sheet 138); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2005), Explorer 241 (1:25,000 scale); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2005), Explorer 257 (1:25,000 scale); POCOCK, R.W. and WRAY, D.A. (1925), Memoirs of the Geological Survey, Sheet 138 (Wem); POOLE, E.G. and WHITEMAN, A.J. (1966), Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, Sheet 122 (Nantwich and Whitchurch); ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Disused quarry?; River cliff; Marsh/bog/fen?

Fenn''s Moss
Large, peat-filled former lake basin (Quaternary, Holocene), now virtually entirely worked over industrially and deposit largely removed. Some marginal areas less disturbed, however, and intact deposits with post-glacial vegetational record may be preserved.
Peat bog. Former lake (e.g. silted up). Urban / industrial development
Although deposit largely worked out, some marginal areas may include intact deposits with post-glacial vegetational record of at least regional (i.e. RIGS) importance. Peat extraction operations believed to have ceased however.
Ensure that surviving deposits and geomorphological features of significance are not lost or damaged (e.g. due to new extraction, etc) and potential RIGS status is assessed.
Margins of peat-dominated depression and county boundary.
Although deposit largely worked out, some marginal areas may include intact deposits with post-glacial vegetational record of at least regional (i.e. RIGS) importance.
NSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1967), Nantwich (Sheet 122); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1967), Wem (Sheet 138); ORDNANCE SURVEY(2000), Explorer 240 (1:25,000 scale); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2005), Explorer 241 (1:25,000 scale); POCOCK, R.W. and WRAY, D.A. (1925), Memoirs of the Geological Survey, Sheet 138 (Wem); POOLE, E.G. and WHITEMAN, A.J. (1966), Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, Sheet 122 (Nantwich and Whitchurch); ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex.

Cumber Brook
Level valley floor between Halghton New Mill and near Whitewell. Probably dominated by alluvium with some other glacial and possibly periglacial deposits (Quaternary, ?Pleistocene-Holocene). Valley between Croxton and Whitewell broadly E-W and indicates capture of stream system as fall/ flow is now in both directions from The Meadows area. Valley sides relatively low, deepening only in the Halghton Villa - Cumber Brook area.
Break of slope at edge of stream system/ flood plain.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1967), Nantwich (Sheet 122); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2005), Explorer 257 (1:25,000 scale); POOLE, E.G. and WHITEMAN, A.J. (1966), Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, Sheet 122 (Nantwich and Whitchurch); ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex. In: Wrexham LANDMAP: Volume 2. (WCB and CCW).

Wych Brook - Iscoyd Brook
Deeply incised valley system adjacent to the County boundary between Tallarn Green and Iscoyd Park where the Wych and Iscoed brooks have dissected the glacial terrace (Quaternary, Pleistocene) which dominates the area. South of Lower Wych slopes are less steep but very irregular and hummocky, perhaps suggesting former mineral workings. Includes small areas of floodplain alluvium (Quaternary, Holocene) beside the incised meanders of the Wych Brook.
River channel (natural). Flood plain. River terrace. Slope. Spring
Top of of steep, incised valley sides and county boundary.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1967), Nantwich (Sheet 122); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2005), Explorer 257 (1:25,000 scale); POOLE, E.G. and WHITEMAN, A.J. (1966), Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, Sheet 122 (Nantwich and Whitchurch); ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex. In: Wrexham LANDMAP: Volume 2. (WCB and CCW).

Asney Wood - Dorlan Wood
Area of steep valley sides/ river cliff up to 30-40m high on the S side of the River Dee system north of Overton. Includes active erosional area on outside of major meander of the Dee. Cliff is cut into the glacial deposit platform (Quaternary, Pleistocene) which dominates SE Wrexham and is the last, significant feature of this type along the valley system.
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development, forestry, etc) and that potential RIGS status is assessed.
Forms part of incised section of River Dee with important river cliff features of possible regional (i.e. RIGS) significance.
BALL, D.F. (1982), Mineral Assessment Report, Institute of Geological Sciences, No. 106; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), Wrexham (Sheet 121); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 256 (1:25,000 scale); ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex. In: Wrexham LANDMAP: Volume 2. (WCB and CCW); WEDD, C.B. et al. (1927-1928), Memoirs of the Geological Survey, Sheet 121 (Wrexham).
Additional Level 4 features include: River cliff.

Nanterral (cwm)
Incised valley system and former river cliff on the N side of the Dee valley E of Bryn Pen-y-lan and above a small area of river terrace. Valley is cut into the adjacent glacial terrace (Quaternary, Pleistocene) locally exposing Upper Carboniferous bedrock.
Maintain natural system and processes and ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development, forestry, etc). Assess RIGS potential of incised section of Dee valley.
Forms part of incised section of River Dee with important river cliff features of possible regional (i.e. RIGS) significance. Also includes a RIGS for Carboniferous stratigraphy.
BALL, D.F. (1982), Mineral Assessment Report, Institute of Geological Sciences, No. 106; BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), Wrexham (Sheet 121); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 256 (1:25,000 scale); ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex. In: Wrexham LANDMAP: Volume 2. (WCB and CCW); WEDD, C.B. et al. (1927-1928), Memoirs of the Geological Survey, Sheet 121 (Wrexham).
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; River cliff.

Nanterral (terrace)
Remnant of river terrace (Quaternary, Holocene) on the N side of the Dee with former river clff above and current river cliff below (both exposing Upper Carboniferous bedrock).
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development, forestry, etc). Ensure that RIGS status of incised valley system is assessed.
Base of valley sides above and edge of active river system below.
Forms part of incised section of River Dee with important river cliff features of possible regional (i.e. RIGS) significance.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; River cliff.

Black Park
Low rounded ridge E of Chirk, elongated broadly N-S with ''Coal Measures'' bedrock (Upper Carboniferous) exposed to the W and glacial clay cover to the E (Quaternary, Pleistocene). Includes traces of old mine workings.

Chirk
Urban and industrial development of Chirk, including levelled areas, mainly over glacial sands and gravels (Quaternary, Pleistocene).

Brymbo
Hill top platform, significantly modified by industrial development including coal mining and now extensively ''restored''. Includes settelements also. Bedrock is ''Coal Measures '' (Upper Carboniferous).
Slope. Plateau. Coal / mineral spoil tips. Made ground. Urban / industrial development
Although largely developed, AA includes a site of at least regional importance for Carboniferous stratigraphy and palaeontology.
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development, forestry, etc) and that RIGS sites are protected through development plan policies and constraint mapping.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), Wrexham (Sheet 121); NEWRIGS (2005-2006), North East Wales RIGS Group Site Records; ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 256 (1:25,000 scale); ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex. In: Wrexham LANDMAP: Volume 2. (WCB and CCW); WEDD, C.B. et al. (1927-1928), Memoirs of the Geological Survey, Sheet 121 (Wrexham).

Brynkinalt
Remnant of dissected glacial terrace (Quaternary, Pleistocene) above the confluence of the Ceiriog and Dee, forming a flat surface at around 100m above sea level. Cut by river cliffs around eastern sides.
Top of steep valley sides and base of low feature on W side.

Cefn-mawr
Prominent NNE-SSW sandstone ridge (Upper Carboniferous) within the urban and industrial development of the Acrefai - Cefn Mawr - Plas Madoc area. Relatively steep sided and extensively quarried.
Area modified by industrial activity including quarrying although natural features remain.
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development, etc) and that RIGS sites are protected through development plan policies and constraint mapping.
Prominent feature in urban area includes regionally important site (RIGS) for Carboniferous stratigraphy.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), Wrexham (Sheet 121); NEWRIGS (2005-2006), North East Wales RIGS Group Site Records; ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 256 (1:25,000 scale); ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex. In: Wrexham LANDMAP: Volume 2. (WCB and CCW); WEDD, C.B. et al. (1927-1928), Memoirs of the Geological Survey, Sheet 121 (Wrexham).
Additional Level 4 features include: Disused quarry; Road/railway cutting.

Cefn Wood
Low rounded ridge, broadly parallel to Cefn Mawr, but not so prominent. Underlain by Upper Carboniferous sandstone with some glacial clay cover (Quaternary, Pleistocene).
Adjacent to urban area but limited development.

Home Farm
Platform of glacial sand and gravel (Quaternary, Pleistocene) dissected by the River Dee system to the S (including Black Brook) and with a distinctive flat surface at around 110m above sea level.
Top of valley sides to W and E and base of low feature/ break of slope to NW.

Rhosllanerchrugog
Urban developed area of Rhosllanerchrugog, including a low central N-S ridge of Upper Carboniferous (''Coal Measures'') sandstone.

Ruabon - Johnstown
Urban development of the Ruabon - Johnstown area, including industrial areas and former mineral workings. Mainly over glacial clays (Quaternary, Pleistocene).
Lake / reservoir (artificial). Coal / mineral spoil tips. Urban / industrial development

Black Brook
Level floodplain area of the Black Brook E of the Ruabon - Johnstown area, now separated from the streams deeply incised section downstream (as it enters the Dee valley) by urban development.
Area apparently partly modified by development although natural features remain. Not known to be declining.
Break of slope at edge of river system/ flood plain.

Gardden
Broadly rectangular, N-S orientated hill of Upper Carboniferous ''Coal Measures'' sandstone between the Ruabon and Rhosllanerchrugog areas. Largely surrounded by anthropomorphically degraded valley systems. Includes some formerly mined areas.
Area partly modified although natural features remain.

Afon Eitha
Level base of the Afon Eitha stream valley, with alluvium (Quaternary, Holocene) on the W side of Gardden Hill. Emerges form the urban development of Afon Eitha town and disappears into the the development of Ruabon.
Area probably modified by industrial activity although natural features remain. Not known to be declining.

Afon Goch
Section of floodplain and alluvium (Quaternary, Holocene) of stream system separating the Ruabon -and Johnstown areas. Includes prominent N-S section, although generally modified by development, probably including infill of areas.
Flood plain. Urban / industrial development. Engineered topography
Area modified by development, although natural features may remain locally.
Break of slope at edge of river system/ flood plain/ valley infill.

Rhos-berse
Lowest slopes of the Ruabon-Esclusham massif to the N of the incised Clywedog valley. Glacial clay cover dominates (Quaternary, Pleistocene).
Break of slope at base with till platform to E, base of higher slopes and margins of urban/industrial area.

Pentre Bychan
Small rounded knoll, broadly elongated N-S and formed by Upper Carboniferous ''Coal Measures'' sandstone.
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development, forestry, etc). .

Threes Fingers to Drury Lane
Glacial terrace feature (Quaternary, Pleistocene) with a low NW facing feature or bank below and averaging around 85m above sea level. Dominated by glacial clays and with an irregular surface including many small ponds.
Base of low feature to W and edge of valley systems to N, S and E/
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1967), Nantwich (Sheet 122); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2005), Explorer 257 (1:25,000 scale); POOLE, E.G. and WHITEMAN, A.J. (1966), Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, Sheet 122 (Nantwich and Whitchurch); ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex. In: Wrexham LANDMAP: Volume 2. (WCB and CCW).

Llan-y-cefn Wood
River cliff on the E side of the Dee system, forming the outside of an incised meander where the river cuts into the glacial terrace (Quaternary, Pleistocene) to the E.. Includes a small, incised section of the Shell Brook tributary in the Knollen Mill area. Upper Carboniferous bedrock locally exposed.
Maintain natural system and processes and ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development, forestry, etc) and that RIGS status is assessed.
Forms part of incised section of River Dee with important river cliff features of possible regional (i.e. RIGS) significance.
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), Wrexham (Sheet 121); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 256 (1:25,000 scale); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2005), Explorer 257 (1:25,000 scale); ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex. In: Wrexham LANDMAP: Volume 2. (WCB and CCW); WEDD, C.B. et al. (1927-1928), Memoirs of the Geological Survey, Sheet 121 (Wrexham).

Red Brook
Level area forming the south-easternmost corner of the County ED of Fenn''s Moss, including a section of floodplain alluvium (Quaternary, Holocene) of the Red Brook...
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e...g... due to development, forestry, etc)...
Base of low feature on W side and county boundary to E...
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1967), Nantwich (Sheet 122); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1967), Wem (Sheet 138); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2005), Explorer 241 (1:25,000 scale); POCOCK, R...W... and WRAY, D...A... (1925), Memoirs of the Geological Survey, Sheet 138 (Wem); POOLE, E...G... and WHITEMAN, A...J... (1966), Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, Sheet 122 (Nantwich and Whitchurch); ROBERTS, R... (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex... In: Wrexham LANDMAP: Volume 2... (W

Bettisfield - Iscoyd Park
Glacial clay dominated area, but with local concentrations of glacial sand and gravel (Quaternary, Pleistocene). To S, area surface is relatively flat with very minor undulations and slopes very slightly from around 100m above sea level to around 90m and the peat filled depression of Fen''s Moss. To the NE the area is also at around 90m but forms a low platform with a more irregular surface in the Iscoyd Park area, between two incised stream valleys (sand and gravel dominates in this area). Sm
Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). Slope. Kettle hole. Urban / industrial development
County boundary to SW, E and NE; margins of peat filled depression to SE and edge of hummocky-dominated terrain of WRXHMGL101to NW.
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1967), Nantwich (Sheet 122); INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (1967), Wem (Sheet 138); ORDNANCE SURVEY(2000), Explorer 240 (1:25,000 scale); ORDNANCE SURVEY (2005), Explorer 241 (1:25,000 scale); POCOCK, R.W. and WRAY, D.A. (1925), Memoirs of the Geological Survey, Sheet 138 (Wem); POOLE, E.G. and WHITEMAN, A.J. (1966), Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, Sheet 122 (Nantwich and Whitchurch); ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex. I

Llwyneinion
Lowest slopes of the Ruabon-Esclusham massif between the incised Clywedog valley and the Nant y Crogfryn -Rhosllanerchrugog area. Glacial clay cover dominates (Quaternary, Pleistocene).
Lake / reservoir (artificial). Slope. Spring. Coal / mineral spoil tips. Urban / industrial development
Base of steeper slopes above and junction with uneven platform below; valley systems to N and S (plus urban area).
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1994), Wrexham (Sheet 121);ORDNANCE SURVEY (2000), Explorer 256 (1:25,000 scale); ROBERTS, R. (2004), Earth Science Technical Annex. In: Wrexham LANDMAP: Volume 2. (WCB and CCW); WEDD, C.B. et al. (1927-1928), Memoirs of the Geological Survey, Sheet 121 (Wrexham).

Parys Mountain
Conspicuous west-south-west - east-north-east orientated elongated hill with hollow centre, excavated by centuries of intensive opencast mining for copper. Excavation steep sided, cliffed in part and spectacularly iron stained, yellow, brown, orange, etc. Extensive spoil tips cover slopes around the excavation. Geology dominated by silicic igneous rocks (''Felsite'') with extensive mineralisation, with minor slaty rocks (Silurian).
eathering / oxidation of sulphide minerals and related acidification of surface/groundwater..
Lake / reservoir (artificial). Slope. Hill top. Roche moutonee. Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit. Urban / industrial development
No significant development currently and key areas protected as SSSI.
Significant non-SSSI areas (e.g. potential RIGS) may be at risk from infill, removal or development and scientifically important specimens, including fossils and minerals, may be at risk from irresponsible or casual collecting. No such loss of important features or specimens should be considered acceptable. Key non-SSSI sites can be identified by RIGS surveys and consequently better protected and the use of codes of good practice supported by conservation legislation can help manage collecting
Classic mining site of international heritage significance with unique volcanogenic ores.
GREENLY, E. 1919, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 78; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974. Anglesey, 1:50,000 Special Sheet, Geological Survey of Great Britain; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a, Ordnance Survey Explorer Map 263 (1:25, 000); www.geomon.org.uk.
Additional Level 4 features include: Disused quarry; Mine shaft/adit; Meander.

Llanfechel
Extensive low, undulating terrain dominated by rounded, mounds of glacial clay (till) up to 800m across (''drumlins'') (Quaternary: Pleistocene) - well developed especially in south-western and central areas. Spaces between mounds often boggy but may also show small outcrops of underlying metamorphic rocks, etc (Monian Supergroup, Cambrian). Some larger areas of craggy outcrop also exist, e.g. near Llanfaethlu and Elim. Small outcrops of Ordovician slaty shales also present.
Slope. Hill top. Drumlin / Drumlin field. Former lake (e.g. silted up). Urban / industrial development
Maintain SSSIs in favourable condition by implementation of management plans and ensure that any potential RIGS sites are safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping and that other significant features of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are not lost/damaged due to development, etc..
Break of slope adjacent to main valley systems and base of mounds at margins of main drumlin field.
Includes key SSSIs mainly for bedrock geology and forms a major part of the important Anglesey drumlin field.
BASSETT, D.A. 1974, Geological Society of London, Special Report, 14-42; BATES, D.E.B. 1972, Geological Journal 8: 19-58; BATES, D.E.B. & DAVIES, J.R. 1982, Geologist''s Association Guide 40; CAMPBELL, S. & BOWEN, D.Q. 1989. Geological Conservation Review, Quaternary of Wales; CARNEY, et al. 2000. Geological Conservation Review Series 20; GIBBONS, W. et al. 1994, Geological Society of London, Special Report 22, 75-84; GREENLY, E. 1919, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 78; INST

Mynydd Eilean
Relative high and steeply sided massif rising from the coast of the north-east corner of Anglesey. Relatively level topped. Dominated by Ordovician slaty rocks with minor sandstones and conglomerates, also minor metamorphic rocks (Monian Supergroup, Cambrian). and igneous rocks; all within branches of the Carmel Head Thrust system. Includes coastal slope in north-east and valley to south-west.
Non-SSSI features of geological/geomorphological importance as potential RIGS (e.g. for Ordovician stratigraphy, etc) may be at risk from infill, removal or development. Survey therefore advisable.
No notable sites recorded and geology presumed to be represented elsewhere.
BASSETT, D.A. 1974, Geological Society of London, Special Report, 14-42; BATES, D.E.B. 1972, Geological Journal 8: 19-58;
BATES, D.E.B. & DAVIES, J.R. 1982, Geologist''s Association Guide 40; CARNEY, et al. 2000. Geological Conservation Review Series 20; GIBBONS, W. et al. 1994, Geological Society of London, Special Report 22, 75-84; GREENLY, E. 1919, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 78; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974. Anglesey, 1:50,000 Special Sheet, Geological Surve
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Natural crags and inland outcrops; Mine shaft/adit.

Llaneilian-Bodgadfa
Complex of drift-filled depressions and valleys developed mainly between metamorphic rocks outcrop-dominated areas to the north (Amlwch Aspect Area) and the major drumlin-field to the south (Llanfechel Aspect Area). Includes the broad coastal valley of Llanelian. Till, alluvium, etc present. (Quaternary: ?Pleistocene-Holocene).
Break of slope at edge of solid geology massifs / valley system and edge of drumlin field.
ATES, D.E.B. & DAVIES, J.R. 1982, Geologist''s Association Guide 40; CAMPBELL, S. & BOWEN, D.Q. 1989. Geological Conservation Review, Quaternary of Wales; CARNEY, et al. 2000. Geological Conservation Review Series 20; COSSEY, P.J. et al. 2004, Geological Conservation Review Series 29; GIBBONS, W. et al. 1994, Geological Society of London, Special Report 22, 75-84; GREENLY, E. 1919, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 78; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974. Anglesey, 1:50,000
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Natural crags and inland outcrops; Marsh/bog/fen.

Amlwch
Extensive coastal platform dominated by dense, craggy outcrops of Monian Supergroup metamorphic rocks (Cambrian). Includes the developed area of Amlwch.
Lake / reservoir (artificial). Spring. Urban / industrial development
Dominantly rural area with significant development only locally.
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif / edge of area of dense rock exposure.
BATES, D.E.B. & DAVIES, J.R. 1982, Geologist''s Association Guide 40; CARNEY, et al. 2000. Geological Conservation Review Series 20; GIBBONS, W. et al. 1994, Geological Society of London, Special Report 22, 75-84; GREENLY, E. 1919, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 78; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974. Anglesey, 1:50,000 Special Sheet, Geological Survey of Great Britain; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a, Ordnance Survey Explorer Map 263 (1:25, 000); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Ordnance Su

Dinas Gynfor
Undulating coastal massif characterised by craggy outcrops /knolls of Monian Supergroup metamorphic rocks (Cambrian). Some pools between.
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development) and that the SSSI is maintained in favourable condition by implementation of a management plan.
Although not a key part of the the GCR interest of the adjacent Llanbadrig / Dinas Gynfor SSSI (Precambrian of England and Wales, Ordovician: Arenig-Llanvirn and Caledonian Structures of Wales), quivalent geology is present and a RIGS.
BASSETT, D.A. 1974, Geological Society of London, Special Report, 14-42; BATES, D.E.B. 1972, Geological Journal 8: 19-58;
BATES, D.E.B. & DAVIES, J.R. 1982, Geologist''s Association Guide 40; CARNEY, et al. 2000. Geological Conservation Review Series 20; GIBBONS, W. et al. 1994, Geological Society of London, Special Report 22, 75-84; GREENLY, E. 1919, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 78; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974. Anglesey, 1:50,000 Special Sheet, Geological Surve
Additional Level 4 features include: Natural crags and inland outcrops; Mine shaft/adit; Meander.

Cemaes
Glacial drift-dominated (Quaternary: Pleistocene) coastal platform with minor outcrops of Monian Supergroup metamorphic rocks (Cambrian) and associated igneous rocks. Significant development includes Cemaes and a nuclear power station.
Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). Urban / industrial development
Currently not considered to be declining further, although measures should be implemented, including recording of temporary sections, to ensure that no significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost due to future development.
Ensure that no further significant features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost due to future development.
Edge of coastal cliff / slope and margin of drumlin field. .
BATES, D.E.B. & DAVIES, J.R. 1982, Geologist''s Association Guide 40; CAMPBELL, S. & BOWEN, D.Q. 1989. Geological Conservation Review, Quaternary of Wales; CARNEY, et al. 2000. Geological Conservation Review Series 20; GIBBONS, W. et al. 1994, Geological Society of London, Special Report 22, 75-84; GREENLY, E. 1919, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 78; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974. Anglesey, 1:50,000 Special Sheet, Geological Survey of Great Britain; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream;Natural crags and inland outcrops; Marsh/bog/fen.

Cemlyn
Distinctive bay with well developed arcuate shingle/sand barrier enclosing a lagoon/wetland system (Quaternary: Recent).
Bar. Gravel / shingle ridge. Beach. Lagoon/lake/pool (natural)
Natural bar / lagoon system without significant human modification. Ecological SSSI.
Margin of bar-lagoon and associated wetland system and edge of drumlin field.
BATES, D.E.B. & DAVIES, J.R. 1982, Geologist''s Association Guide 40; GREENLY, E. 1919, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 78;INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974. Anglesey, 1:50,000 Special Sheet, Geological Survey of Great Britain; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Ordnance Survey Explorer Map 262 (1:25, 000); www.geomon.org.uk.

Mynydd Mechel
Large rocky platform with distinctive ''etched'' appearance characterised by crags, bluffs and low knolls of Monian Supergroup metamorphic and igneous rocks (Cambrian). Depressions between outcrops drift-filled.
Stratigraphic formation(s). Superficial deposits. Active processes. Past processes. Structural features
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif/ area of densely spaced rock exposures and junction with surrounding drift dominated areas.
Typical landscape of widespread geological unit. No notable sites recorded
BATES, D.E.B. & DAVIES, J.R. 1982, Geologist''s Association Guide 40; CARNEY, et al. 2000. Geological Conservation Review Series 20; GIBBONS, W. et al. 1994, Geological Society of London, Special Report 22, 75-84; GREENLY, E. 1919, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 78; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974. Anglesey, 1:50,000 Special Sheet, Geological Survey of Great Britain; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Ordnance Survey Explorer Map 262 (1:25, 000);
www.geomon.org.uk.

Afon Wygyr
River-stream complex (Quaternary: Recent ) with narrow flood plain linking inter-drumlin drainage basins and within Llanfechel Aspect Area. Ultimately flows broadly north by west to the the sea at Cemaes.
River channel (natural). Flood plain. Former lake (e.g. silted up)
Dominantly rural area with little significant development.
BATES, D.E.B. & DAVIES, J.R. 1982, Geologist''s Association Guide 40; GREENLY, E. 1919, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 78; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974. Anglesey, 1:50,000 Special Sheet, Geological Survey of Great Britain; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Ordnance Survey Explorer Map 262 (1:25, 000); www.geomon.org.uk.

Mynydd y Garn
Coastal massif forming the north-west corner of Anglesey. Dominated by Monian Supergroup metamorphic rocks (Cambrian) and Ordovician slaty mudrocks, conglolerates, etc. and includes the Carmel Head tectonic thrust. Area characterised by dense rocky outcrops and dissected by short broadly east-west valleys cut into the coastal slope on its western side. Includes the discrete and steepsided knoll of Mynydd y Garn in the south-east.
Sea-cave / cave. Coastal slope. Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). Slope. Hill top. Spring
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development) and that the SSSI is maintained in favourable condition by implementation of a management plan.
Significant landscape feature adjacent to well known geological SSSI with classic section of Carmel Head thrust. No other specific sites recorded (e.g. RIGS).
BATES, D.E.B. & DAVIES, J.R. 1982, Geologist''s Association Guide 40; CARNEY, et al. 2000. Geological Conservation Review Series 20; GIBBONS, W. et al. 1994, Geological Society of London, Special Report 22, 75-84; GREENLY, E. 1919, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 78; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974. Anglesey, 1:50,000 Special Sheet, Geological Survey of Great Britain; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Ordnance Survey Explorer Map 262 (1:25, 000); TREAGUS, J.E. (ed.) 1992, Geologic
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Natural crags and inland outcrops; Mine shaft/adit.

Tan-lan
Relatively large and irregularly shaped depositional basin / former lake (Quaternary: Recent ) within the drumlin filed of Llanfechel Aspect Area - the largest of several within the latter Aspect Area. Includes mire.
Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). Former lake (e.g. silted up)
No specific features/deposits recorded/described. Research assessment needed.
CAMPBELL, S. & BOWEN, D.Q. 1989. Geological Conservation Review, Quaternary of Wales; GREENLY, E. 1919, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 78; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974. Anglesey, 1:50,000 Special Sheet, Geological Survey of Great Britain; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Ordnance Survey Explorer Map 262 (1:25, 000);
www.geomon.org.uk.

Ty-hen
Coastal flat / drift-filled depression with mire/marsh (Quaternary: Recent ). Includes the now isolated drumlin of Penal Fawr /Dowyn (part of the drumlin field of Llanfechel Aspect Area, etc.
No notable sites recorded and significance of deposits not known.
CAMPBELL, S. & BOWEN, D.Q. 1989. Geological Conservation Review, Quaternary of Wales; GREENLY, E. 1919, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 78; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974. Anglesey, 1:50,000 Special Sheet, Geological Survey of Great Britain; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Ordnance Survey Explorer Map 262 (1:25, 000);
www.geomon.org.uk.

Penrhyn
Small section of the Anglesey drumlin field (Llanfechel, etc aspect areas), now separated by the Ty-hen Aspect Area (Quaternary: Pleistocene).
Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). Drumlin / Drumlin field
Break of slope at edge of drumlin features and lake/depositional basin sediment fill.
No sites/features/deposits of significant note recorded. Small section of larger feature (e.g. drumlin field).
BATES, D.E.B. & DAVIES, J.R. 1982, Geologist''s Association Guide 40; CAMPBELL, S. & BOWEN, D.Q. 1989. Geological Conservation Review, Quaternary of Wales; GREENLY, E. 1919, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 78;
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974. Anglesey, 1:50,000 Special Sheet, Geological Survey of Great Britain;
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Ordnance Survey Explorer Map 262 (1:25, 000); www.geomon.org.uk.

Llanrhyddiad
Low, irregular ridge with a characteristic west-north-west - east-south-east orientation dominated by Ordovician rocks. Surface outcrops present but smaller and more scattered than in Precambrian-Cambrian dominated areas. Lies within the Anglesey drumlin field (Llanfechel, etc aspect areas).
BASSETT, D.A. 1974, Geological Society of London, Special Report, 14-42; BATES, D.E.B. 1972, Geological Journal 8: 19-58;
BATES, D.E.B. & DAVIES, J.R. 1982, Geologist''s Association Guide 40; GREENLY, E. 1919, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 78; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974. Anglesey, 1:50,000 Special Sheet, Geological Survey of Great Britain; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Ordnance Survey Explorer Map 262 (1:25, 000); www.geomon.org.uk.

Rhosgoch
Low, south-west - north-east ridge with dominated by Ordovician rocks with occasional small rock outcrops. Lies within the Anglesey drumlin field (Llanfechel, etc aspect areas).
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif and junction with drift systems.
BATES, D.E.B. & DAVIES, J.R. 1982, Geologist''s Association Guide 40; GREENLY, E. 1919, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 78; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974. Anglesey, 1:50,000 Special Sheet, Geological Survey of Great Britain; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a, Ordnance Survey Explorer Map 263 (1:25, 000); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Ordnance Survey Explorer Map 262

Gwredog
Isolated group of well defined drumlins (mounds of glacial clay (Quaternary: Pleistocene) on the east side of the Llyn Alaw reservoir.
Slope. Hill top. Drumlin / Drumlin field
Break of slope adjacent to main valley systems and base of mounds at margins of main drumlin field.
No notable sites recorded and forms a small part of a widespread feature.
BATES, D.E.B. & DAVIES, J.R. 1982, Geologist''s Association Guide 40; CAMPBELL, S. & BOWEN, D.Q. 1989. Geological Conservation Review, Quaternary of Wales; GREENLY, E. 1919, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 78; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974. Anglesey, 1:50,000 Special Sheet, Geological Survey of Great Britain;
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Ordnance Survey Explorer Map 262 (1:25, 000);

Afon Alaw
Drainage system representing the valley of the River Alaw and its main tributaries - partly drowned by the Llyn Alaw Reservoir. Includes broad flat, drift-filled depressions, some at least are likely to have be former lakes. Main river course includes narrow flood-plain/terrace areas and flows west-south-westwards to the sea (Quaternary: Recent). Lies within the Anglesey drumlin field (Llanfechel, etc aspect areas).
Lake / reservoir (artificial). River channel (natural). Flood plain. Former lake (e.g. silted up). Urban / industrial development
Dominantly rural area with little significant development
No notable sites recorded and geomorphology typical of feature/process and not known to be exceptional.
GREENLY, E. 1919, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 78; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974. Anglesey, 1:50,000 Special Sheet, Geological Survey of Great Britain; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Ordnance Survey Explorer Map 262 (1:25, 000); www.geomon.org.uk.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream;Meander; Marsh/bog/fen.

Bodedern
Area of low, rounded mounds glacial clay (drumlins) forming the south-western part of the Anglesey drumlin field (Quaternary: Pleistocene). Now separated from areas to the north-east (Llanfechel Aspect Area, etc). by the Alaw valley system (Afon Alaw Aspect Area) (Quaternary: Pleistocene). In depressions between drumlins, small craggy outcrops of Monian Supergroup metamorphic rocks are locally present (Cambrian).
Slope. Hill top. Drumlin / Drumlin field. Spring. Urban / industrial development
Break of slope adjacent to main valley systems and base of mounds at margins of main drumlin field.
No notable sites recorded and geomorphology is part of a widespread feature.
BATES, D.E.B. & DAVIES, J.R. 1982, Geologist''s Association Guide 40; CAMPBELL, S. & BOWEN, D.Q. 1989. Geological Conservation Review, Quaternary of Wales; CARNEY, et al. 2000. Geological Conservation Review Series 20; GIBBONS, W. et al. 1994, Geological Society of London, Special Report 22, 75-84; GREENLY, E. 1919, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 78; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Ordnance Survey Explorer Map 262 (1:25, 000); www.geomon.org.uk.

Llanerchymedd
xtensive area occupying most of central Anglesey and characterised by a glacial clay covered surface (Quaternary: Pleistocene) without significant areas of drumlin development... Cover appears to be relatively thin, however, as the area has a broadly south-west , north-east gently rolling topography representing the trend of the bedrock outcrop below... In low areas and valleys, small craggy outcrops of Monian Supergroup metamorphic rocks are commonly present (Cambrian), although too small
Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). Slope. Hill top. Spring. Urban / industrial development. Engineered topography
Dominantly rural area with limited significant development...
Maintain SSSIs in favourable condition by implementation of management plans and ensure that RIGS sites are safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping and that other significant features of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are not lost/damaged due to development, etc...
Break of slope adjacent to main valley systems, solid geology massifs and base of mounds at margins of main drumlin field...
Although the AA contains two SSSIs, 2 potential GCR sites/RIGS and 3 other RIGS, they are small in comparison to the area as a whole... They indicate a geology/geomorphology of outstanding value locally, but overall a valuation of ''high'' is most appropriate in a landscape sense...
BARCLAY, W...J... et al..., Geological Conservation Review Series 31; BASSETT, D...A... 1974, Geological Society of London, Special Report, 14-42; BATES, D...E...B... 1972, Geological Journal 8: 19-58; BATES, D...E...B... & DAVIES, J...R... 1982, Geologist''s Association Guide 40; CAMPBELL, S... & BOWEN, D...Q... 1989... Geological Conservation Review, Quaternary of Wales;
CARNEY, et al... 2000... Geological Conservation Review Series 20; GIBBONS, W... et al... 1994, Geological Society of Lon

Gwndy
Irregular area, dominated by craggy outcrops and knolls of Coedana granite (Coedana Complex, Precambrian). Includes a significant quarry.
Spring. Urban / industrial development. Engineered topography
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif and junction with valley/glacial drift systems.
No notable sites recorded and geology widespread.
BATES, D.E.B. & DAVIES, J.R. 1982, Geologist''s Association Guide 40; CARNEY, et al. 2000. Geological Conservation Review Series 20; GIBBONS, W. et al. 1994, Geological Society of London, Special Report 22, 75-84; GREENLY, E. 1919, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 78; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974. Anglesey, 1:50,000 Special Sheet, Geological Survey of Great Britain; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Ordnance Survey Explorer Map 262 (1:25, 000);

Eirianallt
Area with general south-west - north-east orientation and dominated by craggy outcrops and knolls of Coedana granite (Coedana Complex, Precambrian).
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif and dense exposure areas adjacent to surrounding drift systems.
No notable sites recorded and geology widespread.
BATES, D.E.B. & DAVIES, J.R. 1982, Geologist''s Association Guide 40; CARNEY, et al. 2000. Geological Conservation Review Series 20; GIBBONS, W. et al. 1994, Geological Society of London, Special Report 22, 75-84;GREENLY, E. 1919, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 78; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974. Anglesey, 1:50,000 Special Sheet, Geological Survey of Great Britain; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Ordnance Survey Explorer Map 262 (1:25, 000); www.geomon.org.uk.

Caer Glaw
Area dominated by craggy outcrops and knolls of Coedana granite (Coedana Complex, Precambrian). Includes a arge working quarry complex.
Recently working quarry in rural area - quarrying has maintained key exposures.
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or infill) and that the status of the potential GCR site is confirmed and notification as an SSSI follows (with maintainance in favourable condition by implementation of a management plan). Current RIGS can be safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping.
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif and junction with valley/drift systems.
Key exposures of the Coedana granite present (with RIGS and potential GCE status).
BATES, D.E.B. & DAVIES, J.R. 1982, Geologist''s Association Guide 40; CARNEY, et al. 2000. Geological Conservation Review Series 20; GIBBONS, W. et al. 1994, Geological Society of London, Special Report 22, 75-84; GREENLY, E. 1919, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 78; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974. Anglesey, 1:50,000 Special Sheet, Geological Survey of Great Britain; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Ordnance Survey Explorer Map 262 (1:25, 000);

Cerrig y Cathod
Irregular area, dominated by craggy outcrops and knolls of Coedana granite (Coedana Complex, Precambrian).
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif / junction with valley/drift systems.
No notable sites recorded and geology widespread.

Afon Goch
Segment of river system with narrow flood plain and a broad, flat depositional basin south-west of Llandyfrydrg (Quaternary: Recent).
Break of slope at base of surrounding till dominated area and edge of active river/floodplain / terrace system.
No notable sites recorded and geomorphology typical of feature/process and not known to be exceptional or is widespread.
GREENLY, E. 1919, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 78; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974. Anglesey, 1:50,000 Special Sheet, Geological Survey of Great Britain; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a, Ordnance Survey Explorer Map 263 (1:25, 000); www.geomon.org.uk.

Cae''r-mynydd
Broad, flat, double depression. Drift filled and broadly north-north-east - south-south-west orientated. Probably represents site of former lake (Quaternary: Recent) .
Maintain evolving system, minimise future intervention and ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged.
No notable sites recorded and geomorphology typical of feature/process and not known to be exceptional.
GREENLY, E. 1919, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 78; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974. Anglesey, 1:50,000 Special Sheet, Geological Survey of Great Britain; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a, Ordnance Survey Explorer Map 263 (1:25, 000); www.geomon.org.uk.

Mynydd Bodafon
Prominent knoll rising above the glacial clay dominated undulating platform of Llanerchymedd Aspect Area. Higher part of knoll is dominantly a glacially smoothed outcrop of quartzite (Monian Supergroup, Cambrian).
Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). Slope. Hill top. Spring
Very prominent landscape features with excellent and accessible exposures of Monian quartzite. Summit has one of the best available panoramic views of the Anglesey landscape.
BATES, D.E.B. & DAVIES, J.R. 1982, Geologist''s Association Guide 40; CARNEY, et al. 2000. Geological Conservation Review Series 20; GIBBONS, W. et al. 1994, Geological Society of London, Special Report 22, 75-84;
Additional Level 4 features include: Disused quarry?; Natural crags and inland outcrops.

Capel Elena
Crest and north-west slopes of broadly south-west - north-east trending ridge. Characterised by very irregular surface with many small outcrops of Old Red Sandstone (probably Devonian). North-western face very steep adjacent to Traeth Dulas.
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development). Ensure that RIGS potential of exposures is assessed.
Edge of area of dense outcrop of ''Lower Old Red Sandstone''.
No notable sites recorded and geology presumed to be better exposed elsewhere.
BARCLAY, W.J. et al., Geological Conservation Review Series 31; BATES, D.E.B. & DAVIES, J.R. 1982, Geologist''s Association Guide 40; CALVER, M.A. & SMITH, E.G. 1974, In: The Upper Palaeozoic and post-Palaeozoic rocks of Wales. University of Wales Press, 169-183; GREENLY, E. 1919, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 78; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974. Anglesey, 1:50,000 Special Sheet, Geological Survey of Great Britain; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a, Ordnance Survey Explorer Map 2
Additional Level 4 features include: Disused quarry (?); Natural crags and inland outcrops.

Cors Erddeiniog
Large, broad basin, with level drift infil (Quaternary: ?Pleistocene-Recent) with areas of valley mire. Includes several branches but all with characteristic north-north-east - south-south-west structural orientattion. Lies between the outcrop of Carboniferous limestones to the south-east and Precambrian-Cambrian metamorphic rocks to the north-west.
Maintain natural system, minimise future intervention and ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged.
No notable sites recorded and geomorphology typical of feature/process and not known to be exceptional.
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Marsh/bog/fen; Tufa.

Benllech
Broadly triangular and extensive area dominated by ridges of Carboniferous limestone, locally creating a stepped topography. Outcrop and ridges have a north-east - south-west trend in the south-east and a south-south-west - north-north-east trend to the north-west. Low areas between limestone ridges often have a glacial clay till (Quaternary: Pleistocene).
Slope. Hill top. Scarp slope. Dip slope. Plateau. Spring. Urban / industrial development
Dominantly rural area with significant development only around Benllech.
Maintain SSSIs in favourable condition by implementation of management plans and ensure that RIGS sites are safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping and that other significant features of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are not lost/damaged due to development, etc.
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif and surrounding drift-dominated systems.
Important area of limestone outcrop of Anglesey with distinctive parallel escarpments. Includes at least one RIGS site and part of a GCR site.
BATES, D.E.B. & DAVIES, J.R. 1982, Geologist''s Association Guide 40; CALVER, M.A. & SMITH, E.G. 1974, In: The Upper Palaeozoic and post-Palaeozoic rocks of Wales. University of Wales Press, 169-183; COSSEY, P.J. et al. 2004, Geological Conservation Review Series 29; GREENLY, E. 1919, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 78; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974. Anglesey, 1:50,000 Special Sheet, Geological Survey of Great Britain; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a, Ordnance Survey Explorer M

Cors Goch
Drift-filled level depression/valley with west-south-west - east-north-east trend. Includes valley mire. Probably represents the site of a former lake (Quaternary: Recent).
Maintain natural system, minimise future intervention and ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged.

Cors Bodeilto
Broad and level drift-filled basin; probably represents the site of a former lake (Quaternary: Recent).
Maintain natural system, minimise future intervention and ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged.
GREENLEY, E. 1919, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 78; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974. Anglesey, 1:50,000 Special Sheet, Geological Survey of Great Britain; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a, Ordnance Survey Explorer Map 263 (1:25, 000); www.geomon.org.uk.

Afon Ceint
Narrow river valley system with narrow flood plain and distinctive straight and structurally controlled south-west - north-east orientation (Quaternary: Recent). . Tributary of Maltraeth Marsh system (Maltraeth Marsh Aspect Area).
Break of slope at edge of active river/floodplain/terrace system.
No notable sites recorded and geomorphology typical of feature/process and not known to be exceptional..

Maltraeth Marsh
Extensive flat area of reclaimed saltmarsh occupying a broad structurally-controlled south-west - north-east basin. Latter apparently mainly excavated in soft Upper Carboniferous ''Coal Measures, which have been historically mined from beneath the estuarine alluvium (Quaternary: Recent). Traces of creek systems visible locally although area now drained by drainage ditches and main central channel canalised (but still tidal). Minor area of former sand dune system present in south-east corner of
Stabilised sand dune. River channel / canal (artificial)
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development) and that the SSSI is maintained in favourable condition by implementation of a management plan and the RIGS site is protected through planning systems and constraint mapping.
Major area of reclaimed saltmarsh with potentially important sediment record and a RIGS site.
BATES, D.E.B. & DAVIES, J.R. 1982, Geologist''s Association Guide 40; CALVER, M.A. & SMITH, E.G. 1974, In: The Upper Palaeozoic and post-Palaeozoic rocks of Wales. University of Wales Press, 169-183; CAMPBELL, S. & BOWEN, D.Q. 1989. Geological Conservation Review, Quaternary of Wales; GREENLY, E. 1919, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 78; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974. Anglesey, 1:50,000 Special Sheet, Geological Survey of Great Britain;
MAY, V.J. & HANSOM, J.D. 2003,
Additional Level 4 features include: Stream; Mine shaft/adit; Meander; Marsh/bog/fen; Flood defence bank/works.

Rhos-y-Gad
Branching, level and drift-filled depositional basin; probably represents the site of a former lake (Quaternary: Recent).

Llanddyfnam
Undulating area dominated by glacial sands and gravels (Quaternary: Pleistocene) which have been historically excavated. The only significant area of such deposits on Anglesey.
Slope. Opencast mine, gravel or sand pit
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development) and assessf RIGS potential of sand and gravel exposures..
Break of slope at edge of glacial sand and gravel dominated area and adjacent solid geology-dominated massifs.
No notable sites currently selected/recorded although assessment of RIGS potential advisable.
BATES, D.E.B. & DAVIES, J.R. 1982, Geologist''s Association Guide 40; CAMPBELL, S. & BOWEN, D.Q. 1989. Geological Conservation Review, Quaternary of Wales; COSSEY, P.J. et al. 2004, Geological Conservation Review Series 29;

Llyn Nodwydd
Relatively small river/former estuary system (Quaternary: Recent) with south-west - north-east structural orientation.
Upper saltmarsh / grazing marsh. River channel (natural). Flood plain

Rhiwlas
Distinctly south-west - north-east orientated narrow ridge of metamorphic rocks (Monian Supergroup, Cambrian) with characteristic rocky surface outcrops... Lies within the Berw Shear Zone of the Menai Strait Fault system...
Dominantly rural area with no significant development...
Ensure that RIGS is safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping and that other significant features of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are not lost/damaged due to development, etc...
Includes Pentraeth Road Road cutting RIGS...
BATES, D...E...B... & DAVIES, J...R... 1982, Geologist''s Association Guide 40; CARNEY, et al... 2000... Geological Conservation Review Series 20; GIBBONS, W... et al... 1994, Geological Society of London, Special Report 22, 75-84;
GREENLY, E... 1919, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 78; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974... Anglesey, 1:50,000 Special Sheet, Geological Survey of Great Britain; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a, Ordnance Survey Explorer Map 263 (1:25, 000); www...geomon
Additional Level 4 features include: Natural crags and inland outcrops...

Llanddona
Large massif of metamorphic rocks with a very irregular surface with many craggy outcrops and a steep northern face/coastal slope. Includes Monian Supergroup and Eastern Schist Belt rocks (Precambrian-Cambrian).
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif / dense outcrop area.
BATES, D.E.B. & DAVIES, J.R. 1982, Geologist''s Association Guide 40; CARNEY, et al. 2000. Geological Conservation Review Series 20; GIBBONS, W. et al. 1994, Geological Society of London, Special Report 22, 75-84; GREENLY, E. 1919, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 78; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974. Anglesey, 1:50,000 Special Sheet, Geological Survey of Great Britain; www.geomon.org.uk.

Penmon
Distinctive limestone massif with a prominent scarp face on the south side and coastal slope on the north. Local areas of limestone pavement preserved.
Coastal slope. Slope. Hill top. Scarp slope. Dip slope. Plateau. Rock pavement
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or infill) and that Flagstaff Quarry GCR site is notified as an SSSI follows (with maintenance in favourable condition by implementation of a management plan). Current RIGS can be safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping.
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif and junction with coastal cliff.
Major landscape feature with SSSI / GCR features and RIGS.
BATES, D.E.B. & DAVIES, J.R. 1982, Geologist''s Association Guide 40; CALVER, M.A. & SMITH, E.G. 1974, In: The Upper Palaeozoic and post-Palaeozoic rocks of Wales. University of Wales Press, 169-183; COSSEY, P.J. et al. 2004, Geological Conservation Review Series 29; GREENLY, E. 1919, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 78; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974. Anglesey, 1:50,000 Special Sheet, Geological Survey of Great Britain; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a, Ordnance Survey Explorer M

Llansadwrn
Broad platform developed on Precambrian-Cambrian metamorphic rocks (including Monian Supergroup and Eastern Schist Belt rocks) with glacial clay veneer (Quaternary: Pleistocene). Occasional drumlin-like landforms present. Aspect Area has a distinct south-eastern and eastern scarp face where glacial clay cover is thin and crags of bedrock are typical immediately above.
Coastal slope. Slope. Hill top. Scarp slope. Plateau. Drumlin / Drumlin field. Spring. Urban / industrial development
Dominantly rural area with significant development only around Menai Bridge.
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or infill) and that the Marquis of Anglesey''s Column GCR site is notified as an SSSI follows (with maintainance in favourable condition by implementation of a management plan). RIGS can be safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping.
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif in east, junction with coast to the south and valley systems elsewhere.
Area includes unique geological features such as exposures of ''blueschist;'' metamorphic rocks (of nationa/international importance, hence RIGS status) and high concentration of RIGS sites.
BATES, D.E.B. & DAVIES, J.R. 1982, Geologist''s Association Guide 40; CARNEY, et al. 2000. Geological Conservation Review Series 20; GIBBONS, W. et al. 1994, Geological Society of London, Special Report 22, 75-84; GREENLY, E. 1919, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 78; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974. Anglesey, 1:50,000 Special Sheet, Geological Survey of Great Britain; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a, Ordnance Survey Explorer Map 263 (1:25, 000); www.geomon.org.uk.

Llangoed
Broadly triangular area developed between the eastern escarpment of Llansadwm Aspect Area and the southern escarpment of Penmon Aspect Area. Irregular surface gradually descends to sea level from north-west to south-east. Surface dominated by glacial clays (Quaternary: Pleistocene) overlying Ordovician bedrock. Includes the course of Afon Lleiniog and a broadly triangular coastal plain developed arouind its estuary in the Tre-castell Farm area (Quaternary:? Recent). Some drumlins (e.g. mounds
Dominantly rural area with significant development only around Llangoed and Beaumarie.
Break of slope at base of solid geology massifs to north and west and junction with coastline..
No notable sites recorded and geomorphology typical of feature/process and not known to be exceptional and is widespread elsewhere.
BATES, D.E.B. 1972, Geological Journal 8: 19-58; BATES, D.E.B. & DAVIES, J.R. 1982, Geologist''s Association Guide 40;
CAMPBELL, S. & BOWEN, D.Q. 1989. Geological Conservation Review, Quaternary of Wales; GREENLY, E. 1919, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 78; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974. Anglesey, 1:50,000 Special Sheet, Geological Survey of Great Britain; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a, Ordnance Survey Explorer Map 263 (1:25, 000); www.geomon.org.uk.

Afon Cadnant
River system originating on the glacial clay covered plateau of Llansadwrn Aspect Area and then rapidly cutting down through bedrock to the coast at Menai bridge (Quaternary: Recent).
Dominantly rural area with no significant development
Break of slope at edge of valley system (including flood plain system in higher reaches and top of incised valley towards coast).

Afon Braint
Valley complex characterised by relatively broad flood plain / terrace systems with some basinal features. Strong south-west - north-east orientation shows structural control by underlying bedrock geology. Active river/stream systems has general south-westwards flow towards the Dwyran. Includes a flat area of presumed estuarine alluvium and the reclaimed margins of the Newborough Warren sand dune system in the latter area (Quaternary: Recent).
Superficial deposits. Active processes. Past processes. Structural features
Stabilised sand dune. River channel (natural). Flood plain
Break of slope at margins of active river/floodplain/terrace system and related depositional basins.
GREENLY, E. 1919, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 78; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974. Anglesey, 1:50,000 Special Sheet, Geological Survey of Great Britain; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a, Ordnance Survey Explorer Map 263 (1:25, 000); www.geomon.org.uk., www.geomon.org.uk

Nant-gwag
Discrete area of the north-west facing escarpment of the Gaerwen-Newborough Aspect Area with dense natural, craggy outcrops of meatamorphic rocks (Eastern Schist Belt, Precambrian). Characteristic south-west - north-east structural orientation.
Stratigraphic formation(s). Active processes. Past processes. Structural features
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif / edge of dense outcrop area.
BATES, D.E.B. & DAVIES, J.R. 1982, Geologist''s Association Guide 40; CARNEY, et al. 2000. Geological Conservation Review Series 20; GIBBONS, W. et al. 1994, Geological Society of London, Special Report 22, 75-84; GREENLY, E. 1919, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 78; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974. Anglesey, 1:50,000 Special Sheet, Geological Survey of Great Britain; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a, Ordnance Survey Explorer Map 263 (1:25, 000);

Gaerwen-Newborough
Major south-west - north-east orientated block of metamorphic rocks with prominent escarpment to north-west following the Berw Shear Zone (Eastern Schist Belt; Precambrian-?Cambrian). Dominantly covered by thin veneer of glacial clays (Quaternary: Pleistocene), but with scattered small craggy outcrops of bedrock.
Dominantly rural area with significant development only around Newborough and Gaerwen.
Break of slope at base of solid geology underlain low ridge and junction with adjacent valley systems.
BATES, D.E.B. & DAVIES, J.R. 1982, Geologist''s Association Guide 40; CAMPBELL, S. & BOWEN, D.Q. 1989. Geological Conservation Review, Quaternary of Wales; CARNEY, et al. 2000. Geological Conservation Review Series 20; GIBBONS, W. et al. 1994, Geological Society of London, Special Report 22, 75-84; GREENLY, E. 1919, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 78; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974. Anglesey, 1:50,000 Special Sheet, Geological Survey of Great Britain; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2

Llandaniel Fab
South-west - north-east orientated terrain separated from adajacent areas by the valley system of the Afon Braint Aspect Area. Dominanatly glacial clay covered (Quaternary: Pleistocene), with minor outcrops of metamorphic rocks mainly in valley sides Zone (Eastern Schist Belt; Precambrian-?Cambrian). Includes drumlin-like feature in the north-west.
Slope. Hill top. Drumlin / Drumlin field. Spring. Urban / industrial development
Break of slope at base at junction with valley systems.
No notable sites recorded and geology /geomorphology presumed to be widespread.
BATES, D.E.B. & DAVIES, J.R. 1982, Geologist''s Association Guide 40; CAMPBELL, S. & BOWEN, D.Q. 1989. Geological Conservation Review, Quaternary of Wales; CARNEY, et al. 2000. Geological Conservation Review Series 20; GIBBONS, W. et al. 1994, Geological Society of London, Special Report 22, 75-84; GREENLY, E. 1919, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 78; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974. Anglesey, 1:50,000 Special Sheet, Geological Survey of Great Britain; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2

Brynsiencyn
Low ridge with south-west - north-east orientation and Carboniferous limestone core; largely glacial clay covered (Quaternary: Pleistocene). Limestone outcrops locally, especially in a low scarp below the Llanfairpwllgwyngell-Brynsiencyn road which forms the high point of the ridge, which gently slopes down to the Menai Strait to the south-east.
Break of slope at base of solid geology underlain ridge and junction with valley / coastal systems.
No notable sites recorded and geology/geomorphology presumed to be widespread.
BATES, D.E.B. & DAVIES, J.R. 1982, Geologist''s Association Guide 40; CALVER, M.A. & SMITH, E.G. 1974, In: The Upper Palaeozoic and post-Palaeozoic rocks of Wales. University of Wales Press, 169-183; CAMPBELL, S. & BOWEN, D.Q. 1989. Geological Conservation Review, Quaternary of Wales; COSSEY, P.J. et al. 2004, Geological Conservation Review Series 29;
GREENLY, E. 1919, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 78; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974. Anglesey, 1:50,000 Special Sheet

Penrhyn (Abermenai)
Drift dominated coastal plain. Level areas present in the south-west and north-east with a raised platform/ ridge in the Mermaid Farm area (Quaternary: Pleistocene-Recent).
Former saltmarsh / marsh. Slope. Hill top
Break of slope at edge of level depositional basin and associated valley forms.
COSSEY, P.J. et al. 2004, Geological Conservation Review Series 29; GREENLY, E. 1919, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 78; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974. Anglesey, 1:50,000 Special Sheet, Geological Survey of Great Britain; MAY, V.J. & HANSOM, J.D. 2003, Geological Conservation Review Series 28; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a, Ordnance Survey Explorer Map 263 (1:25, 000); www.geomon.org.uk.

Newborough Warren
Extensive active sand dune system, one of the the largest in Britain. Includes main area of active dunes, the core of Abermenai Point and the remnants of the active dune system around the margins of Newborough Forest.(Quaternary: Recent).
Rural area with no significant development and dune system remains active.
Maintain natural evolving system, minimise future intervention and ensure that SSSI is appropriate managed through implementation of a management plan.
Edge of active dune system and mean high tide mark.
Includes a major part of Newborough Warren - Ynys Llanddwyn SSSI, famous for its active dune systems.
BATES, D.E.B. & DAVIES, J.R. 1982, Geologist''s Association Guide 40; GREENLY, E. 1919, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 78; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974. Anglesey, 1:50,000 Special Sheet, Geological Survey of Great Britain; MAY, V.J. & HANSOM, J.D. 2003, Geological Conservation Review Series 28; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a, Ordnance Survey Explorer Map 263 (1:25, 000); www.geomon.org.uk.

Newborough Forest
Former area of the Newborough Warren sand dune system, now stablised and rendered inactive by afforestation (Quaternary: Recent).
Stabilised sand dune. Reclaimed land. Urban / industrial development
Sand dune system has been stabilised and forested and hence damaged and no longer active.
Considered reducing afforested area and re-establishing active sand dune conditions.
Margins of stabilised / afforested former sand dune system.
BATES, D.E.B. & DAVIES, J.R. 1982, Geologist''s Association Guide 40; GREENLY, E. 1919, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 78; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974. Anglesey, 1:50,000 Special Sheet, Geological Survey of Great Britain; MAY, V.J. & HANSOM, J.D. 2003, Geological Conservation Review Series 28; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a, Ordnance Survey Explorer Map 263 (1:25, 000); www.geomon.org.uk.

Cerrig Mawr
Low south-south-west - north-north-east orientated ridge of metamorphosed volcanic rocks within Newborough Forest (Monian Supergroup, Cambrian). Includes typical craggy outcrops.
Stratigraphic formation(s). Past processes. Structural features
Key exposures of Monian Supergroup (includes two RIGS sites).
Ensure that RIGS are safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping.
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif / junction with dune sands.
BATES, D.E.B. & DAVIES, J.R. 1982, Geologist''s Association Guide 40; CARNEY, et al. 2000. Geological Conservation Review Series 20; GIBBONS, W. et al. 1994, Geological Society of London, Special Report 22, 75-84; GREENLY, E. 1919, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 78; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974. Anglesey, 1:50,000 Special Sheet, Geological Survey of Great Britain; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a, Ordnance Survey Explorer Map 263 (1:25, 000); www.geomon.org.uk.

Cefni Saltmarsh
Area of active saltmearsh of the south-west side of Maltraeth Sands (Quaternary: Recent).
Maintain natural evolving system, minimise future intervention and ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged by implementing SSSI management plan.
Margins of saltmarsh system including mean high water mark.
Forms part of Newborough Warren - Ynys Llanddwyn SSSI (Coastal Geomorphology of Wales).
BATES, D.E.B. & DAVIES, J.R. 1982, Geologist''s Association Guide 40; GREENLY, E. 1919, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 78; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974. Anglesey, 1:50,000 Special Sheet, Geological Survey of Great Britain; MAY, V.J. & HANSOM, J.D. 2003, Geological Conservation Review Series 28; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a, Ordnance Survey Explorer Map 263 (1:25, 000); ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Ordnance Survey Explorer Map 262 (1:25, 000)
RUSHTON, A.W.A. et al. 1999, Geologic

Llanddwyn Island
Discrete and distinctive coastal outcrop of metamorphosed Precambrian volcanic rocks effectively forming an island. Area has typical south-south-west - north-north-east structural orientation and is part of the same outcropping bedrock ridge as Cerrig Mawr Aspect Area.
Cliff. Boulder. Sand / shingle foreshore
Maintain SSSI and associated RIGS in favourable condition by implementation of management plan. Encourage a responsible approach to specimen collecting to minimise any risk of damage to sensitive geological features or loss of scientifically important specimens.
Mean low water mark and margin of outcrop area landward to the NE.
Nationally important and famous ''pillow lava'' locality (now GCR/SSSI and RIGS).
BATES, D.E.B. & DAVIES, J.R. 1982, Geologist''s Association Guide 40; CARNEY, et al. 2000. Geological Conservation Review Series 20; GIBBONS, W. et al. 1994, Geological Society of London, Special Report 22, 75-84; GREENLY, E. 1919, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 78; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974. Anglesey, 1:50,000 Special Sheet, Geological Survey of Great Britain; MAY, V.J. & HANSOM, J.D. 2003, Geological Conservation Review Series 28; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Ordnanc

Maltraeth
South-west - north-east orientated slopes on north-west side of Maltraeth Marsh and below escarpment of Precambrian metamorphic rocks of Cerrigceinwen Aspect Area. Tyically with glacial clay veneer (Quaternary: Pleistocene) over Carboniferous limestone to north-east and Monian Supergroup (Cambrian) to south-west.
Stratigraphic formation(s). Superficial deposits. Active processes. Past processes. Structural features
Break of slope at base of solid geology controlled massif to NW and valley system to SE.
No notable sites recorded and geomorphology/geology typical of feature/process and not known to be significant.
COSSEY, P.J. et al. 2004, Geological Conservation Review Series 29; GREENLY, E. 1919, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 78; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974. Anglesey, 1:50,000 Special Sheet, Geological Survey of Great Britain; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Ordnance Survey Explorer Map 262 (1:25, 000); www.geomon.org.uk.

Pentre Berw
Distinctly south-west - north-east orientated terrain forming gentle slopes between the escarpment of the Gaerwen-Newborough (Aspect Area) block to the south-east and the Maltraeth Marsh-Afon Ceint valley/basin aspect areas to the north-west. Dominated by glacial clays (Quaternary: Pleistocene) over Carboniferous bedrock, including limestone, ''Coal Measures'' and metamorphic bedrock to the north-east (Monian Supergroup; Cambrian).
Slope. Spring. Coal / mineral spoil tips
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development)
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif to SE and junction with valley system to NW.
ALVER, M.A. & SMITH, E.G. 1974, In: The Upper Palaeozoic and post-Palaeozoic rocks of Wales. University of Wales Press, 169-183; CARNEY, et al. 2000. Geological Conservation Review Series 20; COSSEY, P.J. et al. 2004, Geological Conservation Review Series 29; GIBBONS, W. et al. 1994, Geological Society of London, Special Report 22, 75-84; GREENLY, E. 1919, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 78; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974. Anglesey, 1:50,000 Special Sheet, Geological

Hirde-Faig
Low, south-west - north-east ridge with glacial clay surface geology (Quaternary: Pleistocene) and minor metamorphic bedrock to the north-east.
Break of slope at base of solid geology underlain low ridge massif and junction with valley systems.
No notable sites recorded and geomorphology typical of feature/process and not known to be exceptional or is widespread.
CARNEY, et al. 2000. Geological Conservation Review Series 20; GIBBONS, W. et al. 1994, Geological Society of London, Special Report 22, 75-84; GREENLY, E. 1919, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 78; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974. Anglesey, 1:50,000 Special Sheet, Geological Survey of Great Britain; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a, Ordnance Survey Explorer Map 263 (1:25, 000); www.geomon.org.uk.

Afon Cefni
River system draining into the Maltraeth Marsh area and partly drowned by Cefni Reservoir. Includes narrow flood-plain terrace systems and incised section between Cefni Reservoir and Langeen (Quaternary: Recent). .
Lake / reservoir (artificial). River channel / canal (artificial). River channel (natural). Flood plain. Urban / industrial development
Partly flooded by reservoir and partly restrained within transport corridor.
Maintain surviving parts of natural evolving system, minimise future intervention and ensure that no further significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged.
Break of slope at base of solid geology massif and features at edge of active river/floodplain system or reservoir.
No notable sites recorded and geomorphology typical of feature/process and not known to be significant.

Cors Bodwrog
Depositional basin with south-west - north-east structurally influenced orientation. Probably includes valley mire deposits and is site of former lake (Quaternary: Recent)
No notable sites recorded and geomorphology typical of feature/process and not known to be significant.
GREENLY, E. 1919, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 78; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974. Anglesey, 1:50,000 Special Sheet, Geological Survey of Great Britain; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Ordnance Survey Explorer Map 262 (1:25, 000); www.geomon.org.uk.

Cerrigdrudion
Includes two linked areas with a development of broad flood plain/terrace systems (Quaternary: Recent) south of Llanerchymedd. Atypical north-south orientation.
Break of slope at edge of active river/floodplain system.
No notable sites recorded and geomorphology typical of feature/process and not known to be significant.
GREENLY, E. 1919, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 78; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974. Anglesey, 1:50,000 Special Sheet, Geological Survey of Great Britain; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Ordnance Survey Explorer Map 262 (1:25, 000); www.geomon.org.uk.

Soar
Parallel low ridges / dense belt of craggy outcrops and small knolls of metamorphic bedrock (Monian Supergroup, Cambrian). Strong south-west - south-east structural orientation. Forms the north-west margin of the Cerrigceinwen Aspect Area.
Stratigraphic formation(s). Superficial deposits. Active processes. Past processes. Structural features
BATES, D.E.B. & DAVIES, J.R. 1982, Geologist''s Association Guide 40; CARNEY, et al. 2000. Geological Conservation Review Series 20; GIBBONS, W. et al. 1994, Geological Society of London, Special Report 22, 75-84; GREENLY, E. 1919, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 78; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974. Anglesey, 1:50,000 Special Sheet, Geological Survey of Great Britain; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Ordnance Survey Explorer Map 262 (1:25, 000); www.geomon.org.uk.

Cerrigceinwen
South-west - north-east terrain with low south-eastern scarp rising above Maltraeth Marsh to a low ridge and then levelling to form an undulating platform to the north-west. Extensive glacial clay (Quaternary: Pleistocene) cover is thin meaning that bedrock outcrops are frequent and several significant areas of craggy exposures of Monian metamorphic rocks are present (Monian Supergroup, Cambrian). North-west margin marked by subcontinuous exposure belt of the Soar Aspect Area.
Ensure that RIGS are safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping and that other significant features of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are not lost/damaged due to development, etc.
Break of slope at base of solid geology underlain massif to SE and line of dense outcrop of YNSMNGL61 to NW.
Although largely covered by till important exposures of Monian Supergroup are listed as RIGS.
BATES, D.E.B. & DAVIES, J.R. 1982, Geologist''s Association Guide 40; CARNEY, et al. 2000. Geological Conservation Review Series 20; GIBBONS, W. et al. 1994, Geological Society of London, Special Report 22, 75-84; GREENLY, E. 1919, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 78; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974. Anglesey, 1:50,000 Special Sheet, Geological Survey of Great Britain; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a, Ordnance Survey Explorer Map 263 (1:25, 000);
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Ordnance S

Rhosmeirch
North-eastwards continuation of the Cerrigceinwen Aspect Area, separated by the Afon Cefni river system / Aspect Area. Forms a low, broad feature with valley systems to the north-west, south-east and north-west also. Dominated by glacial clay (Quaternary: Pleistocene) veneer over metamorphic bedrock (Monian Supergroup, Cambrian).
Break of slope at base of solid geology underlain area and surrounding valley systems.
BATES, D.E.B. & DAVIES, J.R. 1982, Geologist''s Association Guide 40; CARNEY, et al. 2000. Geological Conservation Review Series 20; GIBBONS, W. et al. 1994, Geological Society of London, Special Report 22, 75-84; GREENLY, E. 1919, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 78; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974. Anglesey, 1:50,000 Special Sheet, Geological Survey of Great Britain; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a, Ordnance Survey Explorer Map 263 (1:25, 000);

Cwninger Tyn Liwydan
Distinctive area/platform of rocky outcrop dominated terrain forming the south-western part of the Cerrigceinwen Aspect Area (Monian Supergroup, Cambrian .
Break of slope surrounding solid geology massif / area of dense outcrop.

Tywyn Aberffraw
Coastal sand dune system; partly active, partly stabilised. Includes level inland area to the north-east with presumed estuarine deposits and lake (Quaternary: Recent).
Active sand dune. Dune slack. Marsh / saltmarsh. Lagoon/lake/pool (natural)
Natural dune system without significant constraint and SSSI designation.
Maintain natural evolving system, minimise future intervention and ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (including through implementation of SSSI management plan).
Break of slope at edge of depositional basin / sand dune system.
Important natural dune system with GCR/SSSI status.
BATES, D.E.B. & DAVIES, J.R. 1982, Geologist''s Association Guide 40; GREENLY, E. 1919, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 78; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974. Anglesey, 1:50,000 Special Sheet, Geological Survey of Great Britain; MAY, V.J. & HANSOM, J.D. 2003, Geological Conservation Review Series 28; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Ordnance Survey Explorer Map 262 (1:25, 000); www.geomon.org.uk.

Tywyn Trwan Common
Extensive former sand dune system (Quaternary: Recent) now extensively stablised and developed as a military airfield and smaller golf course. Small areas of active dune systems survive seawards but are severely constrained. Includes a section of the course of Afon Crigyll. Some small scattered rocky outcrops also present (including Ordovician).
Active sand dune. Stabilised sand dune. Dune slack. Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). River channel (natural). Former saltmarsh / marsh. Urban / industrial development. Engineered topography
Former dunes largely levelled and covered by RAF Valley; natural system therefore no longer exists.
Ensure that surviving geological or geomorphological features of significance are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development).
Margins of former sand dune system, mean high water mark, and edge of wetland area to N.
GREENLY, E. 1919, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 78; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974. Anglesey, 1:50,000 Special Sheet, Geological Survey of Great Britain; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Ordnance Survey Explorer Map 262 (1:25, 000); www.geomon.org.uk

Rhosneigr
Low platform of Ordovician bedrock with dune sand cover (Quaternary: Recent), except in north-east.
Stabilised sand dune. Slope. Urban / industrial development
Former sand dunes levelled and built on; no natural system therefore survives.
Ensure that no further significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. quarry in Ordovician rocks).
Edge of low massif of dune sand covered bedrock /junction with surrounding coastal/wetland areas.
Former sand dunes levelled and built on; no natural system therefore survives. Quarry in Ordovician rocks is minor feature.

Lyn Maelog - Tywyn Fferam
Combines two coastal inlets fronted by beach / sand dune systems (partly developed) (Quaternary: Recent).To the north-west a lagoon survives (Llyn Maelog) whereas to the south-east, behind Tywyn Fferam, a simlar area is now silted up.
Stabilised sand dune. Marsh / saltmarsh. Lagoon/lake/pool (natural)
Dunes partly stabilised and roads cross system.
Maintain natural parts of system, minimise future intervention and ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged.
Break of slope at edge of lake/depositional basin sediment fill area.
No notable sites recorded and geomorphology typical of feature/process and not known to be exceptional .
Additional Level 4 features include: Marsh/bog/fen?

Bodrowydd
River / flood plain system draining into the Tywyn Fferam area(Quaternary: Recent). Source partly within areas of surface exposure of the Coedana granite (including the Caer glaw Aspect Area).
Break of slope at margins of active river/floodplain and terrace system.
Geomorphology typical of feature/process and not known to be exceptional or is widespread. Presence of glacial erratic as RIGS incidental to Aspect Area (e.g.glacial not fluvial feature).

Afon Crigyll
Valley complex including the river-flood plain system of the Afon Crigyll (Quaternary: Recent). Drains into the Tywyn Trwan Common Aspect Area.
Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). River channel (natural). Flood plain
Break of slope at margins of active river/floodplain - terrace system.

Llyn Penrhyn-Llyn Trafwll
Lake / wetland area developed at the back of the sand dune system of the Tywyn Trwan Common Aspect Area. Includes Llyn Dinam, Llyn Penrhyn and Llyn Traffwll. Lakes partly silted up with remnants surviving as ponds within wetland areas. Scattered rocky outcrops / crags of Cambrian metamorphic and Ordovician bedrock typical.
Stabilised sand dune. Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). Former lake (e.g. silted up)
Dominantly rural area with no significant development currently.
No notable sites recorded and geomorphology/geology typical of feature/process and not known to be exceptional. Peat, etc deposits present but reported to have damaged by extraction (to stabilise sand dunes at RAF Valley).
BATES, D.E.B. 1972, Geological Journal 8: 19-58; BATES, D.E.B. & DAVIES, J.R. 1982, Geologist''s Association Guide 40; CARNEY, et al. 2000. Geological Conservation Review Series 20; GIBBONS, W. et al. 1994, Geological Society of London, Special Report 22, 75-84; GREENLY, E. 1919, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 78; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974. Anglesey, 1:50,000 Special Sheet, Geological Survey of Great Britain; MAY, V.J. & HANSOM, J.D. 2003, Geological Conservation
Additional Level 4 features include: Natural crags and inland outcrops; Marsh/bog/fen.

Llanfairyneubwll
Area of uneven terrain with abundant craggy outcrops of metamorphic bedrock (Monian Supergroup, Cambrian) with lower drift-filled areas between (Quaternary: Pleistocene-Recent).
that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development).
Break of slope / edge of relatively dense outcrop area / coastline / junction with valley systems.
BATES, D.E.B. & DAVIES, J.R. 1982, Geologist''s Association Guide 40; CARNEY, et al. 2000. Geological Conservation Review Series 20; GIBBONS, W. et al. 1994, Geological Society of London, Special Report 22, 75-84; GREENLY, E. 1919, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 78; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974. Anglesey, 1:50,000 Special Sheet, Geological Survey of Great Britain; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Ordnance Survey Explorer Map 262 (1:25, 000); www.geomon.org.uk.

Bryn-y-fryd
Relatively small and low area adjacent to coast, dominated by glacial clays with scattered rocky outcrops.
Top of coastal low cliff / edge of wetland areas, etc.

Cleifiog Isaf
Small area of glacial clay mounds (drumlins - Quaternary: Pleistocene). Isolated from the main area of the Anglesey drumlin field by Recent valley/ drainage system .
Slope. Hill top. Drumlin / Drumlin field
Break of slope adjacent to main valley systems, etc and base of mounds at margins of main drumlin field.
No notable sites recorded and geomorphology typical of feature/process and not known to be exceptional and is widespread.
CAMPBELL, S. & BOWEN, D.Q. 1989. Geological Conservation Review, Quaternary of Wales; GREENLY, E. 1919, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 78; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974. Anglesey, 1:50,000 Special Sheet, Geological Survey of Great Britain; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Ordnance Survey Explorer Map 262 (1:25, 000)
RUSHTON, A.W.A. et al. 1999, Geological Conservation Review Series 18; www.geomon.org.uk.

Valley
Level, drift-dominated area including a broad depositional basin and linked valley areas (Quaternary: Recent).
Former lake (e.g. silted up). Urban / industrial development

Alaw estuary
Broad estuary area including a meandering river course. Includes sand dune system and shingle structures seawards with some saltmarsh areas behind (Quaternary: Recent).
and dune, saltmarsh, river channel system,etc..
Active sand dune. Dune slack. Spit . Marsh / saltmarsh. River channel (natural). Flood plain
Break of slope at edge of estuary /depositional basin between beach and normal tidal limit..

Holyhead
Urban and industrially developed areas of Holyhead town. Includes modified coastline around harbour / docks.
Rock cliff and shore. Coastal slope. Undulating lowland hill terrain
Slope. Hill top. Coastal defence works. Made ground. Reclaimed land. Urban / industrial development. Engineered topography
Developed area in which few natural features survive (generally inappropriate in a natural landscape sense0.
Ensure that no surviving and significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development).
Edge of intensely developed area of Holyhead town and docks.
Developed area in which few natural features survive.

Holyhead Mountain
Prominent steep sided knoll / inselberg of Cambrian quartzite (New Harbour Group). Surface is dominantly a glacially-smoothed bedrock exposure and overall form suggests a ''Roche moutonne''. Includes coastal slope on northern side of mountain. Very distinctive landscape feature.
Coastal slope. Slope. Hill top. Roche moutonee. Nunatak
Break of slope at base of quartzite geology massif.
Major landscape feature forming minor part of geological fetaures of SSSI.
BATES, D.E.B. & DAVIES, J.R. 1982, Geologist''s Association Guide 40; CARNEY, et al. 2000. Geological Conservation Review Series 20; GIBBONS, W. et al. 1994, Geological Society of London, Special Report 22, 75-84; GREENLY, E. 1919, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 78; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974. Anglesey, 1:50,000 Special Sheet, Geological Survey of Great Britain; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Ordnance Survey Explorer Map 262 (1:25, 000); www.geomon.org.uk.

Tyddyn
Relatively small coastal block, east of Holyhead Mountain of coastal within common surface exposures of metamorphic bedrock (Monian Supergroup, Cambrian). Includes some glacial clay cover (Quaternary: Pleistocene).
Coastal slope. Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). Slope. Hill top. Spring
Break of slope at base of Holyhead Mountain massif and solid geology-valley system. Also edge of coastal cliff/slope.
Although adjacent to SSSI with geological feature, key exposures are all in coastal AA (YNSMNGL92).
BATES, D.E.B. & DAVIES, J.R. 1982, Geologist''s Association Guide 40; CARNEY, et al. 2000. Geological Conservation Review Series 20; GIBBONS, W. et al. 1994, Geological Society of London, Special Report 22, 75-84; GREENLY, E. 1919, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 78; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974. Anglesey, 1:50,000 Special Sheet, Geological Survey of Great Britain; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Ordnance Survey Explorer Map 262 (1:25, 000); www.geomon.org.uk

South Stack
Coastal landscape block, rising north-westwards towards high cliff/coastal slope area and forming a ridge-like feature. Common rocky outcrops of of metamorphic bedrock (Monian Supergroup, Cambrian).
Maintain SSSI in favourable condition by implementation of management plans and ensure that RIGS is safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping and that other significant features of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are not lost/damaged due to development, etc.
Break of slope at base of quartzite massif of YNSMNGL78 and with valley systems to south. Also edge of cliff / steep coastal slope.
Includes a minor part of a geological SSSI and a RIGS.

Cors
Coastal valley form / drainage basin with level drift-fill (Quaternary: Pleistocene-Recent).

Ty-mawr
Coastal platform on the south side of Abraham''s Bosom under lain by metamorphic bedrock (Monian Supergroup, Cambrian) with glacial clay cover landwards (Quaternary: Pleistocene) .
Coastal cliif and break of slope at base of solid geology massif to E.
CARNEY, et al. 2000. Geological Conservation Review Series 20; GIBBONS, W. et al. 1994, Geological Society of London, Special Report 22, 75-84; GREENLY, E. 1919, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 78; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974. Anglesey, 1:50,000 Special Sheet, Geological Survey of Great Britain; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Ordnance Survey Explorer Map 262 (1:25, 000); www.geomon.org.uk.

Trearddur (N)
Extensive area with densely spaced, craggy surface outcrops of metamorphic bedrock (Monian Supergroup, Cambrian). Forms an irregular platform and passes to glacial clay cover to the north-east (Quaternary: Pleistocene). Scattered small lakes and boggy areas between outcrops.
Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). Urban / industrial development
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development) and that the SSSI is maintained in favourable condition by implementation of a management plan.
Although adjacent to geological SSSI in coastal exposures (YNSMNGL115), area does not have additional features highlighted to of particular significance.

Trearddur (Bay)
Level area of presumed estuarine alluvium between beach of Trearddur Bay and straits separating Holy Island from mainland Anglesey. Separates metamorphic rocks out crop areas of Trearddur (N) and Trearddur (S) aspect areas. Small craggy outcrops of latter present.
Lagoon/lake/pool (natural). Spring. Urban / industrial development
Break of slope at edge of ldepositional basin sediment fill.
No notable sites recorded and geomorphology/geology typical of feature/process and not known to be exceptional.
Additional Level 4 features include: Natural crags and inland outcrops; Marsh/bog/fen.

Trearddur (S)
Area of densely spaced, craggy surface outcrops of metamorphic bedrock (Monian Supergroup, Cambrian) forming an irregular platform. Low areas between outcrops include some limited boggy areas.
Maintain SSSI in favourable condition by implementation of management plan and ensure that RIGS sites is safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping and that other significant features of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are not lost/damaged due to development, etc.
Break of slope around solid geology massif and junction with valley systems.
Adjacent to SSSI with a geological interest and includes a RIGS.

Cae''r Sais
Area of prominent rocky knolls and crags of distinctive ultrabasic igneous rocks including serpentine (Monian Supergroup, Cambrian). Largest of several areas of outcrop of similar materials. Areas between outcrops include common waterlogged depressions.
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development or infill) and that the status of the potential GCR site is confirmed and notification as an SSSI follows (with maintainance in favourable condition by implementation of a management plan). Current RIGS can be safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping.
Includes GCR/RIGS sites with unique features.

Gwynfryn
Low area with valley mires and some ponds (Quaternary: Recent) largely surrounding Cae''r Sais Aspect Area.

Roscolyn
Undulating terrain forming the southern area of Holy Island. Glacial clay cover widespread (Quaternary: Pleistocene) but several discrete areas with rocky outcrops of metamorphic bedrock present (Monian Supergroup, Cambrian). Includes several areas of coastal /estuarine alluvium (Quaternary: Recent) including behind the beach at Borthaven and the istmus of Traeth Llydon.
Soft-sediment cliff and shore. Spits, bars and ridges
Tombolo. Slope. Hill top. Former lake (e.g. silted up)
Coastline (edge cliff / slope etc) and break of slope at edge of soild geology dominated area.
Although adjacent to geological SSSI no additional key geological etc features highlighted.
BATES, D.E.B. & DAVIES, J.R. 1982, Geologist''s Association Guide 40; CARNEY, et al. 2000. Geological Conservation Review Series 20; GIBBONS, W. et al. 1994, Geological Society of London, Special Report 22, 75-84;
GREENLY, E. 1919, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 78; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974. Anglesey, 1:50,000 Special Sheet, Geological Survey of Great Britain; WOOD, M. 2003, Precambrian rocks of the Rhoscolyn Anticline, Seabury Salmon/Association of Welsh RIGS G
Additional Level 4 features include: Natural crags and inland outcrops; Marsh/bog/fen.

Relatively small area forming the north-eastern corner of Holy Island. Dominated by glacial clay with probable estuarine alluvium in the Penrhos Beach area (Quaternary: Pleistocene-Recent).
Extensive industrial development; not known to be declining however.
Edge of cliff/coastal slope, urban developed area of Holyhead and A55 road.
No notable sites recorded and geology/geomorphology presumed to be widespread.

Four Mile Bridge
Inlet / creek between Holy Island and mainland Anglesey. Dominated by mudflats in the south with sand bars at low tide (Quaternary: Recent). Northern part of Aspect Area includes a broad permanently submerged basin. Includes some small marginal areas of saltmarsh and scattered small rocky outcrops of metamorphic bedrock (Monian Supergroup, Cambrian).
Rock cliff and shore. Soft-sediment cliff and shore. Saltmarsh. Estuary
Sand / shingle foreshore. Mud-dominated foreshore. Beach. Lower saltmarsh / mudflat. Creek. Rock platform. Sand. Shingle / gravel
Margins of active coastal/shore system including top of cliff/associated coastal slope and mean low water mark.
No notable sites recorded and geomorphology/geology typical of feature/process and not known to be exceptional or is widespread.
ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Ordnance S

Trearddur coast
Distinctive, intricate coastline with many small inlets and headlands and surface exposures of metamorphic bedrock above low cliffs in the same (Monian Supergroup, Cambrian). Includes the sandy beach of Treaddur Bay (Quaternary: Recent).
Excellent geological exposures maintained by natural processes.
Maintain SSSI in favourable condition by implementation of management plans and ensure that RIGS is safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping and that other significant features of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are not lost/damaged due to development, etc.
Margins of active coastal/shore system including top of cliff/associated coastal slope and mean low water mark.
Excellent geological exposures maintained by natural processes and including GCR/SSSI and RIGS designations.
BATES, D.E.B. & DAVIES, J.R. 1982, Geologist''s Association Guide 40; CARNEY, et al. 2000. Geological Conservation Review Series 20; GIBBONS, W. et al. 1994, Geological Society of London, Special Report 22, 75-84; GREENLY, E. 1919, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 78; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974. Anglesey, 1:50,000 Special Sheet, Geological Survey of Great Britain; Ordnance Survey Explorer Map 262 (1:25, 000); WOOD, M. 2003, Precambrian rocks of the Rhoscolyn Anticli

South Stack-Holyhead coast
Classic geological area including high cliffs (up to c.125m) and island of the South Stack area and the coast of Holyhead mountain. Metamorphic bedrock spectacularly exposed (Monian Supergroup, Cambrian). To the south,e.g. in the Penrhyn Mawr area, cliffs are lower (up to c. 30m) with a more level top.
Cliff. Wave-cut platform. Boulder. Sand beach. Beach
Geological exposures maintained by natural coastal processes.
Maintain SSSI in favourable condition by implementation of management plans and ensure that RIGS sites are safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping and that other significant features of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are not lost/damaged due to development, etc.
Margins of active coastal/shore system including top of cliff/associated coastal slope and mean low water mark.
Famous, classic UK geological locality with excellent geological exposures maintained by natural coastal processes and including GCR/SSSI and RIGS designations.
BATES, D.E.B. & DAVIES, J.R. 1982, Geologist''s Association Guide 40; CARNEY, et al. 2000. Geological Conservation Review Series 20; GIBBONS, W. et al. 1994, Geological Society of London, Special Report 22, 75-84; GREENLY, E. 1919, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 78; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974. Anglesey, 1:50,000 Special Sheet, Geological Survey of Great Britain; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Ordnance Survey Explorer Map 262 (1:25, 000); WOOD, M. 2003, Precambrian rocks o

Penrhos coast
Sandy shore and low cliff dominantly in drift including glacial clay (Quaternary: Pleistocene-Recent). Some rock platform on shore (Monian Supergroup, Cambrian).
Cliff. Wave-cut platform. Sand / shingle foreshore. Sand beach. Beach
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged, e.g. due to coastal defence works.
Excellent geological exposures maintained by natural coastal processes and including RIGS designation.

Traeth y Gribin
Large area of sandy foreshore (Quaternary: Recent) with very limited areas of rock platform (Monian Supergroup, Cambrian) and some shingle. Includes the low tide channel of Afon Alaw and low dominantly soft sediment cliff (including glacial deposits (Quaternary: Pleistocene)).
Cliff. Wave-cut platform. Sand / shingle foreshore. Sand beach. Beach. Rock platform. Sand
Maintain natural system, ensure that RIGS is safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping and that other significant features of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are not lost/damaged due to development, etc.
Excellent geological exposures maintained by natural coastal processes and including RIGS designation.

Porth Delysn-Porth Swlan coast
Foreshore with rock platform (Monian Supergroup, Cambrian) and several small sandy bays. Low cliff dominated by glacial clays of the Anglesey drumlin field (Llanfechel Aspect Area, etc. Quaternary: Pleistocene).
Cliff. Wave-cut platform. Sand beach. Beach. Sand
Maintain natural system, ensure that RIGS sites safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping and that other significant features of geological or geomorphological significance in the area are not lost/damaged due to development, etc.
Excellent geological exposures maintained by natural coastal processes and including 4 RIGS designations.

Cemaes-Amlwch coast
Irregular coastline with several embayments, inletsand headlands but broadly east-west coastline with high cliffs in central areas (up to c. 50 m) and lower towards the east (c. 10-15 m.) Cliffs dominated by exposure of Cambrian metamorphic rocks (Monian Supergroup, Cambrian); foreshore typical narrow or absent. Includes classic exposures of the Llanbadrig area which include Ordovician conglomerates unconformably overlying Monian rocks.
Cliff. Wave-cut platform. Boulder. Sand beach. Beach. Sand. Shingle / gravel
Excellent and famous geological exposures maintained by natural coastal processes and including GCR/SSSI and RIGS designations.
BATES, D.E.B. & DAVIES, J.R. 1982, Geologist''s Association Guide 40; CARNEY, et al. 2000. Geological Conservation Review Series 20; GIBBONS, W. et al. 1994, Geological Society of London, Special Report 22, 75-84; GREENLY, E. 1919, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 78; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974. Anglesey, 1:50,000 Special Sheet, Geological Surve

Mynydd Eilean coast
Coast of the Mynydd Eilean massif with high cliffs in the north (up to c. 50 m) in bedrock geology (Ordovician) and to the south, lower and probably in glacial clays (Quaternary: Pleistocene). Foreshore includes rock platform and areas of boulders; very narrow or absent in north.
Cliff. Wave-cut platform. Boulder. Beach. Rock platform. Shingle / gravel
Maintain natural system and ensure that features of particular geological or geomorphological significance in the area are not lost/damaged due to development, etc.

Rhoscolyn coast
Cliffs and frequently narrow foreshore of southern coast of Holy Island and includes the classic geological exposures of the Roscolyn area with spactacularly folded Cambrian metamorphic rocks (Monian Supergroup, Cambrian) Also includes two arcuate bays at Borthaven and Silver Bay with sandy beaches (Quaternary: Recent). Cliffs relatively low, up to c. 30m only in central areas. Includes shore of istmus of Trwyn Bryn-y-bar.
Cliff. Wave-cut platform. Sand / shingle foreshore. Sand beach. Tombolo. Beach. Rock platform. Sand
Excellent geological exposures maintained by natural coastal processes and including famous GCR/SSSI and RIGS designations.
BATES, D.E.B. & DAVIES, J.R. 1982, Geologist''s Association Guide 40; CARNEY, et al. 2000. Geological Conservation Review Series 20; GIBBONS, W. et al. 1994, Geological Society of London, Special Report 22, 75-84; GREENLY, E. 1919, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 78; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974. Anglesey, 1:50,000 Special Sheet, Geological Survey of Great Britain; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Ordnance Survey Explorer Map 262 (1:25, 000); WOOD, M. 2003, Precambrian rocks o

Dulas Bay
Includes the two broad sandy shore areas of Traeth Dulas and Traeth Lligwy. Former includes small area of estuarine saltmarsh with river channel and extensive areas of shingle within inlet (Quaternary: Recent). Latter is a more typiocal embayement. Relatively low cliffs include important areas of Devonian bedrock (''Old Red Sandstone'').
Cliff. Wave-cut platform. Sand beach. Marsh / saltmarsh. Sand. Shingle / gravel. River channel (natural)
Natural coastline with limited coastal defence, etc.
Maintain natural system and maintain SSSI in favourable condition by implementation of management plans and ensure that other features of particular geological or geomorphological significance in the area are not lost/damaged due to development, etc.
Natural beach system including excellent geological exposures maintained by natural coastal processes and including GCR/SSSI designation.
BARCLAY, W.J. et al., Geological Conservation Review Series 31; BATES, D.E.B. & DAVIES, J.R. 1982, Geologist''s Association Guide 40; CALVER, M.A. & SMITH, E.G. 1974, In: The Upper Palaeozoic and post-Palaeozoic rocks of Wales. University of Wales Press, 169-183; GREENLY, E. 1919, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 78; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974. Anglesey, 1:50,000 Special Sheet, Geological Survey of Great Britain;
MAY, V.J. & HANSOM, J.D. 2003, Geological Conservati

Benllech Coast
Limestone cliffed coast of Benllech Aspect Area (Carboniferous). Cliffs highest in the south (up to c. 80m) with limited to no foreshore, but lower to the north and including both rocky foreshore platforms and the sandy embayment of Traeth Bycan
Cliff. Wave-cut platform. Island. Sand / shingle foreshore. Mud-dominated foreshore. Sand beach. Beach. Sand. Coastal slope
Mainly natural, undefended coastline with limited coastal defence, etc.
Ensure that SSSI is protected through implementation of management plan and that no other key features of geological or geomorphological significance are lost or damaged.
Dominantly natural coastal system including excellent geological exposures maintained by natural coastal processes and including GCR/SSSI and RIGS designations.
BATES, D.E.B. & DAVIES, J.R. 1982, Geologist''s Association Guide 40; CALVER, M.A. & SMITH, E.G. 1974, In: The Upper Palaeozoic and post-Palaeozoic rocks of Wales. University of Wales Press, 169-183; COSSEY, P.J. et al. 2004, Geological Conservation Review Series 29; GREENLY, E. 1919, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 78; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974. Anglesey, 1:50,000 Special Sheet, Geological Survey of Great Britain; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a, Ordnance Survey Explorer M

Red Wharf Bay
Broad sandy bay with minor shingle area and mud and sand Quaternary: Recent). Includes low water channel of Afon Nodydd and low cliff in area of Red Wharf Bay settlement (Carboniferous limestone).
Cliff. Sand / shingle foreshore. Mud-dominated foreshore. Sand beach. Beach. Sand. Shingle / gravel. River channel (natural)
Mainly natural coastline with limited coastal defence, etc.
Natural coastal system including key geological exposures with GCR/SSSI and RIGS designations.
BATES, D.E.B. & DAVIES, J.R. 1982, Geologist''s Association Guide 40; CALVER, M.A. & SMITH, E.G. 1974, In: The Upper Palaeozoic and post-Palaeozoic rocks of Wales. University of Wales Press, 169-183; CAMPBELL, S. & BOWEN, D.Q. 1989. Geological Conservation Review, Quaternary of Wales; COSSEY, P.J. et al. 2004, Geological Conservation Review Series 29;
GREENLY, E. 1919, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 78; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974. Anglesey, 1:50,000 Special Sheet

Glan Halen
Sand dunes and narrow coastal strip at the back of Red Wharf Bay (Quaternary: Recent).
Maintain natural system and ensure that no features or deposits of geomorphological or geological significance are damaged or destroyed.
High water mark and landward margin of sand dune etc system.

Dimnor Park coast
Limestone coast of the Penmon Aspect Area (Lower Carboniferous). Includes rock cliffs up to 40 m in height and a typically narrow rocky shore platform.
Cliff. Wave-cut platform. Boulder. Gravel / shingle ridge. Beach. Rock platform. Coastal slope
Natural coastal system including excellent geological exposures maintained by natural coastal processes and including a GCR/SSSI designation.

Menai Straits (NE)
North-western coast of Menai strait with dominantly sandy and stony foreshore areas, including sand, mud and shingle with several rocky islands to the south-west. (of Cambrian metamorphic rocks (Monian Supergroup)). Low cliffs mainly in drift deposits included glacial clays to the north-west (Quaternary: Pleistocene).
Cliff. Boulder. Island. Beach. Sand. Shingle / gravel. Reclaimed land
Mainly natural coastline with limited coastal defence, etc.
Maintain natural system and ensure that RIGS are safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping and that other features of particular geological or geomorphological significance in the area are not lost/damaged due to development, etc.
Dominantly natural coastal system including RIGS designations.
BATES, D.E.B. & DAVIES, J.R. 1982, Geologist''s Association Guide 40; CAMPBELL, S. & BOWEN, D.Q. 1989. Geological Conservation Review, Quaternary of Wales; CARNEY, et al. 2000. Geological Conservation Review Series 20; GIBBONS, W. et al. 1994, Geological Society of London, Special Report 22, 75-84; GREENLY, E. 1919, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 78; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974. Anglesey, 1:50,000 Special Sheet, Geological Survey of Great ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a, Ord

Menai Straits (SW)
South-west coast of the Menai Strait, with dominantly sand and mud shore and low or no cliff. Glacial clays and sands dominate (Quaternary, Pleistocene).
Cliff. Sand / shingle foreshore. Mud-dominated foreshore. Shingle / gravel
Mainly natural coastline with limited coastal defence, etc.
Maintain natural system and ensure that RIGS are safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping and that other features of particular geological or geomorphological significance in the area are not lost/damaged due to development, etc.
Natural coastal system including RIGS designations.

Traeth Llanddwyn
Sandy foreshore of the Newborough Warren sand dune system (Quaternary: Recent). Includes saingle shore of Abermenai Point.
Sand / shingle foreshore. Sand beach. Beach. Sand
Margins of active coastal/shore system including between mean low and high water marks.
Natural beach system which is part of famous coastal dune system of Newborough Warren of GCR/SSSI status.
BATES, D.E.B. & DAVIES, J.R. 1982, Geologist''s Association Guide 40; GREENLY, E. 1919, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 78; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974. Anglesey, 1:50,000 Special Sheet, Geological Survey of Great Britain; MAY, V.J. & HANSOM, J.D. 2003, Geological Conservation Review Series 28; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a, Ordnance Survey Explorer Map 263 (1:25, 000); www.geomon.org.uk.

Henborth
Rocky shore platform of Cambrian metamorphic rocks (Monian Supergroup) below dominantly soft cliff in glacial clays (Quaternary: Pleistocene) . Latter shows important cross section of drumlin.
Cliff. Wave-cut platform. Rock platform. Drumlin / Drumlin field
Natural coastal system including geological exposures maintained by natural coastal processes and including GCR/SSSI designation.
CAMPBELL, S. & BOWEN, D.Q. 1989. Geological Conservation Review, Quaternary of Wales; GREENLY, E. 1919, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 78; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974. Anglesey, 1:50,000 Special Sheet, Geological Survey of Great Britain; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Ordnance Survey Explorer Map 262 (1:25, 000);

Maltraeth Sands
Wide inlet representing the seaward extension of the now reclaimed Maltraeth Marsh saltmarsh (Quaternary: Recent). Dominated by sand and some shingle at low tide and includes low water channel of Afon Cefni.
Sand / shingle foreshore. Mud-dominated foreshore. Beach. Marsh / saltmarsh. Sand. Shingle / gravel
Natural coastal system with limited coastal defence, etc.
Maintain natural system and maintain SSSI in favourable condition by implementation of management plan and ensure that other features of particular geological or geomorphological significance in the area are not lost/damaged due to development, etc.
Margins of active coastal/shore system including top of cliff/associated coastal slope and mean low and/or water mark.
Part of famous natural coastal system of Newborough Warren including GCR/SSSI designation.
BATES, D.E.B. & DAVIES, J.R. 1982, Geologist''s Association Guide 40; GREENLY, E. 1919, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 78; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974. Anglesey, 1:50,000 Special Sheet, Geological Survey of Great Britain; MAY, V.J. & HANSOM, J.D. 2003, Geological Conservation Review Series 28; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Ordnance Survey Explorer Map 262 (1:25, 000); www.geomon.org.uk.

Aberffraw coast
Rock cliff and shore on the south-west coast of Anglesey. Includes sandy beach deposits fronting the dune systems of Traeth Aberthaw and the Cwninger area (Quaternary: Recent). Dominated by Precambrian-Cambrian metamorphic bedrock (including Monian Supergroup).
Cliff. Wave-cut platform. Island. Sand beach. Beach. Rock platform. Sand
Ensure that GCR site is notified and protected through the implementation of a management plan and that RIGS sites are safeguarded through planning systems.
Natural coastal system including excellent geological exposures maintained by natural coastal processes and including RIGS designations and minor part of SSSI.
BATES, D.E.B. & DAVIES, J.R. 1982, Geologist''s Association Guide 40; CAMPBELL, S. & BOWEN, D.Q. 1989. Geological Conservation Review, Quaternary of Wales; CARNEY, et al. 2000. Geological Conservation Review Series 20; GIBBONS, W. et al. 1994, Geological Society of London, Special Report 22, 75-84; GREENLY, E. 1919, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 78; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974. Anglesey, 1:50,000 Special Sheet, Geological Survey of Great Britain; MAY, V.J. & HANSO

Rhosneigr coast
Dominently sandy coast with wide beaches and fronting major former sand dune systems of Tywyn Trewen and smaller areas across inlets of Traeth Llynan and Tywyn Fferam( Quaternary: Recent). Includes some areas of foreshore rock platform, most significantly in front of Rhosneigr (with Ordovician rocks).
Cliff. Wave-cut platform. Sand beach. Beach. Rock platform. Sand
Dominantly natural coastline including relatively small area of GCR?SSSI status.

Puffin Island
Steep sided island of Carboniferous limestone. Conspicuous off the eastern most tip of Anglesey.
Cliff. Wave-cut platform. Island. Rock platform
Maintain natural system and ensure that RIGS are safeguarded using Local Plan policies and constraint mapping and that features of particular geological or geomorphological significance in the area are not lost/damaged due to development, etc.
No notable sites recorded and geomorphology / geology typical of feature/process and not known to be exceptional and/or is widespread.
COSSEY, P.J. et al. 2004, Geological Conservation Review Series 29; GREENLY, E. 1919, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 78; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974. Anglesey, 1:50,000 Special Sheet, Geological Survey of Great Britain; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a, Ordnance Survey Explorer Map 263 (1:25, 000); www.geomon.org.uk.

Llyn Llygeirian
Drift-filled basin occupied by lake on west side of Mynydd Mechell. Latter formerly larger and partly silted up with surrounding wetlands.
Rural area with no significant development
Ensure that no significant geological or geomorphological features are lost or damaged (e.g. due to development, drainage etc).
GREENLEY, E. 1919, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 78; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974. Anglesey, 1:50,000 Special Sheet, Geological Survey of Great Britain; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Ordnance Survey Explorer Map 262 (1:25, 000).

Bodnolwyn
Several connected drumlins on the south side of the Afon Alan valley. Separated from the main drumlin field to the north by the valley system.
Slope. Hill top. Drumlin / Drumlin field. Urban / industrial development
Break of slope at base of drumlins and junction with valley systems.
GREENLEY, E. 1919, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 78; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974. Anglesey, 1:50,000 Special Sheet, Geological Survey of Great Britain; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005b, Ordnance Survey Explorer Map 262 (1:25, 000).

Tyddyn
Drift-filled elongate basin occupying depression with SSW-NNE trend controlled by regional structure. Joins to the coast at Lligwy Bay.
River channel (natural). Urban / industrial development
Break of slope at base of solid geology massifs and junction with valley system.
GREENLEY, E. 1919, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 78; INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1974. Anglesey, 1:50,000 Special Sheet, Geological Survey of Great Britain; ORDNANCE SURVEY 2005a, Ordnance Survey Explorer Map 263 (1:25, 000).